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أساسيات الكيمياء التحليلية - عملي PDF
أساسيات الكيمياء التحليلية - عملي PDF
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Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
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HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
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KPhenolphtalein Indicator .٩
WאאK٤
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(1) Na2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl
(2) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl +H2O + CO2
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Na2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl
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AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
א
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א
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pH = א
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2- + 2-
2CrO4 + 2H Cr2O7 + H2O
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CrO42- + H+ HCrO4-
Wאאאאא
Ag+ + OH- → AgOH
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KConical flask K٤
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KSodium Chloride NaClEאFא K٨
KPotassium Chromate Indicator K2CrO4א K٩
WאאK٤
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(2) Fe + 6CNS- → [Fe(CNS)6]3-
3+
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אאאאא Fe3+אא
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KConical flask K٤
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KPotassium Thiocyanate KSCNא K٧
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KSodium Chloride NaClEאFא K٧
KAcetic Acid CH3COOHא J K٨
KSodium Acetate CH3COONaא K٩
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Ag+ (אא )א+ CNS- → AgCNS↓
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Fe3+ + 6CNS- → [Fe(CNS)6]3-
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AgNO3 + NaCl Æ AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS Æ AgCNS + KNO3
Wאאא
25
Total AgNO3 = 0.05 ×
1000
Total AgNO3 = 1.25 × 10 −3 mol
Wאאאא
Wא
1 mol AgNO3 ≡ 1 mol KCNS
12
0.045 ×
1000 1
=
mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) 1
mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) = 5.4 × 10 -4 mol
Total volume of titration = 10 + 25 + 12
Total volume of titration = 47 ml
mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 1.25 × 10 −3 − 5.4 × 10 −4 mol
mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 7.1 × 10 -4 mol
WAgNO3NaClא
1 mol AgNO3 ≡ 1 mol NaCl
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
7.1 × 10 −4 1
=
10 1
M NaCl ×
1000
M NaCl = 0.071 M
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CrO42- + H+ HCrO4-
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2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O
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Ag+ + OH- → AgOH
KFe(OH)3EאFאאאא .٢
Kאא .٣
،CrO42-Wא،Ag2CrO4Wא،AgClWא .٤
KAgSCNWא،SCN-Wא،Cr2O72-Wא
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K2+7+אאא
אאא
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Wאאאא
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
Wא
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
אא ١٦٥ א
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60–90אאאא
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WאאK٢
Kאאאא K١
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KPipette K٢
KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
KConical flask K٤
KBeakers K٥
KFunnel K٦
KOxalic Acid H2C2O4א K٧
KPotassium Permanganate KMnO4EאFא K٨
KDilute Sulphuric Acidאא K٩
WאאK٤
אאE>Fא١٠ K١
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Kאא K٢
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Kאא٣א K٦
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אא
Wא
WI-אIO-אאאאאאא K١
I2 + 2OH- → IO- + I- + H2O
