ISO 12944/ 2005 HEMPELIso 12044-1 ISO 12044.2 Iso 12944-3 Iso 12044-4 Iso 12044-5 ISO 120446 10 12944.7 Iso 12044-8 'S0 8501-1 1988 (E) (Text Oniy) 180 8501-1 'S0 8501-1 1988/Suppl: 1994 (E) 'S0 8501-2: 1994 (EIFIR) TECHNICAL SERVICE COURSE STANDARDS: PART 4 Paints and vamishes - Corrosion protection of stee! structures by protective paint systems Part 1: General Introduction Paints and vamishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environments Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 3: Design considerations Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 5: Protective paint systems Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work Paints and vamishes - Corrosion protection of stee! structures by protective paint systems Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings Photo references of rust and preparation grades - HEMPEL photographs Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Representative photographic examples of the change of appearance imparted to sleel when blast-cleaned with different abrasives Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous coatings HEMPEL SERVICE ACADEMYIso 8501-2 1994 (EJFIR) 1S0 8501-3: Iso 8502-3 's0 8502-4 Iso 8502-6 10 8502-9 180 8503-1 1S0 8503-2 1S0 8504-1 180 8504-2 1S0 8504-3 TECHNICAL SERVICE COURSE STANDARDS: PART 1 Preparation of steel! substrates before application of paint and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Photographic reference Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness ~ Part 3: Preparation grades of welds, cut edges and other areas with surface imperfections Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products ‘Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure sensitive tape method) Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - ‘Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4; Guidance on the estimation of the probablity of condensation prior to paaint application Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products ~ Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis - The Bresle method Preparation of stool substrates before application of paint and related products ~ ‘Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Patt 9: Field method for conductometric determination of water-soluble salts Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned substrates - Paft 1, Speatications and definitions for ISO surface protile comparators for the ‘assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned steel substrates Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned substrates = Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel - Comparator procedure Prepatation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - ‘Surface preparation methods - Part 1: General principles Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products ~ ‘Surface preparation methods - Part 2: Abrasive biast-cleaning Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Surface preparation methods ~ Part 3: Hand and power-too! cleaning HEMPEL SERVICE ACADEMYTECHNICAL SERVICE COURSE é ‘STANDARDS: PART 1 SSPC-SP 12/ Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to Coating NACE No. 5 10 2808 Paints and varnishes - Determination of film thickness 'S0 2409 Paints and vamishes - Cross-cut test ‘ASTM D 3359- Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test (7 pages) 02 HENPEL SERVICE ACADEMYISO 12944 eee le etINTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12944-1 First edition 1998-05-15, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 1: General introduction Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systémes de peinture — Partie 1: Introduction générale Reference number 180 12964-1:1998(E)1SO 12944-1:1998(E) Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2. Normative references 3 3 Definitions nase 3 4 General considerations and requirements 4 5 Hoalth and safety and environmental protection 4 6 Information on the other pars of ISO 12944 5 Annex A Guidelines for using ISO 12944 fora given project 6 © 180 1908 ‘A nghts reserved. Unless atherwise spaciied, no pat ots publication may be reproduced ‘or ulized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inclucing photocopying and ‘microti, wrnout permission i wring om the publisher, Intemational Organization or Standardization Cate pose 58 1211 Geno 20 Sensat ISO 12944-1:1998(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide {federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented ‘on that committee. International organizations, governmental and_non- governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are Circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Intemational Standard requires approval by al least 75 % of the member bodies casting avote. International Standard ISO 12944-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOPTC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 14, Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. ISO 12944 consists of the following parts, under the general tlle Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems: — Part 1: General introduction — Part 2: Classification of environments — Part 3: Design considerations — Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation — Part 5: Protective paint systems — Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods — Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work — Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annex A of this part of ISO 12944 is for information only.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD «ISO ISO 12944-1:1998(E) Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 1: General introduction 1 Scope 1.1. 1S 12944 deals with the corrosion protection of stee! structures by protective paint systems. 1.2. ISO 12944 covers only the corrosion-protective function of paint systems. Other protective functions, like the protection against — microorganisms (marine fouling, bacteria, fungi, etc), — chemicals (acids, alkalis, organic solvents, gases, etc), mechanical action (abrasion, etc.) and — fire ‘ate not covered by ISO 12944. 1.3. The field of application is characterized by: — the type of structure, — the type of surface and surface preparation, — the type of environment, —— the type ot protective paint system, — the type of work and — the durability of the protective paint system. Although ISO 12944 does not cover all lypes of structure, surtace and surtace preparation, it may, by agreement, also be applied to those cases which are not covered by the standard. The various aspects of the field of application are described in more detail in 1.3.1 t0 1.3.6180 12944-1:1998(E) 1s Introduction Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subject to cortosion that may lead to damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses during the service life required of the structure. There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. 1SO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties. In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, it is, necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies. cartying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and manufacturers of coating materials to have at their disposal state-of- the-at information in concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems, Such information has to be as complete as possible, Unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid difficulties and rmisunderstandings between the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work. ‘This International Standard — ISO 12944 — is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. Its written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of 1SO 12944 is familiar with other relevant Intemational Standards, in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national regulations. ‘Although ISO 12944 does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications. of Inadequate corrosion protection, non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may result in serious financial ‘consequences. 1S0 12944-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. It gives some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of [SO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using 1SO 12944 for a given project.ISO 12944-1:1998(E) ISO 1.3.1. Type of structure ISO 12944 concerns structures made of carbon or {ow-alloy steel (e.g. in accordance with EN 10025) of not less than 3mm thickness. which are designed using an approved strength calculation Not covered by ISO 12944 are concrete structures reinforced with steel. 1.3.2. Type of surtace and surface preparation {60 12944 deals wit the following ypes of surface consisting of carbon or lowrallay steel, and ther preparation: uncoated surfaces surfaces thermally sprayed with zinc, aluminium or thei alloys; not-cip-galvanized surfaces, zinc-electroplated surfaces: sherardized surtaces; surfaces painted with prefabrication primer: other painted surfaces, 4.3.3 Type of environment ISO 12944 deals with: — six corrosivity categories for atmospheric environments, three categories for structures immersed in water or buried in soil 1.3.4 Type of protective paint system 180 12944 covers a range of paint products which dry or cure at ambient conditions. Not covered by ISO 12344 are powder coating materials, — stoving enamets, — heat-cured paints, — coatings of more than 2 mm dry thickness, linings of tanks, —— products for the chemical treatment of surfaces (e.g. phosphating solutions). 1.3.5 Type of work ISO 12944 covers both new work and maintenance. Pebieie o mammene 9Fe 1SO 12944-1:1998(E) 1.3.6 Durability of the protective paint system ISO 12944 considers three different durability ranges (low, medium and high). See 3.5 and clause 4. The durability range is not a “guarantee time”. 2 Normative references ‘The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 12944. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 are encouraged to investigate the possibilty of applying the ‘most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards ISO 4628-1:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity, quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 1: General principles and rating schemes. 1S0 4628-2:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity, quantity and size of common types of detect — Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering. ISO 4628-3:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity, ‘quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting. 1S0 4628-4:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity, quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking. 1SO 4628-5:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity, quantity and size of common types of detect — Part 5: Designation of degree of faking. EN 10025:1990, Hot-rolled products of non-allay structural steels — Technical delivery conditions. 3. Definitions For the purposes of ISO 12944, the following definitions apply. Additional definitions are given in the other parts of ISO 12944, NOTE — Some of the definitions have bean taken from ISO 8044-1989, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary, and EN 971-1:1996, Paints ang varnishes — Terms and definitions for coating matenials — Part 1: General erms, as indicated 3.4. 60% application. ‘A continuous layer of metal material ar a continuous film of paint (3.7), resulting trom a single 3.2. corrosion: Physicochemical interaction between a metal and its environment which results in changes in the properties of the metal and which may often lead to impairment of the function of the metal, the environment or the technical system of which these form a part. {ISO 8044) 3.3. corrosion damage: Corrosion effect which is considered detrimental to the function of the metal, the environment or the technical system of which these form a part. [ISO 8044) 3.4. corrosion stresses: The environmental factors which promote corrosion, 3.5. durability: The expected life of a protective paint system to the first major maintenance painting, See also 4.4. 3.6 lining: A protective coating on the inner surface of a tank.i al LRTI eh be S ie) LER 2 ISO 12944-1:1998(E) @1s0 3.7 paint: A pigmented coating material in liquid on paste or powder form, whieh, when applied to a substrate, Bo cannes timhaving protective, decorative or ther spect properties. [EN 971-1) o—r—“‘“‘<‘( es Ss=—S—S Se products ao eeetee be applied or which have been apie to a substale to provide corrosion protection 3.9 protective paint system: The sum total ofthe coats of paints or related Products which are to be applied or sNinict have been applied to a substrate to provide corrasion protection. 340 substrate: The surface to which the coating material is applied ors to be applied. (EN 971-1] 4 General considerations and requirements protection provided by paint systems is offectve is generally shorter than he 4.1. Since the period during which the vice consideration shall be given at the planning and design stage to the expected service life of the structure, possibilty of their maintenance or renewal 4.2 Structural components which are exposed to corosion stresses and which are. 10 1onge! accessible for 32 on‘protection measures after assembly shal be provided with corcosion protection nat will remain effective, coro eure the stability ofthe stucture, forthe duration of the service fe of the structs, f this cannot be an neta mane of protective coating systems, other measures shall be taken (for example manufacturing Sginponents. from corrosion-esistant material, designing components so that they are teplaceable or the specification of a corrosion allowance). civen corrosion protection system will generally be in direct proportion to the lengtt 4.3 The cost-effectiveness of a: 4.3 tor nich effective protection is maintained, sine the amount of maintenance or replacement work required Guring the service ite of the structure will be reduced to a minimum. tenance painting shall be agreed by the interested parties 4.4 The level of coating failure before the first major main to ISO 4628-5, unless otherwise agreed between the ‘and shall be assessed in accordance with ISO 4628-1 interested partes. In this standard, durability is expressed in terms of three ranges: low (L) 2t0 5 years: medium (M) 50 15 years high (H) more than 15 years 1 consideration that can help the ration that is the legal subject of ly shorter than the durability ‘The durability range is not @ “guarantee time”. Durability is a tech owner set up a maintenance programme. A guarantee time is a con: cisuces in the administrative part of the contract. The guarantee time is usual! Tange. There are no rules that link the two periods of time. {48 - For quaity management purposes, the ISO 9000 series of standards should preterably be taken ino account 5 Health and safety and environmental protection itis the duty of clents, specifiers, contractors, paint manufacturers, inspectors and all other personnel pvabeal trojet to carty out the work for which they are responsible in such a manner that they do not endanger ‘the health land safety of themselves or others.ISO 12944-1:1998(E) Hppberr oe In pursuance of this duy, each party shall ensure that all he statutory requirements of the country in which their work, or any part of their work, is to be carried out are complied with. NOTE — Items that will need particular attention are for example: — not specitying or using toxic or carcinogenic substances: — reduction of emissions af volatile organic compounds (VOCS); — measures against harmtul effects of fumes, dust, vapours and noise, as well as fre hazards; — protection ofthe body, including the eyes, the skin, the ears and the respiratory system: — protection of water and soil during corrosion protection work: — recycling of materials and waste disposal ¥ 6 Information on the other parts of ISO 12944 % 6:1. 1S0 12944-2 describes the corrosion stresses produced by the atmosphere, by ilferent types of water and Py S11 Ietines almospherie-corrosivity categories and indicates the corrosion stresses to be expected in situations srore steel structures are immersed in water or buried in soi. The corrosion stresses to which a stee! swuctwve is ‘Stposed represent one essential parameter governing the selection of appropriate protective paint systems in accordance with ISO 12944-5, 6.2. 180 12944-3 gives information on basic design criteria for steel structures for the purpose of improving tne 0 ace to covrosion. It gives examples of sutable and unsuitable designs. incicating, withthe heip of diagrams. rae cual ements and combinations of elements are ely to cause accessibily problems during surace reparation work and wen applying, inspecting and maintaining paint systems. Inaction, design features which frilacitate the handing and transport of stee! structures are discussed. 6:3 1S0 12944-4 describes diferent types of surtace to be protected and gives information on mechanical, oe tnd thermal surface preparation methods. it deals with surace preparation grades, surface profile Gretanaaese) assessment ol prepared surfaces, temporary, protection of prepared surfaces, preparation of esorranly protected surtaces for further coatings, preparation of existing metal coatings, and environments vepocts As far as possible, elerence is made tothe basic Intemational Standards on the surlace preparation. a ets ostratos betore application of paints and related products. ISO 12944-4is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 12944-5 and ISO 1294-7. 6.4. 180 12944-5 describes diferent generic types of paints on the basis of thelr chemical composition and the 8 of fim formation process. I gives examples of varous protective paint systems that have proved sultabie lot De ures exposed 10 corrosive stresses and corrosivily categories described in ISO 129442, reflecing current knowledge on a world-wide scale. ISO 12944-5 is imtended to be read in conjunction with ISO 129446 6.5 ISO 12944-6 specifies laboratory test methods that are to be used when the performance of protective palrt Seems isto be assessed. It particulary intendad fr paint systems for which suiient practical experiance, St Set atiable and covers testing o! paint systems designed for application to steel prepared by Diast-cleaning, "ofr vin gawanized steel and to thermally sprayed metalic coatings. Aimospherie environments, and immersion in water (fresh, brackish or sea water) are also covered, 6.6 1S0 12944-7 describes how paint work isto be carried out in the workshop or on site. It describes methods for Be cppication of Coating materials. Handling and storage of coating materials before application, inspection of he ee olow up of the resuling paint system, as well as preparation of relerence areas, are also covered. It does rot cover surtace preparation work (see ISO 1294-4), 6:7. 180 12944.8 gives guidance for developing specifications for corrosion protection work, describing everything oe be taxer'into account whon a stoe| structure is to be protected against corrosion. Far the convenience of Fre to SO 129448 cistinguishes between project specication, paint system specification, paint work wreciieation, and inspection and testing specication, Various annexes deal with parculat aspecis such a Sremnng ofthe work reterence areas and inspection, and offer models of forms intendod to faciitate the work180 12944-1:1998(E) eis Annex A (informative) Guidelines for using ISO 12944 for a given project inorder to ensure effective corrosion protection, tis important that suitable speciications 2° written for the project, (ISO 12944-8), taking the following items as the basis a) Analyse or estimate the corrosiviy of the environment in the area ‘where the structure is located or is to be locates (ISO 12944-2), by) Estabish any special conditions which may affect the choice of paint system to be used (ISO 129445). ¢) Examine the design of the structure and make sure that cowresion Tt have been avoided and adequate Sar ue been provided for corrosion protection work. Avoid galvanic corrosion by insulating dissimilar metals from each other (ISO 1294-3). 4) For maintenance painting, assess the condition ofthe sutace 10 be treated (ISO 1294-4), ©) dently those paint systoms with the required durability from those listed as being suitable for the relevant ceertehment (190 12344-5), oF from results of laboratory performance testing if 0 long-term experience is, available (ISO 1294-6) 1) Select, from the paint systems identified, the optimum one, taking inte consideration the method of surface preparation which will be used (ISO 12944-4). g) Make sure that damage to the environment and all heath ‘and safety risks are minimized (ISO 12044-1, ISO 12944-8). 