en TEACHER’S HANDBOOK FoR New TRENDS IN ICSE CHEMISTRY (Latest Edition) EVERGREEN PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LTD. sari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002PUBLISHED BY : Evergreen Publications (INDIA) Limited ND 200, Tanda Road, JALANDHAR CITY-144 008 Ph. : 0181-5002021, 2280636, 2282636 Fax : 0181-2280806 SALES OFFICE : 4738/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, NEW DELHI-110 002 Ph. : 011-23264528, 23270431 SE ‘As publishers of educational books, we are committed to serve the student ‘communily with the best of our resources. We take every possible effort to ‘eliminate errors during the course of editing and printing of books, Publishers and authors should not be held responsible for any mistakes that might have crept in inadvertently No part of this publication may be reproduced permission ofthe publishers and authors, ‘any form without the prior witten| Prods: EVERGREEN Pttcater (OA) i. Ph %84 SaratEee es ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-12) (Cuapter-1 Matter Other than matter Ice, Table, Ieecream, Milk, Wood, Glass, Hate, Fear, Love, Shadow, Talcum, Chair, Ball Reflection ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-16) intermolecular WORKSHEET (Pg-16) L MATTER LIQUID DIFFUSION COMPRESSED SPACES IL. 1. gases 2. least 3. compressed 4, intermolecular spaces IIL. compression ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-20) 5. heating Ans. Ans. ‘We will observe that the naphthalene balls have reduced in size. This is because naphthalene balls undergo sublimation, ic., it changes directly into vapours and settle on the cloth. Further on exposure to atmosphere, the ‘vapour escapes into air. WORKSHEET (Pg-20) 2, intermolecular 3. melting 4, gases there are no intermolecular space in the wood, hence salt does not mix with wood. L 1 .strong intermolecular forces of attraction, 2. of high molecular movement of gases. 3, naphthalene is a sublimable compound. 4. the spaces between the molecules increases. IL. 1. sublimation mL. 1 2, there are large intermolecular spaces in water, hence salt molecules mix easily with water. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A 1.(a) 2, (b) 3. (a) 4. ©) 5.(d) [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] [3](4) 10, 1. 12, True 2, False (Gaseous state have highest kinetic energy) True 4, False (The process in which solid gets converted to gaseous state in heating is known as sublimation) True gases 2. gases 3. gases 4. solids solids @) 2. (a) 3. @) 4. (@) © Sound and magnetism Three Solid Carbon dioxide Kinetic energy Anything that occupies space, has weight and can be perceived by our senses is called matter. All matter is made-up of a large number of extremely small particles called molecules. These particles are always in the state of random motion in all possible directions, (@ It occupies space (ii) Ithas mass (iii) Tt can be perceived by senses. The distance between the molecules in any substance is known as intermolecular space. The process in which molecules strike with each other and bounce in different directions is known as collision. By increasing temperature, a solid can be changed into a liquid and a liquid can be changed into a gas. This is because on increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and they can move freely which results in the increase of space resulting in change of state. The reverse changes occur on cooling. When we try to squeeze a gas, the molecules of a gas comes closer thereby decreasing the intermolecular spaces between them. Hence, the gases gets compressed. ©,0,° |» |e occa 268 2000 [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]F. 1, Sublimation; Because it skips a state in between whereas others show a change to the next corresponding state 2, Common salt; Because all others are sublimable compounds. 3. Ice-cream; Because all others are liquid and exist in one state but ice-cream is a solid which on melting exist in liquid state. MIND TILLING (®) incompressible (ii) tosomeextent (iii) easily Cuaprer-2 Grn anne ks ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-26) Desirable changes : Flowering of plants, Erasing of Pencil, Drying of Clothes, Undesirable changes : Spoilage of food, Rusting of Iron, Breaking of Glass. WORKSHEET (Pg-30) L lundesirable 2, reversible 3. chemical 4. periodic TI. 1.natural changes 2. chemical 3. slow 4, chemical 5. chemical IL. 1.A > Sublimating substance B— Sand bath © Vapours of sublimating substance 2. Violet coloured 3, Sublimation 4, The process in which solid changes directly to vapours and vapours change back to solid without undergoing intermediate state is known as sublimation. 5, Naphthalene and camphor SKILL FILL (Pg-33) ‘Vessel-I, Vessel-II ; Rate of evaporation « Surface area of the vessel WORKSHEET (Pg-35) Evaporation Boiling ‘Melting Dissolving IL L.condensation 2. corrosion 3. exothermic reaction 4. increases 5. Evaporation [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] 5)OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ADL 5, Bo 5, 9, C1 3, 5, D1 3, 5, 7, 9 E. 1 4, 6 7, 8 9, 10, u (6) @) 2.) 3. () 4, (@) @ chemical 2, physical 3. physical 4. physical chemical 6. physical 7. chemical 8. physical chemical 10. periodic True 2. False (New substance is formed) False (An endothermic reaction) 4. True False (Irreversible change) 6, True natural changes 2, man-made periodic changes 4, non-periodic changes, fast changes 6. slow changes reversible changes 8. irreversible changes melting 10. evaporation cao 2 => 3. Dazzling white (@ Nature (ii) Intensity of interaction 5, Endothermic reactions The process in which a substance mixes thoroughly in another substance in known as dissolution, For example, Salt in water. ‘When temperature is increases, the particles gain more energy and begin to vibrate more rapidly and their tendency to escape increases, so rate of evaporation increases with increase of temperature. During rusting iron forms a layer of powdered iron oxide on its surface. This powdered layer is loosely attached to the metal surface and gets removed easily. Thus, metal is lost. Hence, rusting is referred as slow eating of metals. The changes which are harmful to us as called undesirable changes. For example, Spoiling of food stuff, breaking of a glass ete. This is because on stretching the rubber changes its shape but on releasing it comes back to its original shape. @ Rusting Burning 1. Rusting is a slow process. 