אאאאאא K٢
אאאאKא
Wאא
- +
4I + O2 + 4H → 2I2 + 2H2O
WאאK٢
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
WאאאאאK٣
KBurette K١
KPipette K٢
KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
KConical flask K٤
Beakers K٥
KFunnel K٦
KEאFא K٧
KSodium Thiosulfate Na2S2O3א K٨
KStarch Indicatorא K٩
אא ١٦٥ א
אאאא EFאא א
WאאK٤
Kאא K١
٣אא ١٠ K٢
Kאאאאא
אאאאאא K٣
K
Kאאא K٤
Kאא٣א K٥
אא ١٦٥ א
אאאא EFאא א
אאאאאWE٣Fא
WאאK١
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אאאאKIO3אאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Kאאא
Wאא
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ → 3H2O + 3I2
Or: KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2SO4 → 3K2SO4 + 3H2O + 3I2
W
٠{٠٢٥אא١٠אא١
אאאאKאאא
אK ١٥אאאאא
Kאא
Wא
Wאא
- - +
IO3 + 5I + 6H Æ 3I2 + 3H2O
I2 + 2S2O32- Æ 2I- + S4O62-
Wא
IO3- ≡ 3I2
I2 ≡ 2S2O32-
אא ١٦٥ א
אאאא EFאא א
∴ IO3- ≡ 6S2O32-
W
1 mol IO3- ≡ 6 mol S2O32-
Wא
10
0.025 ×
1000 = 1
15 6
M S O 2- ×
2 3 1000
M S O 2- = 0.1M
2 3
אאK٢
K K١
K K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K K٥
K K٦
K K٧
Kא K٨
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Kאא٥ אK١
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א0.2145א٣35אK٢
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KmnO4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
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Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ אאא
WאאKאStearatesאא
אאאאWאאאK١
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KIon exchange resinsאאאא J
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N CH2 CH2 N
HOOCCH 2 CH 2 COONa.2H2 O
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אאא ١٦٥ א
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א١W١אEDTA
pH=12אאCa2+EDTA،א
EDTAאאCa2+אאא
Kא
pH=10אא Ca2+ Mg2+
אא Ca2+ Mg2+ אא
KאEDTA
WאאK٢
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
WאאאאאK٣
KBurette K١
KPipette K٢
KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
KConical flask K٤
Beakers K٥
KFunnel K٦
Kא K٧
KEאFMg2+Ca2+ K٨
K(pH = 12 pH = 10) אא K٩
Eriochrome Black T JE٪٢٠Fא K١٠
Kא
KpH K١١
אאא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
WאאK٤
Wא
Kא١٠ K١
אpH = 12אא K٢
KאpH א
Kא K٣
Kאאאאאא K٤
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KEV1
Kא٣אאא K٦
Wא
Kא١٠ K١
pH EאHאFאאא K٢
K= 10
Kא K٣
Kאאאאא K٤
אאאאFאאא K٥
KEV2
V = אאKאא٣אאא K٦
KV1 – V2
אאא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אא
Kאאא
Kאא؟א אK١
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K٢
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Ca , Mg , Fe א אאK١
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KIon exchange resinsאאאא
K78.6 ppmK٢
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٥
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Wא
אאאWאאא .١
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Kא
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אא ١٦٥ א
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110א
KאאKא
،אאאאא
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Wא
WGFאא
MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a
GF= ×
MW of weighed substance b
W
KאאWMW
KאאאWanalyte
KאאWWeighed substance
KאאאWa
KאאWb
Wאאא
Wאאאא
GF × weight of precipitate (g)
Weight % of analyzed substance = × 100
weight of sample (g)
W
E 200Fאאא
Kא26.6002אאאKCaC2O4א
Kא100אCaאKא26.7134=CaOHא
Wא
WGF
40.08
GF= = 0.7147
56.08
W
K40.08אא
K56.08=CaOאא
W(200FאCa
W100ca
0.8094 g → 200 ml
x → 100 ml
x = 0.4047 g
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
אאאWE١Fא
Wא א.١
200 oCאאאאא
אא،א،
Kא
Wא א.٢
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
Wאאאא א.٣
KBaCl2.xH2Oאא K١
KDistilled water K٢
KDrying oven K٣
KDesiccator K٤
KCrucible K٥
Kא K٦
Wאא .٤
Kאאא1.0000 K١
K30אאא K٢
K20אאאאא אK٣
KAnhydrate barium chlorideאאאא K٤
Kאא K٥
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
Wא .٥
MW of BaCl2.xH2O → MW of BaCl2
208.246 + 18x → 208.246
………………... → ……….
