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  • Bourdet, D., Ayoub, J.A., and Pirard, Y.M., 1989. Use of Pressure Derivative in Well Test Interpretation, SPE PDF

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    Bourdet, D., Ayoub,J.A., and Pirard, Y.M., 1989. Use of Pressure Derivative in Well Test Interpretation, SPE.pdf

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    Bourdet, D., Ayoub, J.A., and Pirard, Y.M., 1989. Use of Pressure Derivative in Well Test Interpretation, SPE PDF

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    Jorge A. Vázquez Olvera

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    of 10
    Use of Pressure Derivative in Well-Test Interpretation Dominique Bourdet,* SPE, J.A. Ayoub, SPE, and Y.M. Plrard,** SPE, FlopetrolJohnston Schlumberger ‘Summary. A wate lnerprtationretiod tad on the analysis of Une ae of pressure change ad he actual prssure response sessed A cifetentatonsigoridun proposed, and several Bel examples ilstrathow the method simplifies the analysis process, ‘aking interpretation of wel tts easier tnd ore accurate. Introduetion “The interpretation of presure data recoded during a well test has ‘rented for many yous o erate reserva harass. State ‘eervoir presse, measures in shutin Wel, suse wo prodit ‘eserves place tough mater dance caluatons.Transent- pressure analyse provides a description of the reservoir owing Eitri ny sets ave been prope for epretaon of ‘tase tvte,! but the best known ad most widely wed Is Hose 2°52 More rcealy, type curves, which Indete the pressure fespurseof flowing well tnder ay of well an eel eon figurations, wore lvedaced.>* Comparison of tansen-pessure ‘measurements Wid type curves provides the oalyrelable means for iden that portion of the pressore data tha canbe analyzed by coavetional sight line analysis methods. Recenly, the uly of weliestilerpeations has improved considerably besus of he avalabliyof accurate pressure dua (Grom electronic pressure gauges) andthe developmeat of ew sof ware for compe aided analysis. An increasing numberof theo- Fete inverpreution models that allow a more detailed definition ‘Of the fw behavior inthe producing formation are now in use. ‘Surprisingly, the common wed analysis techniques have no follomed the general progress evidest in bardvare ad in inerpre- tation model, naling the iterpretaton procedure complicated and tine-consuming. Type curves are seen by varios analyte a overly ‘Smpliic orove complex, dif to disinguih, andlor eure Sate touse. Yet, mezeWenifcaton of sap ies ona pres ‘ect grep aie pproach"—convelet for hand nays but ignoring poser computing fiesta are avaible. Pur thermore the cocvectonl strightline analysis meth fal tows ‘lhe dit evalsble and can result i significant ers. ‘We propose an iaterpretation method Bed onthe alysis of the derivative of pressure with respect to the appropriate me {inctlo natural loaritim of tine o Horeer/soperpoion tine funtions, Ths metiod conser the response asa whol, from ‘ere tine dao the last ecorded point, and uses he pe ‘Sirvematchingechalge.Itprovies description ofthe fo be- Pave in the reservoir, but withthe lgactume derivative, also ‘pais the infinite rail Now regime, of pie ltrs in well text interpretation, The apposch is an exesion of the Horner ‘method to analyze the loa response with improved deinion, ‘Use ofthe deriaive of pressure. ines mathematical sai fying because the deriaive ls ety represented in one term of he difsiviy equstion, which is the governing equation forthe models of transient presse behavior bed In wellest ali “Thus, te crvalive response it more tensive to smal phenomena of incre that are prt ad hence diminished by he peesur- ‘ects soations, “One liniation of te pesure drive ia analysis ithe ily fn collecting difereaablepressore-uanient daa. Accurate ad fleguent pressure measurements are required. However, pressure ‘measureent and he computer processing technologies now aval thie at wellites slow pressure derivative analy. "The