1, Burning is a fast process. 2, Rusting takes place at room| 2, Burning takes place at higher temperature. temperature. 3. Rusting takes place on metal| 3. Burning takes place for surfaces combustible substances, [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]@) Burning Respiration 1. Burning is a fast process. 1. Respiration is a slow process. 2. Burning takes place at higher | 2. temperature. Respiration takes place at body temperature. 3. Burning takes place for] 3 combustible substances. Respiration take place in living organism. 4, Burning do not involve any| 4. Enzymes are biocatalyst and these are required for respiration. enzymes. 12, “The process in which a liquid changes into vapour is known as evaporation.” When heat is supplied to a liquid, the molecules start vibrating with increased speed and the particles in the liquid move in all directions. This increase in amount of kinetic energy reduces the forces of attraction between the existing molecules 13. and these molecules leave the surface and change into vapour state. Physical changes Chemical changes 1. Only physical state and physical properties of the substances are changed, 2. The original substance does not lose its identity, ie., molecular composition of substance remains unchanged. No new substances are formed. ‘The change is temporary and in many cases the original state is restored. Example : Changing of water into ice 1. Both the physical and chemical properties of the substances are changed. 2. The original substance loses its chemical identity during the change, : composition gets changed. ie., molecular New substances are formed. 4. The change usually permanent, i.e., original state cannot be restored, Example : Burning of paper. F. 1. freezing of water — others are chemical changes 2, burning of candle ~ others are physical changes 3. melting — others are chemical changes 1. Slow (process) 2, Room (temperature) 3. Moist (substance) [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] Rusting Burning Fast (process) High (temperature) Combustible (substance) (7wae Host ae Cooper suphate —Hyiladeopper_—_Capet spat curate When water is added to copper sulphate it turns blue. When it is heated it turns white again. This proves that Physical change is taking place. MIND TILLING La) 2. Because rust is loosely attached to the metal surface. 3.slow DO AND Discuss 1. Because the reaction is exothermic in nature. 2, Because of slaking of lime. The lime reacts with water and cracks. This cracking produce a hissing sound. (Cuapter-3 Paice renee) SKILL FILL (Pg-42) Elements ‘Compounds + Tron (Fe) + Water (H20) ‘+ Copper (Cu) + Calcium oxide (C20) + Silver (Ag) + Sodium Chloride (NaCl) + Aluminium (Al) ‘+ Sodium Sulphate (NaySO,) + Sodium Hydrogen carbonate (NaHICOs) * Plaster of Paris (CaSO,)2 H20 SKILL FILL (Pg-42) Compound, mixture (8) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]‘SKILL FILL (Pg-44) (@ presence of air (ii). presence of water ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-44) solid-solid solid liquid liquid-liquid Mixture of fruits | Boiled rice (rice + water)] | Orange squash (syrup + water) Mixed vegetables | | Dough (our + water) | | Lemon water (lemon juice + water) Taleum powder ali (Sooji + water) _| |Hard drink (alcohol + water) WORKSHEET (Pg-45) L. 1, molecules 2. hydrogen, helium 3. Element 4, compound 5. homogeneous IL 1. Helium (He) 2. Oxygen (02) 3. Ozone (Os) 4. Phosphorus (P,) 5. Sulphur (S3) ML. 1. solute 2. solvent, 3. solution IV. 1.Homogeneous 2. Heterogeneous 3. Homogeneous 4. Heterogeneous 5, Homogeneous ‘WORKSHEET (Pg-48) . Homogeneous IL. 1.Winnowing 2. Magnetic separation 3. Sublimation 4. Sieving I. 1. Sublimation 2. Sodium chloride and ammonium chloride 3, Ammonium chloride 4, Sodium chloride 5, It employs the principle of change of state by skipping the intermediate state. 1. Sodium + Ion fing + Ammonium chloride chloride Pass magnet Gling ie magnet ‘Sodium chloride + Ammonium chloride) ‘Subtmaton ‘Ammenium chloride ‘Sublmate Ltn China cin ‘Sulphur + Iron flings Crentines) ings to magnet Tottbeninay [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] [9]‘WORKSHEET (Pg-51) I 1,Sedimentation 2. ‘Filtration 3. Loading 4, Evaporation IL. 1. Sedimentation and decantation followed by filtration 2. Filtration 3. Centrifugation 4. Evaporation 5. Filtration IL. 1. Evaporation 2. Common salt and water 3. Sodium chloride 4. Common salt (NaCl) WORKSHEET (Pg-54) IL. 1 distillation 2. separating funnel 3. chromatography Ul. 1. distillate 2. adsorption 3. silica gel, activated charcoal 4. fractionating column mL. Iron flings + Ammonium chloride ~ Sulphur ‘mmonium code + Suphor (Ging the maar Sublimation ‘arora chor) + (Sulphur (a inate) Torna ay OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS AL 1.0) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4.) 5.08) 6. @) © B. 1. constant 2. water vapours 3. fog 4. any 5. mixture 6. sublimation 7. Winnowing 8. filtration 9.hand picking 10, molecules €. 