Kאאxא
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
אWE٢Fא
WאאK١
NaZn(UO)2(CH3COO)9.6H2O
אאא
אאא،אאאאא
Wאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
Wאא K٣
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
WאאאאאK٣
K2g/Lא K١
K*אא
K אK٢
K אK٣
K K٤
KE٤Fא K٥
Kא K٦
K50 K٧
K K٨
K K٩
אKEFאEFאאא*
KE24
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
4אUO2(C2H3O2)2.2H2Oאאא20WEFא
KEאFא100אא
א3Zn(C2H3O2)2.3H2Oאא60WEFא
Kא100א
WאאK٤
K502g/Lא10 אK١
Kאא K٢
א10،אא1אאא K٣
Kא
K٤٥אאא אK٤
Kא٤אא K٥
Kאא2אאאא K٦
Kא2אאאא K٧
Kא2אאאא K٨
Kאא،30אאאא K٩
WאK٥
WGFאא
Wאא
wt. of precipitate × GF
%(Na) = × 100
sample weight
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
אWE٣Fא
אאK١
אאאאE Fא
אאאאאKאא
Kאאאאאא
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
Kאאא
W
אאא٥{٣٢א
אאאKא٥{٣٧אאאא
Kא
Wא
WGravimetric Factor (GF)אא
MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a
GF= ×
MW of weighed substance b
W
FאאWWeighed substance،אאאWanalyte،אאWMW
KאאWb،אאאWa،Eאא
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
35.5
GF =
143.5
GF = 0.2474
Wאאא
GF × weight of precipitate (g)
Weight % of analyzed substance = × 100
weight of sample (g)
0.2474 × 5.37
Cl % = × 100
5.32
Cl% = 25.%
אאאK٢
K٤٠٠ K١
Kא K٢
Kא K٣
K K٤
K K٥
אאאK٣
Kאא K١
Kאא K٢
K1% (v/v)א K٣
K0.2Nאא K٤
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
WאK٤
K٤٠٠אאא٠{٣ K١
K١٥٠אאאאא K٢
Kאאא١٠א K٣
אFאא0.2Nאא K٤
KEאאאא
Kאאאאאא K٥
א،אאאאא،אא K٦
Kאאא
K٤٥א K٧
K٤א K٨
Kאאא K٩
K٤٥٢٠٠אאאאא K١٠
Kאא٢٠אאא K١١
Kאאאא K١٢
Wא
ZאHא
Zא
Zא
ZאHא
Zא
Zא
אא ١٦٥ א
אא EFאא א
אא
Kאאא
Kאאא א.١
Wאא .٢
אא אאא K
Ag3PO4 P
Ag3PO4 K2HPO4
BaSO4 Bi2S3
K(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3PO43-א .٣
אאאKא١{١٦٨٢אאא٠{٢٧١١א
KאP
אאא
Wאאא .١
Kא אK١
K אK٢
K אK٣
Kא אK٤
K אK٥
K אK٦
K٠{٧٣٤٢٩EF،٠{١٩١٣٥EF،٠{٠٤٣٥٤EF .٢
K٪٧{١١١ .٣
EFאא
EאFאאא
EאFאאא
٦
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
Wאא
Kאאאאאאאא
Wאא
אאאאאא
Kאאא
Wאא
K١٠
Wאא
K?? .١
K?אאאא?א .٢
K?א?א .٣
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EאFאאא
WK١
אאאאאאא
אאאK אאא א
אאK אאאאW
א
אE אאFE א אFא
WאאאאאKאאאא
K א.١
Kא א.٢
Kאא א.٣
Kאא א.٤
Wא
WE١٦Fאא
אאאאWE١٦Fא
אא א
א
אא
א
א
א
א א
א
Wאא
אFאא
WאאאאאאKE
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאWE٢٦Fא
אאא
א א