1) Draw up a plan of work and select a method of application ('SO 1294-7) 1) Establish a programme of inspections tobe cared out during and ater the work (SO 12944-7, ISO 129448) |) _Estabish a maintenance programme covering the whole service Ie of the structure. NOTE — For detailed planning, see ISO 12944-8, annexes C and D.INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12944-2 Neen ee Eee Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environments Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systémes de peinture — Partie 2: Classification des environnements Iso Ny Reterence number 180 12064-2:1998(€)ISO 12944-2:1998(E) Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions 2 4 Corrosion stresses due tothe atmosphere, water and sol 3 5 Classitication of environments 4 Annexes Climatic conations 6 B_ Special cases & 1801998 | rights reserved. Unless otherwiee spectied, no part of his publication may be reproduced Ccunized m any former by any means. elecare or mecnansal, ncuaing photocopying and meri, without pemission a writing Fm the publisher International Orgaization for Standardization Case postae 55+ CH121? Genéve 20 » Swizetiand internet sso@isoch1SO 12944-2:1998(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization fer Standardization) is a worldwide tederation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented ‘on that committee. Intemational organizations, governmental and non- governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are Circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Intemational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting vote, International Standard ISO 12944-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and vamishes, Subcommittee SC 14, Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. 1SO 12944 consists of the following parts, under the general tile Paints and vamishes — Corresion protection of steel structures by protective aint systems: — Part 1: General introduction — Part 2: Classitication of environments — Part 3: Design considerations — Part 4: Types of surtace and surface preparation — Part 5: Protective paint systems — Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods — Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work — Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 12944 are for information only.do 1SO 12944-2:1998(E) \so Introduction Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subject to corrosion that may lead to damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses during the service life requited of the structure. There are diferent ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion 1SO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features thal are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties, In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, it is necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and manutacturers of coating materials to have at their disposal state-of the-art information in concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. Such information has to be as complete as possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid difficulties and misunderstandings between the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work. This Intemational Standard — ISO 12944 — is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. itis written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of 1SO 12944 is familiar with other relevant International Standards, in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national regulations. ‘Aithough ISO 12944 does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications ff inadequate corrosion protection, non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may result in serious financial consequences. ISO 1294-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. It gives ‘some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, ‘safely and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 for a given project. This part of [SO 12944 describes the environmental impact on steel structures. It covers structures exposed to the atmosphere as well as those immersed in water or buried in soil, For different atmospheric environments, a classification system based on corrosivity categories is presented. Different environments for immersed and buried structures are also described. All these environments are relevant to the choice of protective paint systems.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ©1SO {SO 12944-2:1998(E) Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2 Classification of environments 1 Scope 1.1. This patt of 1SO 12944 deals with the classification of the principal environments to which steel structures are exposed, and the corrosivity of these environments. It — defines atmospheric-corrosivty categories, based on mass loss (or thickness loss) by standard specimens, and describes typical natural atmospheric environments to which steel structures are exposed, giving advice on the estimation of the corrosivity; — describes different categories of environment for structures immersed in water or buried in soil — gives information on some special corrosion stresses that may cause a significant increase in corrosion rate or place higher demands on the performance of the protective paint system. ‘The corrosion stresses associated with a particular environment or corrosivity category represent one essential Parameter governing the selection of protective paint systems. 1.2. This part of ISO 12944 does not deal with the classification of those environments that consist of special ‘atmospheres (for example those in and around chemical and metallurgical plants). 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 12944, At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 are encouraged to investigate the possibilty of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid. International Standards. 'S0 9228:1992, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Classification. ISO 9226:1992, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity. 1SO 12944-1:1998, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 1: General introduction. EN 12501-1:— 1), Protection of metallic materials against corrosion— Corrosion likelihood in soil — Part 1: General. 1) Tobe publishedISO 12944-2:1998(E) e1so 3. Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 12944, the following definitions apply in addition to those given in ISO 1294-1 NOTE — Some of the definitions have been taken from 150 8¢+3 1989. Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary, as indicated. 3.1. corrosivity: Abily of an environment fo cause corrosion in a given corrosion system. [ISO 8048) 3.2. corrosion stresses: The environmental factors which promote corosion. 3.3. corrosion system: System consisting of one or more metals and all pars of the environment which influence corrosion. {ISO 8044) 3.4 climate: The weather prevailing at a given location or in a given area, as established statistically by meteorological parameters recorded aver a prolonged period. 3.5. atmosphere: A mixture of gases, and normally aso aerosols and parices, that surrounds a given object. 3.6 atmospheric corrosior environment. [ISO 8044) Corrosion with the Earth’s atmosphere at ambient temperature as the corrosive 3:7 type of atmosphere: Characterization of the atmosphere on the basis of the corrosive agents present and their concentration. NOTE — The main corrosive agents are gases (especially sutur dioxide) and salts (especially chlorides andlor sultates). 3.7.1 rural atmosphere: The atmosphere prevailing in rural areas and small towns, without significant ‘contamination by corrosive agents such as sulfur dioxide and/or chlorides. 3.7.2 urban atmosphere: The contaminated atmosphere prevailing in densely populated areas without significant industry. Ithas moderate concentrations of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and/or chlorides. 3.7.3 industrial atmosphere: The atmosphere contaminated by corrosive pollutants from local and regional industry (mainly sulfur dioxide). 37.4 mi fine atmosphere: The atmosphere over and near the sea. NOTE — A marine atmosphere will extend a certain distance inland, depending on topography and prevailing wind direction. itis heavily pabutes with sea-salt aerosols (mainly chlorides) 3.8 local environment: The atmospheric conditions prevailing around a constituent element of a structure. NOTE — These conditions determine the corrosivity category and include beth meteorological and pollution parameters. 3.9 micro-environment: The environment at the interface between a constituent element of a structure and its Surroundings. The micro-environment is one of the decisive factors in the assessment of corrosion stresses. 3.10 time of wetness: The period during which a metal surface is covered by a film of electrolyte that is capable ‘of causing atmospheric corrosion. Guidance values for time of wetness can be calculated from temperature and felative humidity by summing the hours during which the relative humidity is above 80 % and, at same time, the temperature is above 0°CISO 12944-2:1998(E) 4 Corrosion stresses due to the atmosphere, water and soil 4.1. Atmospheric corrosion Atmospheric corrosion is a process that takes place in a film of moisture on the metal surface. The moisture film ‘may be so thin that it is invisible to the naked eye. The corrosion rate is increased by the following factors: —_anincrease in relative humidity; — the occurrence of condensation (when the surface temperature is at or below the dew point); — an increase in the amount of pollution in the atmosphere (the corrosive pollutants can react with the steel and. ‘may form deposits on the surface). Experience has shown that significant corrosion is likely to take place ifthe relative humidity is above 80% and the temperature above 0 °C. However, if pollutants and/or hygroscopic salts are present, corrosion occurs at much lower humidity levels. ‘The atmospheric humidity and. ait temperature in a particular region of the world will depend on the climate prevailing in that part of the world. A brief description of the most important climates is given in annex A. The location of the constituent element of a structure also influences corrosion. Where structures are exposed to the open air, climatic parameters such as rain and sunshine and pollutants in the form of gases or aerosols affect Corrosion. Under cover, the climatic influences are reduced. Indoors, the effect of atmospheric pollutants is reduced, although a locally high corrosion rate caused by poor ventilation, high humidity or condensation is possible. For the estimation of the corrosion stresses, an appreciation of the local environment and the micro-environment is essential. Examples of decisive micro-environments are the underside of a bridge (particularly over water), the root of an indoor swimming pool, and the sunny and shady sides of a building, 4.2. Corrosion in water and soi ‘Special care shall be taken when considering structures that are partly immersed in water or partly buried in soil Corrosion under such conditions is often restricted to a small part of the structure where the corrosion rate can be high, Exposure tests for estimating the corrosivity of water or soil environments are not recommended. However, Gilerent immersion/burial conditions can be described 4.2.1 Structures immersed in water ‘The type of water — fresh, brackish or salt — has a significant influence on the corrosion of steel. Corrosivity is also influenced by the oxygen content of the water, the type and quantity of dissolved substances and the water temperature. Animal or vegetable growth can accelerate corrosion. ‘Three different zones for immersion in water can be defined: — the underwater zone is the area which is permanently exposed to water; — the intermediate (fluctuating level) zone is the area in which the water level changes due to natural or arttcial etfects, thus giving rise to increased corrosion due to the combined impact of water and the atmosphere; — the splash zone is the area wetted by wave and spray action which can give rise to exceptionally high corrosion stresses, especially with sea water.ISO 12944-2:1998(E) Iso 4.22. Structures buried in soil Corrosion in soil is dependent on the mineral content cf the soil ang the nature of these minerals, and on the organic matler present, the water content and the oxygen conte! The corrosivity of soil is strongly influenced by the degree of aeration. The oxygen content will vary and corrosion cells may be formed. Where major steel structures such as pipelines, tunnels, tank installations, etc. pass thrau.gh different types of soil, soils with differing oxygen contents, soils with differing ground water levels, etc.. nereased local corrosion (pitting) may occur due to formation of corrosion cells. For further details, see EN 12501-1 Ditterent types of soil and diferences in soll parameters are not considered as classification criteria in this part of 180 12944 4.3. Special cases For the selection of a protective paint system, special stresses to which a structure is subjected and special situations in which a structure i located shall also be taken into account. Goth the design as well as the use of the structure may lead to corrosion stresses not taken into consideration in the cassification system given in clause 6. Examples of such special cases are given in annex 8. 5. Classification of environments 5.1 Atmospheric-corrosivity categories 5.1.4 For the purposes of (SO 12944, atmospheric environments are classified into six atmospheric-corrosivty categories ci verytow c2 low 3 medium ca high C54 very high (industrial) C3:M__ very high (marine} 5.1.2 To determine corrosivty categories, the exposure ot stancare specimens is strongly recommended. Tabie 1 delines the corrosivity categories in terms of the mass or thickness loss of such standard specimens made of low: ‘arbon steel and/or zine after the frst year of exposure. For details of standard specimens and the treatment ot the pecimens prior to and alter exposure, see ISO 9226. Extrapolation of the mass or thickness losses to one year rrom shorter exposure times, or back-extrapolation from longer times, will not give reliable results and is therelore not permitted, The mass or thickness lasses oblained for steel and zinc specimens may sometimes give different categories, In such cases, the higher corrosivity category shall be taken ‘Hits not possible to expose standard specimens in the actual environment of interest, the corrosiviy category may be esiimated by simply considering the examples of typical environments given in table 1. The exampies Isted are informative and may occasionally be misleading. Only the actual measurement of mass or thickness loss will ive the cerrect classification NOTE — Corrosivity categories can also be estimated by considering the combined effect of the folowing environmental re yearly time of wetness, yearly mean concentration of sullur dioxide and yearly mean deposition of chloride (see1S0 12944-2:1998(E) ‘Table 1 — Atmospheric-corrosivity categories and examples of typical environments iss Tog pr unit gurtace ticks loss Beaman st year of exposure? Etemperate cfmate (informative on oe (ater fst year of p05 6 vl ‘category TLow-carbon stee! Zine Exterior interior Masetoss | Thickness | Mass loss | Thickness ‘oss ‘oss ain? “ gin vn | is te Cm ery low ean atmospheres, og offons, shops, Schools, hotels C2 SER PSs ws | Sor ws | >Or!O7 [Amosphas wih iow | ated buildings low A arekpeliaion, [where condensation Moety ral areas. | may occur, €9. depots, sports hal 3 sameme | Tews | >swTS | >O7 102 [Uren and distal Production rooms medium atmospheres, wath high humty and moderate sulfur Some ar polution, €. roc oluton, | food-processing pian, Gongs frees with low | laundries, preweries, salty dares. ca Squats | Sema | > eww | HAT0« [indeuia areas ane [Cg pels, igh industisas win [swimming pools, coasiageealnty. | eoastal shp- and boatyard. cay SpqeTHal Tao TD | > soe | > ABCA |Iaawi gens A |S perma very high ree tomaty and. [wih almost permanent {industna aggressive Condensation and wih atmosphere. igh patton, cou eau TeaY > wo toaH0 | > B0I~O | > 421084 [Coa and ofshore |S pera very high freas wih tigh jth almost permanent {rarine) salinity Condensation and wah igh patton, NOTES NOTES a ves usd othe coosiyeatogries ar intestate given nS 8228, 1 Tse ye ur ne, he mas of eknur e can engind he te of eategor CSM Speci! precautions rust 2 coast rer Then sracirg peace pa systems fr SEUEWOEn SUN A 5.2 Categories for water and soil For structures immersed in water or buried in soll, cortosion is normally loca) AeNiEe and corrosivity categories are For truce. However or the purpose ofthis Inerational Standard, various CON) ynments can be described. ata three different environments are given together wih heir designations ‘See 4.2 for more detail. NOTE — In many such stuatons, cathodic protection fs volved and this shovid be Porn n mind ‘Table 2— Categories for water and soil Category Environment ‘Examples of environments and structures Tmt Fresh water Fiver hvlaliaions, hydro-electric power plants Ima Seaororackish water | Harbour areas wih stuctres tke slice gets, locks, ties: offshore structures mma Soil Buried tanks, steeples, steel pipes1g0 12944-2:1998(E) 180 Annex A (informative) Climatic conditions usually, only general conclusions as tothe tkely cotrosion REPEL can be drawn trom the type of climate. In 3 Jevall. gre oF a ory cimate, the corrosian rate willbe ove! a0 ou emperate climate: it will be greatest in 2 No cheat ot gin a marine chmate. athough consierable local elferences ‘ean occur. The main cern is the length of time a structure is dro ign humidities, also described as tne of wetness Table A.1 — Calculated time of wetness and selected characteristics of various types of climate (taken trom iSO 9223:1992) 1 Troan value of the annual extreme values ype ot timate [ le est Calculated time of | Low temperature | High temperature | temperature with wetness at RH ~ 80%. | | 1 \ RH > 95% and temperature = 0°C 6 © year remely 2016 32 +20 O19 100) = 120 750102 500 catienperate +a +e 200 0 4200 Warm temperate 135; 225 warm arr +40 oa | le warn ery 5 +0 12 Eeenerely waren ay 3 58 +28 \ arn damp 5 a0 rey | 4 200 0 6 000 1p, equa a +35 +33 "0ISO 12944-2:1998(E) Annex B (informative) Special cases corrosion stresses on ste! structures located inside buldngs sheltered fom the outside environment are generally insignificant. it the interior of the building is only party sheltered trom the ouside environment the corrosion stresses may be aeons ip tobe the same as those associated withthe type of atmosphere ‘surrounding the building. “The effect of corrosion stresses du to the climate inside the building can be considerably intensified by the use to The eect uiging is pul, and theso siiesses should be dealt wih as spats! Seceet {see clause B.2). Such wich the occu in indoor swimming pools with chlorinated water, vestock ‘buildings and other special-purpose buildings. Cooler areas on structures can be subject to higher corrosion stresses aS 2 result of seasonal formation of condensation. in cases where surfaces are wetted by electolyes, even i such wetting is ony eemeae (lor example in the case tae puieing materials), paricuaty tvigent coresion requirements are necessary. B.1.2 Corrosion in box members and hollow components HHolow components that are hermetically sealed and thus inaccossibe fe not subjected to any internal corrosion, remot ughty sealed casings which are opened occasionally are subject 10 small corrosion stresses. she design of sealed halow components and box members should ensure ther arian G8 discontinuous sre cetituy balted joins). Otherwise — depending onthe outside tomperanre Tarot from precipitation or welds, ight bolle yea and retained thst Hely fo happen, the intemal surfaces NXE be protected. condonsation 93) oq afon observed even in bores which have been designed wit OMY sealed casings. orrasion must be expected inside box mombers and hollow components that are not closed on all sides, and cores iate measures taken. For more information on design see [SO 12944-S B.2. Special stresses Special stresses, forthe purposes of ISO 12944, are stresses which cause & significant increase in corrosion andlor Speci ee es ser demands on the performance of protective paint systems, Owing to the diversity of such Srosses, only a selected number of examples can be presented here. B.2.1 Chemical stresses orresion is aggravated locally by pollutants deriving from the operation of a plant (Wor example acids, alkalis or salts, organic solvents, aggressive gases and dust particles) ‘such stresses occur in the vicinity of e.g. coking works, picking shops, electroplating plants, dye mills, wood-pulp works, tanneries and oll refineries.1S0 12944-2:1998(E} Iso 8.2.2 Mechanical stresses 8.2.21. Inthe atmosphere Abrasive st3s: ur oue to particles (or example sand) being entrained by the wird (erosion) may oc0) sutaces which are subject abrasion are considered 10 be exposed to moderate or severe mechanical stresses \ 9.222 Inwater | in water, mechanical stresses May be produced by bovlder movement, the abrasive action of sand, wave action ete. Mechanical stresses can be divided into three classes: a) weak: no, oF very sight and stermitent, mechanical s¥esSes for example due to light debris or small weantites of sand entrained in slow-moving water 1b) moderate: moderate mechanical sresses, due, f example. t0 sols debs, sand, gravel. shingle o: ce erained it moderate quantities" moderately fast-tlowing water | sa atong current winout entrained mates lowing past vera surfaces, | moderate growth (animal or vegetable | _. moderate wave action’ severe: high mechanical stresses due, for example, 0 sold debris, sand, gravel single or ice entrained i large qvantiios by tastflowing water over horizontal or inclined surtaces. dense growth animal or vegetable), paricularly #. Tor operational reasons, it must be removed snechanically from time to time B.2.3. Stresses due to condensation isthe temperature at the surface of a stucture remains below the dew pont for several days, the condensation Trnduced will represent a particularly tigh comosion see me pecially # such condensation may be expected (0 Produces tervals (or example In wator works, on cookng-water PPSS) 8.2.4 Stresses due to medium or high temperatures In tg International Standard, medium temperatures are those Pen 460°C and + 150°C, and high tempera: In ts empetween + 150 "© and + 400 °C. Temperatures o} Ms "magnitude only accur under special conditions wares deonetructon oF operation (for examele medium temperate Pere during tne laying of asphatt on roads, and figh temperatures occur in chimneys made of sheet stl Thue gas ducts, or gas oft-take mains in coking works) B25. Increased corrosion due to combinations of stresses Corrosion may develop more quickly on surfaces exposed simultaneously to mechanical and chemical stresses sere iee particularly (0 steel structures near roads on which oi ‘and salt have been spread. Passing vehicles wil splash sally water and throw UP git to pans of such structures. The surface is Wen passa to corrosion stresses frm the sat and atthe same te to echanical stresses due to the impact of at ther parts ofthe structure wil be wetted by salt spray Ths attects, for example, the underside of flyovers above Other pars Gve been salted. The spray zone is generally assumed fo atend fo @ distance of 1 m trom the roae concerned.INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12944-3 First edition 1998-05-15 a Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 3: Design considerations Peinuures ot vernis — Antcorasion des structures en acer Par Systemes de peinture — Partie 3: Conception et dispositions consiructives Reterence number 180 12944-3:1998(E)ISO 12944-3:1998(E) CONTENTS Page 1 Scope. e es oar 1 2 Notmative references. : : 1 3. Definition. 