

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EF

١٦٥
  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ ?   ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ? 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
KE‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?? .١
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬ .٢
K?‫א‬‫?א‬ .٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K١
K ‫א‬W‫א‬K٢
KW‫א‬K٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
 
‫א‬  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 W‫א‬٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬FNa2B4O7.10H2O‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
HA H+ + A-
 ‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
pH ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
3- 4.4 ‫א‬‫א‬    
4.4-6.3  ‫א‬‫א‬    
6-7.6  ‫א‬    
6-8  ‫א‬    
8.2-10    ‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١ .١
3 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pHK٢ .٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 
 WK١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette .١
 KPipette .٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F .٣
 KConical flask .٤
 KBeakers .٥
 KFunnel .٦
 KHydrochloric acid, HCl‫א‬ .٧
 K‫א‬Sodium hydroxide‫א‬ .٨
 KPhenolphtalein Indicator .٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬NaOHHCl .٤
-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣E٥١F‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 WK١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (1) Na2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl
 (2) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl +H2O + CO2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
٣{٨‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette .١
 Pipette .٢
KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F .٣
 KConical flask .٤
 KBeakers .٥
 KFunnel .٦
 K‫א‬ .٧
 KMethyl orange Indicator‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ .٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣E٥١F‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬

 WK١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V1
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V2
 K‫א‬‫א‬=2V1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ =V2 – V1

 W‫א‬
Na2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette .١
 KPipette .٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F .٣
 KConical flask .٤
 KBeakers .٥
 KFunnel .٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KMethyl orange Indicator‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 KV1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٧
 KV2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٧١‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K

،‫א‬‫א‬500NaOH‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬ .٢
0.1HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬KK١
 K ‫א‬W‫א‬K
 KW‫א‬K
،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  W‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬K
 K20K٢

- ١١ -
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K،‫א‬‫ א‬.٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬W١‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
 ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K2CrO4‫א‬‫א‬
 
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3
 ‫א‬
 
 Cl- CrO42- ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Ag2CrO4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AgClCl-‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W
pH = ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬7 – 8
 WCr2O72-CrO42-
 
2- + 2-
 2CrO4 + 2H Cr2O7 + H2O
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

CrO42- + H+ HCrO4-

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ag+ + OH- → AgOH

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
 KConical flask K٤
 KBeakers K٥
 KFunnel K٦
 KSilver nitrate AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 KSodium Chloride NaClE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٨
KPotassium Chromate Indicator K2CrO4‫א‬ K٩

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ K٢
 KPotassium Chromate K2CrO4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AgNO3‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EFe3+F
 
+ -
 (1) Ag + CNS → AgCNS↓
(2) Fe + 6CNS- → [Fe(CNS)6]3-
3+

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F 
‫א‬Ag+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬
 KCNS- , Ag+
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
 KConical flask K٤
 KFunnel JBeakers K٥
 KSilver nitrate AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KPotassium Thiocyanate KSCN‫א‬ K٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

KDiluted Sulphuric Acid‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١٠ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬W٣‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬AgCl: Ag+
 KAgCl‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
 KConical flask K٤
 KFunnel JBeakers K٥
 KSilver nitrate AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KSodium Chloride NaClE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧
 KAcetic Acid CH3COOH‫א‬ J K٨
 KSodium Acetate CH3COONa‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬ K١٠
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ K٢
E‫א‬٠{٥٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٠{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬٥،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
Ag+ (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬) + Cl- → AgCl↓ + Ag+ (‫א‬)
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
Ag+ (‫א‬‫א‬‫ )א‬+ CNS- → AgCNS↓
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 
Fe3+ + 6CNS- → [Fe(CNS)6]3-
 
 W
٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬
١٢‫א‬٠{٠٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
AgNO3 + NaCl Æ AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS Æ AgCNS + KNO3
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

25
Total AgNO3 = 0.05 ×
1000
Total AgNO3 = 1.25 × 10 −3 mol
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
1 mol AgNO3 ≡ 1 mol KCNS
 
12
0.045 ×
1000 1
  =
mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) 1
 
  mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) = 5.4 × 10 -4 mol
Total volume of titration = 10 + 25 + 12
 
Total volume of titration = 47 ml
 
mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 1.25 × 10 −3 − 5.4 × 10 −4 mol
 
mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 7.1 × 10 -4 mol
 
 WAgNO3NaCl‫א‬
1 mol AgNO3 ≡ 1 mol NaCl
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

7.1 × 10 −4 1
=
10 1
M NaCl ×
1000
 
M NaCl = 0.071 M
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K K١
 K K٢
 K K٣
 K K٤
 K K٥
 K K٦
 K K٧
K K٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KE٪١٠F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
E  F١٠‫א‬‫א‬E  F٤٠ K١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬ K٢
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ .٢
W ‫א‬KAg+ ‫א‬CrO42-Cl- .٣
 ‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ .١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
CrO42- + H+ HCrO4-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Ag+ + OH- → AgOH