JPb2+Hg22+،Ag+אא
אא،אא
אאאא–אאא
אא
א
א א
Pb2+ JSr2+Ba2+אא
א
אא Ca2+
Ag+אא א
א אא
א אא
EאF אאא
א א
NH4+ K+Na+אא א
NH4+K+Na+ אא אא
אאאאא א
Ba2+Sr2+Ca2+NH4+ K+Na+אאא אא
Ca2+א JK+Na+אא אא
אא Ba2+ Sr2+ אא
WWet testsאאא
Wא
Kא .١
Kא .٢
Kאא .٣
WDry testsאאאW
אBunsen burnerאאא
Kאאאא
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאא
Kאא
Wא٢
E٣ ٦אFאא
Group אאאאאאא
אאאאאא،reagent
אKSpecific reagentsאא،
K אאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא K١
אאKא
Kא
אאאאאא K٢
K
אאאאא K٣
אא אאאאא
Kאא
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אWE٣٦Fא
אא א א א
א א ،، א
א א
א א ،،
אא
אא א אא F
Eא
،
، א
א
א א ،، א
א
،א
א א ،، אא
אא א ،
EאF
א
א ، א
אאא א ،
א
אאא ،، א
،
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאWE١١٦Fא
א א א
Pb2+א
אא א HClHא •
Pb2++ 2Cl- → PbCl2↓
NaOHHא •
Pb אא
2+
Pb2+ + 2(OH)- → Pb(OH)2 ↓
א Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2PbO3 + 2H2O
Pb2H אא Hא• א
אא
Pb2H א K2CrO4 אHא •
Pb2+ + CrO42- → PbCrO4↓
H2SO4אH• א
Pb2H א
Pb2+ + SO42- → PbSO4↓
Ag+א
אא א HClHא •
א Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl
NaOHHא •
Ag+א א
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH → Ag2O↓ + 2NaNO3 + H2O
אא
Ag
+
א
KCr2O4אHא •
2Ag+ + CrO42- → Ag2CrO4↓
Ag+ א KIאHא •
Ag+ + I- → AgI↓
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EFאאאWE١١٦Fא
Hg22+א
אא א HClHא •
Hg22++ 2Cl- → Hg2Cl2↓
NaOHאHא •
Hg22+א א
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH → Hg2O↓ + 2NaNO3 + H2O
אא
NH4OHHא •
א Hg22++2NH3+H2O→ NH4++[HgO.Hg(NH2)]+ ↓+H2
Hg2
2+
א Na2CO3אHא •
Hg22H Hg22++ CO32- → Hg2CO3↓
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
E١٢٦אF?٢?אאאאW(NH4)2S
KE٢٢٦FאF?٢?אאא
?٢?אאאWE١٢٦Fא
א א אא
Cu2+ א
Hg א
2+
HNO3א
Cu2+ א H HClHא •
(NH4)2Sאא Cu2+ + S2- → CuS↓
Cu
2+
א NaOHHא •
אאא ↓٢Cu2+ + 2(OH)- → Cu(OH)
Cu(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH → Na2CuO3 + 2H2O
אא
אHא •
Cu
2+
א
KIאHא •
Cu
2+
א 2Cu2SO4+ 4KI → Cu2I2↓ + I2 + 2K2SO4
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EF?٢?אאאWE١٢٦Fא
א א א
Hg2+א
א
Hg א
2+
אHNO3 H HClHא •
Cu
2+
אא HgCl2 + H2S → HgS↓ + 2HCl
(NH4)2S
Hg א
2+
NaOHHא •
א
אא
Hg KIא EF KIא Hא •
2+
HgCl2 + 2KI → HgI2↓ + 2KCl
Hg
2+
א Na2CO3 אHא •
Bi3+א
א אא
??א א H HClHא •
(NH4)2Sאא 2Bi2+ + 3S2- → Bi2S3↓
אא