4 General nen a c so 5 Basic design teria for corrosion protection purposes 2 5. Accessibilty 2 5.2 Treatment of gaps. 3 5.3 Precautions to prevent retention of deposits and Water «om a a) 54 Edges 7 ee neon seamen 55 Welding surtace impertactions. 3 5.6 Bolted connections. 3 5.7 Box members and hollow components. 4 58 Notches. 4 59. Siifeners... a4 5.10. Prevention of galvanic corrosion “ ee ——) 5.11. Handing, transport and erection nine e = 5 Annex A Accessibilty ‘ypical distances required fr tools in corasion protection work 6 annex 8 — Recorvmended mirimum dimensions of aperings fr accoss fo confined areas 7 annex € Minimum dimensions fr narrow spaces Between SUNACRS : 8 Annex ® Design feaures which may be used to avoid doposts accumulating °F water being trapped... 10 © 190 1998 rape roses, unis fers specie, no pat ol hs SuOyeae” May reproduced Aa se orm or by ay meats eactone of MecNanez! wACUOIMG NADY ‘and ous anout permission m wring Wom the PUDIEM Irvernatonal Organization fer StandarSzaion {ANZ Geneve 20 Sezer ansan IE IIT A 180 12944-3:1998(E) FOREWORD {£0 the inemational Orgarization fr Standarztin) i a wariwiteesorson of national standards bodies (ISO HO ne rg) The work of preparing Intemational Standards is normaly aries though ISO Technical remo on) n member body inorested in tho subject fr whieh a Tesnwics ‘Committee has been established corrimgit tobe represented on that commits. International eroanesite governmental and non-governmental, has th ¥GO. ale take pat inthe wor, tSO collaborates closely wih the ‘international Electrotechnical Cauaission (IEC) on all raters of eletrotechnical standardization, raft Intemational Standards adopted by the Technical Commices 40 circulated to the member bodies for voting oe coven as an Intemational Standard requires approval by at east "75% of the member bodies casting a vote. international Standard 1SO 1294-3 was prepared by Tachical Commse ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, srecammitee SO 14, Corrosion protection of steel structures Py | protective paint systems. 160 12944 consists ofthe following parts under the general tte Pains ‘and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel ‘structures by protective paint systems: — Part 1: General introduction — Part 2: Classification of environments — Part 3: Design considerations = part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation = Part 5: Protective paint systems = part 6: Laboratory performance fest methods = Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work = Part Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Amnexes A 0 D ofthis part of ISO 12944 are for information only.ISO 12944.3:1998(E) 2180 INTRODUCTION Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subjected to corrosion that may lead to damage. ‘Theretore, to avoid corrasion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses during the service life required of the structure. ‘There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. ISO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. ‘Additional or other measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties. In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, itis necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and ‘manutacturers of coating materials to have at their disposal state-of-the-art information in concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems, Such information has to be as complete as possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid difficulties and misunderstandings between the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work. This Intemational Standard - ISO 12844 - is intended to give this information in the form of a series ot instructions. itis written for those who have some technical knowledge. Itis also assumed that the user of ISO 12944 is familiar with other relevant international Standards, in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national regulations. ‘Although ISO 12944 does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications of inadequate corrosion protection, non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may result in serious financial consequences. ISO 1294-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. It gives some basic terms and definitions and a ‘general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 for a given project. This part of ISO 12944 gives guidance on how to minimize the risk of corrosion by appropriate design measures for steel structures to be coated by protective paint systems.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ©1SO. ISO 12944-3:1998(E) ———e_———$ Ea 190816) Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 3: Design considerations 1 SCOPE ‘This par of ISO 12944 deals with the basic criteria for the design of steel structures to be coated by protective paint Systems in oer to avoid premature corrosion and degradation ofthe coating or the structure. I gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate design, indicating how problems of application, inspection and maintenance of paint systems can be avoided. Design measures which faciltate handing and transport of the stee! structures are iso considered. 2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES {The following standards contain provisions which, through reference inthis text, constitute provisions of this part of 1SO 12944. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and Parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 are encouraged to investigate the possibilty of applying the ‘most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently vaid International Standards. ISO 1481 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products - Specifications. 'SO 8501-1:1988, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated ‘tee! substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings. ‘SO 12944-1:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 1: General introduction. 'SO 12944-2:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environments. 'SO 12944-6:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 5: Protective paint systems. 180 14713:.”, Protection against corrosion of iron and stee! in structures - Guidelines, 3 DEFINITION For the purposes of this part of ISO 12944, the following definition applies in addition to those given in ISO 12944-1 3.1 design (noun): The way in which a structure is built up. as represented by a detailed plan of the structure, considering corrosion protection. 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 1459:1973 and ISO 148" 1973) 2) Tobe publishedISO 12944-3:1998(E) e1s0 4 GENERAL ‘Te objective of designing a structure isto ensure hat he stuctres suitable ot He NE has adequate ree ongth and duraby,f constructed a a acceptable cost ands aestnetcaly Pleasing ‘The overall design shal be planned to facitate surtace preparation. painting, inspection and maintenance. “The shape ofa structure can influence its susoeptbilty to corrosion, Therefore structures should be designed such Tre eneecion cannot easily estabish a foothold (a corrosion trap) from which ACK spread. Its therefore strongly vat mnmended that the designer consults a corrosion protection expen at 4 very ‘early stage in the design process. {aealy, the corosion protection system should be selected a that ine, ‘with due consideration to the type of service fof the structure, its service life and maintenance requirements. she shapes ofthe structural elements and the methods used to join har ‘should be such that fabrication, joining ine hy subsequent treatment will not promote corrosion, Similarly, consideret0 should be given to the shape of an a re and tg elements with respect to the category ofits environment (See 1S0 12944-2) when specifying a protective paint system. Lesigns should be simple and excessive complexty should be avoided, nets steel components are in contact, embedded or enclosed in other building materials, €.¢. brickwork, they ar MO longer accessible, therefore, the aoe protection measures shall be effective throughout the service Me of the structure. seetwork tobe hot dip galvanized shail be designed in accordance wth the requirements of 180 1461 and ISO 14713. 5 BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CORROSION PROTECTION PURPOSES: “the surtacos of steel structures exposed to corrosion stresses should be smal 1 exter ‘The structure should have Tee nhsst possible numberof rregularies (e.9. overlaps, comets, edges), 101s ‘should have preferably been tre ray welding, rather than Boling oF vetting, fo achieve @ smoother overall ‘surface. Discontinous welds and Spot welds shoud only be used where the corrosion isk is neghgible 5.1 Access! ity see! components should be designed to be accessible forthe purpose of apply, inspecting and maintaining the protective paint system. This can be facilitated, for example, by the provision ‘of fixed walkways, powered platforms Rote psjary equipment. The accessories which wil be require for carrying out MInuart work safely {eg nooks, lugs and anchorages for scaffolding, quide rails for last cleaning ‘and paint application vehicles) should be provided at the design stage. providing access for maintenance ata ater dates lifcult andi not included in he desion the designer should indicate clearly how it can be provided in the future. ‘ny srtaes of the stuctre which have tobe coated shoul be visible and within reach of he Opera safe All sutacs® gonnel involved in surface preparation, pairing and inspection should be 9p Hale, safely and rerio e all pat of te sructure in conditions of good Kgting. Suraces which ave 0 Pe treated should be 10 mm), the thickness of the surrounding plate should be reduced 10 facilitate surface preparation and paint application. 59° Stiffeners When stiffeners are required, for example between a web and a flange (see annex D, figure 0.7), itis essential hat tho ntorsection between the stfener and the abutting components is welded all round to prevent the formation of tans. The design o sifeners should not alow the retention of deposits or water (see 5.3) and shall allow access for Surface preparation and application of a protective paint system (see annex C) 5.10 Prevention of galvanic corrosion Where an electrically conducting joint exists between two metals of different electrochemical potential in conditions er ontinuous oF periodic exposure to moisture (electrolyte), corrosion of the less noble ofthe two motals wil take olace. The formation ofthis galvanic couple also accelerates the rate of corrosion of the less noble of the two vretals. The corrosion rate depends on, amongst other factors, the potential diference between the two metals ‘connected, their relative areas and the nature and period of action of the electrolyte. ‘Thoretore, care shall be taken when joining less noble (i.e. more electronegative) metal components to more noble metal components. Particular care shall be taken where the less noble metal component has a small surface area in ‘Comparison with that of the more noble metal. There is no objection tothe use, under less severe conditions, of fasteners of small surface area made of stainless steel in components made from less noble metals. Spring washers (e.g, lock washers, serrated washers) shall, however, not be used as they may seriously impair the long term performance of the joint by rendering it prone to crevice corrosion, It the design is such that galvanic coupling cannot be avoided, contacting surtaces should be electrically isolated, for example by painting the surfaces of both motals. I itis only possible to paint one of the metals adjacent 0 the junction. it shall as tar as feasible be the more noble metal. Ateratvely, cathodic protection can be considered:1SO 12944-3:1998(E) 5.11 Handling, transport and erection ‘The handing, transport and erection of a structure shove 2¢ :aken into account at the design stage. Consideration should be given to the method of iting, and lifting points «rc uaed in the design where necessary. The need for jigs, to support components during liting and transport should be considered and the appropriate precautions taken to prevent damage to the protective paint system during lifting, :ransport and on-site operations, e.g. welding, cutting and grinding. ‘The corrosion protection, both temporary and permanent, of connection points between prefabricated sections should be considered at the design stage.180 12944-3:1998(E) Annex \ unten @1sO ACCESSIBILITY ~ TYPICAL DISTANCES REQUIRED FOR TOOLS IN CORROSION PROTECTION WORK angle made by the axis of the tool with the substrate distance from tool to substrate length of tool Figure A.1 T Operation Length of toot Distance between Angle of (D.) tool and substrate operation () 1D) degrees mm mm ‘Abrasive blast-cleaning 300 200 10 400 60 to 90 Power-tool cleaning ~ by needle gun 250 t0 350 0 30 t0 90 by rubbing/grinding 100 to 150 0 - Hand-tool cleaning - by brushing / chipping, 100 0 01030 Metal spraying 300 150 t0 200 90 aint application ~ by spraying 200 t0 300 200 to 300 90 ~ by brush 200 0 45 t0 90 - by roller 200 0 101090 sunetateISO 12944-3:1998(E) Annex B informative INGS FOR ACCESS TO CONFINED RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF OPE! AREAS: Dimensions in millimetres po stttenees — snitteners oom Stitteners Rectangular hate vat have Rowsnate Figure B.1ISO 12944-3:1998(E) ISO Annex C Luntormatives MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR NARROW SPACES BETWEEN SURFACES “To make it possible to prepare, paint and maintain a surface, an operator must be able to see and reach that surface with his tools. The criteria which are therefore important are access to see the surface and ‘access to reach the surface. 4: Minimum permitted distance between sections or between a section and an adjacent surface (min). fy; Maximum distance an operator can reach into a narrow space (mm). The minimum permitted distance a between the two sections is given by plot | for / up to 1 000 mm. Figure C.1 hAamsaaeeISO 12944-3:1998(E) itll bie N \ 0 aL | 70 Af swe 100 m0 S00 700-900 1000 Prot 2 ‘The minimum permitted distance a between the section and the adjacent surface is given by plot 2. Figure C.2 Note 1: If the operator has to reach distances greater than 1000 mm, « in plot 2 should preferably be at east 800 mm. Note 2: Where the designer cannot comply with the above recommendations, special measures will need to be taken.ISO 12944-3:1998(E) 2180 Annex D Hintormativey H MAY BE USED TO AVOID DEPOSITS ACCUMULATING DESIGN FEATURES WHIC OR WATER BEING TRAPPED aks may be used to avoid deposits forming or water being he possibility of droplets of water being blown into a trap by pipes are particularly recommended . drip noses. drip spouts or bre trapped. Consideration should be given to tl the wind, When de-icing solutions are expected to be used, drainage to drain the solution off the structure. Trapoea dey 4 Prevention of retention of water or dirt at junction plates by means of a break. Figure D.1 — Avoidance of dirt and water trapsoT ee eS ee PT ee Weer 1SO 12944-3:1998(E) Dittict ra sor to srdto aint rete paint Figure D.2 — Design of welds Best Isingle said component) Note |: ‘These examples are shown only to illustrate the principles. Note 2: In the case of hot-dip galvanizing, see also 5.7. last paragraph. Figure D.3 — Treatment of gaps n1SO 12944-3:1998(E) 180 Prone to corrosion Apply protective paint system to ste! | component so the protection extends to a depth of approximately 5 cm into the concrete. Figure D.4 — Composite steel / concrete structure ie paint system Protective saint system Protective paint system tam re? mm sharp vege cnantered wage Rounded ease Peer Better God Figure D.5 — Avoidance of sharp edges wets insutticietly Smooth wale surtace cw regularities \ accumulated ie? Poor Better Good Figure D.6 — Avoidance of welding surface imperfections1SO 12944-3:1998(E) i stittener A gottom Nange Figure D.7 —Stiffener design recommended for corrosion protection 13CIT) POF disclaimer “This POF tie may contain embedded typelaces. n accordance with Adobo censng poli, tis Ne may be pit ox viewed but shal ot Trees unc the pulaces which are embeded are licensed fo and insiaed onthe computer porforing the eding, In downloading tis oe tee eee meson ine reeponstty of rat ininging Adobe's lensing poi. The ISO Cortal Secetaat accepts no Nab hs ‘Adobe i a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated ‘etal of he software podets used to creat his POF fe can be found inthe General info eiative to he te the POF creabeon parameters ele ced lv protng, Cvory care has been aken 0 ensue thatthe les suitable for use by ISO member bodes, In the urikaly event Tera oblen celatng to tis loud. please later the Cental Secetanal at he address given bolow. ‘502000 ‘Al ngnts reserved Uness othermse spect. 9 pat of hi publication may be reproduced or uthzed in any lor or by any means. elccrome Siracusa pesonng ond Ce. we! armavonnwrig Fm er 150 he adoes ow e 80's memoert63y tthe country othe requester SO copyright oftce (Case pestle $6 « CH-1211 Geneva 20, Tek 88122 7490811 Fan +4122 724 10 78 Eat copynghi@vso ch Web woe co ch 150 2000 A ngs esenedINTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12944-4 First edition 1998-05-15 Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation Peintures et vernis — Anticorrasion des structures en acier par systémes de pointure — Parle 4: Types de surface et de préparation de surface Reterence number 1SO 12944-4:1998(E)1SO 12944-4:1998(E) Contents 1 Scope 2 Normative reterences. 3 Definitions 4 General 5 Types of surface to be prepared 6 Surface preparation methods 7 Surface preparation grades 8 Surface profile (roughness) and surface profile grading ... 9 Assessment of prepared surtaces 40. ‘Temporary protection of prepared surfaces from corrosion andior contamination .. : 41 Preparation of temporarily or partly protected surfaces ‘before application of further coatings . 12 Preparation of hot-dip-galvanized surfaces 13. Preparation of thermally sprayed metal (zinc and aluminium) surfaces 44 Preparation of zinc-electroplated and sherardized surfaces 15 Preparation of other coated surfaces 416 Recommendations regarding pollution and the environment 17 Health and safety Annexes ‘A Standard preparation grades for primary (overall) surface preparation . a B__ Standard preparation grades for secondary (partial) surface preparation .... a - Procedures for removal of extraneous layers and foreign ‘matter : so fe 1s0 1998 [A ights reserve. Unless otherwise specitod, ‘orutlzed in any tom or by any means, electron or microti, without permission in wring from the publisher. latematonal Orgarization for Standardization Caso poste 56 « CH-1211 Genéve 20 « Switzerland Teo@so.ch Page weno " " " 12 2 12 18 13, 4 18 v7 no part this pubication may be reproduces mechanical including protecepying andISO 12944-4:1998(E) D E Bibliography Alphabetical index of termsISO 12944-4:1998(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a_ worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Intemational Standards is normally cartied out through ISO {echnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right 1o be represented Gn that committee. International organizations, governmental and non ‘governmental, in liaison with 1SO, also take part in the work. 'SO Sotaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft international Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bosies for voting. Publication as an International ‘Standard requites approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote International Standard ISO 12944-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35. Paints and varishes, Subcommittee SC 14, Protective paint systems for steel structures. 