pesure-dervave method is demonstrated fra horogeo ‘ous reservoir and cospued with conventional interpretation ech- ‘igs. The proccal aspects of diferentation of actual pressure ata are discussed. Applica of the deceive amalysis to hee “stags te cai 8 ay Pa ‘5 Formation Eran, Je 1989 ‘opeecus formations reveals the good definition obtined with ‘Servatve plots, andthe dsinction Renee crea weed trp” ‘lon models fe eles shown. ‘Translont-Pressure Analysis Applied to Homogeneous Reservoirs ‘Convetonal welt nerpretation has focused onthe homogene- ‘ous reservoir solution, The corespasing pressure analysis methods fave Been disused exeasively nthe iterate snd ae commonly ted “Two complementary approaches ae used fr tases pressure analysis: (I) a loal approach is used to diagnose the pressure be- ‘vir and to eat the various chaste low regimes, and 2 specialized analyses, valid oly Tor sperifie low regimes, are erored on sled portions othe pressure dt, Rest of tal ses with bod approaches must be consistent ‘apni of pressure behavior is perormod by fype-curve analy sis, Fa. deserbes well with wellbore storage asin na tse ‘oir wih homogeneous behavior 3 Dimensionless pressure, Pp, [splot on loglog ve vs. dineasionless tie provp,to/Cpy ‘The fesulam curves, chracerizd bythe dimensiones group pet (Appendix A’ of Ref. 8), corespond to wel conditions ranging from damaged wells to acidized and fractured well, "Two flow regimes of interest canbe ideatiid In he pressure response Pig. 1). Ateary tine, al the curves merge oan asynp- tee of slope equal to uly, corresponding to pre wellore stage eect given by Po=to/Cp. ooo ceosseee o Later, when ll storage eet is oer, the constant sundae Now rate exablished, and the resulting presse bebivior prices ‘he ual straight ine on Seilog plo: Po=0:l0\p/Cp)+0.80807 +n Coe) so ‘This rogine, cal infnte- acting ral, doesn show ach. acterise shape on log-log scale. The locus "approsinate tat of the seilg sight ine therefore ha been marked onthe pe ‘carve of Fig. 1 The interpretation proved with thi type curve ‘silstrated wit 30-hour buildp (Table 1), whose dead ines prtation was pecsated in Ref. 10 "The ist stp Is to plot the build pressure diference, p= (plAt=0), vi. he elapsed time, soe the well was cowed (ig. 2). This pots then compared with the ype carves: he long ait ‘Slope sight line teary times, indicative of wellbore storage ef- fats ached on te erytine asymptote ofthe ype curves. ‘By moving along this 43° lite, the best curve much i tempted. Inths cate, all curves above Coe =108, in the darnaped wel sta, match the data egaly well Te posible matches alo show ‘hat be lint approsimat tart ofthe seallog sight ine” has been atin aftr about 23 hours of shutn ‘A seilogamalysisisthen performed onthe lst 7 hours of bod- ps the presse i plted wit espect the logaridum of Horner tune (Fp. 3). A stalght line develops atthe end of the plot and [suse in the conveatonl way to estimate By (tom the slope), ‘Pom exrapolited presse to lf sti tne) aad Sort {he stnighttine displacement at 1 how) “The permesbilly group Bis beng fed, the pressure machi aos ad Its possible to adjust he type curve match. The fl sath {8 made on Cpe®=4x 10%. Resls of the analyst ae ven in Appendix A: 2 "TABLE 1—PRESSURE va, ELAPSED TIME, BUILDUP 2 Elapsed Pressure Pressure Superpostion ‘Te Denvaive Dariaive Tere gous) “(psy eto" OLnO1™ (hous) ‘ooa7 ~D.sr005 ~Ae7ei6 ~ aersim —-e21072 Sooess Stoo) Seca Sanzee —7 81705 Qoreso Gss000 saesee | Baeees | —7. 11288 Soresr vo.ca0o09 avast raares eases Saeose 1927000 tiv? Vrain ~secas7 Ga2s00 1877000 2021677 20267 —eazaae Ooze? 2001000 Zeanies oso ~o.zse4 Doses 2h2sooo zeoisre Sonus "6.15918 Dioarse 2.40000 Zeanese aonvast “so1se7 ‘passa Z9.40000 dacteeo 6orost | 5.854 .osooo Seasooo arsamm0 Sersset 5.72880 .pseea Ss.90000 Arezea? a7eour7 “587510 Ooeee? se.90000 4031009 4931009 5.420 Sorsoo S1.17000 sa7zese S372 esas Somes §7.4000 Yaess0 7o.0009 —sza0r4 2.00803 7188000 - Seeer2 assosr2 —s08r19 Ofoses G0.s000 Trasou Tiaoow | —49so40 Oitzoes 68.9000 So7sz—t To206is —assi01 Otaces 972000 Bisrece aetrest ~a7ss08 044809 10424000 sattea7 000477 —A6957 Oieaso Ms08000 102078 treaese —4Rs7<0 Orrer? 12668009 tis6sue 12oss01 | —«ce097 Otoses 13789000 12a8teo7 W2eseias | “437300 2280 1es7000 9715076 Ier7sI79 ~az8299 Bae? 1380700) 14599 M4Et7o08 | ~AzI7O5 25009 17179000 ts54sro2 1e7aaeee | ~A 13228 Sater 197-2000 17tazeto 17teest0 | ~S0e000 (0.3393 220-5000 jo2208 lasez0 | _aadaoe reo bu se000 2110878 ztte0e7e ~a7aW8i Qaqeer 20627000 ao7atoar 2uzraes | ~sese00 asses 2o4e0000 igowor ZaserIon —ssG049 80000 Sokato00 2atasees 2e2 T0026 —aeae05 Oster senoomo aos.oee Seterec9 | ~3a7768 Bseees GossIG0 Qas.se0ne 25820507 | ~as0ets (gaso9 seaos000 2ss.sioos Seeez2i —a25078 Seser sveze000 aez.isis bérenKss | —8.17704 Orosse soto7o00 2aioioi9 2otessca | a 1aEe Gro009 o2es000 2sisisos erssoe4 | ~see26 Saraso e.sso00 2os.roo7 2e07s61 —z0e000 Sarsoo aysiouo as7.ceoo sexecore ~2ev08s Qgareo deasso00 275.0503 Zea rane. ~2ana7! ‘{a0000 9175000 2resirea 2veesist ~279500 ‘\aseso 9a.zs000 2asoszes 900870 2 7a820 ‘Viasoo Sizesoc0 Soo.1ieas 27scascs | ~2ezes Vier. Gratooo aasaosry goagrne ~Zesesr {ias000 Se1tsoco 2staisio 2receeor “20508 {iataso S000 Zaasie7s darstous ~24008 {arin Sezesoco 2e1oa0or asossees | ~2er2s {gras Srasv0 2e2sre7m Spec | ~Zes68e ‘sooo Sgtoo0 247 raeos aorredr © ~241770 {iseso eoazvo00 226-1828 aaieioss ~2a4e0s {7st00 Bissz000 211 08ee aslo 227800 Yiereoo Ge0.26000 224858855 200stori “221680 Bogeon G42 25000 2os.osse Tok reWas ~ 210920 oman, —| Fig. 1_Welbore-storage and skin ype curves for « home- encous reserve 2 "TABLE {PRESSURE ve. ELAPSED TIME, ‘BUILDUP 2 (contined) Elapeed Prssura Pressure Pressure Supurposiion ‘Te ig Dervatve arsine Tine gous) “per tnaa® Pts” moos) ‘225000 G0.71065 16225270 isa.To0ss 205500 2ereoo ear is000 14094510 istz2ri9 ~200808 2eoo00 gyeooo 13890108 iM9.ocore 10st Brsovo socesooo Moris? 1391767 | 188321 ‘Sooo gg. 11000 1oa7ong 48962 1.90003 ‘S2so00 youoso00 1187300 Hossa7e 174549 ‘soon oosoo Wserisr iscsssss "1 naeo S7eo00 /osoo0o (48 7s064 1.93809 1 gases ‘Go000 72597000 1oeseie7 t09.ies9 | — 1 s7s98 ‘2sno0 7.20000 ‘sa0sse7 ‘Ba.eee 1 saree ‘ Finite shin ime, te pressure wil be back at p Gt he sytem tevin acting). ln tems of pressure change, wil es SPE Formation Enletion Jone 1989 inp \ -| No Fig, 2A diagnostic tok logiog plot of bullvp data, Fig, Homer plot take an infinite shut in time to reach apy of the sae apie SS te pressure drop atthe end ofthe Gawown App). A 8 fest, drawdown and bulup curves ae ot Wena Ie Fig. 5 the dot line corresponds os drawdown type curse. Afr the ‘well shut n at, he eslng bull responce (ick ie ev- tes fom the dridown type carve and Mattens toward the sane fevel as the lat_dramdown-presare change before shut-in, ‘pod. This deviation i more ‘when the Now tine tebe Sutin relatively show, ss often the case when explo- faton wells are etd pew, its ot post to ascertain perfectly contant fw rate during radon, especialy ring the ni isa of fo. Tog log analysis conse he pba sponse drags Nw period ‘ad therefore doesnot accommodste a as variation daring he ‘period analyzed. Asa result, oly bllups, recorded on statin fells, generally ae sulsble for fype-curve matching. When the Interpretation i performed oo compete, the Buildup ype curve is generated forthe acu ow history before shut (alte curve) po B tara mens-eafro( E ao) -ro( Eso) trots ® 2 see nahi ee as el ene Say ch ia asses Dervatv of Prosure Fy pee tece rape inf, ie i slope ofthe dimensionless pressure response n hey aus, v. he ‘ean imensones Une group fp/Cp on hex ai, The curves are generated by taking the derivative of the pressure with respect to the natural logarithm of tine. Appl np /Cp)=(tp/Coroltp/Cp))} = o!Coeb o “The frst typical repime observed onthe type cre of Fig Lis wellbore storage eft. By combining Ege Yaad 4, we Sin (olCob=to!Co 0 sor res al te eave bho eden teay grand coves mo ig ego epee “Wc te afin acting al flow rep hasten reached sey arth iit appoints at of senog slg ie (Gig 1) =the pressre beta eerie by 2 The selog Sope conta OolODWH=O8, ooeesseeen cece anda he diva curves merge ta second apympote, ton Iisa ie. Bec he infte aig ral ow proces 2 characteristic sight ine on loglog sale te rv lt an bard in lace th contenonsl semi presse lot or the sccrte determination of vs. ‘aaween the to myamplts, sad depending onthe Coe? sroop, each curve shows a spec shape much ore promutced Santo he ual rane cares (Re 1, Therefore te dre {ive metod i power for diagnose sd, infact somes on {he same log dog pot the global prose by type curves ad the cree low Fah hr oe elses eat dirt, snphing be aml proces Prod tate da show were sage sl ifadeocog fal low ees, the match rug tease of igus baat ‘bo end. Te carve mach is btsined by Kentiieaon of te e = Fig. 4—Presbure sor of sine drawdown/oulip ost. SPE Formato Een, June 1989 lg, 5—Drewdown and bulldup type curves. as Fig. Derivative type curve forhomogeneous reser. Fig, 7—Match ofthe derivative of actual data, core following the data at ftermedite time berween the to asympioes. or bilup analy, dhe sme curves wee foun to be aplizable (Ret 10) provided that he derivative is taken, not with spect fo ‘aural logarithm of tine, but with respect onal logan of the Horner tine, as modified by Agurwal™: pid Ll Al +0) Ae, FANE HEPA)... ‘These buildup derivative responses when ploted vs te actual shu In tine, ar, match on the type curve of Fig. 6. This behave is present when the Homer method i valli the drawdown hs foreach rad fw before shut-in, Fig. 7 presents the slope ofthe example Horer plot (ig. 3), ploaed ona lg-log scales, shutin ane The matchag procedure ‘be the type curve of Fig. 6 i as follows 1 Th constant derivative part ofthe data plot is placed onthe ‘one al straight lina the ype curve The pressure match then fined accurately and Rh is known, 2, The at plots spaced slong ke one-half seit ne ua weliore sores data match onthe eary-tne uk slope aympote loftie ype curve. The ime mach is ow fed, yielding he well bovestorage constant, C. 3A direct reading tls whieh Cpe? curve provides the best snatch between the two asymp, giving acces othe skin ac- tor, ‘Experience has shown ta for practical reasons dscssed later wit te dfereaition of acta ets,iti convict o mach bo presure and pressue-drivative curves, eves though tis edun- ‘ant 10 With he double matc, a higher degree of confidence in the resus is obtained, To asta ths, the Hal atch ofthe ex- lamp in Table 1 shown a Fig. 8 “Te skin oefclen sno longer present on derivative responses when the ffini-acting radial ow configuration is reached (on ‘he one-half Hine), and’ a result, San be extinted from only the derivative Coe™ emtch doing dhe taaston between the two asymptotic regimes. This propery of the deivatve presents, in Some cass, nesting features forthe interpreter Fr example, ‘ven a well istested before and afer solo, ifthe well rea. tment has nt moe techarctersis ofthe prodcing zones, Arivative behaviors recorded during both tests should match ex: cy when th data curves are fee of any wellbore storage fo. ‘The lined infece of the sin cote on derivative Fesponses il be of interes forthe analysis of eerogenous formations and forthe ienfeton of boundary effects, As dicosed liter, the ‘waiional ow regimes prodce& characte shape mac ater than on the usual pressure curves, ‘Otber applications ofthe derivative of pressure have been pro- posed for observation well! snd fractured well) that we the Siva of pressure with respect to elapsed tine nthe etbod Peseted ere, tis preferable conser the dsivaive asthe sem fog (or Horcelsaperposton) slope fr the following reasons 1. The senilog derivative empasizes the nfinteatng radial ow regime of prime interest in wells interpettion "2, When te derivative is considered asthe slope ofthe eemilog ‘or thesopepoton ple, both th pressure change andthe pressure ‘estate are made dimensiones by use of the sme group (OM 141.248 install nis), aking th double natch prasca 3. Th decvaive wit especto te Horner/superposion func- ‘on converts bldyp analysis otha of drawdown, senpiffing the alysis process. “4. Buildp analysis revels an abitonal advantage in the we of the HornedsoperpstonGrvate of pes he resuling ues te neler compressed oa the tinea, a for alionalHocted ‘uperposton anal, nan th pressure as, 8 for bud pres fe ype curve. Te derivative Gayla the ful amplitude ofthe ign and therefor improves the sensiviy ofthe arly plots. ', The noise sppareat inthe derivative dataean be reduced When the auperpostionfanctn Is sed base the slope edhe diver {ive) wil ot tend toward zero uring he ifinte-cing pio. Fig. 8—The combined match. Fig, 8—Diferenlation algorithm using three polnts SPE Foraton Evo, See 1989 a 5 Ey BRT | Bette | Stee | ES on algorithm on ley dat. Fig, 10—Toat of the aterent Fig, 11—Log tog pot of «typoal drawdown, Ditterentiation Algorithm “The main concer when ata data ace beng diferente isto Improve the egal noise rao. Some ose wlalvays be preset becaue of gage elution, electronic cat, vibrations, ec Differentiation i ificul, if ot inconclusive, for the relavely ‘igh oie level associated witha lw sapling ate. Ts fe- ‘eal the cae with mechanical gauges, which ls produce noise ‘On both pressure and ine axes. "several apposches fo ies data ave bee tried (Ap- pendix B) Bocase the coret ret not own when Wookie ‘ih seta dt, modified type curves were wed to evaliate the (Gitfent method. A random nie bod propor oad indepen env of te apie ofthe pp signal was ndded oe pe cre, fd the mimber of pons generaiag the curve was reduced by ‘random sampling process. Fried T alin pete esi Ptr eaten ne ere se mite ce ese te Fee apc teppei Bo uhplct ima clas Sf repeniog sae Sree tip cae sans eS (a= 1a AX IAN, +aps/AK AL MAN +X), _ ——rr———. wianeteaine sapere tne ep spun te plc no i asa) oman : o ep oe ia sl fr ean 8 8, Biceps peieapeeeterir pment Ses Sinenenietneran seared sgh mobi er en pape fda ry ee aac pee ce ener ce Sorel ce aaa Sees Seo oessie bean! shen ta ew at TOSS Pers hem ems ete ncn ne Hiei nvsiocre | Poerienrly epn He tal upon ils dele ee SSRaSTETN UN At be nee es 5 oral eid ence pacliatcrhan tkeapeandton airs ee ro a a eS, tat borat ca ne ns ne en ehcp cae pein ps ie SB a aoa erase ae ‘59 Formation Erato, ce 199 Mar-teol E mate {is atrally expanded at te tines, when the pressure response is ‘rly changing (hs making the ole signal rat signfand. Difleeiatio of eary-time dt general poses no problem be cate the ampliae ofthe time rat of pressure change fatally Taig enough to mask os eles. In the fo cases whee eye an are partially ny, however Las ob chosen longer than ‘win ssfficent forthe Femalaing data. A variable ean then be ‘ied to avoid oversmoohing at lt tines. ig. 10 ure the ferritin of generalized bul type curve. Both the orginal and the noisy curves are show; ia terms ‘of pressure, the two curves ae ot dtngisable, Te diferent Shon ofthe nls curve, wil tvee-conscutvepoats lgoritm (Cn0), \s also shown for comparison. The value L=0.1 ted ia {is eae proved tobe sutiient and doesnot affect the shape of the oxiginal derivative, "Examples of derivative eaeuatios forthe acta example di ‘aside in this paper ae presented in Table I. The derivative ‘of te pressure i estimated with espct othe modified Homer tige of Eq 7 with L=0 (ao smoothing) and L=0.1 ‘Commoa valves fr L are (consecitiv points) op 0 0Sinex- tweme cases. Because Lis expresed on differet tine sales ac- ‘coring othe typeof et rat history, the eting smoehing ‘fect (andthe posible distortion ofthe derivative curve) depends fon the particle case ‘End Effect, Whe ate data se diferente, becomes closer to the last recorded data point than Z. Smoothing ls nt possible ‘nthe right side. This icaled he eod effect. One sluioa consists ‘of wing "pata rgh™ derivative in Eq, 8, which becomes fixed. Its detioed between the last point and the first point before the last such that A>. The end effect can distor the spe of he

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