 KFe(OH)3E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
،CrO42-W‫א‬،Ag2CrO4W‫א‬،AgClW‫א‬ .٤
 KAgSCNW‫א‬،SCN-W‫א‬،Cr2O72-W‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O + 3H2O

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

MnO42- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

 K2+7+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2KMnO4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

 W‫א‬
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

60–90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
KConical flask K٤
 KBeakers K٥
 KFunnel K٦
 KOxalic Acid H2C2O4‫א‬ K٧
 KPotassium Permanganate KMnO4E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٨
KDilute Sulphuric Acid‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬E>F‫א‬١٠ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٦
70‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
EF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WI-‫א‬IO-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
 I2 + 2OH- → IO- + I- + H2O
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- +
4I + O2 + 4H → 2I2 + 2H2O

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
 KConical flask K٤
Beakers K٥
 KFunnel K٦
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧
 KSodium Thiosulfate Na2S2O3‫א‬ K٨
 KStarch Indicator‫א‬ K٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
٣‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIO3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ → 3H2O + 3I2
Or: KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2SO4 → 3K2SO4 + 3H2O + 3I2

I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-

Or: I2 + 2Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

 W
٠{٠٢٥‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- - +
IO3 + 5I + 6H Æ 3I2 + 3H2O
I2 + 2S2O32- Æ 2I- + S4O62-

 W‫א‬
IO3- ≡ 3I2
I2 ≡ 2S2O32-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

∴ IO3- ≡ 6S2O32-
 W
1 mol IO3- ≡ 6 mol S2O32-
 
 W‫א‬
 
10
0.025 ×
1000 = 1
15 6
M S O 2- ×
2 3 1000
 
M S O 2- = 0.1M
2 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K K١
K K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K K٥
K K٦
K K٧
K‫א‬ K٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬K٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٥
K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.2145‫א‬٣35‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬HCl‫א‬K
 
 KmnO4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HNO3K
 
 K0.01952K٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬Stearates‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬Permutit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬Zeolites‫א‬‫א‬
 KIon exchange resins‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EDTA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WChelate Complex‫א‬ 

M2+ +H2Y2- → MY2- +2H+

 W
 KMg2+Ca2+WM2+
 KE١‫א‬F‫א‬WH2Y2-
 

HOOCCH2 CH2COONa

N CH2 CH2 N

HOOCCH 2 CH 2 COONa.2H2 O

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 ENa2H2Y‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬١W١‫א‬EDTA 
pH=12‫א‬‫א‬Ca2+EDTA،‫א‬
EDTA‫א‬‫א‬Ca2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
pH=10‫א‬‫א‬ Ca2+ Mg2+  
‫א‬‫א‬ Ca2+ Mg2+ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EDTA
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBurette K١
 KPipette K٢
 KVolumetric flaskE١٠٠F K٣
 KConical flask K٤
Beakers K٥
 KFunnel K٦
 K‫א‬ K٧
 KE‫א‬FMg2+Ca2+ K٨
 K(pH = 12 pH = 10) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
Eriochrome Black T JE٪٢٠F‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬
 KpH K١١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠ K١
‫א‬pH = 12‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬pH ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬EDTAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 KEV1
K‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠ K١
pH E‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K= 10
 K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 KEV2
V = ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KV1 – V2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬٣50‫א‬
  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٠١٣9.8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ppm
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ca , Mg , Fe ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬stearates‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬permutit‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Zeolites‫א‬‫א‬
 KIon exchange resins‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K78.6 ppmK٢
       
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

:‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫ א‬.٢
 K‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 K‫ א‬.٥
 K‫ א‬.٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1 X 10-5‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
110‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K1200،900450
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬± 0.00001‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WGF‫א‬‫א‬
 
MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a
GF= ×
MW of weighed substance b

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WMW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wanalyte
 K‫א‬‫א‬WWeighed substance
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wa
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wb
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  Weight of analyzed substance (g) = GF × weight of precipitate (g)

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
GF × weight of precipitate (g)
  Weight % of analyzed substance = × 100
weight of sample (g)

 
 W
E 200F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬26.6002‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCaC2O4‫א‬
 K‫א‬100‫א‬Ca‫א‬K‫א‬26.7134=CaOH‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 WGF
40.08
  GF= = 0.7147
56.08
 
 W
 K40.08‫א‬‫א‬
 K56.08=CaO‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(200F‫א‬Ca
 

  Weight of Ca (g) = 0.7147 × 0.1132 (g) = 0.8094 g

 
 K‫א‬0.1132=26.6002–26.7134=(CaO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W100ca

