0, (B/G) > 0
which correspond to Foster’s reactance theorem, As illustrated in Fig. 5.3,
X and B increase with « almost everywhere.
Fig 5.3, Frequency characteristic of pure reactance X or pure suseeptance B.
‘Next, let us consider the relation for $ corresponding to (5.98) or (5.99).
To do so, we express v and i in terms of a and b and substitute into (5.96).
We have from (5.76)
a-beaF(G+G")i
Multiplying by 2FP from the left and using 2FPF(G-+G*) =I, we obtain
i=2KP(a—») (6.100)
5.4. Frequency Characteristic of Lossless Reciprocal Junctions 29
‘A combination of (5.76) and (5.100) gives
a+ b= 2Fy + F(G —G*)i = 28y + 2KPF(G ~ G*) (ab)
from which v can be obtained ia terms of a and b, If use is made of (2F)"! =
PF(G+ G"), the expression for v is simplified as follows:
y= (26)! (a +b) — PR(G - G*)(a—b)
= PF((G + G*)(a+b)-(G— 6") (a—0)}
= 2PF(G*a + Gb) (5.101)
Now, let us substitute (5.100) and (5.101) in the left-hand side of (5.96).
After 2 little manipulation, we have
{8 (@vl0a) + ¥* (j20)) =
[a* {F* (FG ta) + GF* (@R/20)} a
+a! (F'FG* + GF*F) (09/00)
= b" {F? (@FG/éo) + G*F* (OK/a0)} b
=b' (FFG +G*FF)(db/00)] (5.102)
‘The second and fourth terms on the right-hand side can be simplified using
the relations,
FOFG?+GF°F=3P, F'FG+G°F'F=5P (5.103)
The expressions within the brackets of the first and third terms on the right-
hand side of (5.102) are more complicated. Let us calculate the ith diagonal
component ofthe first one. Since the th diagonal component of@F/Gois given
by
4(6|ReZ~""7}0e0)
HIReZI"" [Re Z|"'(0 [Re Zl/ee)
= HReZI"1 (2° + 217! (012," + Zl/dw)
the ith diagonal component of
{F* (@F G*/2a) + GF* (0F{éa)} = F(G" + G) (OF Jaw) + F* B(OG* 2a)
becomes
= FIRE ZI" (2(Z," + Z)/Geo) + $1ReZs~*(02,"|20)
SHES + ZI" (6(Z" — Zoo}
Let K be a diagonal matrix whose ith component is given by
12? + 21" {2(Z"" — Zico} 230 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
then we have
(F* (OF G* j0w) + GF* (2F/20)} = 1K (5.104)
Noting that K is pure imaginary, the expression within the brackets of the
third term on the right-hand side of (5.102) becomes
{F* @F Gide) + GF" (@Fjéo)} = 3K" = 2K (5.105)
Substituting (5.103), (5.104), and (5.105) into (5.102), we have
{4° (@v/Ge0) + ¥" (Gif0u)} = a*Ka +b’ Kb + 2{a°P(Oa/d0) — b*P(Cb/e0)}
6.106)
Using b=Sa, the second term on the right-hand side becomes aS* KSa,
Furthermore, the expression within the bracket of the last term can be
rewritten in the form
{a* P(@ajd) — b* P(0b/20)
a P(Ga/do) — a*S* P(@S a/Go)
P(éaléo)—a°S*P(S/éo) a (5.107)
a*S*PS(éa/éo)
‘The first and the last terms cancel each other because of the lossless con-
dition (5.87), and only the second term remains. Consequently, (5.96)
becomes
at {K +S*KS — 28*P(08/0w)} a=j f (uH* H+ oR*-B) do
Dividing both sides by j, and using -K = K*, we obtain
a°j{K" +S'K'S + 2S*P(S/éw)} a J (WH +H +eE*-E) do
(6.108)
+S'K"S +2S*P (@S/éw)} is positive-definite.
