WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014

22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

Reference no:

SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE THREE LEGS TRANSFORMERS

FOR CALCULATIONS OF ASYMMETRIC CONDITIONS FOR
VARIOUS CONNECTION SCHEMES

Bosneaga V., Suslov V. Power Engineering Institute of Moldova Academy of sciences

Executive Summary. The model is proposed for the calculation and research of steady state
asymmetric modes and transients in three-phase three legs transformers with arbitrary
diagram of windings connection, taking into account the electromagnetic coupling of the
windings, located on different legs. Using as an example distribution transformer of 10/0.4
kV calculations and analysis were performed of the most characteristic steady asymmetrical
modes, that occur during short circuit, phase failure, unbalanced load for the most common
windings connections and, in particular, associated with the occurrence of zero sequence
magnetic flow For the considered modes vector diagrams of currents and voltages, as well as
the relative values of the legs magnetic flux were constructed, which provide a clear visual
representation of their particular features.

Keywords: Transformer, three limbs, asymmetric modes, zero sequence magnetic flux.
Investigations and calculations of power transformers asymmetrical modes were
conducted in many publications, the basics in the classic Russian books were laid by Petrov
G.N., Voldek A.I., Vasiutynski S.B., [1-4 ], etc., and then the study was continued in [5,6 ],
etc. Later on the special attention to calculation of asymmetrical modes of electrical networks
with transformers was dedicated also by Losev S.B., Berman A.P., Karasev D.D., Guseinov
A.M. and others in [7-10] (this list is not exhaustive).However, publications on this topic,
developing the various aspects of this problem (transients study, consideration of various
factors that were previously difficult to take into account, such as the nonlinearity of the
magnetization curve, hysteresis, etc.) continue to emerge, including in recent years [11-20].
For the construction design of three -phase group of mono-phase transformers the
methodology and PC program has been developed for calculation of the steady asymmetrical
modes of the portion of electrical network with transformers with arbitrary connection
scheme [21]. Mentioned technique and PC software take into account the different positions
of load tap changers in various phases, or different parameters of various phases of single
phase transformers. However, the above program do not include the model of three legs
transformer, the attempts to elaborate which were made later, for example, in [22].
Therefore, in this paper (based on the experience gained during the study of phase-
shifting transformers ([23-25]), it is proposed methodology for modelling of three-phase
transformer with three leg magnetic circuit design and arbitrary scheme of winding
connection. Along with wide spread windings connection schemes, such as star, triangle,
zigzag, the proposed approach allows to simulate specific connections, such as used for
phase-shifting transformers, including, for example, connections in polygon, etc. [26-28].
It should be mentioned, that there are papers (see for example [13-17]), which
describes the mathematical model of three legs transformer in the form of corresponding
equations, built on the basis of geometrical and/or catalogue data, but, unfortunately, only in
some of the them (see, for example, [11,14,16]) are presented the examples of carried out
numerical calculations of unsymmetrical modes, based on which it would be possible to
estimate and compare the results, obtained by various authors. In addition, in some studies
(see, e.g., [15]) at the creation of the model it was made the assumption of absence of

1
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

electromagnetic coupling between the windings of different phases, which is not always true
for three leg transformer. For example, when exciting the coil, arranged on one of the legs, on
the other windings, placed on unexcited legs [20], the significant electromotive force will be
induced (slightly less than half of the applied voltage, depending on the parameters of the
transformer ), which indicates the presence of considerable electromagnetic coupling in the
case of three legs transformer. Incidentally, such a mode, along with the similar, but at short-
circuited winding of other legs (at which in short-circuited windings substantial currents are
excited) can be used as a test for determining of proposed transformer model serviceability.
In paper [17] it is proposed mathematical model and declared the possibility of
calculating of asymmetrical modes, which provides, according to the author (unlike
publications [18, 19]), the possibility of modelling three legs transformers with arbitrary
winding connection schemes. However, it is unclear, what initial data for transformer
parameters is using this model, which allow accounting of electromagnetic coupling of
windings, placed on different legs, in order to give the possibility to simulate all possible
variety of asymmetrical modes. The work [20] describes the extension of the model [19] for
the case of three windings in each phase, however, (as well as in [17]) only standard
connection schemes are modelled, and there is no the possibility of modelling special
connection schemes, used, for example, in phase-shifting transformers.In this paper the
attempt is made to fill the mentioned gaps, to examine and analyze the specific features of
some typical steady asymmetrical modes for the most common connection schemes of power
transformers and visualize the results, so that they can be verified by other numerical or
experimental methods