1, False ~ Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition ‘True True False - Two immiscible liquids can be separated by separating funnel True 6. True 7. True False — Miscible in water (10) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]D. 1. Separating funnel 2. Filtration 3. Separating funnel 4, Floatation E. 1. (i) Itemploys the principle of change of state by skipping the intermediate state. (ii) ‘The process in which an insoluble component is removed from the liquid mixture is known as filtration. 2.A mixture in which its constituents are distributed uniformly is called homogeneous mixture.” 3, Separating funnel 4, Itis the process of settling down of heavy solids at the bottom. This method is used to separate mixtures in which one component is heavier and on prolonged standing, the heavier component settles down, For immiscible solutions By sublimation Two differences between a compound and a mixture. Compound Mixture 1. Acompound is formed from its | 1. A mixture is formed by mixing elements by chemical reaction. two or more pure substances together in any proportions. 2, A compound has s definite | 2. A mixture doesn’t have fixed melting and boiling point. melting and boiling point, lodine + kon flings + Salt Pass magnet iron flings ledine + Sat (linge tothe magnet) ‘Sublimation lodine Salt (Sublimation) (Residue) 9. The process in which an external agent is added to bring the process of sedimentation is known as loading. Alun water —— A __ (impurities Muddy water eas Ol uate + Akan) + Clear water [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] i)10. Chromatography is a technique used to separate the constituents of a small quantity of a mixture of substances that dissolve in the same liquid. The substance is spread across the paper at different speeds, Itis often used to separate the small quantities of mixture of liquids or gases and is based on the principle of adsorption. 11, Most substances around us contain impurities. For example, the rice we buy has stone, sand and husk in it, Milkman usually mix water in milk. Air we breathe contains chemical fumes, smoke and dust particles. Thus, all substances have certain other substances mixed with them and hence we can call them mixtures. 12, Take the impure water in a round bottom flask and set the distillation apparatus. Now, heat the contents of the round bottom flask. The vapours of water pass through the internal tube of the condenser where they are cooled and changed into water and finally collected in the conical flask. Joensen WATEROUT Using dstilation process to separate water from impure water Result : The volatile component which gots collected in the flask is known distillate. The other component which remains in the round bottom flask is known residue. Thus, pure water is collected in conical flask and impurities are left in round bottom flask. 13. To separate kerosene oil from water by using a separating funnel. Take a separating funnel, attach it to the clamp stand and pour the liquid mixture (water and kerosene). Allow it to stand for sometime. Two layers will be formed, the lower layer will be of water and upper layer will be of kerosene. Open the tap to extract water which is at the lower layer. stan EROSENE OIL stoP cock eakeR waTER Separation of water and kerosene oil by using @ separating funnel (12) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]F. (i) ‘Common salt + water + saw dust Filter Saw dust Common salt + water (Residue) (Filtrate) Distillation Water Common salt Wi) Tron filings + Sulphur + Chareoal Pass magnet Ft Iron flings Sulphur + Charcoal (Clings to the magnet) | Add carbon disulphide and filter ‘ + Sulphur Charcoal GFiltrate) (Lofton filter paper) ‘Evaporate to dryness (iii) Sulphur + Iron + Magnesium Pass magnet Iron Sulphur + Phosphorus | Add C82 and filter Sulphur Magnesium (Filtrate) (Residue) (iv) Water + Sodium chloride + Iron filings Filter ‘Water + Sodium chloride Tron filings {Distillation (Residue) Water + Sodium chloride (Distillate) (Residue) [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (13)() Sulphur + Potassium chloride + Ammonium chloride Sublimation Ammonium chloride Sulphur + Potassium chloride (SUBLIMATE) (RESIDUE) {aca water and filter Potassium chloride Sulphur will be will dissolve left on the filter evaporate paper to dryness Solid Potassium, chloride will be left G1. (Iron) All others are sublimable substances 2, (Sublimation) It requires heating others don't 3. (Compounds) Others are solutions 4. (Mud solution) Others are homogeneous solutions H. Centrifugation Sublimation Winnowing Evaporation Chromatography MIND TILLING Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures + Alloys + Salt and sand + Sugar solution + Water and refined oil * Acetic acid in water * Chalk powder and water + Honey and warm water Milk and water (CuapTer-4 ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-62) Elements — | No, Ha, O2, Fe, Mg, Al Compounds| CO, C02, NH3, CHy, H20 WORKSHEET (Pg-64) L 1.Kanad 2. John Dalton 3. J.J. Berzelius (14) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]IL English name Symbol Latin name (@) Sodium Na Natrium Gi) Potassium K Kalium ii) Tron Fe Ferrum (iv) Silver Ag Argentum (v) Lead Pb Plumbum IIL. 1. Helium, Neon 2. Oxygen, nitrogen 3. Ozone 4. Phosphorus IV. Atom is electrically neutral because number of protons is equal to number of electrons. As a result, total positive charge is equal to negative charge. ‘V. 1, Atomicity, 2. Symbols VI. |Element/ion] Atomic | Mass ] Protons | Electrons | Neutrons| number number Be 6 12 6 6 6 #er- 7 35 7 18 18 Pe 15 31 15, 18, 16 Na’? u 23 u 10 2 Bor 8 16 8 10 8 WORKSHEET (Pg-68) 2.Al;13;2, 8 3 3.0;2,6;2 KLM KL 4. Magnesium ;12;3 5. Potassium; K; 19 6. Calcium ; 2, 8,8,2;4 TN;7;2 8. Phosphorus ; 2,8,5;3 9. He;2;1 10. Hydrogen ; 1; 1 ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-70) () silver (ii) methane (iii) nitrogen (iv) sulphur/phosphorus —(v) CH 5 __ (R090 (Coonan [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (15)WORKSHEET (Pg-74) 1, Als 0? 2. 3. Mg* So? 4, NHj! so,” Aly “Og Me 40, AlgO3 MgSO, (NH), SO, (NH,),80, 5. Znt2 CO? 6. K*l Hso3! 7. cag Hoos! 8 As No ux “co, KH S03 Ca (HCO3) AlNg = AIN [ans] [KHSO,] [CatHCO9)o| AIN 9. cyt ort 10. Fet? so? 11. +40 12. Pht? oH CuCl = CuCl Foy (S04), Mn,0,=Mn0, —-Pb(OH), [Cuci Fe,50,), MnO, PHOM, -1 14. Agt? 15. NH{+ No; Ag NOs NHNO; AgNO, NOs [NH,NO, OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A L@ 2. (©) a @ 4.) 5.(0) 6.) B. 1.True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False (Bry) 6. True 7. True & True 9. True 10. True ©. 1, Phosphorus pentaoxide 2. Phosphorus trichloride 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Sulphur trioxide Sulphur dioxide Ammonia Hydrogen sulphide 5, 6. 7. 8, (16) Carbon tetrachloride [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]9, Nitrogen dioxide 10, Hydrogen chloride 11, Methane 12. Copper sulphate 13, Auric chloride 14, Zine phosphate D. 1) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (@) 5.) 6. fe) E. 1.Element 2, Hydrogen and helium 3. Compound 4, John Dalton 5. Phosphorus (P,) 6. Atomicity is defined as the number of atoms present in a molecule of an element. Momicity Monoatomic Diatomie Polyatomic (He, Ne) (Np, 0.) (Py, 8) 7. Chemical formula of an element is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms in one molecule of the element. ‘Example : 03 (Chemical formula of ozone) 8,20 — 2 atoms of oxygen 02> 1 molecule of oxygen 9, A radical is positively or negatively charged component of a compound consisting of a single atom or group of atoms, Radical a Simple radical Complex radical (Cr, Br, 0%) OZ, POS) 10. Cation Anion When ancutralmetal atomloses | When a neutral non-metal gains an electron, it forms a cation. an electron, it forms an anion. Na - le" Na*? Clee Cr 2,81 28 2,8,7 2,38 Sodium cation Chloride anion [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] 17)G (18) 11. 1, Matter is made-up of tiny particles called atoms 2, Atoms are indivisible. 3, Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. 4, Atoms of the same element are identical in mass and other properties. 5, Atoms of different elements differ in their masses and properties. 12. J, J. Berzelius introduced the modern system of naming elements by their symbols. ‘+ Some elements were named on the basis of their starting letter. * Some elements were named on the basis of their first two letters when the first letter was already chosen Example : Co for cobalt, Os for osmium [Two letters were choosen because C and O were already named for carbon and oxygenl, ‘* Some elements were named on the basis of their latin names. Example: Kfor potassium Latin name Kallium Na for sodium Latin name ‘atrium. 13. Ifany metallic element show more than one valency, then it is known as variable valency. Itmeans that metallic element can lose electron from its inner orbits also. For example Fe, Fel, Cu‘, Cu2*, Hg’, He? Variable valencies of metals. ©:2,4;N:1,2,3,4,5. Variable valencies of non-metals. 1, Compound - All others are parts of atom 2. Calcium ~ Others are Latin names of elements 3. Ozone — Alll others are diatomic gases 4, Aluminium - All others are alkali metals 5. Oxide — All others are halogens. x |[N[E [O[N]| z Y|[M[N |G 0 [fA [Tt [fo N[K[D|L T[D DiI [TL of[i f[u[z 1[y[x|[T[k I Z B c T 0 [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]H. 1. Pb Nos) 2. nt? oO? 53. Cut? SOz PLINOs)9 Zn OH)y CuSO, 5. Fet? so7 6, Nat! HSOj! 7. Cut? Nog 8, alts O-% FeSO, NaHSO, CuNO,), Al,05 9. NHjiPOj? 10. Ag s® 11. KH C10, gg, He’ Br? (NH,);P0, RS KClI0, HgBry 13, Cu? NOs” 14, Ret? cl BS Pat Cu(NO5) FeCly MIND TILLING Ca=2,8,2 K=2,8,8 Al=8,3 Ar=2,8 Cuapter-5 tence WORKSHEET (Pg-80) 1. 2Na + Cl; —> 2NaCl 3. 2Mg + 0g» 2Mgo 5. 2Al+Np—— 2AIN 7. AP +50, ——+ 2P,05 SKILL FILL (Pg-80) 3Mg + Nz > MgsNo WORKSHEET (Pg-82) IL. 1. 2H, + 0, —> 2H,0 2, Hy + Ch —> 2HC1 3, 2FeCly + Cla —> 2FeCly 4, Zn + 2HC1 — ZnCl + Hy 2H + 0; —> 2H,0 S +0,» $0, . Np + 3Hp—> 2NH . C+ 2Cl,—$> CC, AS ao 5, PbO; —4_,PbO + CO) 2 . 2Na + 2H_0 —— 2NaOH + Hy? [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] [19]7, INaNOs 4, 2NaNO2 + 02 8. 3Mg + No. > MgsNo 9. Mg + 2HNO; ——> Mg (NOs)y + Hy? 10, Fe +8 Fes ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-82) Nz + 3Hp <> 2NH3 WORKSHEET (Pg-86) L mL. (20) 1, 2Na + 2HC1—+ 2NaCl + Hy7 Displacement 2, Nz + 0 —> 2NO Synthesis 3, 2KI + Clh—> 2KCI + Ip? Displacement 4. 3Fe + 4Hg0—> Foy04 + 4Hyf Displacement 5. NaCl + AgNO; —> AgCl + NaNO; Double decomposition 6. MgCl + HjSO4—> MgSO, + 2HCI Double decomposition 7.Nz + 3H —> 2NHsf Synthesis 8, CuSO, + Fe —> FeSO, + Cu Displacement 1. Zn + 2HC1— ZnCl; + HT Brisk effervescence due to liberation of hydrogen. 2.2HgO —45 2Hg + 0, Reddish orange coloured compound decompose to form silver mirror. 3. 2Phs04 — 6PbO + Oy Reddish orange compound decomposes to form yellow residue 4, Fe+CuSO,—> FeS0,+Cu Blue Green ‘When iron rod is immersed in copper sulphate it turns to green. 5. AgNO; + NaCl — AgCl | + NaNOs When silver nitrate and sodium choride are mixed it forms white precipitates of silver chloride 1. Zn + 2HCI1—> ZnCly + Hp AgNO, + NaCl— AgCl + NaNOs 3. Zn + HySO,—> ZnSO, + Hp 4. 2Ag,O—*-» 4Ag + Op 5, 2Pbj0;—> 6PbO + Oz 6. 3Mg + Nz—> MgsNz 7. In +S —> ZnS 8. CuCO; —*» CuO + COz 9, Hy +Clh—> 2HC1 10, 2H + 0,—> 2H,0 [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A 1L@ 2, (6) 3. @) 4, () 5.) B. 1.V205 2, KCI03 3. red lead 4, magnesium 5. hydrogen C. 1. False (known as reactants) 2, True 3, True 4, False (NH) 5. True D. Le) 2. (a) 3. @) 4. 5.) E. 1.Blue 2. Mercurie oxide 3. PbsO« 4, KIO; 5. Coal 6, Equation in which reactants and products are represented by their names is known, as word equation. Iron + Sulphur ~ Iron sulphide 7. The process of equalising the atoms of each type on left hand side (reactants) and right hand side (products) of an equation is known as balancing of a chemical equation. 8, When two or more substances combine chemically to form a single product. This reaction is known as synthesis or combination reaction. + — A B AB Example : 2H, +02 S255 94,0 9, When two substances react by exchanging their radicals, the reaction is said to be double decomposition reaction A/Bl/a]c|D|]>/alv]sie]B Example : NaOH + HC1— NaCl + 1,0 10. When silver nitrate is added to sodium chloride, they exchange their radicals and form white precipitates of silver chloride. eee AgNO, + Nal—> AgCll + NaNO, Sier Sodium silver Sodium chloride nitrate nitrate chloride [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (21)11, (a) When copper carbonate is heated. TESTTUBE 0, 0, BLUISH A REN AFTER HEATING COPPER ‘COPPER CARBONATE ome ‘On heating, bluish green carbonate decomposes to black coloured copper oxide and carbon dioxide is evolved which extinguishes a burning splinter. Equation : cuCo, 45 CuO 4007 Copper caxbonate Copper oxide GBluish green) (Black) () When zinc strip is added to hydrochloric acid. HYDROGEN GAS (Bums with Blue Flame) HYDROCHLORIC ACID ZINC STRIP When zine strip is immersed in hydrochloric acid, zine being more reactive displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid and dissolves forming zinc chloride. This liberated gas burns with a blue flame and pop sound. Equation : Zn + 2HCL —> ZnC + H, 7 Zine Hydrochlorie acid Zine chloride Hydrogen (Barns with Blue flame) (©) When iron rod is immersed in copper sulphate solution. RON ROD 1RON ROD COPPER SULPHATE ‘COPPER DEPOSIT (22) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]When iron rod is immersed in copper sulphate solution, iron being more reactive than copper displaces copper from its solution. As a result, blue solution changes to green and pink layer gets deposited on iron rod Equation : Fe + CuSO, —> FeSQ, + Cu Iron Copper sulphate Iron sulphate + Copper {blue solution) (areen solution) (pink deposit F. (i) Synthesis (ii) Decomposition _ (iii) Displacement (iv) Decomposition (v) Double displacement G. (i) 4A1 + 802 > 241,05 (ii) 22nS + 302 > 2%n0 + 280 (iit) 20NH)p Cr07 + Crg0g + 4H0 + Not (iv) 2Na + 21,0 2NaOH + HyT (v) 2Pb304 > 6PbO + O27 (CuapTer-6 ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-91) Fizziness ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-92) 2HgO ——> 2Hg + 0,7 ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-93) ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-94) WORKSHEET (Pg-96) _ 2, 2Pb(NO;), S85» 2PbO + 4NO, + Oy 3. C+ 28ig) +> cs, 4. 2NaHCO, —95 NajCOg + H,0 + CO, 5. CaO + H,0 —> Ca(OH), [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (23)1. 2Na + 2H,0 —> 2NaOH + H,* When sodium is dropped in cold water, it darts about the surface of water, melts to form a silvery globule and release a gas which burns with yellowish flame (vapours of sodium) and the remaining solution turns soapy. 2Pb;0, —*»6Pb0 +0, T na Yellow Red coloured red lead changes to yellow litharge and releases a gas which rekindles a glowing splinter. cuco, —45Cu0+C0, 7 Blishgreen Black When copper carbonate is heated strongly, it changes to black copper oxide with the liberation of a gas that turns lime water milky. 2KI + Ph(NOg), —> 2KNO; + Pblp Yeliow When potassium iodide is added to lead nitrate, yellow precipitates of lead iodide are formed. 2AgNO, + 2HC]—> 2AgCl) + 2HNO, Curdy white precipitates When hydrochloric acid is added to silver nitrate, curdy white precipitates of silver chloride are formed. NH,(g) + HCl) — NH,C1 2Mg + 0, —> 2MgO CuS + 2HCI—> CuCl,(ag)+ HySte)? CuS0,5H,0 —45 CuS0,(s) + 5H,0 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A B. (24) 1 5, 1 4, 1 4 1 5, (© 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (0) @ Hydrogen sulphide 2. yellow 3. insoluble endothermic 5. carbon disulphide False (NaHCO;) 2. True 3. True False (Reacts vigorously with water) 5. True © 2. (d) 3.) 4. (a) @) [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]Nitrogen trichloride (NCI5) Exothermic reactions. To increase the molecular distance between the molecules. NHg(g)+HClg) + NHL,Cls) Dense white fumes 5, When a catalyst accelerate the speed of the reaction it is called a positive catalyst. ‘Example : Manganese dioxide accelerates the decomposition of potassium chlorate. 6, Catalyst is a substance which increases or decreases the speed of a chemical reaction without, itself undergoing any change. Example : Manganese dioxide. 7, When vinegar is poured on baking soda, then bubbles of carbon dioxide gas form quickly along with water and sodium acetate in the form of fizz CH,COOH + NaHCO; —- CH,COONa + 11,0 + CO,7 Vinegar Baking soda 8, A precipitate is an insoluble product which is formed when two chemical compounds react together. AgNO; + NaCl— NaNO + AgClL White pot. 9, When red hot carbon in solid state is treated with sulphur vapours, then it forms a liquid called carbon disulphide {s)_ +28) —> CS, Carbon Sulphur Carbon disulphide 10, When quick lime (calcium oxide) is added to water, then water becomes very hot and starts boiling due to an exothermic reaction. CaO + H,0 — Ca(OH), + Heat energy 11. Most of the chemical reactions are accompanied by the evolution of a gas. There are many reactions which will explain this point clearly. For example: (a) When vinegar is poured on baking soda, then bubbles of carbon dioxide gas form quickly. Water and sodium acetate are also formed. CH,COOH + NaHCO; > CH;COONa+H,0+ COzt Acetic acid Sodium bicarbonate Sodium acetate Water Carbon (presentinvinegar) baking soda) aionide gas (6) When sodium metal is added to water, then it reacts vigorously liberating hydrogen gas and forming sodium hydroxide. 2Na + 2H,0— 2Na0H + Hyt + Heat Sodium Water Sodium Hydrogen metal (cold) hydroxide gas (©) When zine metal is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved. ‘The hydrogen gas burns with a ‘pop’ sound. Zn + HySO,(dil.) ——> ZnSO, + Ht Zine Sulphuric acid Zine sulphate Hydrogen [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (25)(28) 12, (d)_ When copper sulphide is treated with hydrochloric acid it gives off foul smelling gas (rotten egg smell) of hydrogen sulphide. CuS(s) + 2HCK(ag) — CuCl(aq) + HySig)7 Copper Hydrochloric Copper Hydrogen sulphide acid chloride sulphide There are certain chemical reactions which are accompanied by the formation of precipitate. A precipitate is an insoluble product which is formed when two chemical compounds (which are soluble) react to form a substance which is insoluble and separates out from the solution, For example: (a) When a solution of sodium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of copper sulphate, thon deep blue precipitates of copper hydroxide are formed. 2NaOH + CuSO, ——> CuO + NagSOq Sodium hydroxide Copper sulphate Copper hydroxide Sodium (colourless) ‘ight blue) (deep blue precipitate) sulphate (colourless) (6) When clear solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide are mixed together, thon golden yellow precipitates of lead iodide are formed Pb(INO:), + 2KI ——> Pbl; + 2KNO3 Lead nitrate Potassium iodide Lead iodide Potassium nitrate (colourless) (colourless) (yellow precipitate) (colourless) (c) When ferrous sulphate and sodium hydroxide solution is mixed. Then dirty green precipitates of ferrous hydroxide are formed. FeSO, + 2NaOH — Na,S0, + Fe(OH)! Ferrous Sodium. Sodium Ferrous sulphate hydroxide sulphate hydroxide (dirty green ppt.) (d) When a colourless solution of silver nitrate is mixed with a sodium chloride solution, then white precipitates of silver chloride are formed. AgNO; + NaCl ——>NaNO3 + AgCll Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium Silver chloride nitrate chloride (white ppt.) NH; + HCL—> NH,C1 C+28— cs, 2Mg + 0; —~ 2MgO 2NaOH + HyS0, = NazS0, + 2H20 AgNOs + NaCl—> NaNO; + AgCl rotten egg smell reddish brown gas explosive yellow liquid solvent for sulphur [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]5. inflammable gas H. 1.White 2, Blue 3. Tt must have absorbed water and turned blue. 4, Crystalline MIND TILLING 2Na + 2H,0 » 2NaOH + Hy + Heat Cuapter-7 SKILL FILL (Pg-100) burning, air SKILL FILL (Pg-101) Ca(OH), + CO, —> CaCO, + H,0 SKILL FILL (Pg-101) condense SKILL FILL (Pg-101) (a) unburnt carbon particle (b) small particle of dust WORKSHEET (Pg-103) I. 1,ATMOSPHERE 2. OZONE IL. Loxygen 2, mesosphere 3. atmosphere 4. cancer 5. helium IIL 1. Xenon are lamps produce an intense blue white light which can be easily noticed by ships, hence it is used in light houses. 2, Because when an electric current is passed through tubes containing neon at low pressure, a brilliant red orange light is produced, WORKSHEET (Pg-105) I. 1 calcium bisulphite acid rain SO, chlorofluorocarbons carbon monoxide ultraviolet radiation [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (27)TL, 1, CO; +H,0—> HCO, 2, $02 + Hy0 —> HpS03 3, 4NOp + 2Hy0 + 0g ——> 4HNO3. 4, CaCO; + 2H,S03 ——> Ca(HS03)2 + H,0 + COzT ULL. 1. catalytic converters 2. insulation 3. smokeless 4. efficiency OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A. 16) 2, (6) 3. (@) 4. @) 5.(a) B. 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Potassium hydroxide 3. Radon 4, magnesium nitride 5. nitrogen C. LTrue 2, False (CFC’s deplete the ozone layer) 3, False (air has no definite boiling point) 4, True 5, False (Helium is used in weather forecasting balloons) D. 1) 2. (@) 3. (@) 4.) 5.0) E. 1, Neon, Argon 2, In the colder strata of atmosphere. 3, It prevents haemoglobin in the blood from carrying oxygen. 4, It dilutes the effect of oxygen in air and thus slows down the rate of combustion (28) and respiration 5, Refrigerators and aerosol sprays. 6. » Itis an important constituent of plant proteins and animal proteins. + Itdilutes the effect of oxygen in air and thus slows down the rate of combustion and respiration. « It gives extremely low temperature and hence is used in hospitals to preserve body parts. 7. It is used in advertising glow tubes called neon sign tubes or neon sign bulbs on big shops, hotels etc. When an electric current is passed through tubes containing neon at low pressure, a brilliant red orange light is produced. 8. To remove carbon dioxide, air was passed through a strong solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). C02 + 2KOH —+ KzCOs1 + H,0 It reacted with potassium hydroxide forming potassium carbonate and was separated. 9, Because atmospheric nitrogen contains inert gases whereas chemical nitrogen do not contain inert gases. [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chomistry-7]10. The world’s famous building Taj Mahal is turning yellow due to acid rain which reacts with marble of this building. CaCO, + 2H,$0, —> Ca(H1S0,), + H,0 + CO,? (yellow in colour) ‘SO, which forms sulphurous acid is mainly released from Mathura refineries. 11. Soil bacteria decompose the organic nitrogen compounds into nitrogen. Decomposition of certain chemical compounds releases nitrogen. 12. The contamination of air by unwanted components is known as air pollution. The four pollutants are various gases, dust particles, chlorofluorocarbon and soot. 13. The methods to reduce air pollution are mentioned below + Use of smokeless fuels and improving supply of air for burning fuels. + Burn less fossil fuels by (a) improving insulation in our buildings. (6) making vehicles more efficient. 14. Burning of carbonaceous fuels release carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid which then falls down with rainwater. C02 + HzO —> H,COs Further gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are released from factories. These gases also dissolve in rainwater and increase its acidity. SO, + H,0 —> H,S05 4NO; + 2H,0 + 02 —> 4HINOs This acid rain corrodes buildings and monuments, especially those made of limestone (CaCOs) and marble (CaCO). Acid rain also damages plants and increases the acidity of the soil 16. Airis a mixture and not a compound + No energy change occurs during the formation of air « By physical means components of air can easily be separated. «Liquid air has no definite boiling point. + Air composition varies from place to place. ‘Air can't be shown by a chemical formula, F. 1, Nitrogen - All others are noble gases. Hydrogen — All others are components of air. 0,~ All others are pollutants Scrubbers ~ All others are source of pollution. [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (29)H,0 H,0 f 30, | Cosi sae H,SO,acid Ha Cause [Acid Rain Refineries MIND TILLING (1) Yes (2) When the airis blown in, the ballon's size increases because of the volume occupied. by the air in the balloon. This increase in size helps the can to be lifted easily. 1. 1.0. 2, MnO, 3. downward displacement of water 441 2 1. JosephPriestley 2, Catalyst 3. Sulphuric acid 4,Drying agent 5, Oxygen gas 3. 1. Potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide 2asd 3, Downward displacement of water 4, 2KC10; E> 2KCI + 30.7 ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-115) 2Mg + 0; —> 2MgO WORKSHEET (Pg-117) IL. 1,4Al +30, — 2A1,03 2, 4Fe +30; —= 2Fe,05 3.Nz +O, se, 2NO 4, 4P +50, —> 2P205 5. 4Na + Op ——> 2Naz0 (30) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]Il. 1. carbonic acid 2. sulphurous acid 3. phosphoric acid 4. phosphorus pentaoxide 5. aluminium oxide WORKSHEET (Pg-120) IL 1, LOX (Liquid Oxygen) 2. Oxyacetylene flame 3, Stainless steel 4, Red lead oxide 5. Galvanisation 6. Rust IL. 1.64) presence of air (ii) presence of water 2. () coating with enamels (ii) by galvanisation OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS AL 16) 2. ©) 3. ©) 4 @) 5.0) B. 1.liquid oxygen 2. tinplating 3. oxyacetylene flame 4, neutral 5. pyragallol C. 1. False (A thin coating of zinc can prevent it from rusting) 2, False (Galvanising is the process of coating iron with zine) 3. True 4, False (Alkaline pyragallol solution brown) 5. True D. 1 20 3. @) 4, () 5.(d) 6. fe) E. 1, Karl Wilhelm Scheele 2, Nitre (KNO;) and Mercurie oxide (Hg0) 3. Bo, Yo, Bo 4, Catalyst is a substance which does not take part in a chemical reaction. 5, Reddish orange compound splits to give mercury which is silver in colour. 6, -183°C 7. The process of coating of iron with zine to protect it from rusting is known as galvanisation. Chorophyil 6CO, +6H,0. eee OH 20s +60, 9, Joseph Priestley prepared oxygen by the action of sun rays on mercuric oxide enclosed in a column of mercury. 10, It acts as a catalyst and lowers the temperature of decomposition. 11, Preparation from hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide is always preferred over potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide because (@® No heating is required. Reaction occurs at room temperature. (ii) Rate of evolution of oxygen is very fast. [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (31)(ii) Hydrogen peroxide is not a very dangerous liquid. It can be handled easily. (iv) Potassium chlorate can cause dangerous effects if heating is not done gently and cautiously. 12.) 2Hg0 —452Hg +0, T (ii) 2KNO, —* 42KNO, +0, 7 13. (a) Hydrated ferric oxide. (B) The eating away of iron is known as rusting. When iron is exposed to moist air, its surface rapidly gets covered with a layer of reddish brown powdery coating. This coating is loose, powdery and is called rust (Fe,03.xH,0). 4Fe + 30, —> 2Fe,0; FeO, + xH;0 —> Fe0,.xH,0 Rust 14, (a) In laboratory, oxygen is prepared by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide 2H,0, "2, 2H,0 + 0, Hydrogen Water Oxygen peroxide Thistle funnel Found bottom Delivery tube onaen ‘ase Hyerogen morn Ho. \\ inverted | gas jar Manganese\ oxice gu Laboratory preparation of oxygen Boohive shelf Procedure : + Take manganese dioxide in round bottom flask and add hydrogen peroxide drop by drop, * The reaction starts and oxygen can be seen bubbling out of the trough. * Allow first few bubbles of gas to escape and collect the remaining gas. (0) It acts as a catalyst. 15. (a) Both air and water are essential for rusting to take place. Rusting actually corrodes away the metal. To prevent iron from rusting its surface is coated with some protective layer. This protective layer may be of a metal or non-metal. (92) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]Conditions for rusting ‘Only iris present Only water is present Both air and water are (NoRUsTING) (NORUSTING) present (RUSTINGOCCURS) () Prevention by Non-Metallic Coating : (@ Coating with red lead oxide : Red lead oxide is inexpensive paint. It is applied to underside of ships, electric poles, bridges. (i) Coating with enamels : By applying appropriate enamel paints to the surface, (ii) Coating with grease : By applying grease and oil to the moving parts of machines. (iv) Coating with plastics : A thin coating of plastics can prevent iron surface from rusting. Prevention by Metallic Coating : (@ By galvanising : In this process, iron is covered by zinc because zine does not rust, (éi) By tinning : In this process, iron is covered by tin. It also helps to prevent rusting, (ii) By coating with chromium or nickel electrolyticall gives off a very bright shine and get rust free surface. (éo) When some metals are incorporated in iron : These can change its properties, Stainless steel is one of the major examples of this. Stainless steel does not rust in moist air and used for making utensils, surgical instruments, tools, ete. F. 1, Nitrogen - Others are rare gases. jue to this, iron 2, Op — Others are compounds, oxygen is an element. 