0, and (5.108) reduces to
“This shows tha /{
When all the Z;' are real
a! 2/S* P(0S/d0)
fox H4ck*-E)dv (5.109)
‘When the Zs express the real characteristic impedances of the waveguide
propagating modes, P= I, and we have
2°18" (98/00) a~ f(a” +H ob +E) do
In order to see the physical meaning of (5.108), let us consider the simplest
et
|
|
54, Frequency Charateristic of Lossless Reciprocal Junctions 231
cease where a lossless reciprocal one-port network is connected to a generator
having an internal impedance with a positive real part, Let the incident
wave be the addition of two waves having equal amplitudes at frequencies
wand +40
a(o) = del + delet dorr
Taking the real part and multiplying by «/2, the actual wave as a function
of time is given by
(i) = J2A cost + JIA cos(w + da)
2Y7A cos(4 dort) cos(o + $ de) 1
The slowly varying function 2/2 Acos(}4o #) expresses the envelope of
the waveform.
We shall now consider the reflected wave. Since the magnitude of S;
is unity, from the lossless condition, 5, can be written in the form
ion G.110)
Sy
If we write g(w + dw) = @ + de, the reflected waves becomes
(eo) = Ae 4. Hello sene—cee se)
This represents an actual wave as a function of time which is given by
b(t) =2Y2A c0s (4 (4e 1 — Ap)} cos {(o +4 40) 1 9}
The envelope of b(t) lags behind that of a(t) by dg/de. If no energy is to
be transferred through the nodal points of the envelope, as we discussed in
Section 3.2, the above result indicates that the energy is reflected back at a
time Agjde after its entrance into the network. Let + be the limiting value
of 4/4 when Ao approaches zero, then ¢ becomes the time delay required
for incident energy with angular frequency « to enter the network and leave
it again, Strictly speaking, (2nx + 4@)/do has to be considered as the time
delay, where 1 is an integer since itis not certain which nodal points in the
incident and reflected waves cotrespond to each other. However, if #0,
(2nx + Ap)ida becomes infinite as Aw approaches zero, and it cannot be
considered as an appropriate value for the time delay. Therefore, 1 was
chosen to be zero in the above discussion, From (5.109) and (5,110), 1 is
given by
t= (dgdo) =
“F(@S; s/200) = 3(a*a)"* f (ut 14 e8* 8) dv
(any
j 232, ‘5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
The time delay is equal to the total stored energy in the network divided
by the incident power. The larger the stored energy per unit incident power,
the longer the delay.
‘5.5 Lossless Reciprocal Three-port Networks.
To illustrate the utilization of some of the results obtained for the
impedance matrix in Sections 5.2 and 5.3, let us derive an equivalent circuit
for lossless, reciprocal, three-port networks. In general, a three-port network
is characterized by a matrix of order 3 x 3, and is therefore determined by
rine complex numbers. However, since Z;, = Z,, for reciprocal networks,
only six complex numbers, or equivalently, twelve real numbers are sufficient
o determine a reciprocal three-port network; furthermore, all the Z,/s
are pure imaginary for lossless networks. Consequently, a lossless reciprocal
three-port network is specified by only six real numbers, Let us choose these
six real numbers to be Xy1,X1avX13»Xa9Xo95 and Xyq where Xyy= —jZip
For the moment, we shall assume that X,2, X43, and X33 do not vanish.
Suppose that the transmission line connected to port III is open-circuited
at a reference plane IMI’ and the impedance looking out from port IIL
becomes /X'y. Then, Vy is given by —jX,f. Substituting this into the
simultaneous equations represented by v= Zi, we can eliminate Vs and
Ig, The result is given by
Saectuereey Ila
Yay yf Oa X04 409-4}
rd Lis tsa tae
If-we shift the open-circuited position TI’ along the transmission fine, Xs
changes from —20 to +00; therefore, by choosing « proper position, we
can make the off-diagonal components vanish, ie,
{Mia — XisNas(Xs + Xs3) 4} =0 (S.112)
In other words, the coupling between ports I and It disappears when the
transmission line is open-circuited at the proper position III. If we look at
the junction from ports I, H, and the new reference plane III’, the impedance
matrix must have the form
Xi 0 Xs
| 0 Xe =|
Xis Mis Xa
An equivalent cireuit for this matrix is given by Fig, 5.4(a) where X" +47 =
"gana as
5.5. Lossless Reciprocal Three-port Networks 233
vig
d
bd
()
n
ty
te
oa
x mel
fe)
Fig. 54. Construction of an equivalent circuit for a fosles reciprocal three-port
network.