0.8094 g → 200 ml
x → 100 ml
x = 0.4047 g

 
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 
 
 
 
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 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬.١
200 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 KBaCl2.xH2O‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KDistilled water K٢
 KDrying oven K٣
 KDesiccator K٤
 KCrucible K٥
 K‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0000 K١
 K30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 KAnhydrate barium chloride‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .٥
MW of BaCl2.xH2O → MW of BaCl2
208.246 + 18x → 208.246
………………... → ……….
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬
 
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 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
NaZn(UO)2(CH3COO)9.6H2O
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K2g/L‫א‬ K١
 K*‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬K٢
 K‫ א‬K٣
 K K٤
 KE٤F‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬ K٦
 K50 K٧
 K K٨
K K٩
 
‫א‬KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬*
KE24
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

4‫א‬UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H2O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20WEF‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3Zn(C2H3O2)2.3H2O‫א‬‫א‬60WEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬100‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K502g/L‫א‬10‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬10،‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 K٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬،30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

 W‫א‬K٥
 WGF‫א‬‫א‬

atomic weight of sodium

  GF =
MW of NaZn(UO 2 )3 (C2 H 3O 2 )9 .6H 2O

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
wt. of precipitate × GF
  %(Na) = × 100
sample weight
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥{٣٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 WGravimetric Factor (GF)‫א‬‫א‬
 
MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a
GF= ×
MW of weighed substance b
 W
F‫א‬‫א‬WWeighed substance،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wanalyte،‫א‬‫א‬WMW
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wb،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wa،E‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

35.5
GF =
143.5
 
GF = 0.2474
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
GF × weight of precipitate (g)
  Weight % of analyzed substance = × 100
weight of sample (g)
 
0.2474 × 5.37
Cl % = × 100
5.32
 
Cl% = 25.%
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K٤٠٠ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K K٤
K K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K1% (v/v)‫א‬ K٣
 K0.2N‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬K٤
 K٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣ K١
 K١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬0.2N‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٥‫א‬ K٧
 K٤‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K٤٥٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 
 W‫א‬
 Z‫א‬H‫א‬
 Z‫א‬
 Z‫א‬
 Z‫א‬H‫א‬
 Z‫א‬
 Z‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
Ag3PO4 P 
 Ag3PO4 K2HPO4 
BaSO4 Bi2S3 
 
K(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3PO43-‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١{١٦٨٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٢٧١١‫א‬
 K‫א‬P
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫ א‬K٢
 K‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫ א‬K٥
 K‫ א‬K٦
 
K٠{٧٣٤٢٩EF،٠{١٩١٣٥EF،٠{٠٤٣٥٤EF .٢
 K٪٧{١١١ .٣

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?? .١
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬ .٢
K?‫א‬‫?א‬ .٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬FE ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 W‫א‬
 WE١٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  JPb2+Hg22+،Ag+‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
Pb2+ JSr2+Ba2+‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Ca2+
 Ag+‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 NH4+ K+Na+‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 NH4+K+Na+ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Ba2+Sr2+Ca2+NH4+  K+Na+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Ca2+‫א‬ JK+Na+‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Ba2+  Sr2+ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WWet tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 WDry tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬Bunsen burner‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٢
E٣ ٦‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
Group ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،reagent
‫א‬KSpecific reagents‫א‬‫א‬،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٣٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،،
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F
E‫א‬
،
 ،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،
E‫א‬F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،، ‫א‬
،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Ag+ , Hg22+, Pb2+ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KHg22+‫א‬،Pb2+‫א‬Ag+ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHCl‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬WE
 F‫א‬WE‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KHg2Cl2‫א‬،AgCl‫א‬،PbCl2
،Ag+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬SbBi J‫א‬‫א‬Pb JPb2+Hg22+
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 . ‫א‬HCl‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KE١١٦F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     Pb2+‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   HClH‫א‬ •
     Pb2++ 2Cl- → PbCl2↓
   
  NaOHH‫א‬ •

  Pb ‫ א‬‫א‬
2+
Pb2+ + 2(OH)- → Pb(OH)2 ↓
   ‫ א‬ Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2PbO3 + 2H2O
     
 
Pb2H  ‫א‬‫א‬  H‫א‬‫• א‬
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Pb2H  ‫א‬  K2CrO4 ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
  Pb2+ + CrO42- → PbCrO4↓
 
 
   
 H2SO4‫א‬H‫• א‬
 Pb2H  ‫א‬
Pb2+ + SO42- → PbSO4↓
     Ag+‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   HClH‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬  Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl
     
     NaOHH‫א‬ •
Ag+‫א‬  ‫א‬
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH → Ag2O↓ + 2NaNO3 + H2O
   
 
   
‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ag 
+
 ‫א‬
 KCr2O4‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 
   2Ag+ + CrO42- → Ag2CrO4↓
     
 Ag+  ‫א‬   KI‫א‬H‫א‬ •
Ag+ + I- → AgI↓
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١٦F‫א‬
     Hg22+‫א‬
     
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  HClH‫א‬ •
     Hg22++ 2Cl- → Hg2Cl2↓
     
  NaOH‫א‬H‫א‬ •
Hg22+‫א‬  ‫א‬
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH → Hg2O↓ + 2NaNO3 + H2O
   
     ‫א‬‫א‬
     NH4OHH‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬ Hg22++2NH3+H2O→ NH4++[HgO.Hg(NH2)]+ ↓+H2
Hg2 
2+
   
  ‫א‬  Na2CO3‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 Hg22H    Hg22++ CO32- → Hg2CO3↓
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Sn2+, Sn4+ Sb3+, As3+, Cd2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Hg2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬‫א‬H2S
،‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬،
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 KHCl‫א‬‫א‬H H2S‫א‬W‫א‬
،HgSEF‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
EF ‫ א‬،Bi2S3EF‫א‬،CuSEF‫א‬
،Sb2S3EF‫א‬،As2S3EF‫א‬،CdS
 KSnS2‫א‬
CaNH4KNa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K BaSr
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
:‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E??‫א‬??‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

E١٢٦‫א‬F?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(NH4)2S
 KE٢٢٦F‫א‬F?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 ?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   Cu2+ ‫א‬
Hg ‫א‬
2+
HNO3‫א‬  
 Cu2+ ‫א‬  H HClH‫א‬ •
   (NH4)2S‫א‬‫א‬ Cu2+ + S2- → CuS↓
     
 Cu 
2+
‫א‬   NaOHH‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ↓٢Cu2+ + 2(OH)- → Cu(OH)
    Cu(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH → Na2CuO3 + 2H2O
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
     
     ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 Cu 
2+
 ‫א‬  
      KI‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 Cu 
2+
 ‫א‬  2Cu2SO4+ 4KI → Cu2I2↓ + I2 + 2K2SO4
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 EF?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     Hg2+‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
Hg ‫א‬
2+
 ‫א‬HNO3  H HClH‫א‬ •
 Cu 
2+
‫א‬‫א‬ HgCl2 + H2S → HgS↓ + 2HCl
   (NH4)2S  
 Hg  ‫א‬
2+
  NaOHH‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬  
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Hg   KI‫א‬ EF KI‫א‬ H‫א‬ •
2+

 
  HgCl2 + 2KI → HgI2↓ + 2KCl

 Hg 
2+
  ‫א‬ Na2CO3 ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     Bi3+‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ??‫א‬ ‫א‬  H HClH‫א‬ •
    (NH4)2S‫א‬‫א‬  2Bi2+ + 3S2- → Bi2S3↓
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬

Bi3+  ‫א‬ NH4OH‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     
 
  Bi3+   ‫א‬ EF KI ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     Cd2+
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬HCl‫א‬   H HClH‫א‬ •
 ??‫א‬ ‫א‬ Cd2+ + S2- → CdS↓
   (NH4)2S‫א‬  
    ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cd 
2+
‫א‬   NaOHH‫א‬ •
 
 NaOH‫א‬ Cd + 2(OH)- → Cd(OH)2↓
2+

 
 
 Cd 
2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬H‫א‬ •


 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   Sn2+‫א‬
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬HCl‫א‬  H HClH‫א‬ •
 Sn2+  ‫א‬‫א‬ Sn2+ + S2- → SnS↓
     
  2+
Sn  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
EF   HgCl2‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 
 Sn 
2+
 
 Sn2+ ‫א‬  NaOHH‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
   Sn4+‫א‬
     

Sn ‫א‬
4+
‫א‬HCl‫א‬   H HClH‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬ SnCl4 + 2H2S → SnS2↓ + 4HCl
   ‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬
  4+
Sn   ‫א‬   HgCl2‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     
  4+
Sn  ‫א‬   NaOHH‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬  SnCl4 + 4NaOH → Sn(OH)4↓ + 4NaCl
 Sn(OH)4 + 2NaOH → 3H2O + Na2SnO3
     Sb3+‫א‬
‫א‬ HCl‫א‬  H HClH‫א‬ •
 
Sb3+  ‫א‬ 2Sb2+ + 3S2- → Sb2S3↓
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 Sb 
3+
 ‫א‬   KI‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     
  ‫א‬   NaOHH‫א‬ •
Sb 
3+
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 4SbCl3 + 12NaOH → Sb4O6↓ + 12NaCl + 6H2O