10 12944 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints and varnishes — Protective paint systems for stee! structures: — Part 1: General introduction — Part 2: Classification of environments — Part 3: Design considerations — Part 4: Types of surtace and surface preparation — Part 5: Protective paint systems — Part 6; Laboratory performance test methods _- Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work _— Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annexes A and B form an integral part of this,part of ISO 12944. Annexes C, D and E are for information only.1SO 12944-4:1998(E) Introduction Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subject to corrosion that may lead to damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage. steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses. during the service life required of the structure. There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. ISO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties. In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, it is necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection wark, inspectors of protective coatings and manufacturers of coating materials to have at their disposal state-of- the-art information in concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. Such information has to be as complete as possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid difficuties and misunderstandings between the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work. This International Standard — ISO 12944 — is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. It is written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of 1SO 12944 is familiar with other relevant Intemational Standards, in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant ‘ational regulations. Although |SO 12944 does nat deal with financiat and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications, of inadequate corrosion protection, non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may result in serious financial consequences. ISO 12944-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. it gives some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944, Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 tor a given project. ‘This part of ISO 12944 describes diferent types of surface to be protected and gives information on surtace preparation methods such as chemical, mechanical and flame cleaning. it deals with surface preparation grades, surface profile (roughness! assessment of prepared surfaces. temporary protection of prepared surfaces. preparation of temporarily protected surfaces for further coatings. preparation of existing metal coatings, and environmental aspects. As tar 2s possible, reference is made to the basic International Standards o- :7€ surface preparation of steel substrates before application of paints arc “eiated products.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 12944-4:1998(E, —_—_—— Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 4: Types of surface and surtace preparation 1 Scope ‘This part of ISO 12944 deals with the following types of surfaces of steel structures consisting of carbon or low-alloy steel, and their preparation: — uncoated surfaces; — surfaces thermally sprayed with zine aluminium or their alloys; — hot-ip-galvanized surtaces —tine-clecroplated surtaces: — sherarsized surfaces: — surfaces painted with prefabrication pamer; — other painted surfaces. ‘This part of ISO 12944 defines a number of surtace preparation grades but does not specify any requirements for the condition of the substrate prior to surface preparation. Highly polished surfaces and work-hardened surfaces are not covered by this part of ISO 12944. 2 Normative references ‘The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 12944. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the ‘most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. {SO 1461:—~"), Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products — Specifications. 10 2069:1991, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Thermal spraying — Zinc, aluminium and their alloys. ISO 2409:1992, Paints and varnishes — Cross-cut test. 41) Tobe published. (Revision of ISO 1459:1973 and ISO 1481:1973,ISO 12944-4:1998(E) else {80 4628-1:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of aegracaton of paint coatings — Designation of intensity ‘quanti and size of common types of defect — Part 1: Geneva a”neples and rating schemes. [S0 4628-2:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity. quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering. 1S0 4628-3:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity. ‘quantity and size of common types of detect — Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting. 10 4628-4:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity. ‘quantity and size of common types of detect — Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking. 10 4628-5:1982, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity. ‘quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking. 180 4628-6:1990, Paint and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings — Designation of intensity. ‘quantity and size of common types of defect — Part 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape method. 1S0 8501-1:1988, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual ‘assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and ‘steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings. Informative Supplement to ISO 8501-1:1988, Representative photographic examples of the change of appearance imparted to stee! when blast-cleaned with different abrasives, 1S0 8501-2:1994, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual ‘assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous coatings. ISO/TR 8502-1:1991, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: Field test for soluble iron corrosion products. 180 8502-2:1992, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the ‘assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces. 180 8502-3:1992, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the ‘assessment of surface cleantiness — Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure: sensitive tape method). 180 8502-4:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the ‘assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to ‘paint application. 180 8503-1:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates — Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive blasi-cleaned surfaces. 180 8503-2:1988, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates — Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel — Comparator procedure. 1S0 8504-1:1992, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products — Surtace preparation methods — Part 1: General principles. 180 8604-2:1992, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface preparation methods — Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning, 180 8504-3:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surlace preparation methods — Part 3: Hand- and power-tool cleaning.ISO 1294-4: }998(E) 19.11128.1993. Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 1: Geneval introduction and classification. {$0 11124-2:1993. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 2: Chiled-iron grit. 1$0 11°24.3:1999. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Speatications for metalic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 3: High-carbon cast-stee! shot and gi I$ 11:24-8:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 4: Low-carbon cast-stee! shot 180 11126-11993, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and selaled products — ‘Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 1: General introduction and classilication, {$0 11126-31993. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — ‘Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 3: Copper refinery slag. {SO 11126-4993. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — ‘Speait-ations for non-metalic blast-cleaning abrasives ~ Part 4: Coal furnace slag. 311265:1993. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related praducis — ‘Specifications for non-metalic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 5: Nickel refinery slag. 50 11126-61993. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Specitcanions for non-metalic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 6: Iron furnace slag. |$0 11126-71995. Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products Specifications tor non-metallic blast cleaning abrasives — Part 7: Fused aluminium oxide 1S 11126-8:1993, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products — Speeit cations for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives — Part 8: Olivine sand. $0 12944. 1:1998, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Sart) General troduction. Ny 238.1996, Automatically blast-cleaned and automatically prefabrication primed structural steel products. 3. Definitions For the purpeses of this part of ISO 12944, the following definitions apply in addition to those given in ISO 12944-1 3.1 abrasive blast-cleaning: The impingement of a high-kinetic-energy stream of biast-cleaning abrasive on to the surface to be prepared 3.2 blast-cleaning abrasive: A solid material intended to be used for abrasive blast-cleaning. (ISO 111241 180. 11126-1] 3.3 dust: Loose partculato matter present on a steel surface prepared for painting, arising from blast-ciearing or ‘hher surface preparation processes, or resulting from the action of the environment. [ISO 8502-3} 3.4 dew point: The temperature at which moisture in the air will condense out on to a solid surface. See 1S0 8502.4 3.5 flash rusting: Slight rust formation on a prepated stee! surface soon atter preparation 3.6 grit: Particles that are predominantly angular, that have fractured faces and sharp edges and that are less than halt-round in shape. (ISO 11124-1: ISO 11126-1]* ® 8 " ® ® & « £ ‘ & &é 1SO 12944-4:1998(E) Iso 3.7. mill scale: The heavy oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat treatment of steel. 3.8 rust: Visible corrosion products consisting, in the case of ferrous metals, mainly of hydrated iron oxides. 3.9. shot: Particles that are predominantly round, that have a length of less than twice the maximum particle width and that do not have edges, broken faces or other sharp surface defects, {ISO 11124-1; ISO 11126-1] 3.10 substrate: The surface to which the coating material has been applied or is to be applied. [EN 971-1] 3.11. surface preparation: Any method of preparing a sutace for coating 3.12 white rust: White to dark grey corrosion products on zinc-coated surfaces. 4 General The primary objective of surface preparation is to ensure the removal of deleterious matter and to obtain a surface that permits satisfactory adhesion of the priming paint to the steel. It will also assist in reducing the amounts of Contaminants that inate corrosion. Itis stressed that there is a very wide variation in the condition of stee! surtaces requiring cleaning prior to painting. This particularly applies to maintenance of an already coated structure. The age of the structure and its location, the quality of the previous surface, the performance of the existing coating system and the extent of breakdown, the type and severity of previous and future corrasion environments, and the intended new coating system all influence the amount of preparation required. ‘When selecting a surface preparation method, itis necessary to consider the preparation grade required to give a level of surface cleanliness and, if required, a surface profile (roughness) appropriate to the coating system to be applied to the steel surface. Since the cost of surface preparation is usually in proportion to the level of cleanliness, fa preparation grade appropriate to the purpose and type of coating system or a coating system appropriate to the preparation grade which can be achieved should be chosen. Personnel carrying out surface preparation work shall have suitable equipment and sufficient technical knowledge of the processes involved to enable them to carry out the work in accordance with the required specification. All relevant health and safety regulations shall be observed. itis important that the surfaces to be treated are readily accessible and sufficiently illuminated. All surface preparation work shall be properly supervised and inspected. If the specified preparation grade has not been achieved by the preparation method selected or when the condition Of the prepared surface has subsequently changed betore the application of the coating system, relevant parts of the procedure shall be repeated so as to obtain the specified preparation grade. Details regarding the preliminary treatment of welds, the removal of weld spatter and removal of burrs and other sharp edges shall be specified. These measures should normally be taken in connection with the manufacturing process before the surface preparation. For further details, see ISO 8504-1 5 Types of surface to be prepared ‘The surtaces to be prepared can be divided into the following: 5.1 Uncoated surfaces Uncoated surfaces consist of bare steel, which may be covered by mii scale or rust and other contaminants. They shall be assessed in accordance with ISO 8501-1 (rust grades A. B. C anc DsISO 12944-4:1998(E) 5.2 Metal-coated surtaces 5.2.1 Thermally sprayed surfaces: ‘Thermally sprayed surtaces consist of stee! coated vith z accerdance with ISO 2063. luminum or their alloys by flame or are spraying in 5.2.2 Hot-dip-galvanized surfaces Hot-dip-galvanized surfaces consist of steel coated with zinc or zinc alloy by immersion in a molten bath in accordance with ISO 1461 5.2.3. Zinc-electroplated surfaces Zine-iectroplated surtaces consist of steel coated with an electrodeposited zinc coating, 5.2.4 Sherardized surfaces Sherardized surfaces consist of steel coated with zinc-iton allay layers obtained by heating the steel component in a ‘container together with zinc dust. 5.3. Surfaces painted with prefab ation primer Surtaces painted with prefabrication primer consist of automatically blast-cleaned steel to which a pretabrication primer has been applied automatically in a plant. in accordance with EN 10238, NOTE — For the purposes of this part of ISO 12944, he expression “surtaces painted with prefabrication primer’ nas & fesiteted meaning, in accordance wih EN 10298, I is restricted to automatic blast-ceaning and automatic paring. 5.4 Other painted surfaces Other painted surtaces consist of steel/metal-coated stee! that has already been painted 6 Surface preparation methods Oi, grease, salts, dirt and similar contaminants shall be removed as tar as possible, prior to futher surtace preparation, using an appropriate method. In addition, pror removal of heavy, firmly adhering rust and mill scale by Sutable manual or mechanical techniques may be necessary. Where metal-coated steel is to be cleaned, the technique shall not unnecessarily remove sound metal. A survey of cleaning methods is given in annex C. The diferent methods listed are not exhaustive. 6.1 Water, solvent and chemical cleaning 6.1.1 Water cleaning ‘This method consists in directing a jet of clean, fresh water on to the surface to be cleaned. The water pressure required depends on the contaminants to be removed such as water soluble materials, foose rust and poorly facheting paint coatings. To remove oil, grease, elc., the addition of suitable detergents is necessary. When detergents have been used in the cleaning operation, rinsing wt clear. tresh water is necessary 6.1.2. Steam cleaning Steam cleaning is carried out to remove oil and grease. It a detergert -s added to the steam, rinsing with clean. fresh water is necessary.6.1.3 Emulsion cleaning Emulsion cleaning is carried out to remove oil and grease using emulsion cleaners followed by rinsing with clean. tresh (hot or cold) water. 6.1.4 Alkaline cleaning ‘Alkaline cleaning is carried out to remove grease or oil by using alkaline cleaners followed by rinsing using clean, fresh (hot or cold) water. 6.1.5 Organic-solvent cleaning ‘Organic-solvent cleaning is carried out to remove grease or oil by using suitable organic solvents. Degreasing with rags impregnated with organic solvent is usually restricted to small areas. 6.1.6 Cleaning by means of chemical conversion Cleaning by means of chemical conversion (e.g. phosphating,-chromating) is used for hot-dip-galvanized surfaces, electroplated-zinc coatings and sherardized surtaces to give a suitable surface for painting. Otherwise alkaline ‘solutions of inhibited acids may also be used to prepare the surface. Rinsing with clean, fresh water shall normaly follow. This type of treatment shail only be used with the approval of the manufacturer of the paint system to be applied. NOTE — Treatment by acid or alkaline solutions is known as “mordant wash’, 6.1.7. Stripping Stripping is the removal of paint coatings by solvent-borne pastes (for coatings soluble in solvents) or alkaline pastes (for saponifiable coatings). It is normally restricted 1o small areas. Appropriate subsequent cleaning is necessary 6.1.8. Acid pickling ‘This process involves immersion of the component in a bath containing a suitable inhibited acid which removes rit scale and rust. The exposed surface shall not be appreciably attacked. ‘Acid pickling is only suitable for use under carefully monitored factory conditions and is not normally a site process. 6.2. Mechanical cleaning including blast-cleaning 6.2.1 Hand-too! cleaning ‘Typical hand tools include wire brushes, spatulas, scrapers, synthetic-fabric pads with embedded abrasives, emery cloth and rust-chipping hammers. For further details see |SO 8504-3. 6.22 Power-tool cleaning “Typical power tools include rotating wire brushes, various types of grinder. percussion hammers and needle guns. Surface areas that cannot be reached with such tools shall be prepared by hand. The cleaning operation shall not ‘cause any damage or deformation of the structural elements and care shall be taken to avoid the type of surface ‘damage that chipping tools are liable to cause (notching). When wire brushes are used, it shall be ensured that rust and contaminants are not merely polished. Polished rust and mill scale can develop a sheen that looks like clean ‘metal, but which would impair the adhesion of any coating applied to t. Cleaning with power tools is more effective in terms of area covered and degree of cleanliness than manual surace preparation, but is not nearly as effective‘as blast-cleaning. This should be borne in mind in those :ases wnere power-tool cleaning is preferred to blast leaning (2.9. where the generation of dust or the accums at-cn of used abrasive is to be avoided). For further. deta see ISO 8504-3. 6.23. Blast-cleaning ‘One of the methods specified in ISO 8504-2 shall be used. Blast-cleaning abrasives shall be specified by reference to the various parts of ISO 11124 and SO 11126. 6.2.3.1. Dry abrasive blast-cleaning 6.23.1.1 Centrifugal abrasive blast-cleaning Centitugal abrasive blast-ceaning is cartied out in fixed installations or mobile units in which the abrasive is fed to rotating wheels oF impellers positioned to throw the abrasive evenly and a nigh velocity on to the surfaces to be cleaned. For the fields of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique, see ISO 8504-2, 6.2.3.1.2 Compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning Compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning is carried out by feeding the abrasive into an air stream and directing the aitabrasive mixture at high velocity from the nozzle on to the surface to be cleaned. ‘The abrasive may be injected into the air stream from a pressurized container or may be drawn into the air stream by suction from an unpressurized container. For the field of appiication, effectiveness and imitations of this technique, see SO 8504-2. 6.23.13 Vacuum or suction-head abrasive blast-cleaning ‘This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (see 6.2.3.1.2) but with the blast nozzle enclosed in'a suction head sealed to the steel surface, collecting the spent abrasive and contaminants. Alternatively, the aiv/abrasive stream may be sucked on to the surface by reduced pressure at the suction head. For the field of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique, see ISO 8504-2. 6.2.3.2. Moisture-injection abrasive blast-cleaning (compressed-air moisture-injection abrasive blast-clearing) ‘This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (see 6.2.3.1.2) but with the addition, upstream of the nozzle, of a very small amount of liquid (usually clean, fresh water) 10 the air/abrasive stream, resulting in a blast-cleaning procedure which is dust-free in the suspended-paricle size range of less than S0um. The ‘consumption of water can be controlled and is usually 15 Vn to 25 Wh. For the field of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique, see ISO 8504-2. 6.2.3.3 Wet abrasive blast-cleaning 623. 