X4x. Since each of the two-port networks is lossless and reciprocal, they can
‘each be represented by a series reactance, a transformer, and a certain length
of transmission line, a8 shown from the discussion given in Section 1.3. The
length of the line can always be chosen to be positive by adding an integer
multiple of a wavelength. The equivalent circuit Fig. 5.4(a) can then be
simplified to the form shown in Fig. 54(b) where the two series reactances
are combined to give a single reactance ¥. From this discussion, an equivalent
circuit for the junction looking in from the original ports 1, I, and III can
be represented by Fig. 54(c), where the line length attached to port IIT is
again made positive by adding an integer multiple of a wavelength. In the
‘equivalent circuit, the six real numbers characterizing the junction are
Taso tos my na, and X. 234 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
Iecither X34 or X,, is equal to zero, (5.112) may not be satisfied by any
X,. In this case, we ean use port I or port Il in place of port 11, in the above
discussion, and the same type of equivalent circuit will be obtained. In
case, any two of Xy3,Xzq, and X25 are egaul to zero, say X12 and X15
port I is completely isolated from ports Il and III, The three-port network
actually consists of a two-port network and an independent one-port
network. Setting m =0, Fig. 5.4(c) can still serve as an equivalent circuit
for the junction, Finally, if X,2,X,3, and Xz3 are all equal to zero, the
junction consists of three independent one-port networks.
If we use the admittance matrix instead of the impedance matrix, an
equivalent circuit, shown in Fig. 5.5, will be obtained, which is dual to
Fig. 5.4(¢).
5.6 Symmetrical ¥ Junctions
We shall now discuss some important properties of symmetrical ¥
Junctions to familiarize ourselves with scattering matrices, as well as to
prepare for Section 5.8 in which ¥ circulators will be studied. The circuit we
shall discuss is a symmetrical junction with three identical transmission
lines attached, These lines can be in the form of waveguides, coaxial lines,
for any other type of transmission line supporting only one propagating
mode. Let us assume that reference planes I, II, and III are symmetrically
located with respect to the center of the junetion, as shown in Fig. 5.6, and
the reference impedances Z;(i=1, 2, 3) are all equal to each other. Since
the reflection from a port corresponding to a unit incident wave must be the
same from the symmetry regardless of the port number, we must have
Sy1 = Sz. = S;3. Similarly, the outgoing wave from port I, corresponding.
to a unit wave incident on port IIL, must be equal to the outgoing waves
4
ia
ee
56. Symmetrical ¥ Junctions 2s
te
z
Fg 5, Symi Y junction
from port ITT or port Il corresponding to a unit wave incident on port IT or
ort I, respectively, and we have Sy = Sz =,,. In much the same way,
we have another relation S,, = S24 = Syy. However, 5,5 may not be equal
to Sy, if no reciprocal condition is assumed. The most general form of the
scattering matrix for the symmetrical Y junction is, therefore, given by
Siu Siz Ss
S=|Sis Siu Sea (113)
Siz Sis Sti.
IFidentical incident waves are applied to all three ports simultaneously, the
‘outgoing waves from all the poris are expected to be identical to each other
from the symmetry, In other words, we expect that
[
ht
isan eigenvector for S, where /3is a normalizing factor. This can be verified
by calculating Sx, as follows.