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
NH4Cl ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NH4OH + NH4Cl 
 K+ NH4OH
 KNH4OH‫א‬H NH4Cl‫א‬W‫א‬
‫؛‬Cr(OH)3EF‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫؛‬Fe(OH)2EF‫א‬‫؛‬Al(OH)3EF‫א‬
 KFe(OH)3EF‫א‬
 JKNa
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Ba SrCa‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬ ٣‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KE١٣٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     Fe2+‫א‬

Fe2+‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬   NH4OH٣H NH4ClH‫א‬ •
 
 NaOH   Fe2+ + 2(OH)- → Fe(OH)2↓
Fe2+‫א‬  ‫א‬   NaOH٣H‫א‬ •
 Fe + 2(OH)- → Fe(OH)2↓
2+
   
 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
  K4Fe(CN)6H‫א‬ •
 Fe 
2+
F‫א‬ 2Fe 2+
+ [Fe(CN)6]4- → Fe2[Fe(CN)6] ↓
   E  
 Fe2+  ‫א‬   KMnO4+ H 2SO4 H‫א‬ •
     Fe3+‫א‬
     
Fe3+‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬   NH4OH٣H NH4ClH‫א‬ •
   NaOH  Fe3+ + 3(OH)- → Fe(OH)3↓
Fe3+‫ א‬‫א‬   NaOH٤H‫א‬ •
 Fe3+ + 3(OH)- → Fe(OH)3↓
   ‫א‬
 
   
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 Fe3+ ‫א‬١H‫א‬ •
 K4Fe(CN)6
  K4Fe(CN)6
 
 
 Fe3+  ‫א‬
 NH4SCN‫א‬H‫א‬ •

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     Al3+
     
Al3+‫א‬ ‫א‬   NH4OH ٣H NH4ClH‫א‬ •
    NaOH‫א‬ Al3+ + 3(OH)- → Al(OH)3↓
Al ‫ א‬‫א‬
3
  NaOHH‫א‬ •
    NaOH  Al + 3(OH)- → Al(OH)3↓
3+

     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
  3+
Al  ‫א‬ ‫א‬١H‫א‬ •
 
،‫א‬‫א‬  Na2HPO4‫א‬
 
‫א‬ Al3+ + PO43-→ AlPO4↓
 
 ‫א‬  
 
   
 Al 
3+
‫א‬  Na2CO3‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ 
     Cr3+
  ‫א‬  
 3+
Cr ‫א‬ ‫א‬  NH4OH٣H NH4ClH‫א‬ •
    NaOH‫א‬‫א‬ Cr3+ + 3(OH)- → Cr(OH)3↓
     
  3+
Cr  ‫א‬   NaOHH‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬ Cr + 3(OH)- → Cr(OH)3↓
3+

   
    ‫א‬‫א‬
 Cr3+  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     Na2HPO4
    Cr3+ + PO43- → AlPO4↓
     
 Cr3+   ‫א‬  Na2CO3 ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KNH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2 SW‫א‬‫א‬

H(NH4)2S)‫א‬H2S‫א‬W‫א‬
 KNH4Cl‫א‬H NH4OH‫א‬
،ZnSEF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KCoSEF‫א‬،NiSEF‫א‬،MnSEF‫א‬
CaNH4KNa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K BaSr
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
NH4(OH)‫א‬،NH4Cl‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Thyoacetamide
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE١٤٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     Zn 2+‫א‬
     
Zn2+‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ H NH4OHHNH4Cl H‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬ Zn2+ + S2- → ZnS↓

   ‫א‬  

     
   ‫א‬‫א‬
Zn2+ ‫א‬
    NaOH‫א‬   NaOH H‫א‬ •
 
Zn2+ ‫א‬  
 NH4OHH‫א‬ •
 KNH4OH‫א‬
     Mn2+‫א‬
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ H NH4OHHNH4Cl H‫א‬ •
 Mn2+ ‫א‬‫א‬ Mn2+ + S2- → MnS↓ 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
Mn2+   NaOH H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
   MnCl2 + 2NaOH → Mn(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaCl
   2Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2MnO(OH)2 ↓
 
   
 
‫א‬  NH4OHH‫א‬ •
 Mn 
2+
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     Co2+‫א‬
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  H NH4OHHNH4Cl H‫א‬ •
 Ni2+Co2+ ‫א‬‫א‬ Co2+ + S2- → CoS↓ 
   ‫א‬  
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Co2+ ‫א‬   NaOH H‫א‬ •
 
  Co(NO3)2 + NaOH → Co(OH)NO3↓ + NaNO3
     
 Co2+   ‫א‬ ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
     Ni2+‫א‬
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  H NH4OHHNH4Cl H‫א‬ •
 Ni Co
2+ 2+
‫א‬‫א‬ Ni2+ + S2- → NiS↓ 
   ‫א‬  
     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ni 
2+
‫א‬   NaOH H‫א‬ •
   ‫ א‬Ni (NO3)2 + NaOH → Ni(OH)NO3↓ + NaNO3
     