Bi3+ א NH4OHאHא •
Bi3+ א EF KI אHא •
Cd2+
א אHClא H HClHא •
??א א Cd2+ + S2- → CdS↓
(NH4)2Sא
אא
Cd
2+
א NaOHHא •
NaOHא Cd + 2(OH)- → Cd(OH)2↓
2+
Cd
2
א אHא •
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
?٢?אאאWE٢٢٦Fא
א א א
Sn2+א
א אHClא H HClHא •
Sn2+ אא Sn2+ + S2- → SnS↓
2+
Sn א אא
EF HgCl2אHא •
Sn
2+
Sn2+ א NaOHHא •
א
Sn4+א
Sn א
4+
אHClא H HClHא •
אא SnCl4 + 2H2S → SnS2↓ + 4HCl
א
אא
4+
Sn א HgCl2אHא •
4+
Sn א NaOHHא •
א SnCl4 + 4NaOH → Sn(OH)4↓ + 4NaCl
Sn(OH)4 + 2NaOH → 3H2O + Na2SnO3
Sb3+א
א HClא H HClHא •
Sb3+ א 2Sb2+ + 3S2- → Sb2S3↓
אא
Sb
3+
א KIאHא •
א NaOHHא •
Sb
3+
אא 4SbCl3 + 12NaOH → Sb4O6↓ + 12NaCl + 6H2O
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאWE١٣٦Fא
א א אא
Fe2+א
Fe2+ אאא NH4OH٣H NH4ClHא •
NaOH Fe2+ + 2(OH)- → Fe(OH)2↓
Fe2+א א NaOH٣Hא •
Fe + 2(OH)- → Fe(OH)2↓
2+
אא
K4Fe(CN)6Hא •
Fe
2+
Fא 2Fe 2+
+ [Fe(CN)6]4- → Fe2[Fe(CN)6] ↓
E
Fe2+ א KMnO4+ H 2SO4 Hא •
Fe3+א
Fe3+ אאא NH4OH٣H NH4ClHא •
NaOH Fe3+ + 3(OH)- → Fe(OH)3↓
Fe3+ אא NaOH٤Hא •
Fe3+ + 3(OH)- → Fe(OH)3↓
א
אא
א
Fe3+ א١Hא •
K4Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6
Fe3+ א
NH4SCNאHא •
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EFאאאWE١٣٦Fא
א א א
Al3+
Al3+א א NH4OH ٣H NH4ClHא •
NaOHא Al3+ + 3(OH)- → Al(OH)3↓
Al אא
3
NaOHHא •
NaOH Al + 3(OH)- → Al(OH)3↓
3+
אא
3+
Al א א١Hא •
،אא Na2HPO4א
א Al3+ + PO43-→ AlPO4↓
א
Al
3+
א Na2CO3אHא •
א
Cr3+
א
3+
Cr א א NH4OH٣H NH4ClHא •
NaOHאא Cr3+ + 3(OH)- → Cr(OH)3↓
3+
Cr א NaOHHא •
א Cr + 3(OH)- → Cr(OH)3↓
3+
אא
Cr3+ א אאHא •
Na2HPO4
Cr3+ + PO43- → AlPO4↓
Cr3+ א Na2CO3 אHא •
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
WאאK١
אKאא،א،אא
KNH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2 SWאא
H(NH4)2S)אH2SאWא
KNH4ClאH NH4OHא
،ZnSEFאWאאאWא
KCoSEFא،NiSEFא،MnSEFא
CaNH4KNaאאאWEאאFאא
K BaSr
WאאK٢
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
WאאK٣
NH4(OH)א،NH4Clאא
KאThyoacetamide
Kאאאאא K١
KE١٤٦Fאאאא K٢
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאאWE١٤٦Fא
א א אא
Zn 2+א
Zn2+א אא H NH4OHHNH4Cl Hא •
אא Zn2+ + S2- → ZnS↓
א
אא
Zn2+ א
NaOHא NaOH Hא •
Zn2+ א
NH4OHHא •
KNH4OHא
Mn2+א
א א H NH4OHHNH4Cl Hא •
Mn2+ אא Mn2+ + S2- → MnS↓
אא
אא
א
Mn2+ NaOH Hא •
א
MnCl2 + 2NaOH → Mn(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaCl
2Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2MnO(OH)2 ↓
א NH4OHHא •
Mn
2+
א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EFאאאאWE١٤٦Fא
א א אא
Co2+א
א א א H NH4OHHNH4Cl Hא •
Ni2+Co2+ אא Co2+ + S2- → CoS↓
א
אא
Co2+ א NaOH Hא •
Co(NO3)2 + NaOH → Co(OH)NO3↓ + NaNO3
Co2+ א אHא •
Ni2+א
א אא H NH4OHHNH4Cl Hא •
Ni Co
2+ 2+
אא Ni2+ + S2- → NiS↓
א
אא
Ni
2+
א NaOH Hא •
אNi (NO3)2 + NaOH → Ni(OH)NO3↓ + NaNO3
Ni
2+
א NH4OHHא •
NH4OH NiCl2 + NH4OH → Ni(OH)Cl + NH4Cl
NH4+ Ni(OH)Cl↓ + 7NH4OH → NH4Cl +
Ni(NH3)6(OH)2 + 6H2O
Ni
2+
א *DMGHא •
NiCl2 + 2HDMG → Ni(DMG)2↓ + 2HCl
Dimethyl glyoxime=DMG •
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאWE١٥٦Fא
א א אא
Ca2+א
א אא H NH4OHH NH4Cl Hא •
א אא (NH4)2CO3
Ca + CO3 → CaCO3↓
2+ 2-
EFאאאWE١٥٦Fא
Ba2+א
א אא (NH4)2CO3 H NH4OHHNH4Cl Hא
א אא Ba2+ + CO32- → BaCO3↓
Ba2+א EאFא CaSO4א
2+ 2-
Hא •
Ba + SO4 → BaSO4↓
אא
Ba2y א K2CrO4אHא •
אא Ba2+ + CrO42- → BaCrO4↓
Kא
א א
אא •
Ba2+
Bunsen
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EFאאאWE١٦٦Fא
א א אא
Mg2+א
א
Mg
2+
א NaOHאHא •
א MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
א
NH4Cl
Mg
2+
א Na2CO3אH• א
א Mg2+ + CO32- → MgCO3↓
Na+א
Na
+
א Na3Co(NO2)6אH• א
א א
Na+ אא •
Bunsen
K+א
א
K
+
א Na3Co(NO2)6אH• א
CH3COOHא אNa3Co(NO2)6 + 3KCl → K3Co(NO2)6↓ + 3NaCl
K
+
א HClO4אH• א
K+ + ClO4- → KClO4
א א
K
+
אא •
Bunsen
אא
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
Kאאא
؟אאאאאאK١
WאאK٢
א א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אא
KאאאאK٣
Kאאאא K٤
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאא
Pb2+ + HCl (dil.) אK١
Ni2+ + HCl (dil.) א
Wא
Pb2+ + NaOH (dil.) א
Ni2+ + NaOH (dil.) א
Ni2+ + DMG א
K٢
א א
א א
JSr2+Ba2+אא
א
אאCa2+Pb2+
Ag+אא א
א אא
א אא
Bunsen burnerאאאאאK٣
Kאאאאא
KHgCl2Wא،Hg2Cl2WאK٤
EFאא
EאFאאא
EאFאאא
٧
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
Wאא
Kאאאאא
Wאא
Wאאא
KEFE٢،E١Fאאא .١
KEFE٢F،E١Fא א.٢
Wאא
K٤
Wאא
K .١
Kאאאאא .٢
Kאא .٣
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
EאFאאא
WK١
??א??אW אEאFאא
K
אאאאאE١٧אF
?
א??
א?W??א
K?אאא??א?W??א
EאFאאWE١٧Fא
א א א א
E١Fא
אא א HCO3-א،CO32-א
א אאHCl א،SO32-א،
אא ،NO2-א،S2-אאS2O32-
CN-אא،HClO-אא
CNO-א א
? ?
אא א E٢Fא
אא H2SO4א ،Br-אא،Cl-אא
،NO32-אא،I-אא
،אא،ClO3-אא
א،Br-א
E١–Fא
،א،א،א
א Kאא،א،א
א
א
??
אאא E٢–Fאאא
،א،א،א
א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
E١FאאאWE١Fא
WאאK١
אאאWא
،HCO3-א،CO32-אW
אWאא
CN-א،NO2-אS2O32-א،SO32-א،S2-אא
KאאאKCNO-א
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאא א
Kאאא
Kאאאאאא
Kאאא،א א
אאא،אאאאאא
Kאאאאאא،א
WאאK٢
Kאאאא K١
Kא،א،א،Wא אK٢
WאאK٣
KEFאWאK١
אWEאאHאFאאK٢
אאאאאKאאא
٢١٧אאFאאE١١٧אFאא
KאאאאאאKE٦١٧
،א،אFאאאא 1
KאאאאאEKKKא،א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאWE١١٧Fא
א א אא
א HCO3-אCO32-א
HCO3- CO32- א אאHאHClHא •
אאF אאCO2↑ Na2CO3H2HCl→2NaClHH2OHCO2↑
א Ca(OH)2אאא NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO3↑
E CO2 H Ca(OH)2→CaCO3HH2O
S2O32-א
אא אאHאHClHא •
אFS2O32- E Fא K2Cr2O7א
אאאא
Eא א אNa2S2O3H2HCl→SO2↑H2NaClHS↓HH2O
SO32-א
אא אHאHClHא •
SO32- א א K2Cr2O7א
אאF אאא Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2↑ + H2O
Eא אא
S2-א
2-
S אא אאHאHClHא •
אאF אאאאH2S א
אאאא Na2SH2HCl→H2S↑H2NaCl
E٢٠ אא Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbS↓ +
אא 2CH3COONa
אNO2-
אא אאHאHClHא •
NO2- אNO2 א
אאF א NaNO2 + HCl → NaCl + HNO2
3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
Eא 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
HCO3- אCO32- אWאאאאWE٢١٧Fא
א א
CO32-←אWא MgSO4אHא •
HCO3-←אWא Na2CO3 H MgSO4→MgCO3 HNa2SO4
CO32-←אWא HgCl2אHא •
HCO3-←אWא Na2CO3 H HgCl2→HgCO3↓ H2NaCl
SO32-אWאאאאWE٣١٧Fא
א א
א AgNO3אאHא •
אאאKא Na2SO3+ ↓H2AgNO3→2NaNO3HAg2SO3↓
א Ag2SO3 + Na2SO3→2Na[AgSO3]
2Ag2SO3 → 2Ag↓ + Ag2SO4 + SO2
אאא (CH3COO)2PbאHא •
אא Na2SO3 H (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO3↓H2CH3COONa
א א H א
S2-אWאאאאWE٤١٧Fא
א א
Ag2Sא AgNO3אאH א •
אא Na2S H 2AgNO3 → Ag2S↓ H2NaNO3
אא WאKאH• א
Na2S H (CH3COO)2Pb→PbS↓ H 2CH3COONa
אאא אא٣٢Hא •
א NaOHא٣٢HNa2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] → Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
S2O32-אWאאאאWE٥١٧Fא
א א
אאא אאHא •
AgNO3
א Na2S2O3H2AgNO3→Ag2S2O3↓H2NaNO3
H2O H Ag2S2O3→Ag2S + H2SO4
א (CH3COO)2PbאHא •
אא Na2S2OH(CH3COO)2Pb → PbS2O3H2CH3COONa
PbS2O3 + H2O → PbS + H2SO4
א אHא •
2Na2S2O H I2 → Na2S4O6H2NaI
NO2-אWאאאאWE٦١٧Fא
א א
אאHFeSO4 אHא •
אא 2NaNO2HH2SO4 → 2HNO2HNa2SO4
3HNO2→2NOHHNO3HH2O
NO→[FeNO]SO4H FeSO4
א H2SO4HKIאHא •
אאאHא •
א אא
2KMnO4H3H2SO4 + 5NaNO2 → K2SO4+2MnSO4 + 5NaNO3+3H2O
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
،א،אFאאאא 1
KאאאאאEKKKא،א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאאאWE١٢٧Fא
א אא
Cl- א
Cl-א
אאF אHCl↑ FEFH2SO4Hאא •
א אא א
Eא E
NaCl H H2SO4→NaHSO4HHCl↑
Br- א
-
Br א א
אאF א HEFH2SO4Hאא •
אאא
Eא אא 2NaBrHH2SO4→2HBrHNa2SO4
2HBr H H2SO4→Br2↑HSO2H2H2O
I- א
I אאא HEFH2SO4Hאא •
-
NO3 א
-
אאאאWE٢٢٧Fא
א א
אאAgCl↓ Cl-א
א אאHא •
אא NaClHAgNO3→AgCl↓HNaNO3
OH]٤ NHא AgClH2NH4OH→[Ag(NH3)2]ClHH2O
אPbCl2אא (CH3COO)2PbאHא •
אא 2NaClH(CH3COO)2Pb→2CH3COONaHPbCl2↓
אאאא Br-א
א AgNO3אאHא •
NaBrHAgNO3→AgBr↓HNaNO3
אאא אא٤٢Hא •
Kא 2NaBrHCl2 → 2NaClHBr2
אאAgIא I-א
א AgNO3אאHא •
אא KIHAgNO3→AgIHKNO3
א
ECu2I2WאFא CuSO4אHא •
4KIH2CuSO4→K2SO4HCu2I2↓HI2
NO3-אא
Black-ring testאאא •
אHאHא
אא E>FאאFאאא
(FeNO)SO4א אא
2NaNO3 + 6FeSO4H 4H2SO4→ 3Fe2(SO4)3H2NOH4H2O
+ Na2SO4
FeSO4HNO→(FeNO)SO4↓
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
،א،אFאאאא 1
KאאאאאEKKKא،א
אאWE١٣٧Fא
א א
PO43-א HNO3HClאאא •
B4O72-אא אאאא •
א
אFא •
SO42-א אאE
א
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
KAgNO3אאHאW
WE٢٣٧אFWא
אאWE٢٣٧Fא
א א
אאא •
PO43-א א HNO3
א
B4O72-אא B4O72- אא •
אאאא
Fא •
SO42-א אE
א