3, Growing trees — Others result in pollution. [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (33)Released [ Oxygen Animal ‘ring Y 2 porto uring respiration) Releases [_Enevay : ~ Body for various actos H. 1. 4Al +30,—> 2Al,05 2. Ny + Oy —3000°C_, ano 3. 4Fe_ +302 2Fez O3 4. AP +50 .—> 2P,05 5. 2KC10; —> 2KC1 + 30) 6. 21,0, —> 2H,0 + 0 L Mets + Oxygen —> [etic] 0 ao now a8 Bases “Those which dissolve inwater are krown 98 (atats (CuapTer-9 Metals and Non-Metals ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-128) ‘Metal Used T. Platinum wire Ta laboratories 2. Gold ring In ornaments 3, Iron rod In construction 4. Aluminium windows In windows and door frames 5. Copper vessel In kitchen (for making utensils) 6. Mercury Inthermometer (34) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]ACTIVITY 1 (Pg-129) Tron nail > malleable Pencil lead > non-malleable Aluminium wire — malleable Coal > non-malleable Copper wire > malleable Wood = non-malleable ACTIVITY 2 (Pg-129) (éi) Wood piece + bulb doesn’t glow — insulator (iii) Copper piece + bulb glows + conductor (iv) Plastic piece ~> bulb doesn’t glow —> insulator (v) Zine piece -> bulb glow —> conductor (vi) Cardboard piece bulb doesn’t glow — insulator ‘SKILL FILL (Pg-130) Steel glass — sonorous Iron rod + sonorous Aluminium frypan— sonorous Wooden block — non-sonorous Copper vessel -> sonorous KSHEET (Pg-130) IL. 1,Sodium 2, Tungsten 3. gold 4, Mercury 5, Bromine 6. Graphite 7. Todine 8, Carbon 9. Sodium 10. Diamond 11. Silver . 1(@) 2. (©) 3. (b) 4. (@) 5.(e) UL 1 mining 2ores 3. covalent, ionic 4, metals, non-metals 5. basic chromium WORKSHEET (Pg-135) 1. Zine 2. Mercury 3. Amalgam 4. Copper 5. Iodine 6, Goldamalgam 7. Aluminium 8, Graphite 9. Solder 10. Stainless steel [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (35)‘SKILL FILL (Pg-135) Silver WORKSHEET (Pg-138) I. 1,RECYCLE 2, RUST 3. CORROSION 4. ALLOY 5. GALVANISATION II. 1.Galvanisation 2. Greasing 3. Tinplating 4. ‘Nichrome 5. Polyvinylchloride OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS A. 1(@) 2. (@) 3. @) 4, (@) (@) Iron 2, Covalent 3. Tungsten —4._ Steel Amalgam True 2, True 3. True 4, True B. Al, Cu, Mg and Mn Aland Mg Pb and Sn Cu and Sn Fe, Cr, Niand © To make it tough and hard To increase the hardness To decrease the reactivity of sodium Lusture Mercury Silicon a The quantity of electricity transmitted by a unit area in a unit time under a unit potential difference. Duralumin and magnalium 1, Metals are generally malleable. ‘Example : Gold and silver 2, Metals are ductile. Example : Silver, gold, copper 3. Good conductors of heat. Silver is the best conductor of heat. (36) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]4, Good conductors of electricity. Example : Silver 5, Possess lustre, Example : Gold 7. 1, Non-metals are generally brittle. Example : Crystals of iodine 2, Non-metals are not ductile. They break on stretching, Example : Carbon 3. Non-metals are bad conductors. Example : Phosphorus 4, Bad conductors of electricity. Exception : Graphite and gas carbon. 5, Lack lustre. Exception : Iodine, graphite 8, Corrosion is the eating (wasting) away and eventual destruction of metals and alloys, layer by layer due to the formation of metal compounds on the surface. 9. Sometimes, the corrosion of metals is advantageous, because it prevents the metal underneath from further damage. For example : On exposure to air, the surface of aluminium is coated with a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This protective layer protects the metal underneath from further damage. That is why articles made of aluminium do not corrode. But the corrosion of iron is a serious problem. 10. (é) It is a good conductor of electricity so it is used for making high voltage wires. (ii) Thin foil of aluminium is used for packing food materials because of its light weight and high malleability. 11, An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals combined in a definite proportion by weight. Metals are alloyed for the following reasons (a) To increase hardness. () To increase the tensile strength (©) Toinerease the electrical resistance. (d) To lower the melting point. (e) To modify appearance. (P To change the chemical activity. [Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7] (37)12] Property Metals Non-metale 1. Tons [Metals form positive ions. | Non-metals form negative ions. |Eample : K*, Ca®* Example: Br, 2 Electronic [Metals have 1, 2, 3 valence | Non-metals have 4 to 7 valence configuration —|electrone. electrons. 3. Natural of [Metals form basic oxides. | Non-metala form acidie oxides. oxides Exception : Antimony oxide Sb,0;) and chromic oxide (Cr,0,) are acidic 4 Reaction with Reactive metals combine with | Non-metals combine with hydrogen hydrogen fnydrogen to form ionic | by sharing electron and hence form hydrides. covalent hydrides. |xample : KH, Call, Exception :NHs, H,0, H,S 5. Reaction with [Metale form ionic chlorides, | Non-metals form covalent chlorides. chlorine [Example : NaCl Example : HCL 6 Reducing/ _|Motale are good reducing agente | Non-metals are good oxidising agents oxidising Jas they readily ose electrons. | as they readily gain electrons nature Na—le Nat Cl+te> cr 13. Metals which are stable and have fully filled octet exist in native state whereas metals which are unstable and do not have fully filled octet exist in combined state G. 1, Hydrogen — Others are inert gases 2. Zine— Others are alloys 3, Aluminium — Others are non-metals 4, Nitrogen —Others are metals. 1 oS cu MIND TILLING 1. Galvanisation, 2. Coating with some organic compounds. (38) {Teacher's Handbook New Trends in ICSE Chemistry-7]