 Ni 
2+
‫א‬   NH4OHH‫א‬ •
  NH4OH NiCl2 + NH4OH → Ni(OH)Cl + NH4Cl
   NH4+ Ni(OH)Cl↓ + 7NH4OH → NH4Cl +
    Ni(NH3)6(OH)2 + 6H2O
   
 Ni 
2+
 ‫א‬  *DMGH‫א‬ •
NiCl2 + 2HDMG → Ni(DMG)2↓ + 2HCl
 Dimethyl glyoxime=DMG •
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNH4Cl
H NH4(OH)‫א‬H NH4Cl‫א‬W‫א‬
 K(NH4)2CO3‫א‬
،BaCO3‫א‬،CaCO3‫א‬WEFW‫א‬
 KSrCO3‫א‬
 KNH4KNa‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
،NH4Cl‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١‫א‬،‫א‬NH4OH‫א‬
 K(NH4)2CO3
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE١٥٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     Ca2+‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ H NH4OHH NH4Cl H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  (NH4)2CO3
Ca + CO3 → CaCO3↓
2+ 2-

Ca2+‫א‬  ‫א‬  CaSO4‫א‬ H‫א‬ •

     
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ca 
2+
 ‫א‬  K2CrO4‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 
 
 ‫א‬‫™א‬
 Ca 
2+
 
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Bunsen
     Sr2+‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   (NH4)2CO3H NH4OHH NH4Cl H‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Sr2+ + CO32- → SrCO٣↓

Sr2+‫א‬   CaSO4‫א‬ H‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬ Sr2+ + SO42- → SrSO4↓
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Sr 
2+
‫א‬‫א‬  K2CrO4‫א‬H‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  Sr2+ + CrO42- → SrCrO4↓
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫™ א‬
 Sr2+   ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Bunsen
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥٦F‫א‬

     Ba2+‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (NH4)2CO3 H NH4OHHNH4Cl H‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Ba2+ + CO32- → BaCO3↓

Ba2+‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬   CaSO4‫א‬
2+ 2-
 H‫א‬ •
Ba + SO4 → BaSO4↓
   
     ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ba2y ‫א‬  K2CrO4‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬  Ba2+ + CrO42- → BaCrO4↓
 
   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫™ א‬
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Ba2+  
 Bunsen


  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KE١٦٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     NH4+‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ HNaOH‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 NH4+ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3↑ + NaCl + H2O
   HCl  
‫א‬   (HgCl2+KI: ‫א‬ •
 NH4+ ‫א‬  ‫א‬Nessler’s Reagent
   ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 NH4+ ‫א‬  Na3Co(NO2)6
 ‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦٦F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     Mg2+‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
 Mg 
2+
‫א‬   NaOH‫א‬H‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬ MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
  ‫א‬  
   NH4Cl
 Mg 
2+
‫א‬  Na2CO3‫א‬H‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ Mg2+ + CO32- → MgCO3↓
     Na+‫א‬
     
 Na 
+
 ‫א‬   Na3Co(NO2)6‫א‬H‫• א‬
     ‫א‬‫™ א‬
 Na+   ‫א‬‫א‬ •
Bunsen  
     K+‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
 K 
+
‫א‬   Na3Co(NO2)6‫א‬H‫• א‬
    CH3COOH‫א‬‫ א‬Na3Co(NO2)6 + 3KCl → K3Co(NO2)6↓ + 3NaCl
   
 K 
+
 ‫א‬  HClO4‫א‬H‫• א‬
     K+ + ClO4- → KClO4
     
     ‫א‬‫™ א‬
 K 
+
  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
Bunsen  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  Pb2+ + HCl (dil.)   ‫א‬K١
 Ni2+ + HCl (dil.)  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Pb2+ + NaOH (dil.)   ‫א‬
 Ni2+ + NaOH (dil.)  ‫א‬
 Ni2+ + DMG ‫א‬
 K٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 JSr2+Ba2+‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Ca2+Pb2+
 Ag+‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Bunsen burner‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHgCl2W‫א‬،Hg2Cl2W‫א‬K٤
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFE٢،E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 KEFE٢F،E١F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WK١
??‫א‬??‫א‬W ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧‫א‬F
?
  ‫א‬??
 ‫א‬?W??‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬?W??‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    E١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ HCO3-‫א‬،CO32-‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬HCl ‫א‬،SO32-‫א‬،
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،NO2-‫א‬،S2-‫א‬‫א‬S2O32-
    CN-‫א‬‫א‬،HClO-‫א‬‫א‬
    CNO-‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ? ?
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  H2SO4‫א‬ ،Br-‫א‬‫א‬،Cl-‫א‬‫א‬
،NO32-‫א‬‫א‬،I-‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،ClO3-‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬،Br-‫א‬
 E١–F‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬   
 ??
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
،HCO3-‫א‬،CO32-‫א‬W
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
CN-‫א‬،NO2-‫א‬S2O32-‫א‬،SO32-‫א‬،S2-‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCNO-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KEF‫א‬W‫א‬K١
‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١١٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦١٧