1 [Su Sz Soy pt iff
ale ss S]h] ons 5f]
‘Thus, x; is, indeed, an eigenvector of S, and the corresponding eigenvalue
A, is given by Sy, + S.2+ So. Similarly, ifthe incident waves have relative
hase angles of 0°, 120°, and 240°, the outgoing waves will be expected to 236 5, MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS |
have similar phase relations. Therefore,
1 |
se
a oe oe
are expected to be eigenvectors of S, where
a =(2%/3) |
Since Sx, and Sx, are calculated to be
Sx, = (Sir + See S 20) xe, Sy = (Sis + S20" + S.C) 5
x, and x, are, indeed, eigenvectors, and the corresponding eigenvalues are
given by Ay = Sis +Si2e"+ Size", and As = S15 + Sire + SiseM, res
pectively.
Let us consider the electric field along the axis of symmetry as the center
of the junction. We choose a coordinate system with the z axis coinciding
with the axis of symmetry, the y axis in the direction of the wave incident
‘on port I, and the x axis perpendicular to the y and z axes as shown in Fig.
5.7. The field corresponding to x, is given by the superposition of three
(@) Port Thas an incident wave 1/,/3 and the remainder have none;
(i) Similarly, port If has 1/,/3 and the remainder none;
(ii) Port JIT has 1/,/3 and the remainder none.
‘The axial component of the electric field in each case must be the same from.
the symmetry. Let us indicate it by F, then we have 32 at the center corre-
sponding to x,. On the other hand, we have to superpose the following.
three cases for x3:
Fi, 57. Top view of symmetrical ¥ junction and the coordinate axes.
5.6. Symmetrical ¥ Junctions 2
() Port I has an incident wave 1/3 and the remainder have none;
Port II has e!*//3 and the remainder none;
Port IIT has e?*//3 and the remainder none.
‘The axial components of electric field at the center are given by E for (i,
Ee!* for (ii) and Ee!" for (ii). Superposing these three fields, we have
E(l +e" +e) =0
indicates that no axial component exists for x2. Similarly, the axial
‘component corresponding to x3 is equal to zero.
Suppose that a thin conductor is introduced along the z-axis of the
junction without destroying the symmetry; then the electromagnetic field
corresponding to x, is affected, but those corresponding to x, and x, are not.
This conclusion follows from the fact that the thin conductor forces the
clectric field along it to vanish; whereas the axial components for xp and x,
do not exist, Consequently, the eigenvalue 2, can be changed without
affecting the eigenvalues 23 and Ay by the introduction of a thin conductor
along the axis of symmetry.
Let us next consider the magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of
symmetry. Let Hf, be the x component of the magnetic field when an incident.
wave of magnitude 1/3 is applied to port I; then the x components
corresponding to waves 1/,/3 incident to port If and port III are given by
Hi cosa and Hy c0s2a, respectively. The corresponding y components are 0,
HY, sina and Hf, sin2a, Suppose that the incident wave expressed by x, is
applied to the junction, then the x and y components of the magnetic field
are obtained by the superposition of the three cases as follows
H, = H,(1-+cosa +cos2a)=0, Hy =H,(0-+sina + sin2a)=0
When x; is applied, the same components are given by
H,= H,(1 + &* cosa + e** cos2a) = 3H,
1H, =H,(0-+ 0 sina +e sin2a) ~ 34K
To interpret this result, let us follow the usual provedure of multiplying the
expressions by /2 e! and taking the real parts which gives
H,= J2\My| 4oos(ot +0), H,
2th 1 3 sin(ot + 0)
where |H,| and @ are defined through
A= He" 238 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
Drawing a diagram similar to Fig. 2.23, as shown in Fig. 5.8, we see that
the magnetic field maintains a constant magnitude and rotates clockwise
with angular velocity @; i.e., the field is circularly polarized, Similarly,
corresponding to x3, we have
He=3h, Hy=— 3H,
t
Fig. 58. Explanation forthe circular pola
tion of magnetic field
Therefore, the magnetic field for x, is circularly polarized at the center and
rotates counterclockwise with the same angular velocity « as for x,, These
results concerning the electric and magnetic fields at the center will be used
in the discussion of ¥ circulators in Section 5.8.