11 Compressed-air wet abrasive blast-cleaning This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (see 6.2.3.1.2) but with the addition of liquid (generally clean, fresh water) to produce a stream of air, water and abrasive. For the field of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique. see ISO 8504-2.6.23.32 Slurry blast-cleaning ‘A dispersion of fine abrasive in water or another liquid is directed. with pumps or compressed air, on to the sutace ‘to be cleaned. For the field of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique, see ISO 8504-2. 6.2.3.3.3 Pressurized-tiquid blast-cleaning ‘An abrasive (or a mixture of abrasives) is introduced into a stream of liquid (generally clean, fresh water) and the stream directed through a nozzle on to the surface. ‘The stream is predominantly pressurized liquid, and additions of solid abrasives are normally less than for ‘compressed-air wet abrasive blast-cleaning. “The abrasive may be introduced either dry (with or without air) or as a wet slurry For the field of application, effectiveness and limitations of this technique, see ISO 8504-2. 6.2.3.4 Particular applications of blast-cleaning 6.2.3.4.1 Sweep blast-cleaning ‘The aim of sweep blast-cleaning is to clean or roughen organic and metalic coatings on the surtace only, or 10 remove a surface layer (or a poorly adhering coating) in such a way that a frmly adhering coating under it's neither pitied by particle Impact nor stripped down to the substrate. The required surface condition shall be agreed between the interested parties. For this purpose, a test area may be prepared and assessed and the various biast-cleaning parameters, e.g, hardness of abrasive, attack angle, distance from nozzle to substrate, air pressure and particle ‘ze of abrasive may be optimized, Normally, for sweep blast cleaning low air pressure and fine grits used. 6234.2 Spot blast-cteaning Spot blast-cleaning is a common form of compressed-air or moisture-injaction blast-cleaning in which only individual Stains (e.g. rust or weld spots) in an otherwise intact coating are blast-cleaned. It may be carried out in conjunction with sweep blast-cleaning of the other surfaces where these cannot be recoated without prior cleaning. Depending ‘on the intensity of the blast-cleaning, the result will then be equivalent to preparation grade P Sa 2 or P Sa2¥2. 6.2.4 Water blast-cleaning ‘This method consists in directing a jet of pressurized clean, fresh water on to the surface to be cleaned. The water: pressure depends on the contaminants to be removed, such as water-soluble matter, loose rust and poorly ‘adhering paint coatings. When detergents have been used in the cleaning operation, rinsing with clean, fresh water is necessary. “The following water blast-cleaning techniques are commonly used: — high-pressure water blast-cleaning (70 MPa to 170 MPa); — ultra-high-pressure water blast-cleaning (above 170 MPa). NOTE — Pressures below 70 MPa are used for water cleaning (6.1.1) 6.3 Flame cleaning ‘An acetylene-oxygen flame is passed over the surface to be cleaned. Mill scale and rust are removed by the effect Cf the flame jet and the action of heat. After flame cleaning, the surface shail be treated by mechanically driven wire ‘brushes and then cleaned to remove any remaining dust and contaminants prior to painting,7 Surface preparation grades Requirements shal be based on the preparation grades listed” anrexes A and B omer oreparaion grades may be agreed on the basis of represeitatve photographic examples ox elevence tea Orne rata he itucure or component Reference areas stall be effectively protected from any Wiese nthe sue oF in appearance (2.9. bY eovetng tem wit paste sheeting), oF they shal be photographed as representative examples ‘There are two types of surtace preparation primary (overall surface preparation (preparation of the whole surtace to the bare steet) ‘This type of sutace preparation consists of removing mil scale, rust, existing coatings and contaminants. After primary surface preparation, the whole surface consists of bare steel Preparation grades: Sa, St, Fl and Be. _ secondary (pattal) surace preparation (leaving sound pars of organic and metal coatings} “Tis type of surtace preparation consists of removing rust and contaminants, but leaving intact paint of metallic coatings. Preparation grades: P Sa, P St and P Ma, lore application of paints and related products, a we! blas-cleaned surface may be required 1o dy: Where flash fisting ooturs on a prepared surface, may be necessary fo remove ths, fis considered to Be ‘etnmental to the subsequent coating 150 8601-1 gives preparation grades Sa 1, Sa 2, Sa 2%, Sa 9 for blast-leanina, St2, St3 for hand: and Power ‘oo! cleaning and Fi for flame cleaning, ‘The informative Supolement to ISO 8501-1 contains photographic examples of the change in appesranrs, imparted Freee ren blasteleaned with diferent abrasives (high-carbor-steel shot, steel grit, chilec-iror grt, copper relirery slag, coal furnace slag) 7.1 Uncoated surfaces ‘The tinal appearance o he prepared ste! surface depends onthe intial sutace consition (ox exampie ws 3.208 Ao bi ana the surlace preparation method used. The various “ust grades and surtace preparation grades are ‘described in ISO 8501-1 and in annex A. In the case of cold-rolled sections and sheets (and similar components), the surtaces are in most cases Hat ane case chataminateg by impurities from manufacturing which are aifcul to remove. In such cases rougterieg srmeels accessary and parhcularly intense cleaning, for example by blast-cleaning, is indispensable, Tarrist (nok 0 ‘be confused with mil-scale layers) need not be removed, unless otherwise agreed 7.2. Metal-coated surfaces 1s the metal coating (thermally sprayed, hot-dip-galvanized. zinc-electoplated or sherardized) has to be removed compietely down to the substrate, the grades defined in ISO 850%-1 are applicable it sound areas of metal coating remain, a "secondary (pari sutace preparation” is carried out, The grades cannot bbe referred to existing standards,4 4 4 * * : ¢ * € 4 « e « 4 7.3. Surtaces painted with prefabrication primer {ta prefabrication primer has to be removed completely back to the substrate, the grades defined in ISO 8501-1 are applicable. It areas of prefabrication primer remain, a “secondary surface preparation’ is carried out. Definitions ot suitable ‘preparation grades are given in ISO 8501-2 and in some of the standards listed in annex D. 7.4 Other painted surtaces ‘The surface to be prepared shall be assessed in accordance with ISO 4628-1 to 4628-6 (degree of blistering rusting, cracking, faking and chalking). Assessment of under-film corrosion and adhesion (see ISO 2408) may also be considered. Isolated areas of coating failure with rust (spot rusting) on previously painted steel can be prepared by spot blast- leaning. Care shall be taken that the surrounding sound areas are not damaged. If the whole coating has to be removed completely down to the steel, the grades defined in ISO 8501-1 are applicable. Ifthe paint has to be removed completely down to a metal coating, a “secondary surface preparation” is carried out. The grades cannot be referred to existing standards. It areas of the paint coating remain, a “secondary surface preparation” is carried out. For areas with residual paint ‘coatings and bare steel, the grades are defined by using the definitions of P grades. 1SO 8501-2 gives preparation grades P Sa 2, P Sa 22, P Sa3 for localized blast-cleaning, P St2, P St3 for localized hand: and power-tool cleaning and P Ma for localized machine abrading. 8 Surface profile (roughness) and surface prottile grading ISO 8503-1 specifies the requirements for ISO surface profile comparators (comparator S and comparator G) which are intended for visual and tactile comparison of stee! substrates that have been biast-cleaned with either shot (S) abrasives or grit (G) abrasives. ‘The method for the grading of blast-cleaned surfaces using the ISO comparators specified in ISO 8503-1 is described in ISO 8503-2. ‘The surface profil of the substrates influences the adhesion of the coating. For protective paint systems, a surface profile "medium (G)" or ‘medium (S)", as defined in ISO 8503-1, is particularly suitable. In the field of application of this international Standard, itis not necessary to speciy closer surface profile tolerances or particular surface profile values, but they can be agreed between the interested parties. 9 Assessment of prepared surfaces ‘Alter the surface preparation procedure (cleaning as specified), the prepared surfaces shall be assessed as described in 1SO 8501-1 or ISO 8501-2, i.e. the cleanliness is assessed by evaluating the appearance of the ‘surface only. In many instances, this is sufficient for the purpose, but for coatings likely to be exposed to severe ‘environments, such as water immersion and continuous-condensation conditions, consideration shall be given to testing for soluble salts and other invisible contaminants on the visually clean surtace by the physical and chemical methods which form the subjects of the various parts of ISO 8502. an10 Temporary protection of prepared surfaces from corrosion and/or contamination Temporary protection of the prepared surtace shall be used ifthe preparation grade is likely to change (e.9. by formation of rust) before the intended coating (primer or complete coating system) can be applied. This also apples to areas on which no coating is to be applied. Pretabrication primers, adhesive paper, adhesive film, strippable varnishes and other protective materials that can be removed are commonly used for temporary protection. Before final coating, the surface will require further preparation until the specified surtace condition is achieved. 11. Preparation of temporarily or partly protected surfaces before application of further coatings Betore further coating, all contamination and all corrosion and weathering products that have been formed in the meantime shal be removed by suitable means, e.9. by water cleaning, wet abrasive blast-cleaning, steam cleaning, ‘Sweep blast-cleaning, cautious grinding or hand- or power-tool cleaning. Joints and damaged areas of priming coats Shall be re-cieaned and repaired atter assembly by an appropriate method selected from those described in clause 6, f subsequent welding or riveting has taken place, all residues shall be removed in accordance with the specification. The most effective method is grinding followed by blast-cleaning. The method to be used shall be ‘agreed between the interested parties. it may be necessary to remove existing coatings or to roughen the surface by sweep blast-leaning or by other suitable methods, falowed by dust removal to ensure proper adhesion of the subsequent coating. The surface of existing coatings (in particular zinc-ich coatings) shall not be burnished or smeared by extensive power-tool cleaning so thal subsequent coatings cannot adhere properly. For blast-cleaned and primed prefabrication and shop-primed steel surfaces, the remaining priming coat can be a part of the complete paint system, provided that ths is agreed by the interested parties and that the surtace profile (roughness) is defined. I a priming coat is not in a conditon suitable for repairing or further coating, or is not ‘compatible with further coatings, it shall be completely removed. 12. Preparation of hot-dip-galvanized surfaces 12.1, Unweathered surfaces Detective areas in, or damage to, the zinc surtace shall be repaired so that the protective power of the zinc coating is restored. Contamination of unweathered hot-dip-galvanized surtaces, e.g. by grease. oil, residual flux or marking materials, shall be removed. ‘The zine coating may be treated by sweep blast-cleaning (see 6.2.3.4.) using a non-metallic abrasive. Other treatment shall be in accordance with the specification. ‘Atter sweep biast-cleaning, the zinc coating shall be continuous and free from mechanical damage. The galvanized surfaces shall be free from adhering and enclosed contaminants that would impair the durability of the zinc coating land subsequently applied paint systems. Examples of irregularities in the zinc coating are: runs or overthick area: pinholes; lack of adhesion between the zinc and the stee!; "zine drips; zine ash, ‘After sweep biast-cleaning the surface shall have a uniform dull appearance. The surface roughness and the ‘minimum zinc coating retained shall be agreed between the interested parties. 12.2 Weathered surfaces ‘On weathered hot-dip-galvanized surfaces, zinc corrosion products (white rust) are formed and contaminants may accumulate. Such surfaces shall be prepared by suitable methods selected depending on the nature and extent of the contamination. Oxidation products, certain salts and some other contaminants can be removed by washing with ‘clean, fresh water containing detergent and by using synthetic-fabric pads with embedded abrasive, followed by thorough cleaning with hot water. Alternatively, the use of hot water, pressurized water, steam cleaning, sweep blast-cleaning or hand- or power-tool cleaning may be suitable. 13 Preparation of thermally sprayed metal (zine and aluminium) surfaces Detective areas in, or damage to, thermally sprayed metal coatings shall be repaired so that the protective power of the metal coating is restored. To extend the service life of the coating, thermally sprayed metal coatings shall be painted immediately after thermal spraying before any condensation can take place. Before application of further protective paint coatings, the surface shall be treated in accordance with clause 11. For further information on thermally sprayed metal coatings, see ISO 2063, 14. Preparation of zinc-electroplated and sherardized surfaces Detective areas in, or damage to, zinc-electroplated or sherardized surfaces shall be repaired so that the protective power of the zinc coating is restored. Poorly adhering zinc-electroplated and sherardized coatings shall be removed. Contamination on zinc-electroplated and sherardized surfaces, e.g. by grease, oil, marking materials or salts, shall bbe removed. Cleaning with special detergents, hot water or steam or by surface conversion (see 6.1.6) may be suitable. Subsequent painting of zinc-electroplated components will require the same treatment as hot-cip-galvanized surfaces (see clause 12). 15. Preparation of other coated surfaces Poorly adhering and defective coatings shall be removed. Defective areas in, or damage to, the surface shall be repaired so that the protective power of the protective coating system is restored. Contamination on surtaces, e.g. by grease, oll, marking materials or salts, shall be removed. Cleaning with special detergents, hot water or steam or by surtace conversion (see 6.1.6) may be suitable. Afterwards, the surface can be treated by sweep biast-cleaning using an inert git or any other material which can be demonstrated to be suitable (see clause 11). .*46 Recommendations regarding pollution and the environment Pollution caused by sutface preparation is normally coverec ay 7attonal safety and environmental regulations. Such regulations do not exist, special care shall be taken “egarcing industrial wastes, dust, noise, odours, organic solvents, etc. Waste (such as used abrasives, rust, old coatings) shal be collected and treated in accordance with relevant national regulations and as agreed between the interested panies. 17 Health and safety See ISO 12944-1 13ISO 12944-4:1998(E) ©1s0 Annex A (normative) i Standard preparation grades for primary (overall) surface preparation standard | surtace | Representative | cssenta atures of prepared sutecea preparation preperation) PROYCOTEBNE | cor tuenar dete ncdng veamentpro’‘oand | Flld of application Sian” Pad” SERIES «|e stese repre coo) we BOBO cer Yat Poly adhotng mil saa slapd pant coatngs | Te suave | disring ard ralgn mato ais oioved propaaton of (6.2.3) wee os ofthe mil scaler, pan coatings aneoated tel Bh oelgn maa roraved Ay esal : crt shat bom aor oe Shiaesn tte Ea MH sai, st paint coaings and oregn mat ao | S6"a025 removed. Any remaining traces of contamination eased Sfal'show only sgh san rho torm of pase ext hash ony 25 sa eee re rave eons ' man Wil scl, st, pt coatings and tran mato ae 683 lemoved Tee sotacs shuts 2 onion meta Cas wn | Deas se (Wand or Je sia _—ECE—rterses— oversea |e st2 ana reign nator are raved Beanngs [B82 areea] wa Ba3 Pei adhering il eae, on pat coainge bas rd tage naka ae ehoved S Hoveverthe bats Sutac shal be ested much nore ferughy han forSt2 o gre amet seer afin fom he ital substrate A ane [aH scl, ut, pacing ae eign mao oo J Gearing [BFL ee (6.3) CFL |a discoloration of the surface (shades of different bal sto) Be [acapcnina Wi sil, ret and redues Fam pan coatings are [Por horap- a removed compat Pantcasinge tal be” |gehanitog tr removed proto sed plang by suiaie means. —_[xample. of Staten 150 850-1) 5) shooter pve learn (15095011 2 howe earn 150 2011), oz eepcuey 2) A.8.C and rein coniton of ncoted sea sutaces (060 8801-1, 8) Theepesontve photograph exanpes show secs er ouch ens at Wr pees ct ese ee ——— ayaa prod ft se wcrc eau We grontonars 5) Mts conned oe peal cain tan be removed ying wh br pty ee 6}. Teter erg aeseerent hal be groper coneraton, 2) Testes peparaton grade canon be chard ard alae unr cten contons whic may at be possible o pode 14 iISO 12944-4:1998(E) Annex B (normative) Standard preparation grades for secondary (partial) surface preparation Representative Standard | Surface | photographic Essential features of prepared surfaces peaattton| preparation| ‘examples in| For futher deals, ncuding veatment pros toand, | Fleld ot application Spade"? "| "method | 180.6501-1 or. ater sutace preparation (column 2), see ISO 8501-2 180 8501-22146) ie saz [Localized |BSa2 Fimy adhenng pant coatings shallbe intact) | The surtace blast Cae Fromhe suriace ofthe other paris, loose paint | preparation of coated cleaning |DSa2 Coatings and most ofthe mil scale, ust and foreign | steel surfaces on (apply to Cattevare removed. Any residual contamination | which some paint | Uneoated parts | shall be firmly adhering ‘coatings remain.” of the sutace) P sae Sa2% Firmly adhering paint coatings shall be intact 5) Sa From the surface of the other parts, loose paint D Sav ‘coatings and mil scale, ust and foreign matter are (apply 10 removed. Any remaining traces of contamination (itcoated parts | shall show only as sight stains inthe form of spots ofthe surtace) [or stipes. [Psa 338) Sas Firmly adhering paint coatings shall be intact.®) Dsa3 From the surface of the other parts, loose paint (apply to Coatings and mil scale, rust and foreign matter ae Greoated parts | removed. The surtace shall have a umform metallic ofthe surtace) _ | colour [Pwas [Localized |P Ma Firmly adhering paint coatings shall be itact.5) machine From the surface ofthe other parts, loose paint abrading coatings and mill scale, rust and foreign matter are femoved. Any ramaining traces of contamination shall show only as slight stains inthe form of spots or stripes, Patz) [Localized [Cst2 Firmly adhering paint coatings shall be intact. 5) hand-and [0 St2 From the surface ofthe other parts. poorly adhering power-tool mil Sale, ust, paint coatings and foreign matter are leaning removed Pas es Firmly adhering paint coatings shall be intact. 9) sta From the surface of tne other parts, poorly adhering mil scale, cust, paint coatings and foreign matter are Temoved. Howaver, the surlace shall be treated much more thoroughly than for P St2 to give a metalic sheen arising ram the retal substrate. For ooinales, 600 next page aISO 12944-4:1998(E) 180 Footnotes to table 1) Key o symbols uses: Sa « localized blast-leaning of previously coated surfaces ISO 8501-2) P St = localized hand- and power-toal cleaning of previously coated surfaces (ISO 8501-2) P Ma = localized machine abratng of previously coated sustaces (ISO 8501-2) 2) In the case of stool sutacos wih painted or unpainted mal coatings an analogous application of certain standard preparation grades may be agreed, provced that ose so Techwisaly feasible undo the gran condsions 3} P is used as the code-ete or the preparation grade in he case of previously coated surfaces with firmly adhering paint Coatnge wich are be alone eran he pan caaceris of eho he we prepared sutne amas het wrth frm adhering pant coating and that wihowt any paint coating remarning, are speched separately in ve felevant ‘Solumn the P grades hence always rear tote fla Surlaco fo be Fecoated and not ony tothe surlace areas which are Situ pan eSatng afer sutace preparation. As Yo he eaiment of remaining part costings, see 150 65021094, 44) There are no specitic photographic examples for the P grades, because the appearance of the total surface thus prepared is significanty influenced by the type of existing coating and its condition. For surface areas without coaing, the photographvc examples gvon orto cavrasponding Grades without the P apply. As a turer clanicaton of the grades, vanous photographic examples are given in ISO 8501-2 of such surtazes before and after treatment. In the case St grades P Sa 2, P St2 and P S13. for which no photographs are available, the appearance of the residual coatings wil be analogous to that of grade P Sa 21 or P Ma. 5) Paint coatings are considered as firmly adhering i they cannot be removed by liting witha blunt putty krite. 6) The factors influencing assessment shall be given particular consideration. 