،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    HCO3-‫א‬CO32-‫א‬

HCO3-   CO32- ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬HClH‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬CO2↑ Na2CO3H2HCl→2NaClHH2OHCO2↑
‫ א‬ Ca(OH)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO3↑
 E  CO2 H Ca(OH)2→CaCO3HH2O
     
S2O32-‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬HClH‫א‬ •
‫א‬FS2O32- E F‫א‬ K2Cr2O7‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬Na2S2O3H2HCl→SO2↑H2NaClHS↓HH2O

    SO32-‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬H‫א‬HClH‫א‬ •
 
SO32- ‫א‬‫ א‬ K2Cr2O7‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2↑ + H2O
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     S2-‫א‬
  2-
S ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬HClH‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H2S  ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Na2SH2HCl→H2S↑H2NaCl
 E٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbS↓ +
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2CH3COONa
    ‫א‬NO2-
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬HClH‫א‬ •
NO2- ‫א‬NO2  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬ NaNO2 + HCl → NaCl + HNO2
3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
 E‫א‬   2NO + O2 → 2NO2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 HCO3-‫ א‬CO32- ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 CO32-←‫א‬W‫א‬  MgSO4‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 HCO3-←‫א‬W‫א‬ Na2CO3 H MgSO4→MgCO3 HNa2SO4
 
CO32-←‫א‬W‫א‬  HgCl2‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 HCO3-←‫א‬W‫א‬ Na2CO3 H HgCl2→HgCO3↓ H2NaCl

 SO32-‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Na2SO3+ ↓H2AgNO3→2NaNO3HAg2SO3↓
 ‫א‬ Ag2SO3 + Na2SO3→2Na[AgSO3]
2Ag2SO3 → 2Ag↓ + Ag2SO4 + SO2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (CH3COO)2Pb‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Na2SO3 H (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO3↓H2CH3COONa
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ H ‫א‬
 
 S2-‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Ag2S‫א‬  AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Na2S H 2AgNO3 → Ag2S↓ H2NaNO3
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬K‫א‬H‫• א‬
Na2S H (CH3COO)2Pb→PbS↓ H 2CH3COONa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬٣٢H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬  NaOH‫א‬٣٢HNa2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] → Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 S2O32-‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 AgNO3
 ‫א‬ Na2S2O3H2AgNO3→Ag2S2O3↓H2NaNO3
H2O H Ag2S2O3→Ag2S + H2SO4
‫א‬ (CH3COO)2Pb‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ Na2S2OH(CH3COO)2Pb → PbS2O3H2CH3COONa
PbS2O3 + H2O → PbS + H2SO4
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
2Na2S2O H I2 → Na2S4O6H2NaI

 
 NO2-‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦١٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬HFeSO4 ‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2NaNO2HH2SO4 → 2HNO2HNa2SO4
3HNO2→2NOHHNO3HH2O
 NO→[FeNO]SO4H FeSO4
‫א‬   H2SO4HKI‫א‬H‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
2KMnO4H3H2SO4 + 5NaNO2 → K2SO4+2MnSO4 + 5NaNO3+3H2O
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
    Cl- ‫א‬
Cl-‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬HCl↑ FEFH2SO4H‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬  E
NaCl H H2SO4→NaHSO4HHCl↑
    
Br- ‫א‬
  -
Br ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ HEFH2SO4H‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 2NaBrHH2SO4→2HBrHNa2SO4
  2HBr H H2SO4→Br2↑HSO2H2H2O
    I- ‫א‬
     
I ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ HEFH2SO4H‫א‬‫א‬ •
-

‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2NaIHH2SO4→2HIHNa2SO4
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 2HIHH2SO4→I2↑HSO2H2H2O

    
NO3 ‫א‬‫א‬
-

 
NO3 ‫ א‬
-

‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EFH2SO4H‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫ א‬‫א‬ NaNO3HH2SO4→HNO3HNaHSO4
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬ 4HNO3 → 4NO2↑HO2H2H2O
4HNO3 H Cu→ Cu(NO3)2H2NO2↑+ 2H2O
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AgCl↓  Cl-‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ NaClHAgNO3→AgCl↓HNaNO3
 OH]٤ NH‫א‬ AgClH2NH4OH→[Ag(NH3)2]ClHH2O
‫א‬PbCl2‫א‬‫א‬  (CH3COO)2Pb‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2NaClH(CH3COO)2Pb→2CH3COONaHPbCl2↓
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Br-‫א‬
 ‫א‬  AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
NaBrHAgNO3→AgBr↓HNaNO3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬٤٢H‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ 2NaBrHCl2 → 2NaClHBr2
‫א‬‫א‬AgI‫א‬  I-‫א‬
‫א‬  AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ KIHAgNO3→AgIHKNO3
 ‫א‬
 ECu2I2W‫א‬F‫א‬  CuSO4‫א‬H‫א‬ •
4KIH2CuSO4→K2SO4HCu2I2↓HI2
   NO3-‫א‬‫א‬
   Black-ring test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E>F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (FeNO)SO4‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
2NaNO3 + 6FeSO4H 4H2SO4→ 3Fe2(SO4)3H2NOH4H2O
 
+ Na2SO4
FeSO4HNO→(FeNO)SO4↓
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬

 WK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KBaCl2‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬W
 KE١٣٧F‫א‬W‫א‬
 

،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 PO43-‫א‬  HNO3HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  B4O72-‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ •
SO42-‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KAgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬W
 WE٢٣٧‫א‬FW‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 PO43-‫א‬ ‫א‬ HNO3 
   ‫א‬
 B4O72-‫א‬‫א‬  B4O72- ‫א‬‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬ •
 SO42-‫א‬ ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬

 
٣ ٣ ٧F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE٥٣٧
 
 SO42-‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٣٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  CH3COO)2Pb‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬ Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb→PbSO4 ↓+ 2CH3COONa
 ‫א‬ PbSO4 + CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 PO43-‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٣٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ AgNO3‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
   
FePO4‫א‬  FeCl3‫א‬H‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  NaHPO4 + FeCl3 → FePO4↓ + 2NaCl + HCl
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 B4O72-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٣٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
2-
CO3  ‫א‬
HCO3-  ‫א‬
SO32-  ‫א‬
S2O32-  ‫א‬
S2-  ‫א‬
HClO-  ‫א‬‫א‬
-
CN  ‫א‬
CNO-  ‫א‬
SCN-  ‫א‬
NO2-  ‫א‬
NO3-  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺠــﺪول اﻟــﺪوري ﻟﻠــﻌﻨــﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤــﻴــﺎﺋــﻴــﺔ‬

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
IA 0
 

1 2
Metals Semimetals Non-metals
H He
1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00
3 4 Atomic number 11 ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‬ 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be Chemical symbol Na ‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ B C N O F Ne

6.94 9.01 Atomic weight 22.99 ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬ 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg ---------------------------------Transition metals -------------------------------- Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
 ١٦٥

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
 EF‫א‬‫א‬

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.20 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 208.98 209.99 222.02
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

Fr Ra **Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns

223.02 226.03 227.03 261.11 262.11 162.12 262.12
Halogens
Noble Gases

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 s


* de
ni
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ha
nt
140.12 140.91 144.24 144.91 150.36 151.97 157.25 158.93 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 La

** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

e s
id
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr in

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

ct
 ‫א‬

232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244.06 243.06 247.07 247.07 242.06 252.08 257.10 258.10 259.10 260.11 A

Halogens : ‫ اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎت‬- Noble gases : ‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات ااﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬- Transition metals : ‫ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬- Alkaline earth metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ - Alkaline metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫א‬

Non-metals : ‫ اﻻ ﻓﻠﺰات‬- Metalloids or semimetals : ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬- Metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K١٤١٩،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٩٤،،

3. G.D Christian: Analytical Chemistry, 5th edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, International
edition, 1994.

4. G.H. Jeffrey, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney: Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative

Chemical Analysis, 5th edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989.

5. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry – An Introduction,
Saunders College Publishing 6th edition, International edition, 1994.
  ‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  J٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J٩ J K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
  J١١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J١١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J١٣ J K K K K K K K K K K EF‫א‬W١‫א‬
  J١٦ J  K K K K K K K K K EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J١٨ J K K K K K K K K K K EF‫א‬W٣‫א‬
  J٢٠ J K K K K K ‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
  J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٢٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J٣٠ J K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
  J٣٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٤ J K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٤٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J٤٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ١٦٥  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  J٥١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬

  J٥١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٧ J  K K K K Ag+ , Hg22+, Pb2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٦٤ J  K KAl3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
  J٦٧ J  K Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
  J٧١ J K K K K K Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬
  J٧٤ J K K K K K K NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬
  J٧٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧٧ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  J٨٣ J  K K K Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J٨٦ J  K K K KPO43-, B4O72-, SO42-EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
  J٨٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٩٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٩٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
            
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