Now, let us restrict ourselves to the symmetrical ¥ junctions satisfying
the reciprocal condition discussed in Section 5.2. Since P is equal to either
Lor —1 from the symmetry, (5.80) gives S,, = 5, A comparison with (5.113)
shows that S,5 = 5,2. The eigenvalues of become
+28, (5.114)
Ba = dy = Sis —Ss2 (5.15)
This indicates that x, and x, are degenerate,
ct tometer
Riasainess:
5.6, Symmetrical ¥ Junctions 239
Let us further assume that the junction is lossless. Then S must be a
unitary matrix from (5.87); Le,
s*
1
Multiplying %(7=1,2, 3) from the right and x,* from the let, we obtain
Pst (§=1,2,3) E116)
‘The magnitudes of the eigenvalues are, therefore, all unity. If we set S,,
wwe have dy = 25,3 from (5.114), and 4, = 23 = —5,2 from (3.115). However,
(6.116) cannot be satisfied simultaneously with these eigenvalues. We con-
clude from this that S,, cannot be equal to zero for any symmetrical Y
junction if itis lossless and reciprocal. If all the diagonal components of a
scattering matrix vanish, ic, if all the ports are simultaneously matched,
the junction is said to be totally matched, With this terminology, the above
conclusion of $1 # 0 can be restated as follows: A symmetrical Y junction
can never be totally matched if itis lossless and reciprocal. We ean prove a
slightly mote general theorem: Any lossless reciprocal three-port network
‘cannot be totally matched. Assume the contrary; then from the reciprocal
condition (5.80) we have
9 mSi2 PrSis
ors,-rs-[n, 0 prSrs
PiSis PS2s 0
which is symmetrical with respect to the main diagonal. From the lossless
condition (5.87) or equivalently from (PS)* P(PS) = P, we obtain
ShS29=0, Sf,S,3=0
ShsSa9
where the off-diagonal components of the above relation are calculated
‘To satisfy the taree equations simultaneously, at feast two of the components
Six Sia, tnd S33 must be zero. Suppose that 3 and S15 are zero; then
the first diagonal component of (PS)' POPS) =P cannot be satisfied.
Similarly, every possible combination of vanishing components leads to
a contradiction showing that the initail assumption of total matching is
‘wrong. This completes the proof.
Finally, let us ask how small we can make |S,,|? of a symmetrical Y
junction when itis lossless and reciprocal? Eliminating S; ftom (5.114) and
6.115), we have
38 =A, + 2h 240 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
Writing 4, and A, in the forms
4
ae
the above equation gives
918,
=5+4.05(0, —,)
Since the minimum value for cos(@, —0;) is —1, the minimum value of
ISiiP is given by
IsuP mb
In other words, one-ninth of the incident power is reflected back even with
the best possible adjustment. The condition to give the minimum reflection
is given by
Ayana
As discussed previously, 2, can be changed by inserting a thin conductor
along the axis of symmetry without affecting 22 = ,, and it is possible in
‘most cases to satisfy the above condition.
5.7 Tensor Permeability of Ferrites
If 6, 1, and @ are ordinary scalar quantities, the product order in each
term on the right-hand side of (5.69) can be changed without altering the
value, Consequently, the terms on the right-hand side canceled each other,
and the reciprocal relations were obtained. However, if the permeability is
expressed by a matrix [1] of order 3 x 3 and vectors are represented by
‘matrices of order 3 x 1, then Hy [1/] H, is not necessarily equal to H, +{] Hy
since the order of matrix product cannot generally be interchanged, The
reciprocal relations do not follow, therefore, and the possibility arises that
useful circuits can now be found which were not possible under the restric-
tion of the reciprocal conditions, such as (5.80). For this reason, a large
number of materials were investigated, and a class of magnetic materials
called ferrites was experimentally found to have desired nonreciprocal char-
acteristics when a static magnetic field was applied. The permeability of
ferrites for small microwave fields is generally expressed in the form
n -ie 0
Le]=]ie nw 0 (5.117)
0 0 te
Where the z direction is chosen to coincide with the internal static magnetic
|
5.7, Tensor Permeability of Ferrites mh
field Ho. The values of and x in (5.117), and hence those of y+ x and
=x, change with |Ho|. The typical variations are shown in Fig. 5.9.
‘The product of a matrix [] and a vector H gives another vector B.
‘A matrix which gives a vector in this way, when multiplied by another vector,
is called a tensor, and ferrites are therefore said to have tensor permeabilities.
The only information required for a discussion of microwave circuits
Fig. 59. “The permeabilities + « and j — « as function of static magnetic field,
containing ferrites is the knowledge concerning [/] expressed in (5.117), and
the variations of + and ¢—« with [H,| as illustrated in Fig. 59. In this
section we will briefly review the origin fo such a tensor permeability.
‘Suppose that there is a small loop carrying a current J. Let A be the area
inside the loop and k be the unit vector normal to the loop surface, as shown
in Fig. 5.10. Then the current loop is said to have a magnetic moment given
by m=ZAk. In an atom each clectron is orbiting and spinaing, thereby
+k
Fig. 5.10. Current loop. 242 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
forming two types of current loop. Ordinary substances can therefore be
considered as a large number of current loops floating in a vacuum.
Classifying the current loops by their current Zand Ak, let us assume that
there are many different kinds of current loops, and that the density of the
th kind is given by n; per unit volume in the vicinity of r. Summing all the
the magnetic moments per unit volume, we can define a quantity M called
the magnetization at r by
D4 (4k), n= M (5.18)
7
‘The magnetization is the density of the total magnetic moment.
Now consider 2 macroscopic surface in the space where the current
loops exist, as shown in Fig. 5.11, and let us calculate the net current
€
Fig. S11, Macroscopic surface S and its periphery C used in the derivation of iy =
XM.
crossing the surface, which is given by {i,+mdS, where the integration is
over Sis the effective current density due to the current loops and m the
unit vector normal to S. If C is the periphery of S, then the current loop
which does not enctose C has no net contribution to the integral since, for
such a loop, the same current crossing S from one side also crosses $ from
the other side, In order to calculate the net contribution, let us estimate the
number of loops of the jth kind which encircle a short length df of C.
Although dl is considered to be macroscopically short and almost straight,
it is very long compared to the size of the current loops. For a current loop
to encircle di, a certain point of the loop surface, say the center of gravity,
has to be located inside a cylinder whose volume is (4k);-dl, where dlisthe
vector representing the axis of the cylinder, as shown in Fig. 5.12. Since the
density of the current loops is ,, the number of current loops which encircle
dis given by (Ak) t;dl on the average, each of which contributes J, to the
5.7. Tensor Permeability of Ferrites 243
Fig. 5.12. Explanation of counting the number of current loops encircling dl
integral, Summing all the contributions, we have
J
as=f YU (Ak), nya
Jaenas= [meat
‘The integral on the right-hand side can be rewritten using Stokes’ theorem,
After transposing to the left, the result gives
or equivalently
[(s-VxM-nds 0
Since this equation holds for any macroscopic surface S, we conclude that
siven by
6.119)
whenever there is nonzero V x M.
Maxwell’s equation
Vx H=i+ (Dia) (5.120)
holds in magnetic materials as well as in vacuum where it can be written
in the form
Vx 1)! B=i + (6D/éx)
However, this particular form is not valid in magnetic materials since 1 ma 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
represents the free current density and does not include the effect of the
current loops due to bounded electrons in atoms. If we include all the
‘current effects on the right-hand side, it should hold in magnetic materials as
well. Thus, we have
Vx us'B=i+ iy + (D/ot) =i+ Vx M + (@D/21)
or equivalently
Vx (ug'B— M) =i + (0D/a0) (6.121)
A comparison of (5.120) and (5.121) shows that
B= 1o(H +M) (6.122)
For a given applied H, B becomes larger in magnetic materials than in
vacuum due to the effects of bounded electrons in atoms which create M in
(5.122).