7) The following information should preferably be known about the existing coating: €)_ the type of paint coating (@.9. type of binder and pigment) or metal coating, together with its approximate thickness and date of application bb} the ust grade as defined in ISO 4628-3, with details of under-tlm corrosion, where applicable; ©) the degree of bistering, as defined in ISO 4628-2: 4) assiienal istration cogarding, for instance agveson jeg. ater testing as, described in 180 2408), cracking {SO 4628-4), faking (ISO 4628'S), chemical or other contaminants and any other important details. Checking the compatibility of the planned coating with existing coatings or ther residues is an integral part of the design (of a protective paint system. 8) This surface preparation grade can only be achieved and maintained under certain conditions which it may not be possible to produce on ste. 16Annex C (informative) Procedures for removal of extraneous layers and foreign matter Matter to be removed Procedure Remarks? ‘Grease and oil Water cleaning (6.1-1) ‘Steam cleaning (6.1.2) Emulsion cleaning (6.1.3) Alkaline cleaning (6.1.4) Organic solvent leaning (6.1.5) Fresh water with addition of detergents. Pressure [= 70 MPa) may be used. Rinse with fresh water. Fresh water, I detergents are added, rinse with fresh water. Ringe with feesh water ‘Aluminium, zine and certain other types of meta coating may be susceptible to corrosion i strongly alkaline solutions are used Ringe with fresh wate Many organic solvents are hazardous to health. the cleaning is performed using rags, tney will have to be replaced at frequent intervals as otherwise oly and greasy contaminants will not be removed bt wil be lf as smeared fim ater the solvent has evaporate Water-soluble contaminants, 9 al Water cleaning (6.1.1) Steam cleaning (6.1.2) | Alkaline cleaning (6.1.4) Fresh water. Prassure (= 70 MPa) may be used Rinse with fresh water Aluminium, zinc and certain other types of metal coating may be suscepible fo corrosion if strongly alkaline solutions are used. Rinse with fresh water ‘il scale ‘aid picking ( Dry abrasive blast cleaning (6.2.3.1) Wet abrasive blast cleaning (6.2.3.3) Flame cleaning (6.3) The process is normaly not performed on site. Rinse with fresh water. ‘Shot or grit abrasives. Residuals of dust and loose deposits wil have to be removed by biowing off wath dry oi tree compressed, air or by vacuum cleaning Rinse with trash water Mechanical cleaning will be required to remove residues from the combustion process, followed by removal of dust and loose oposits Rust ‘Same procedures as for mil scale, plus: Power-tool cleaning (622) Water bast cleaning (62.4) Spot blast-cleaning 6.2.3.4.) Mechanical brushing may be used in areas with loose rust. Grinding may be used for firmly adhering rust. Residuals of dust ‘and loose deposits mil have to be removed, For removal of loose rust. The surlace profile ofthe steel is not atfected For localized removal ot rust. 1), See next page 7ISO 12944-4:1998(E) ©1so | Hater to berenoved [Procedure Tonaris ait costings, Swern 7 Saver fale coatings sosiive oan gover Ronduor beamed opts wih ashen Ahaioe pasos fersaponabecoatgs. Race Reougay wi fosh wate Shon lstosigad smal areas ——Lrti“C“C*;™W™C—C—C~™*C~—™—C——— Searing 62a Revel Be emoved by Howng of wih iy otros compressed wrorbywecoum Seat We abrasiv biast- | Figo vhs wae, dleanng (623) a TLr—t—t—~—C—C”E=E_ een ee Swoop blst-leaning | Forrovdhening coatings or removal ofthe outermost coating Boxes ter spetbestctearing | Forlcaieod removal coating. eases Be canoalon Swoop uanvlearing | Sweep Uantcloanng on te maybe parormed wih dui peace eoaen Die concur, okce Sr nie Sa Alkaline cleaning (6.1.4) 5% (min) ammonia solution in combination with a synthetic-fabric aad with embedded abrasives may be used for localized spots of 2inc corrosion. Alkaline cleaners may be used for larger surtaces. [At high pH, zinc is susceptible to corrosion. 1)_When rinsing and drying, sucures with slots or vets shall be treat wih pariular care 18ISO 12944-4:1998(E) Oh io) G) (4) 5) (6) {7 (3) 9] Annex D (informative) Bibliography 1S0 4618-1:1984, Paints and varnishes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms, 10 4618-2:1984, Paints and varnishes — Vocabulary ~~ Part 2: Terminology relating to intial defects and 10 undesirable changes in films during ageing. 180 9000-1:1994, Quality management and quality assurance standards — Part 1° Guidelines for selection and use. 130 9001:1994, Quality systems — Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing. 130 90021984, Quality systems — Model for quality assurance in production, installation and servicing, 130 9003:1994, Quality systems — Mode! for ualiy assurance in final inspection and test. 180 9004-1:1994, Quality management and quality system elements — Part 1: Guidelines, 10 9008-2:1981, Quaiity management and quality system elements — Part 2: Guidelines for services. EN 971-1:1996, Paints and varnishes — Terms and definitions for coating materials — Part 1: General terms, (10) Japanese Standard JSRA/SPSS 1984 [11] SSPC: Volt, Vol2, Vis-1-1990. 12] NACE: RPO172-72, APO175-75, RPO170-70. [13] SABS 0120: Pan 3, HC-1988. 191SO 12944.4:1998(E) Iso Annex E (informative) Alphabetical index of terms “This alphabetical index gives the reference numbers of other International Standards in which further informaton ‘can be obtained on the terms listed, an Abrasive blast-cleaning ISO 8504-2 Blast-cleaning see abrasive blast-cleaning Biistering see degree of blistering CChilled-iron grit Iso 111242 Chloride on prepared steel surfaces (determination of) 1S0 8502-2 Coal furnace slag ISO 11126-4 Condensation on prepared steel surfaces (probability of) ISO 8502-4 Copper refinery slag ISO 11126-3 Cracking see degree of cracking Cut-stee! wire ISO 11124-5 Degree of blistering ISO 4628-2 Degree of cracking 1S0 4628-4 Degree of flaking ISO 4628-5, Dogree of rusting (of coated ste!) 1SO 4628-3, Dust on prepared stee! surtaces (determination of) ISO 8502-3 Flaking see degree of flaking Flame cleaning 1S 8501-1 Fused aluminium oxide 180 11126-7 Hand tool cleaning 1S 8504-3 High-carbon cast-stee! shot and grt Iso 1124-3 Hot-dip galvanizing 1s 1461 Iron corrosion products on prepared steel surfaces (test for) ISO/TR 8502-1 tron furnace slag ISO 11126-6 Low-carbon cast-steel shot 1$0 1124-4ISO 12944-4:1998(E) Nicke retiner bwine sane Power tool cleaning Preparation grade Rust grade — coated stee! uncoated ste Surtace preparation grade Surtace protile Surtace protile comparator see surface p reparation grade see degree of rus ng 180 8501-1 180 8501-1, ISO 8501-2 1S0 8503-1 to ISO 9503-4 1s as03.2 180 2603-3, ISO 8503-4 (80 8503-1 '0 2083INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 12944-5 First edition 1998-05-15, Corrected and roprinteg 2000-17-15 Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 5: Protective paint systems Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systémes de peinture — Partie 5: Systémes de peinture Reference number ISO 12944-5:1998(E)ISO 12944-5:1998(E) CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 [Normative references 3 Definitions 4 Types of paint s Paint systems.» ‘Annex A Paint systems for cormosivity categories and categories for water and soil Annex B_Prefabrication primers ‘Annex C General properties of different generic types of paint PageArdila Retell RAD AAA RARER RARER FOREWORD 180 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO ‘member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried ovt through ISO technical ‘committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Intemational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO. also take part in the work. {SO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ‘mall matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at leat 75% of the member bodies casting a vote, International Standard ISO 12944-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35. Puiius une varnishes, Sut- committee SC 14, Protective paint systems for steel structures. 150, 12944 consists of the following parts under the general title Painis and varnishes - Corrosion protection wf steel sructures by protective paint systems. Part 1: General introduction Part 2: Classification of environments Part 3: Design considerations Parr4: Types of surface and surface preparation Part S: Protective paint systems Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annexes A to C of this part of ISO 12944 are for information only.:1998(E) INTRODUCTION Unprotected steel inthe atmosphere, in water and in soils subjected to corrosion that may lead to damage, Therefore. Toavoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses during the service life required ofthe structure. “There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion, ISO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various pats all features that aze important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional oF “ther measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties. In order tw ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, it is necessary for owners of such structures plonnes, consultants, compares canying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and veanulaeturers of coating materials ( have at their disposal state-of-the-art information in concise form on corrosion .. unambiguous. and easily Bhuerstandable tc avoid difficulties and misunderstandings between the parties concerned with the practical iimptementation of protection work. protection by paint systems, Sueh information has 10 be as complete as possibl ‘his International Standard - {SO 12944 is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. tis sonitten for those who have some technical knowledge. It is alse assumed that the user of ISO 12944 is familiar with vier relevant Intemational Standards in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national reaulations, ‘Altough 180 12944 does not deat with financial and contractual questions attention is drawn to the fact that. Because Gr the considerable implications of inadequate corrosion protection. non-compliance with requirements and revommendarions given inthis standard may result in serious financial consequences. ISO 12944-1 defines the overall scope ofall parts of ISO 12944. It gives some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other pars of ISO 12944, Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 tor a given project. is part ot ISO 12944 gives some terms and definitions related to paint systems in combination with guidance forthe selection of different types of protective paint system.ISO 12944-7:1998(E) ANNEX A (informative) Number of reference areas 'so Size of structure Recommended maximum Recommended maximum Recommended maximum total area of reference | painted area) Sumber ofreference | percentage of reference | | eas rea relative to otal area ares at structure | upto 2000) 3 06 1 ase 24010 000 5 os 2 | aime S00 10000 7 os 0 | L : | | pave 10.000 «925 000 7 03 1s \ above 25 00010 50.000 9 02 vw shove 50.04 ° 02 200INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 12944-8 First edition 1998-05-15, Lee eee ee en named Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systémes de peinture — Partie 8: Développement de spécifications pour les travaux neuts et entretien Relerence number 10 12944-8:1998(E)ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Contents Page 1 Sc0pE oo 1 2 Normative references 7 : 1 3. Definitions : 4 4 How to develop a specification for new work or maintenance 5 Contents of a specification - 6 [Annex A (informative) Basic information for inclusion in a protective paint system specification for new work and ‘maintenance 16 Annex B (informative) Reference areas. at [Annex C (informative) Flow chart for planning new work... 24 ‘Annex D (informative) Flow chart for planning maintenance work — 22 ‘Annex E (informative) Classification of environments — Checklist o 23 Annex F (informative) Example of a simple project specification : 2 Annex G (informative) Recommended form for a protective paint system specification — New work... 29 ‘Annex H (informative) Recommended form for a protective paint ‘system specification — Maintenance. 30 Annex | (informative) Recommended form for a report on paint work progress and application condi a1 © 180 1998 {All ights reserved. Unless otherwise spectied, no par ofthis publication may be reproduce: Crutized in any form or by any means, electronic or mocharical, including photocopying a: ‘rerehi, without pernession in wring Wom the publisher. Intemational Organization for Standardization ase postae $6 « CH-1211 Geneve 20 « Swizeriand Internet iso@isochwr rrr tee TT TTT ET eee era -~we TT tr PO Ree AMR Annex J (informative) Recommended form for final report on corrosion protection WOK... 32 ‘Annex K (informative) Recommended form for a detailed inspection report on the condition of an existing protective paint system, including the assessment of the need for maintenance. js 35t ! } ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Foreword 180 (the International Organization for Standardization) isa worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 1294-8 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 14, Protective paint systems for steel structures. ISO 12944 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems: Part 1: General introduction Part 2: Classification of environments Part 3: Design considerations Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation Part 5: Protective paint systems Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annexes A to K are for information only.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Introduction Unprotected steel! in the atmosphere, in water and in soll is subjected to corrosion that may lead to damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand the corrosion stresses during the service life required of the structure. There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. [SO 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular agreement between the interested parties. In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, itis necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and manufacturers of coating materials to have Bt their disposal state-of-the-art information in consise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. Such information has to be as complete as possible, unambigous and easily understandable to avoid difficulties and misunderstandings between the parties ‘concemed with the practical implementation of protection work. This International Standard — ISO 12944 - is intended to give this, information in the form of a series of instructions. It is written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of ISO 12944 is familiar with other relevant International Standards, in particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national regulations. Although ISO 12944 does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications of inadequate corrosion protection, non- compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may result in serious financial consequences, ISO 12944-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. It ives some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944, Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and quidelines for using ISO 12944 for a given project This part of ISO 12944 is intended as an aid when a corrosion protection specification is to be drawn up,INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © 'SO ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance 1 Scope This part of 1SO 12944 deals with the development of specifications for corrosion Proteetinn of qMrer structures, using protective paint systems. It relates to new work and maintenance in the sreetahop or on site and is also applicable to the corrosion protection of individual components. ‘This part of ISO 12944 concerns the corrosion protection of steel structures exposed to different Corrosion stresses by environments such as indoors, open-air and immersion in water Of burial in corres wall a8 special stresses, for example due to medium or high temperatures. The need for different durability ranges is considered. Steel surfaces that have been hot-dip-galvanized, metal-sprayed. zinc-electropioied or Srerardized, and previously painted steel surfaces, are also covered by this part of ISO 12944. In annex B, reference areas for assessing the quality of the corrosion protection work and the performance of the protective paint systems used are dealt with. Annexes C and D provide eotested low charts for planning new work and maintenance, which should be taken into account when writing a specification. if extreme corrosion stresses or high temperatures occur, or the protective paint systems ate 10 saree en other substrates such as non-ferrous metals or concrete, the specifications will have ve ake this into account. This part of [SO 12944 may also be used as a guide in such cases. 2. Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 12944. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. aoe easiotords ave subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 see encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the are dards indicated below. Members of IEC and 1SO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 1S0 2409:1992, Paints and varnishes - Cross-cut test 1S0 2808:1997, Paints and varnishes - Determination of fi im thickness. 1S0 4623:1984, Paints and varnishes - Filiform corrosion test on steel 1S0 4624:1978, Paints and varnishes - Pull-off test for adhesionISO 12944-8:1998(E) e1so \$0 4628-2:1982, Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings ~ Designation erintensity, quantity and size of common types of defect - Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering. 10 4628-3:1982, Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings Designation ev ntensity, quantity and size of common types of defect - Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting. 1S0 4628-4:1982, Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings -Designation sr mtensity, quantity and size of common types of defect - Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking. \S0 4628-5:1982, Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings « Designation er intensity, quantity and size of common types of defect - Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking, 180 4628-6:1990, Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings © Designation of intensity, quantity and size of common types of defect - Part 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape method. SO 8501-1:1988, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and proparatior: grades aos tad steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings. $0 8501-2:1994, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous coatings. 'S0 8503-11988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates - Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces. 'S0 8503-2:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates - Part 2 ‘Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel - Comparator procedure $0 8503-3:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products » Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates - Fart 3 Method for ceo eibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Focusing microscope procedure. 1s0 #503-4:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related Ssoduets - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates - Part &: Method for ceo eevibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Stylus instrument procedure 1$0 11124-1:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives - Part 1: General introduction-and classification. 10 11124-2:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before -application of paints and related products - Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives - Part 2: Chilled-iran grit.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) 150 11124-3:1993, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives - Part S High-carbon cast-stee! shot and grit 150 11124-4:1998, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints ane related 150 Juste, Specifications for metallic blast cleaning abrasives - Part & Low-carbon cast-stee! shot. 10 11126-1:1993, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives - Part 1: General introduction and classification. 80 11126-3:1993, Preparation of steel substrates before application of palit and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives Part 3: Copper refinery siag. Iso 11126-41998, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints ane related ee ducts. Specifications for non-metallic bast-cleaning abrasives - Part 4: Coal furnace slag. \S0 11126-5:1993, Preparation of stee! substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blastcleaning abrasives Part 5: Nickel refinery slag. s0 11126-6:1993, Preparation of ste! substrates before application of paints and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives Part 6: Iron furnace slag. 150 11126-7:1996, Preparation of stee! substrates before application, of paints, and related ee __——=E—— aluminium oxide. 180 11126-8:1993, Preparation of stee! substrates before application’ of paints and related products . Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives - Part 8: Olivine sand. |s0 12948-1:1988, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 1: General introduction. 180 12944-2:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 2: Classification of environments. 90 12944-3:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of stee! structures by protective paint systems - Part 3: Design considerations. 