Description of the three-phase three legs transformer model

and some results obtained.
The basis for the model is a classic three-branch equivalent circuit of three winding
transformer, which was extended for the case of three-legs transformer and supplemented
with ideal transformers for electrical isolation of different transformer windings and
obtaining of true values of currents and voltages. Besides, there are used some additional
elements, modelling the processes in the magnetic core, including the circulation of some part
of the main flux via the walls of the transformer tank and through the air from the yoke to the
yoke.
Key assumptions used in the model.
1. Winding parameters are assumed to be equal for a balanced regime and for zero-sequence
mode [3 , page 322].This assumption, besides significant simplification of the model,
permitted not to specify in separate mode transformer short-circuit parameters for zero-
sequence, which are usually not available at transformer manufacturers (but could be
included in the model, if available).
2. All parameters of the model are adopted to be linear (i.e. , not depending on the mode).
Transformer model has a block structure and is composed of 3 blocks, simulating the
processes in windings, one block for each leg, as well as an additional block for modelling
the processes in all three transformer legs, which consist of 3 interconnected electromagnetic
coupled inductances. This structure of additional block allows to consider different
parameters of the transformer magnetizing branch for direct and zero sequence and enables
the possibility for easy implementation of an arbitrary circuit diagram of the transformer
windings.
The model provides the introduction of all necessary input data and transformer
parameters, characterizing it as in normal load mode, so and in the no load and short circuit
conditions. This model, supplemented by separate blocks of three-phase power source and

2
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

load allows obtaining oscillograms of transients and steady-state parameters of asymmetric

modes, as in complex vectors form, so and in the form of vector diagrams (VD).
For more detailed description of this model it is planned to devote a separate paper,
but here we will present some results, obtained with the use of the mentioned model.
Let us consider some examples to describe the capabilities the results obtained by said
model. For the case of a distribution transformer with the scheme Y/Y0 typical is to work
with isolated neutral on the medium voltage side and grounded neutral on the low voltage
side. For calculations let use the catalogue data of Minsk (Belorussia) transformer plant
(http://metz.by/) for distribution transformers for direct sequence. For the transformer type
TMG, rated power 100 kVA, rated voltages 10/0.4 kV we have the following data: no load
(excitation) current I0 =2,6%, short-circuit voltage Usc= 4,5 %, no load active power losses
Р0=270 W, short circuit losses Рsc=1970 W.
In addition, for this transformer manufacturer provided the measured zero sequence
impedance from the HV winding side (for the scheme Y/y0 ): Z0 = 1,3 Ohm and the value of
no load losses for zero sequence mode P00 = 2000 watts. Based on these data, in accordance
with known formulas (see for example [29, pp. 185-190]), one can calculate effective (RMS)
values of the windings rated currents for HV and LV sides: IHV = 5.8 A and ILV = 152 A,
excitation current on HV side I0 = 0.15 A, rated windings voltages on HV and LV sides
UHV=5.77 kV and ULV = 220 V, resistances and windings pairs short-circuit impedances, as
well as all other values, needed to compose the model.
A similar version of the transformer with a high voltage side of 6 kV was considered,
for example, in [11 ], where it was presented the value of single-phase short-circuit current,
equal to 22 A. For greater clarity, let us present the results of calculations not in the form of
tables with numbers, but rather in the form of vector diagrams (VD), and numerical values –
only as needed. As a result of calculation made for the single phase short circuit mode from
the initial nominal load conditions, in fig. 1, 2 are presented vector diagrams (VD) of the
currents in the primary and secondary windings, and on Fig.3 – VD of voltages in HV
windings.

Fig.1. Primary windings currents at single Fig.2 Secondary windings currents at single phase
phase short-circuit to ground of phase A of short-circuit to ground of phase A of secondary
secondary winding. winding.
Single-phase short-circuit current of faulty phase at the HV side of the transformer is near 17
A (see Fig. 1), which agrees with the result of [ 11], taking into account the fact that in this
case the voltage on the HV side is 10 kV ( instead of 6 kV, as it is in [11]). Thus, currents in
the healthy phases (this is strongly expressed on the primary side), as follows from presented
results, are unequal, and the currents of the primary and secondary windings are
approximately in opposite phases ( see VD of currents on Fig . 1,2).. As it can be seen from

3
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

Fig.3, star of winding voltage on HV side ( as it was expected ) undergoes a strong distortion
with large neutral displacement,

Fig.3. Primary windings voltages at single Fig.4. Relative magnetic fluxes in the legs and
phase short-circuit to ground of phase A of in the air.
secondary winding.

so the primary windings voltages comprises a substantial zero component, however, due to
isolated neutral , zero-sequence currents do not flow in the primary windings, and the sum of
currents of the primary windings is zero. The voltage at the shorted winding of phase A is
about 670 V, whereas in healthy phases, due to strong neutral displacement, it increases to
9.3 kV, compared with a nominal value of 5.77 kV ( here it should be noted, that this
demonstrates the need of accounting in these modes of nonlinearity of the magnetization
curve, which will in reality may lead to a considerably larger magnetizing currents). But the
sum of the currents in the secondary windings (Fig. 2) is not zero, and through a grounded
neutral flows significant current (about 423 A) , which indicates to the presence of zero
sequence current, that causes the respective magnetic flux, which loops outside the core via
the air and the tank, what is also noted in [11]. Fig. 4 shows the relative values of the HP
flows in bars , flow shorted phase A virtually invisible against the background flow in the
rods phases B and C , the sum of which forms the total flux zero sequence that closes the
yoke apart .Similar aspect have VD (see Figure 5-7) in the case of single-phase resistive load
of phase A of transformer (phases B and C have no load), the only difference being that the
distortion of the system voltages is much less, than in the case of single phase short circuit,
and the currents are close to nominal. In this case the current of loaded phase only slightly
lags from the voltage due to resistive connected load. Neutral displacement in this case is
much less, and the neutral current and, accordingly, the zero sequence flux, respectively,
smaller (see Fig. 7).

4
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

Fig.5. Primary windings currents at single Fig.6. Primary windings voltages at single
phase resistive load on secondary winding. phase load.

Fig.7. Relative magnetic fluxes of legs at single phase load.

Let consider next the results, obtained for this
transformer at unbalanced loads, similar to that
given in [16, see table]. The load resistances are
adopted similar to [16] (the relative values of phase
loads are equal: Za = 1 , Zb = 2 , Zc = 4). Obtained
VD for windings voltages and currents are shown in
Fig. 8 – 11.
It is observed the distortion of star voltages of
HV windings (see Fig. 8), Asymmetry of primary
and secondary windings currents, which are in
opposite phase (see Fig. 9, 10) and the presence of
zero sequence flux, caused by unbalanced currents
in the LV coil, where zero sequence currents flow.

Fig.8. Primary windings voltages at unbalanced Fig.9. Primary windings currents at

load. unbalanced load.

5
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

Fig.10. Secondary windings currents at Fig.11. Relative magnetic fluxes in legs and in
unbalanced load. air at unbalanced load.

Qualitatively obtained results are similar to presented in [16 ], but there are some
differences, the cause of which remains to be determined. It should be noted, that compared
to [16], obtained here with the help of proposed model VD of voltages, currents and fluxes
not only provide the information about the modules, but also about the phases of electrical
values, that provides more relevant and complete representation of the features of almost any
asymmetrical mode, including asymmetric load in three phases, different short circuits,
failures of phases and various combinations thereof.
It should be noted, that, despite the fact that for conventional three-phase distribution
transformers is not necessary to use a transformer group, composed of three single-phase
units, comparing of asymmetrical modes calculation results for the group and three leg
transformer ( some results are presented as well in [16]) may be beneficial due to the fact,
that group transformers are widely used for large capacities. Calculated values of secondary
currents for the considered mode in the case of transformer group, are shown in VD on Fig.
12, which can be compared with Fig. 10 for three leg transformer. Special fundamental
differences in the behaviour of transformer group
and three leg transformers in this mode are not
observed, but the neutral currents on the LV side,
however, differ significantly: in the group
transformer the neutral current is about 5 A
(slightly more than 3 % of rated current) in three
leg transformer about 86 A, this is more than a half
of rated current, this indicate the presence of in the
case of three legs transformer the noticeable zero
sequence flux. Qualitatively similar result was
obtained in [16] too. Similar form has VD of
windings voltages, so are not presented here.

Fig.12. Secondary windings currents at unbalanced load for

group transformer.
We shall present further the results of calculations of one more open-phase mode with failure
of phase A, discussed also in [16], at relative load resistances Ra = Rc = 1 and large load
resistance Rb = 100 in phase B. Fig. 13 shows the VD of primary windings voltages, which is
characterized by a significant asymmetry and the presence of zero sequence voltage, but the
zero-sequence currents, as it was already noted, in this mode do not flow due to isolated
neutral. For primary currents VD is not given because of its obvious nature – the current in

6
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

disconnected phase is zero, and the currents in phases B and C are equal in magnitude and
opposite by direction. .Further in Fig. 14 it is shown VD of secondary currents, current in
phase B is not seen due to its low value, currents in phases A and C with the same load differ
by size in almost 2 times, in accordance with the applied to loads voltages (see VD on
Fig.13). Secondary voltages look like VD presented on Fig. 13.

Fig.13. Primary windings Voltages in open Fig.14. Secondary windings currents in open phase
phase mode and at non- symmetrical loads. mode at unbalanced load.

Qualitatively, the currents and voltages coincide with [16], although there are some
quantitative differences. For example, the phase B winding voltage (see Fig. 13), where
practically there is no load (ZB = 100) exceeds rated voltage ([16] shows the value of 0.659
pu). In this mode there is a noticeable unbalanced zero sequence current in the LV side
windings (neutral current is 130 A).
Calculations of this mode in group transformer showed, that for it this mode is actually
a magnetization mode, practically there were no load currents, windings voltages of phases A
and C are close to zero, but on the winding of phase B, in which, in contrast to the phases A,
C, a relatively large resistance is included, the voltage slightly exceeds rated one and is equal
to 7 kW ([16] this voltage is 0.99 pu). Thus, in those cases, where noticeable zero sequence
magnetic flux appeared the behaviour of three-legs transformer differs considerably from that
one for the group.
Let consider next the results obtained with this model for asymmetrical modes for D/y0
transformer with the same rated power of 100 kVA and voltages 10/0.4 kV. We shall retain
for simplicity the same parameters of the transformer, and will change only the rated values
of voltages and currents in the HV side windings, connected in a triangle, which in this case
will be equal to 10 kV and 3.33 A respectively. In Fig. 15, 16 is shown VD of power source
and windings currents on the HV side (delta connected) at single phase short-circuit on LV
side, as initial was taken the symmetric load mode. From VD Fig. 15 it is seen, that the sum
of the source currents, as it should be, is equal to zero, short-circuit currents are looped via 2
phase of source, from Fig. 16 we can see, that the “healthy” windings currents are close to
nominal (are shown by thickened lines), short-circuit current is observed only in the faulty
phase winding, and in the triangle of HV windings circulates significant zero sequence
current, which is consistent with the generally accepted notions. The highest current on the
HV side of 76 A at this damage fault (excluding additional arc impedance) is achieved in the
phase C of power supply. In work [16] a single-phase fault current of 62 A is given, taking
into account arc additional impedance. Thus, obtained by developed model results are similar

7
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

to those in [16]. VD of windings currents on the LV side, with grounded star connection,
have a view, similar to Fig. 16, but vectors of currents have opposite direction, and zero
sequence current flows in these windings, as a result of the interaction HV and LV side zero
sequence currents the resulting zero sequence flux appear, that is looped out of the core via
the air. Fig. 17 shows the relative values magnetic fluxes in legs and the total flux, clearly
reflecting the results obtained.

Fig.15. Power source currents at single- Fig.16. HV winding currents at at single-phase

phase short-circuit on LV side. short-circuit on LV side. .

Fig.17. Relative magnetic fluxes in legs and the total zero sequence
flux.
Next we present the main results of the calculations
made for two-phase short-circuits. As initial is taken the
symmetrical no load mode. Obtained results are
presented on VD in Figures 18 -21. The largest fault
current occurs in the phase B of power supply and is
equal to 126 A (see Fig.18). Comparison with [11],
where the current for two-phase short-circuit is 103 A,
leads to the same conclusion, which was previously
made for a single-phase short circuit, i.e., qualitatively
the values of fault currents coincide, but for ascertaining
the satisfactory coincidence of the results, it is necessary to make sure, that the same initial
data for calculation was used.

8
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

Fig.18. Power source currents at double-phase Fig.19. HV windings currents at double-phase

short-circuit on LV side.. short-circuit on LV side.
Currents in the HV windings are shown in Fig. 19, current of CA winding (equal to 3.2 A),
marked with a thicker line, it is close to the nominal load current, therefore it is badly
recognized on diagram, compared to the much larger fault currents in the other two windings.
Fig. 20 shows VD of the LV voltage windings, it is seen that the voltages of shorted between
them windings coincide (Uab = Ubc), and the voltage on the "healthy" winding Uca is close
to the nominal one. On VD Fig. 21 are shown the LV winding currents, the current of
"healthy" winding Ica is close to the nominal value of secondary winding (145 A, marked
with a thicker line) and is much less, than fault currents in the windings AB and BC.

Fig.20. LV windings voltages at double-phase Fig.21. LV winding currents at

short-circuit. double-phase short-circuit.
In this mode, as it was shown by the calculations, the zero sequence flux, that loops out
of magnetic core, is missing. It could be seen from VD Fig. 19, 21, where the primary and
secondary windings currents are mutually compensated.
Consider another variant of the asymmetric mode of three-leg transformer D/y0 with
star earthed, associated with one phase break on load side, which is of some interest due to
the fact, that gives the possibility to transfer power via two phases of the line (described in
relation to step-up transformer, for example, in [12]). Fig . 22 shows the VD of power supply
currents, the sum of these currents due to isolated neutral is equal to zero, it is seen that the
power source is loaded asymmetrically.

Fig . 22. Power source currents at load phase break on the star
side.
In this mode the systems of windings voltages are
practically symmetric, so are not shown. Fig . 23 shows
the currents in the windings, connected in delta, the system
of currents is substantially asymmetric and comprises, as is
well known, zero sequence components. VD of currents in
the star connected windings has a similar character
(therefore not shown), at that the corresponding windings
currents equilibrate currents in primary windings.
Accordingly, both occurring in the windings zero-sequence
currents, one is closed in the triangle and the other flow through the star grounded neutral in
secondary windings compensate each other, so there is no zero sequence flux in the air and,
accordingly, in this mode, there are no additional losses in the tank and core parts.
When considering the value of losses in the windings in this mode (see also the
approach in [12]) two cases could be distinguished: (i) fixed load resistance (this at open

9
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

phase failure leads to reduction of total load power by one-third) and (ii) constant load
power. In the first case, as follows from the results of calculations, in the windings (except
that one, where there is a breakage) close to nominal currents flow, so losses in this mode are
reduced by one-third, compared with a symmetric mode. In the second case, to maintain the
same transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the currents in the "healthy" windings, and
this naturally, as is confirmed by calculations, leads to an increase in total power losses in the
windings in 1.5 times.
Fig . 23. VD of currents in delta connected windings at
single phase opened load on the star side.
CONCLUSIONS

1. The model is proposed for the calculation and

research of steady state asymmetric modes and
transients in three-phase three legs transformers with
arbitrary diagram of windings connection, taking into
account the electromagnetic coupling of the windings,
located on different legs.
2. The model allows calculating the modules and
angles of currents and voltages vectors in the windings
of three-leg transformer at any asymmetric modes and
connection schemes and is a convenient researching tool for the diversity of asymmetric
modes on the basis of a unified approach.

REFERANCES

[1] G.N. Petrov. Transformers, vol.1 The basics of theory, GEI, 1934, 445 pp.(In Russian)
[2] G.N. Petrov. Electrical machines. In 3 parts. Part 1. Introduction. Transformers. M. ,
"Energia" , 1974, 240 pages.(In Russian)
[3] A.I. Voldek. Electrical machines. – L.: Energia, 1978, 832 pages.(In Russian)[4] S.B.
Vasyutinsky. Problems of theory and design of transformers. L., Energia, 1970, 432 pages.
(In Russian)
[5] B.N. Sergeenkov. Electrical machines. Transformers. Editor Kopylov I.P., M. Vishaia
shkola, 1989, 352 pp.(In Russian)
[6] E.I. Zabudski. Electrical machines. Part 1. Transformers. M , 2002, 168 pp.(In
Russian)[7] S.B. Losev, A.B. Chernin. Calculation of electrical values in asymmetric modes
of electrical systems. M., Energoatomizdat, 1983, 527 pp. (In Russian)[8] A.P. Berman.
Calculation of asymmetric modes of electrical systems using phase coordinates.
Electrichestvo, 1985, number 12 , pp. 6-12. (In Russian)[9]. [ 9]. A.M Guseynov. Calculation
of asymmetric steady-state modes in complex systems using phase coordinates.
Electrichestvo, 1989, Nr. 3.(In Russian)[10]. [10]. D.D. Karasev, E.D. Karasev. Calculation
of electrical networks with “FAZAN” software. Editor A.I. Artemov. Moscow: Moscow
Power Engineering Institute, 1989. (In Russian)
[11] B. Fishman, A. Fedorovskaia. Power transformers 10 (6 ) / 0.4 kV. Areas of application
of different connection schemes . Novosti Elektrotehniki, Nr.5, 2006 . (In Russian)[12] G.N.
Alexandrov. Modes of operation of transformers. Textbook. St. Petersburg, 2006, 143 pp. (In
Russian)
[13] G.A. Evdokunin, M.V. Dmitriev. Transformers in the electrical network. Simulation of
transient processes taking into account the configuration of the magnetic system. "Novosti
Elektrotehniki" Nr. 5 (53), 2008. (In Russian).[14] V.P. Zakaryukin, A.V. Kriukov. Complex

10
 WEC CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE REGIONAL ENERGY FORUM – FOREN 2014
22-26 June 2014, Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

asymmetric modes of electrical systems. Irkutsk State University, 2005 - 274 pp. (p. 45 -
transformer model). (In Russian)
[15] A.S. Gusev, S.V. Svechkarev, I.L. Plodisty. Universal mathematical model of three-
phase transformers and auto- transformers. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University.
2007. Vol. 311. No., 77-81 pp.(In Russian)
[16] V.A. Martynov. Unbalanced modes of power transformers with windings connection
Y/y0. "Bulletin of Irkutsk Power Institute" issue. 2, 2009, pp. 1-5.(In Russian)
[17] M. Iu. Pustovetov. Mathematical model of three-phase transformer, Proceedings of
Tomsk Polytechnic University. 2012 . Vol. 321. No.4.(In Russian)[19 ] Three-Phase
Transformer 12 Terminals. 2012. URL:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/ref/threephasetransformer12ter
minals. html ( date accessed :06.04.2012 ) .
[20 ] URL:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/powersys/ref/threephasetransformerinductancema
trixtypethreewindings.html (date of access:20.09.2013).[21] V.A. Bosneaga. Calculation and
analysis of asymmetrical modes of part of electrical network with transformer devices.
Elektricheskie stantsii, 1997, No.3 , pp. 58-63.[22] V.A. Bosneaga. Simulation of three-phase
transformers for calculation of asymmetrical modes of electrical networks. Izvestia vuzov I
energeticheskih obiedinenii SNG, Minsk, No.1-2, 1997 , pp. 14-19.[23] V.A. Bosneaga. O.V.
Grimalsky. Asymmetrical modes of phase-shifting transformer. Izvestia Akademii nayk
SSSR, Energetika I transport, No. 2 , 1989.[24] V.A. Bosneaga. Calculation of asymmetrical
modes of phase-shifting transformer with zigzag windings connection. Elektrichestvo, No.
11, 1990.[25] V.A. Bosneaga. Calculation and investigation of asymmetrical modes of phase-
shifting transformer. Ivestia vuzov, Energetika, No. 11, 1991.[26] Evenepoel Walter.
Problemes poses par la conception et la realization du decale traversante. Revue Electr.
1967.Vol.5. Nr.5, pp 177-183.[27] Mc. Cormick L.S., Hedding R.A. Phase angle regulators
optimize transmission line power flow. Westinhouse Engineer. July. 1974, pp 87-91.[28]
Perco D. Special transformer will control power flow between Ontario-Manitoba. Electrical
News and Engineering. July, 1972. [29] Electrical Engineering Handbook: in 3 volumes, Vol.
2 . M, Energoatomizdat , 1986, 712 pp.

11