٣ ٣ ٧FאאEFא
אאK אאW
KE٥٣٧
SO42-אאWE٣٣٧Fא
א א
א CH3COO)2PbאHא •
א Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb→PbSO4 ↓+ 2CH3COONa
א PbSO4 + CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4
א אאHא •
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
PO43-אאWE٤٣٧Fא
א א
אא AgNO3אאHא •
FePO4א FeCl3אHא •
אאאא NaHPO4 + FeCl3 → FePO4↓ + 2NaCl + HCl
אאא
B4O72-אאאWE٥٣٧Fא
א א
HאאHא •
א HEאאאFא •
אא
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אא
Kאאא
Wאאא .١
אא א
א
א
א
א
א
אא
א
א
א
א
אא
אא ١٦٥ א
אאא EFאא א
אאא
אא א
2-
CO3 א
HCO3- א
SO32- א
S2O32- א
S2- א
HClO- אא
-
CN א
CNO- א
SCN- א
NO2- א
NO3- אא
א
1 2
Metals Semimetals Non-metals
H He
1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00
3 4 Atomic number 11 اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
EFאא
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.20 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 208.98 209.99 222.02
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
אאאW
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 s
* de
ni
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ha
nt
140.12 140.91 144.24 144.91 150.36 151.97 157.25 158.93 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 La
232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244.06 243.06 247.07 247.07 242.06 252.08 257.10 258.10 259.10 260.11 A
Halogens : اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎت- Noble gases : اﻟﻐﺎزات ااﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ- Transition metals : اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ- Alkaline earth metals : اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ - Alkaline metals : اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ
א
Wאא
אא،אא،אאאא .١
אא،אא،E
אאאאF אאW
K١٤١٩،א
،אא،אאא،א،אא .٢
،אא،אאאאW
אאא
K١٩٩٤،،
3. G.D Christian: Analytical Chemistry, 5th edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, International
edition, 1994.
5. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry – An Introduction,
Saunders College Publishing 6th edition, International edition, 1994.
א ١٦٥ א
EFאא א
א
J٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאאא
J٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אWE١Fא
J٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KאWE٢Fא
J٩ J K K K K K K K K אאWE٣Fא
J١١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא
J١١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאא
J١٣ J K K K K K K K K K K EFאW١א
J١٦ J K K K K K K K K K EFאאWE٢Fא
J١٨ J K K K K K K K K K K EFאW٣א
J٢٠ J K K K K K אWE٤Fא
J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא
J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאא
J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אWE١Fא
J٢٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אWE٢Fא
J٣٠ J K אאאאאWE٣Fא
J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא
J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאא
J٣٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K KאאWE١Fא
J٣٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא
J٣٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאא
J٤٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kאא
J٤٤ J K K K K K K K K K K אאאWE١Fא
J٤٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KאWE٢Fא
J٤٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KאWE٣Fא
א ١٦٥ א
EFאא א