0 12944-4:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation {$0 12944-5:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part §: Protective paint systems. {80 12944-6:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems « Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods. \90 12984-7:1998, Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint workISO 12944-8:1998(E) e1so 3. Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 12944, the following definitions apply in addition to those given in ISO 12944- 3.1. constituent element: A part of a structure (3.10) that is exposed to a particular environment and which will therefore require a specific protective paint system specification. NOTE For example, a storage tank will have more than one constituent element, as it comprises internal ‘and external surfaces, and possibly also support steelwork, 3.2. dry film thickness (DFT): The thickness of a coating remaining on the surface when the coating has hardened. NOTE For details, see SO 12944-5:1998, subclause 5.4. 3.3 dural painting. The expected life of a protective paint system to the first major maintenance NOTE. For further important information on durability and durability ranges, see ISO 1294-1 3.4. inspector: Anyone responsible for ensuring conformity with one or more of the individual specifications (3.8.1 to 3.8.4) 43.5 maintenance: The sum of all measures, as covered by ISO 12944, which ensure that the function of the protection of the steel structure against corrosion is maintained. NOTE Maintenance includes but is not limited to paint work. Such paint work can be patch painting (repair of degradated spots/areas of the coating system, patch painting followed by overpainting of the structure, or total repainting, 3.6 nominal dry film thickness (NDFT): The dry film thickness specified for each coat or for the whole paint system to achieve the required durability. NOTE For details see ISO 12944-5:1998, subclause 5.4 3.7 project: The whole of the work for which the specification (3.8) is being developed. The project may include one or more structures. 3.8 specification: A technical document describing all the requirements that are to be observed When a steel structure is to be protected against corrosion by using protective paint systems. ‘Such a document consists of several individual specifications - project specification, protective paint system specification, paint work specification, inspection and assessment specification - as defined in 3.8.1 to 3.8.4, 3.8.1 project specification: relating specifically to it. ‘The specification that describes the project and the requirements NOTE The specifier of a project specification may, for example, be the owner of the structure to be protected or the prime contractor.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) 3.82. protective paint system specification: The specification that describes the preparation of 782. Fiooe of the structure and the protective paint system(s) for the structure, in conformity with the project specification (3.8.1) NOTE The specifier of @ protective paint system specification may, for example, Be 2 paint manufacturer 4.83. paint work specification: The specification that describes 'he WAV the paint work is to be saved out, in conformity with the project specification (3.8.1) and the protective paint system Specification (3.8.2), as well as with the inspection and assessment specification (3.8.4) NOTE The specifier of a paint work specification may, for example, Be a paint application compeny. 3.8.4 inspection and assessment specification: The specification that describes how inspection ard assessment are to be carried out. 43.9. specifier: Anyone responsible for the development of a specification 3.10. structure: A steel construction (for example a bridge, a factory building, a storage tank or 3.10 dehore construction) consisting of mare than one constituent element (3.1). There may be cae of more structures in any given project (3.7) 4 How to develop a specification for new work or maintenance CrC—C—™—C—S—“=EErr™T—CSC establishes a ecmatcation\s) apply/applies to the project or constituent element to be protected. Then, ie cpenifier should check in the respective table, item by item, which of ive wear listed are to be eae evo inthe specification. The various items are supported by detailed information jen in the "Remarks" column in tables 1 t0 4, and in the annexes nen writing a specification for new work or maintenance, it is important 1 chose the most sable protective paint system. To achieve this all relevant parameters shall be taken into consideration, for example: required durability, ‘environmental conditions and special stresses: surface preparation; different generic types of paint: evar and types of coats [priming coatisi, intermediate coats) and top coat(s)); methods of application and application requirements; place of application (shop or site); scaffolding requirements: Fequirements regarding (future) maintenance iif any}: health and safety requirements; environmental protection requirements these parameters are described in detail in [SO 12944 1 to ISO 128447, In this part of ISO 12944, res och information is given which is considered to be particularly important to the specifier. 1 the drafting of a specification for maintena} jec\sion has to be taken between 6 nork on a structure or constituent element, 3 complete renewal and partial removal of the protective paint systemISO 12944-8:1998(E) Iso When complete renewal has been decided, the specification should preferably be developed in Sceordance with a specification for new work, e.g. using the form given in annex G. ification, a final decision will have to be taken by ‘such as protection of slip-resistant connections ;ctions and other hidden steel surfaces ‘At an early stage in the drafting of a project speci the specifier on essential planning parameters, using high-tensile bolts, the inside surfaces of hollow ser {sec ISO 12944-3 for details of design). Exclusions, Le. items not to be painted, shall be indicated in the specification(s) “The choice of protective paint systems shall be based on practical experience and/or the results Tf laboratory performance tests, particularly when new coating technology is involved. The protective paint systems shall be tested for compatibility with existing coatings on previously coated surfaces. The specifier shall further take into account regulations and/or requirements relating to are cpmental protection, health and safety, and working conditions in the shop or on site. ecause national requirements concerning health and safety at work, pollution contrat ote. Sate significantly, it may not be possible to include detailed information covering such requirements ima specification. However, the specification shall draw attention to the need to comply with ir rent local, regional, national and international legislation and regulations. ication 5 Contents of a spe The items which are preferably to be covered by # spacification are listed in tables 1 to 4, under the following headings: ~ Contents of a project specification (table 1); | Contents of a protective paint system specification (table 2); = Contents of a paint work specification (table 3); | Contents of an inspection and assessment specification (table 4). NOTE For small structures, or those whose protection is not subject to any particular requirements, only certain items need to be taken into account. ‘An example of @ specification based on table 1 is given as annex F. NOTE Each table contains sufficient information to enable the specifier to write » speciication far Sn tne ane subjects isted above without heving to make frequent references to the other tables. Tuls has led to of the si iecsione being repeated in each of the tables. for exannple under 11, 2.1, 3.) and 4:1 the Mere sone owt ieroject, "name of owner” and “name of specifier’ are repeated. In practice, such information should only be given once in the complete specification.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Table 1 - Contents of a project specification TRAIN ITEN/Sub-item *) ~ Remarks: ——— GENERAL INFORMATION Name of specter State organizaion and person “See annex E and 50 129842 ——— waitonmnenial eonultions at nis! of steucturets) to standards and For dolintions of projea, swucture and constituent — element, see clause 3 os — yaar won —— ——| Harp New constmetion witout Toceh apand —— Sarniananee = —) | Tew construction and | mamtenane combined }5 2a [hemenaria be coated Each proyect Should preferably be Of corrosion stresses and be described taking into Sceount special design requirements, “73.” PWPES OF STRUCTURE AND: CONSTITUENT ELEMENT i Tar [Bestar See SO 125803. | ~p Thode For exampie boning wel | Tea | Ressabiy methods Fo Fras | Connections yeusmaso es alvanie couples (cells 735 | Aecessibiny, og, manholes 736 | Bax members ani components These items ate recommenced, Il, however, ayant eu te remarks column shal be fotlowes. seein the specification any instructions iISO 12944-8:1998(E) No. | MAINITEM/Sub-item *) Remarks 4 | DESCRIPTION OF EACH Each structure should proferably be divided into CONSTITUENT ELEMENT constituent elements on the basis of the protect paint system(s) to be used and the corrosion stresses associated with each constituent element. Tat | Subsivatetsy See ISO 10544-4, Includes substrates with metalic coatings, e. 9. 2in. 142 | Existing paint system and is ‘Soe annex K and ISO 129485, condition Ta | Areas ine) 73 | DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT | Descriptions are given in ISO 12944-2, See also annex ‘OF EACH CONSTITUENT e ELEMENT. 751 | Aimaspheris environmental ‘See annex, E11 conditions 752 | Special situations ‘See annex, €. 4.1 75a | Special avesses oe annex E, E42 (including the effects of exposure to strong UV radiation) [te DURABILITY Tet | Durability range See ISO 129461 7:7 | PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS - | Details of types of surface, surface preparation grades, PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS. surface profiles and surface preparation methods can WITH RESPECT TO SURFACES —_| be found in ISO 12944-f. In the specification, the AND SURFACE PREPARATION | required surface preparation grade shall be given for teach individual protective paint system to be used. 77.1 | Types of surface and surface ‘Besides the surface preparation grade, the preparation grade(s) for new work | specification shall give details of the surface And maintenance reparation work required. See also annexes G and H and table 3. 17.2 | Surface preparation methods) | See ISO 129084 73 | PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS - PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS WITH RESPECT TO PAINT MATERIALS. 1&1 | Protective paint aysiams for new, | See ISO 12944-5, ISO 12944-7 and annexes G, Hand touch-up and maintenance work | table 2 782 | Particular constraints relating to | For examole: compatibility with existing coatings, coatings and paint work ‘edge protection (see ISO 12944-5 and ISO 12964-7) fnon-skio coatings or spraying with airless rather than ‘conventional equipment. [183 —| Special requirements regarding, in | For exa~ow low level of harmful substances, particular: protectic~ against pollution by such substances, health and safety waste 2 ssosa environmental protection +) “These items are recommended. H, however, 3 the remarks column shall be followed, particu 6.7 ©1so ~ = included in the specification any instructions in75] PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS - PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS WITH RESPECT TO PAINT woRK 73.1 | Location of paint work: ‘See 150 129447. Workshop and/or on site TEP | Conditions for paint work For example: timetable and cimatic conditions to be taken into account by the operator) | See siso ISO 12944-7 [3 [Method of application of ‘See 150 12968-7. Any particular requirements shall be protective paint systems for new, | given. Special methods of application shall be touch-up and maintenance work | described in ful detail Haat Consivaints ealating to pat work] For example: compatibility with existing coatings, masking of areas to be welded (see ISO 12944-7), tdge protection (see ISO 12944-5 and !SO 12944-7) | J a5 | Special requirements regarding, in| For example: low level of harmful substances, | particular: protection against pollution by such substances, health and safety waste disposal environmental protection 770] PROPERTIES [OTHER THAN ANTI-CORROSIVE] OF PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS Tor | Colours Colour should preferably be based on colour designations such as those of the Munsell Colour | ‘System, RAL 840 HR, NF X 08-002, BS 4800, NS 4054, UNE 48103, JPMA Standard Paint Colours or NCS. in ‘accordance with the relevant national standard where Sppiicable. The colours ofall coats of a paint system Should normally be different from each other. The last Dut one coat should normally be of such a colour that E the top coat fully hides i. {702 _| Stability of top-coat colour See also No. 15.3, this table. a ‘QUALITY MANAGEMENT ait [Gneiny control, quality assurance and records ‘a2 [INSPECTION AND ASSESSMENT | Sce tabie 4 Tnspection by internal bodies 122 | inspection by external (e.g independent] bodies ‘Names of external inspection Such bodies endior inspectors, Hany, shall be bodies andlor the inspectors nominatea by the specifier. themselves | Te | Methods of inspection The Sones" sri indicate the methods and types of | instror ers -eguired, using International Standards, | lahsreva: scsuble. The specifier shal also indicate the score ~z <2 “parting procedures to be used. [inspection steps De “Jesston seps, any, shail be described +) Taese coms are recommended. If, however, # part ¢ + included in the specification any instructions in ' he remarks column shall be fellowesrerrryVyWw ISO 12944-8:1998(E) paint work constraints, see main items 1.7 1019, this table properties, see main item 1.10, this table « inspection and assessment reference areas. ~other aspects Wo. | MAIN ITEM/Sub-item *) Remarks 1.13 | REFERENCE AREAS 71a _| Records: “The specifier should normally specify for which constituent element(s) of each structure of the project fetorence areas are t0 be provided. f not specified, ‘ny of the interested parties may also request the preparation of reference areas (conditions to be Egreed). Reference areas shall normally be prepared in the presence of all parties concerned, e.g. owner, paint ‘manufacturer, sub-contractors and main contractor L See ISO 12944-7 and annex B. 7.73.2 _| Responsibility for records 7.133 | Location and number of reference E areals) {iza_| Size of reference areais) 1.135 | Marking of reference areats) 714 | HEALTH AND SAFETY: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 114.1 | Applicable regulations “The regulations applicable on site shall be observed. if appropriate, these shall be described by the specifier. See 1SO 12944-7 715 _| SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS: 7.157 | Procedure for dealing with Shall be specified by the specifier. deviations from the specification, limits of inspection and assossment 7152 | Special factors related to be specified by the specifier. ‘execution and supervision of paint work 753 | Any further requirements Tequirements concerning wanspor, loading end unloading, and storage shall be indicated, if anv. 76 | MEETINGS: 7.16.1 | Prebid meeting and Kick off Dotails of prebid and Kickcoff meetings should | meeting preferably be specified. The purpose of the kick-off | meeting isto settle any remaining questions Concerning paint work (see annexes C and D) and Whether previously coated surfaces are acceptable 727 | DOCUMENTATION “Types of document required shall be specified, 25 appropriate, by the specifier. Ta77 | Documents on surface preparation ‘and protective paint system(s)/ paints comprising information on +) These items are recommended. If, however, @ particu 0° s-> the remarks column shall be followed. 10 e1so “5 retuded in the specification any instructions inSE lll——C $0 12944-1 :1998(E) Table 2 - Contents of a protective paint system specification [ No. ‘MAIN ITEM/Sub-item *) Remarks 212 ‘Name of owner 23 Name of specifier State organization and person. \2z “STEEL DRESSING te 21 Edges ‘See ISO 12944-3. 7 “223 inegularities in welds “See ISO 129443. Ta Welaing areas for welding on site | See ISO 12944-3 and 150 12988-7, )23 SURFACE PREPARATION 7 ~] Sf ane TERT SR TSO RTT O BORNE | 2 PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS) 24S Performance test results Results of laboratory tests in accordance with ISO | he remarks column shall be followed.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) e1so [No. MAIN ITEM/Sub-item *) | as PAINT MANUFACTURER TEI | Gualiivation of paint manufacturer | Procedures should preferably be speciiog T5z | Tat of paint manufacturers ATi of qualified suppliers of tho paint mater Specified 's desirable. W products from other sopplers are to be usee, the selection procedure Should normally be described [26 “QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY | See table 4. [ASSURANCE FOR PAINT MATERIALS ZEA spection, quality of inspection and vetieation Tea napeciion by mtemal bodies bres] iaspection by external to independent) bodies Daa | Tespectors” names : aE] Watnods oTinspecton ‘Methods of rspection to be cared out by the manufacturer shal be described, if any. Zee [inspection steps Details of apantion stops, any, shall Be | deseribed ET | Conformity corcates) Faqulrernents Tor conformity oricates for paint ‘materials shall be specified if appropriate. Tas | Reference aealsy Seo table 1, No. 1.13, 75a1 | Records Téa? | Responsibility for records FEET | Location and number of reference steals) Tess | Sie of roferance areatsh ZEEE] Marking of vaoroncs reais) +) These items are recommended. If, however, 9 partic the remarks column shall be followed. Gus "=~ 5 eluded in the specification any instructions in 12150 12944-8:1998(E) Table 3 - Contents of a paint work specification | No — | MAIN TTEM/Sub-item Remarks 31 ‘GENERAL INFORMATION ~ 3.1.1 | Name of project | a7 ‘hi of owner 313 | Name of specifier 1 Slate organization and person, [32 PAINT CONTRACTOR/AF Jai | War ot pant contractorsapolicators | Alls of qualified paint contractors/applicators i= desirable If othor companies are to do the wore, the company-selecion procedure should normally be escribed 322 Gualification of paint ~ The requirements shall be specified. contractors/applicators ‘3a auaiicaton of personnel] The personnel may for instance Be internat PLANNING OF NEW AND MAINTENANCE WORK inspectors, supervisors, workmen. See also ISO 12944-7:1998, sub-clause 3.1 | contractors/applicators and procedures for paint work 331 | Stepsin planning Soe annexes C and O. a] EXECUTION OF NEW AND MAINTENANCE WORK : Jat | Tasks of paint The individual tasks and procedures shall be described (including the eroction of scaffolding, filumination, the use of machinery and equipment, health and safety and enviroamentai protection). See {also ISO 12944-3, ISO 129444 and ISO 12964-7. Environment tolerable waste sisposal Th accordance with national and regional regulations | QUALITY CONTROL AND GUALITY ASSURANCE See tables Inspection, quality of inspection and [SET Trapeaton by ivernal bodies : | G53 Trspection by external ea 7 7 independent) bodies Inspectors names Tathods of inspection "The methods of nspection shail be described Inspection steps ‘These items are recommended. W, however. @ particu a” 5 vie remarks column shall be fotlowed. 