In ordinary nonmagnetic materials, the effects of bounded electrons in
‘atoms cancel each other and give no net contribution to M. In ferrites,
however, the magnetic moments due to the effective current loops of some
of the spinning electrons remain uncanceled and give rise to the magnetic
properties. An electron has its own mass and charge, and since the charge
is negative, the effective current loop is formed in the opposite direction
from the spin direction, Consequently, its magnetic moment m and angular
momentum J have opposite directions as shown in Fig. 5.13. If we write
the relation between m and Jin the form
a 65.123)
then y must be negative. Also is considered to be one of the fundamental
J
Fig 5.13, Electron angular momentum J and magnetic moment,
i
5.7. Tensor Permeability of Ferrites 245
constants of an electron, and its value has been experimentally determined
= 1.76 x 10" [radian m?/weber-see]
‘When a current loop with magnetic moment m is placed in flux density
B,, the loop receives a torque m x B, in a direction which tends to maximize
the flux linkage. This is the same kind of torque which causes a magnetic
needle to point at the north pole. In general, the time derivative of angular
‘momentum must be equal to the torque applied. In the case of an equivalent
current loop due to an electron spinning about its axis in a ferrite, we have
a
Fem x By
Using (5.123), this becomes
aoe B, (5.124)
Tame G29
‘As we can see from (5.122), B, consists of two terms, one due (othe internal
‘magnetic field H,, and the other due to the magnetization Mj. Let us now
assume that the internal magnetic field is suficiently strong to saturate the
ferrite, in which ease all the m’s in a localized region will have the same
direction. Then 1igM, gives no contribution to the right-hand side of (5.124),
and B, can be replaced by jgH, since m and M, are in the same direction,
Multiplying by the number of m's per unit volume, (5.124) becomes
aM,
py = OM, x H,
i (5.125)
It is worth noting that HH, is generally not equal (o the external magnetic
field applied to the ferrite because of a demagnetizing effect.
Let us now write HT, as the sum of the static magnetic field Hy and the
microwave field He’, and let us write M, as the sum of My and Me!"
H,=Hy+Re{y3He™}, —M, (5.126)
Assuming that the directions of Hy and Mg coincide, we take the z axis to
be this direction. Furthermore, let us assume that the magnitudes of H and
Mare both small compared to those of Hy and Mo, respectively. Substituting
(8.126) into (5.125) and neglecting the product of H and M, we have the
following relations between the alternating components:
JOM, = 1Ho[MyHo — MoH,),
= My + Re{/2 Me}
JOM, = ytio[MoHy = M,Ho], jo, 246 5. MATRICES AND WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS
ng these equations for M,, M,, and M,, we have
Pic? MoHoH, — jortoMolH,
MoH? — w
JeryttoMoHy +7 to” MoHoHy
Pia He? = a
(127)
M,=0
The alternating component of magnetic induction B is given by jig (H-+M);
Bean also be expressed as [y/] H, using the tensor permeability [jin (5.117);
therefore, we have
n jn 0
ie np 0/8
0 0 fe
B= po(Ht +)
A comparison of this equation with (5.127) shows that
Flo? MoHo Oy
HO Hot Fat oe ohn esse }
Fito Ho’ — 0 ©) — 0 ae
pee to Mi OO
¥ ho He — oy oF
where
29 = Holly, — ye = = THtyMo
The term p is the natural precession frequency of the electrons and is
Proportional to the magnitude of the static magnetic field Hp. The term
‘oy is proportional to Mg, the saturation magnetization which is a property
of the ferrite under consideration, From (5.128), we obtain
wenemflecth pexcmfie2} atm
‘Since a is proportional to Ho, (5.129) gives a good explanation of why
w+ and 4 —X vary with Hy as shown in Fig. 5.9, excluding the region
Where Hy is small, and the assumption of ferrite saturation is not valid.
When H is perpendicular to the z axis and circularly polarized, it is
propor er
’ 1
5.8. Three-port Circulators 247
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