13 Details o msanction steps, any, shall be described 5 “cluded inthe specification any instructions inISO 12944-8:1998(E) iso Ne. ‘MAIN ITEM/Sub-Rem *) [Renate 357 | Reference areats) = - al pe oe a oe a} See table 1, No, 1.13. as7.1 | Records FET2 | Responsibility for records JETS | vocation and number of reference reals) 35.74 | Size of reference areots) JETS] Marking of reference areals) Ty These Heme are recommended. If, however, a particu s.2 7#~ # “eluded in the specification any Instructions i the remarks column shall be followed, 141SO 12944-8:1998(E) Table 4 - Contents of an inspection and assessment specification [Re] mains TTEM/Sub-item * [Remarks @1 | GENERAL INFORMATION “it _| Name of project 412 | Name of owner ~ [ETT | Wome of specifier State arganiaation and person, | iNSPECTORS TTistot inspectors and inspection | sosties TWethods of mspection Fist of names and addresses of inspectors such a third-party inspectors and clients’ inspectors, together swith theit tasks and responsibilities, shall be provided. The list may be limited to one name only. Soe table 1 No W124 Procedure Yor dealing with deviations trom the specifications See table 1 Nos, 118.1 and 1.18.2. ‘QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALI FY ASSURANCE | Gusiification oF napectors inspection, quality of ispection | and recording of inspection fesults For the qualification of inspectors, the applicable national regulations, international standards and other documents shall be taken into account i Gee Nos. 43.7 and 436, this table Inspection by internal bod inspection by external leg nependent) bodies “Duality assurance and inspection plan | “The Inspection plan shail doscribe the inspection tasks and the extent of the inspection work. ‘The extent of inspection shail be in reasonable relation to the size and type of project, structure or constituent flement. The severity of the corrosion stresses involved ‘shall ziso be taken into account, Inspection steps Details of inspection steps, W any, shall be desoribed Totarence areajs) and responsibility for keeping records fon reference area(s) Seatabie 7, Na: this table 13. annaxB ondNos @37 and 838, Fequirements concerning quality-control and quality: Sssuranee records Gualiy coniroland qualiy assurance records should rormally be restricted to surface preparation work, {general intormation on the paint materials used, Spplication of te gaint materials, environmental Conditions cur werk and results of measurements. | Persons shall be “omnated to keep such records for the various paris "7+ sore See annexes |, J and K Distibotion of records The sends 2s Se plente oF records shall be stated. | *) These items are recommended. H, however, a particule’ = Luded in the specification any insteuct the remarks column shall be followed 15 tions inVEvyrr,r( ere e ee eae eae 1S0 12944-8:1998(E) Annex A informative) Basic information for inclusion in a protective paint system specification for new work and maintenance PROJECT Name of project ‘Owner of project Location of project Name of specifier CONSTITUENT ELEMENT: CORROSIVITY CATEGORY: PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM: [0 12944-5 PAINT SYSTEM No. (if applicable: REQUIRED DURABILITY: WORKSHOP APPLICATION SURFACE PREPARATION, IF PREFABRICATION PRIMER IS TO BE USED: PREFABRICATION PRIMER, IF ANY: SURFACE PREPARATION PRIMING COAT(S) (TYPE AND NOMINAL DRY FILM THICKNESS): ist coat” pm 2nc coat* pm EDGE PROTECTION STRIPE COATIS), IF ANY: um INTERMEDIATE COAT(S} (TYPE AND AND NOMINAL ORY FILM THICKNESS): ist coat* pm 2nd coat” um ard coat” um TOP COATIS) (TYPE AND AND NOMINAL DRY FILM THICKNESS). Ast coat* ym 2nd coat um 3rd coat® um TOTAL NOMINAL DRY FILM THICKNESS: um as appropriate. e1sOISO 12944-8:1998(E) SITE APPLICATION SURFACE PREPARATION: PRIMING COATS! TYPE AND AND NOMINAL DRY FILM THICKNESS}: ist coat" COMPLETE/TOUCH UP? um 2nd ccat* COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* bm INTERMEDIATE COAT(S) (TYPE AND ANDO NOMINAL ORY FILM THICKNESS!: ist coat” COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* bm 2nd coat* COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* um 3rd coat” COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* ym TOP COAT(S) (TYPE AND AND NOMINAL ORY FILM THICKNESS): Ist coat* COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* bm 2nd coat COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* um 3rd coat COMPLETE/TOUCH UP* pm TOTAL NOMINAL ORY FILM THICKNESS. ym COLOURS tin accordance with table 1, No. 1.10.1.) Cross out or underline as appropriate 171SO 12944-6:1998(E) iso Annex B (informative) Reference areas Reteronce areas are suitable areas on the structure used to establish a minimum acceptable standard for the work: to check that data provided by a manufacturer or contractor are correct; and | Yo enable the performance of the coating to be assessed at any time after completion. “Thus reference areas become the standard against which subsequent surface preparation and paint work is judged. They are also a means of deciding whether the performance of the specified protective paint system is as expected. Reference areas should preferably be prepared on each important constituent element of the structure, This achieved by the painting contractor preparing the surface and applying each of the specified coats of paint under supervision by an inspector approved by the specifier, the paint manufacturer andlor the owner, ar as otherwise specified. Each step in the preparation and painting shall be approved as complying with the specification before the next step is undertaken. Different environments are likely to exist at different locations on the structure once the steel structure is ‘operational, The reference areas shall therefore be placed s0 aS to take this into account, e.g, by siting ther epoth the potentially most severe and the mildest environments. Reference areas should normally include welds and other joints, edges, comers and any other areas of the structure which are considered to present a high sk of corrosion, Reference areas shall be clearly and permanently marked by the contractor/applicator. Detailed records of the reference areas shall be kept and steps taken to ensure they are not destroyed, e.g. by overpainting, For further details see ISO 12944-7, 18nn nnnnNNnTrnnTTNRRT Re ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Recommended form for a report on reference areas —_ Teport on reference areas for corrosion protection work Towner | Spec fer reece — J Constituent element Company Person responsible ‘Surkace pre [Paint work Supplier of paint materials Reference area” Location and marking: Size, in me [Original condition of the surface: Uncoated surface (information in accordance with {SO 8501-1) Rust grade, oa O8 oc oe Supplementary information: | zinc-coated stee! surface. if an: 1 Hor dip galvanized surtace “Tovmally sprayed sulace \ (7 Eleciroplates surtace | Zine corrosion (e.g. white rust) ves (No ‘Supplementary information. Painted surface Typels! af coat (including thickness and age, it known): Degree of custing in accordance with 1SO 4628-3 | Degree of blistering in accordance with 1S 4828-2: Pete St eracking in accordance with ISO 4628-4 | Pear of faking n accordance with 1SO 4628 5 | Supplementary information vrcpraon grade 30 860711508502 O sat 0 saz sam = S03 O psa2 DO psom OPsos OSt2 sis FD ps2 pss =O PMe oA ther information relating to preparation method and grade acr‘eved Reman pe ea Forename for preparation grades St2 00d S131SO 12944-8:1998(E) 20 elso 7 2 3 5 € Pre | Priming Ey 3 | Top coat fabrication | coat primer Paint material Manutacturer Brand name Batch andar production No. Colour ‘pplication methoa ® Rirtemperature, "© Teranve harnay, Suarace wrnperature. "© Dew paint ‘Weaihor conditions (href aeserption) Thinner Type and amour af paint material, Wedded “average fm thiekness, um © Instrument usea ay fngtument used ther measurements, epeeitiod are Tocation of paintwork 7 Company namels Signature) of persons) responsible '3) Possible further operations e.g. aplication of further coats, edge protection. 8) See table 1, No. 1.10. 5) See SO 12948-71996, sub-clause 5:3. 61 List the individual measurements on a separate sheet 7) €g,stee mil, workshop or on site'SO 12944-8:1998(E) Annex C (informative) Flow chart for planning new work a atISO 12944-B:1998(E) e180 Annex D (informative) Flow chart for planning maintenance work : m fa m a L.| ercmarene L-[ ERS ene a oot ry z f= fj ae I ee ee a paCe mmm aa ISO 12944. :1998(E) Annex E (informative) Classification of environments - Checklist {derived from ISO 1294-2) £1 Environment eategories and associated types of atmosphere £11 Atmospheric corrosivity categories cr veryiow C2 low C3. medium ca highs 5:1 very high (industrial CSM — very high (marine) £12 Types of atmosphere industrial £2 Categories for water and soil \mt_—_ Fresh water Im2 Sea or brackish water Ima Soil £3 Climatic conditions Extremely cold Cold Coid temperate Warm temperate Watm dry Mild warm dry Extremely warm dry Warm damp Warm damp, equable £4 Special cases E.4.1 Special situations Corrosion inside buildings Conresion in bax members and hollow components E42 Special stresses Chemical stresses Mechanical stresses Stresses due to condensation Stresses due to medium or high temperatures srevaosed corrasion due to combinations of stresses For details see ISO 12944-2ISO 12944-8:1998(E) wt 4412 113 14 12 124 122 123 124 125 126 13 13.4 13.2 133 134 a Annex F informative) e1S0 Example of a simple project specification (using table 1 as the basis) Main and sub-items GENERAL INFORMATION Tiém bridge ‘The Swedish National Road Administration West coast of Sweden Bjgrn Christensson ‘Swedish National Road Administration Ca high ISO 12944-1 to ISO 1244-8 ‘TYPE OF PROJECT ‘Suspension bridge, main span 366 m Not relevant New construction blast-cleaned and coated ‘Touch-up and final paint work Not relevant Not relevant Not relevant ‘TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND CONSTITUENT ELEMENT ‘The project includes the following structures and constituent elements: Low-alloy steel structure, ‘tee! cables, railings, staircases, ladders. ‘The construction is designed in accordance with ISO 12944-3. ‘The main steel structure is assembled by welding; only minor parts are bolted. ‘Surfaces of steel members joined by bolting are only to be painted with priming and intermediate coats after surface preparation. Gaps and blind crevices of bolted connections Remarks 10 12944-2 Surface preparation and priming and intermediate coats to be applied in the ‘workshop To be executed after erection on site Nominal dry film thickness 190 um to 250 um ‘must be carefully closed after assembly by a specified coating material. Connections forming galvanic couples (cells) are to be avoided. See ISO 12944-3.ISO 12944-8:1998(E) No. 138 136 1a 144 142 143 18 181 182 183 16 161 Main and sub-items Remarks Inside surfaces of box members which are accessible See ISO 12944-3, by manholes are only to be painted by priming and intermediate coats after surface preparation, Box members and hollow components which are not See ISO 12944-3, accessible by manholes are to be airtight and tested by air pressure DESCRIPTION OF EACH CONSTITUENT ELEMENT ‘Substrates are steel and hot-dip-galvanized steel. Not relevant. Not relevant. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT OF EACH See ISO 12944-2. CONSTITUENT ELEMENT ‘Steel structure and cables are exposed to corrosion stresses corresponding to corrosivity category C4 high Inside surfaces of box members which are accessible by manholes are exposed to corrosive stresses corresponding te corrosivity category C2 low Exterior surfaces are exposed to strong UV radiation. DURABILITY The required durability range for this project is See ISO 12946-1 >16 years (high. PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS - PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS: WITH RESPECT TO SURFACES AND SURFACE PREPARATION Steel: surface preparation in accordance with ISO 8507-1 Sa 2% and ISO 8503-2 *medium (G)" Hot-dip-galvanized steel cables: mechanical and chemical cleaning. Due to the particular importance of the corrosion protection of the cables, special corrosion protection treatment, as outlined in the appendix, is necessary. *) Hot-dip-galvanized steel: prepared by ‘sweep blast-cleaning to surface roughness “fine (G)" in accordance with ISO 8503-2. +. A complete specification would give details of a special method of this kind in an appendix to the specification. 25SO TO Lr eee ae eam ISO 12944-8:1998(E) iso No. Main and sub-items Remarks 172 Blast-cleaning to be used for stec! See ISO 12944-4. 18 184 18.2 19 19.1 192 193 194 195 ‘and sweep blast-cleaning for hot-dip-galvanized steel. Mechanical and chemical cleaning as outlined in the appendix for hot-dip-galvanized cables. *) PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS -PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS WITH RESPECT TO PAINT MATERIALS ‘On steel, priming coat shall be epoxy zinc paint and intermediate coats shall be epoxy paint with iron o» le pigment. On hot-dip-galvanized steel, priming coat shall be epoxy paint with iron oxide pigment. On cables, top coat shall be polyurethane paint. Due to the particular importance of the corrosion. protection of cables, additional corrosion protection treatment, as outlined in the appendix, is necessary. *) Epoxy paint shall be applied using airless-spray equipment. Polyurethane paint shall be applied manually. Spraying is not permitted, PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS - PARTICULAR CONSTRAINTS WITH RESPECT TO PAINT WORK Contractor shall apply priming and intermediate See ISO 12944-7, coats in shop and top coats on site. Parts welded on site are to be protected, even ‘See ISO 12944-7, in good weather conditions. ‘Methods of application. Stripe coats on edges are to be applied by brush, minimum 20 mm on each side of edge. Not relevant. Contractors shall ensure that all health and safety regulations are observed for erection of scaffolding and use of the paints chosen. Local-authority regulations with regard to the environment shall be ‘observed, +) Acomplete specification would give details ofa special metho ofthis kind in an appendix tothe specification 26ISO 12944-8:1998(E) 1.10 1.10.1 42a 1.122 1123 1124 1125 ‘Main and sub-items Remarks PROPERTIES (OTHER THAN ANTI-CORROSIVE) OF PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEMS Colour Each coat, including stripe coats, shall have a The colour of the last different coour. intermediate coat shall be such that itis hidden by the top coat. The colour of the top coat shall be NCS1080:Y@0R. ‘The top-coat colour at the end of the guarantee period shall still be NCS1080-YA0R, QUALITY MANAGEMENT Quality assurance shall be carried out in accordance with BSK and ISO 9002 (BSK = Swedish regulations for steel structures) INSPECTION AND ASSESSMENT Inspection shall be carried out in accordance with BSK bby the contractor. Extra inspection shall be carried out in accordance with the inspection plan by external bodies. ‘The names of the external inspection bodies and inspectors will be given later (on site), Inspection shall be in accordance with ISO 8501-1, 1SO 8503-2 and SS 18 41 60. *) Quality-control steps shall be in accordance with inspection plan. REFERENCE AREAS NOT USED IN THIS PROJECT. +) Swedish Standard SS 18 41 60:1992, Paints and varnishes - Determination of thickness of @ dry film on a metal substrate - Magnetic flux and eddy current methods. 27\ 114 14a 115 1.15.1 1.152 118.3 116 i161 wana re SSS ESS © 6 SSLADDLLADLDLDDDAOALALADLADLADODLOALOLLAS 28 ISO 12944-8:1998(E) e1so ‘Main and sub-items Remarks HEALTH AND SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ‘The Swedish health and safety regulations shall be ‘observed by the contractor, regarding use of solvents and epoxy and polyurethane products. Local regulations dealing with pollution of the environment by used blast-cleaning abrasives and dust, solvents and paint shall be observed by the contractor, ‘SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS Deviations from this specification, the inspection plan or standards referred to shall be reported to the client by the contractor. Not relevant. Not relevant. MEETINGS The contractor shall participate in the prebid Details will be sent by meeting and kick-off meeting to settle any ‘Swedish National Road questions concerning paint work. Administration During the project, the contractor shall participate in meetings once a month to review progress, inspection results and any other matters regarding the work. DOCUMENTATION Documentation shall comply with the requirements laid down in the Swedish Bridge Regulations.ISO 12944-6:1998(E) Annex G informative) Recommended form for a protective paint system specification - New work (To be filled in for each constituent element of the structure) Project: ame of owner Project. Protective pain system 50 12946-5 pat system No, Constituent element Drawing NoJacea Required durability Postion No Sheet ho [SHOP APPLICATION SURFACE PREPARATION GRADE “TPE OF PREFABAICATION PRIMER i used Punt manufacturer: Aves nt Nominal dry em Thickness PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM ‘Gvercosting nerval rinienum maximum n 2nd coat _ aed.ost TOTAL TTE For touch-up of damage, sve site application" below. [SITE APPLICATION ‘SURFACE PREPARATION GRADE ‘Touch-up! Complete Paint manutecturer: Nomar ary um | PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM ‘Gvereoatng nverval ‘Brving te et i n 2nd cost COMPLETE 3rd coat (oraz 291SO 12944-8:1998(E) Recommended form for a protective paint system spe (To be filled in for each constituent element of the structure) Name of owner Annex H {informative} ication - M: ©1so Proje Protocive part system Location 1SO 12948. paint system No. _ CConsuruent element Environment: Brawing No area Required durabily Position Ne: Sheet Wa ToUCRUF SURFACE PREPARATION GRADE: Paint manufacturer: ‘CONDITION OF SUBSTRATE (See annex K, section C) PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM Nominal avy film thickness um ‘Overeating interval ‘minimum maximum n n Bring irne Ba n 2nd coat ard coat stn cost TOTAL [ STERPRUCATION Touch-up: Complete: Paint manufacturer: SURFACE PREPARATION GRADE Aves PROTECTIVE PANT SYSTEM Nominal ary fire Thickness vm ‘Gvereoating interval ‘Brving time Bante ® and coat comPLere 2nd coat and coat | sth coat LISO 12944-8:1998(E) Annex I (informative) Recommended form for a report on paint work progress and application conditions einieud paar Taiecbie P nee3 symunwog apse 31Annex J (informative) Recommended form for final report on corrosion protection work e180 Name of aructore: Project No. Drawing Now Protective pant system 180 12944-5 paint system No. if applicable Tat coat 2nd coat Bra coat | Ath coat | sth coat Paint work contractor: New work Waintenance Rust grade of stool surface (ISO 8501-1) 1D. Degree of rusting Ri... SO 4628-3) oa os Oe OD Bi Not known [Milling imperfections found (L_ Sharp edges and burrs removed [1 Welding residues, including weld spatter, not removed 1D Washed, give details 32 ‘Specified surface preparation grade (ISO BB0T-1 oF ISO 8501-2): Blast-cleaning O saz sem ses psez psa» CPsa3 Flame cleaning oA Hand: and power too! Ose Oss cleaning OD pst2 psa Machine abrading OPMa L Shaciied surface profile SO 6603-1) Comparator Fine Medium (J Coarse Cl Comparators ©) Fine Medium (Coarse1SO 12944-8:1998(E) 33 I Details oF Details of paint apslication surface | preparation Tercoat | dnd coat | Sra coat | Ahcoat | Sihcom Surface preparation | grade achieved SO 8508-1, 150 8501-2) Surfoce profile ‘chieved (50 8503-2) i arand nametaviypes of | blastcleaning abrasive {o.g. in accordance with 150 11124750 11126 series of standards) Tianctackurerst of abrasive Date Air emporaire, Teiative humnaly, Dewparnt Surface temperature c Designation of paint and type of coat, product No. [Eatour ——] Batch Wo. 7 Paint manufacturers) ie Metnod of application = NOFT im | ~ OFT nin ym | mean um um — Compas wih yesino” | yeaa | vesino | vesmno | yesino specification?: Rk Me BR BM Mi Me MMe REE SS EE EEE ED DES SSS SS OOO ISO 12944-8:1998(E) e1so Reference areas provided? 1 yes, indicate report No(s D0 Date of preparation: Famarks Use adaitional sheet, it necessary [ Sate: Name of inspector: Place: Signature:ISO 12944-8:1998(E) Annex K (informative) Recommended form for a detailed inspection report on the condition of an existing protective paint system, including the assessment of the need for maintenance |‘ BASIC INFORMATION Ay | Name of project: 2 | Name of owner: | A3 | Location of project/structure: As | inorder of {as _ | Paint manufacturers: [as — | Corrosion protection work carried out by: a7 | Structure: : nn A102 sonnet 19 | Drawing No: sennnnenn Postion No. [xc | environmental conditions eee annex and 1S0 129482) ax | burainy range of protective pain system (see 150 1284411 jae Guarantee time: . FO: ssnsnreninonee 10% 35,ISO 12944-8:1998(E) elso 8 | PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM 81 _| Surface preparation (see ISO 12944-4): 82 _| Surface profile (roughness) (ISO 12944-4) 83 | Substrate (e.g. steel, hot-dip-galvanized): 84 | Prefabrication primer/batch No: 85 | Priming coat/batch No: 86 _ | Intermediate coat/batch No. 87 | Top coatibatch No.: 88 | Period/end of application: 89 | Date(s) and description of repair work (if any}: B10 _| Dry film thickness (DFT) (see ISO 2808): ‘Measurement device used: Date of measurement: ‘Spowarea’ DFT min. um DFT mean um DFT max. ym1SO 12944-8:1998(E) ASSESSMENT OF CONDITION OF PROTECTIVE PAINT SYSTEM c i [Type of ‘Structure/constituent | Degree of | PhotoNo/ | Estimated | Need or defect element degradation | Computer | cause of | mainte- photo No./ | defect nance? | eee (yes/no) Ti [Degree of | Designation: | | blistering 150 4628-2 Location: Hl Coat concerned: 1 whole surtace OF spots C2 [Degree of | Designation’ wan j rusting (Ri) | 1S0 4628-3 Location: Coat concerned: .. whole surface 1G spots 7 [Degree of | Deaghaton 1 eck 180 4628-4 Location: | Coat concerned: 1 whole surface spots (| Degree of | Designation: flaking 's0 4628-5 Location: | Coat concerned: whole surface | spotsISO 12944-8:1998(E) e180 C5 | Degree of chalking Iso 4628-6 Dasignation: Location: . ‘Coat concerned: CO whole surface 1D spots 6 | Rusting oF welds, etc. Designation: Coat concerned: whole surface 1 spots CF [Adhesion | Designation: | [iso 2409 and/or — iso 424 | b0°ato Coat concerned... whole surface © spots Gi [Filiform | Designation: corrosion 180.4623 | Location: .. Coat concerned: whole surface © spots | Other defects 38‘SO 12944-8:1998(E) Dp | MAINTENANCE [Bi [Natae: ay Struc \ bb) Constituent element ©) Location of surface D2 [Estimated cause {cross as appropriate! ‘a) Normal wear and tear by Inadequate protective paint system } Errors of workmanship 153 [Recommended measures | |terossas appropriate: | dao aa ‘a) Maintenance painting unnecessary before next inspection (number of years...) b) Maintenance painting required before next inspection (number of years...) (©) Maintenance painting required within 1 year dd} Maintenance painting requited immediately (<4 months) Da | Remarks Date of inspection: 39 Signature of inspector: