saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis

iuridiuli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fondi

Tbilisi
2014
 saxelmZRvanelo gamoicema
germaniis saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis sazoga­doebis
(GIZ) finansuri mxardaWeriT

gamocemaze pasuxismgebelia saqarT­

velos axal­
gazrda iuristTa asociaci­ is iuridiuli gana­
Tlebis xelSewyobis fondi. fondis werilobiTi
nebarTvis gareSe akrZalulia aq moyvanili ma­
sa­
lebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an ga­
vrceleba
komerciuli mizniT.

avtorebi: giorgi gobroniZe

inga Todria
raul agikiani
revaz xoferia
kaxa wiqariSvili
dizaini: Teona kereseliZe
redaqtori: nino javaxiSvili
pedagogiuri redaqtori: giorgi gaxelaZe
samecniero redaqtori: Tornike darjania
gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli: Tamar metreveli

j. kaxiZis quCa, 0102, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

+995 32 295 23 53
+995 32 293 61 01
© wignze yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia

ISBN 978-9941-9302-4-9
 g a m o m c e m l i s g a n

saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis iuridiuli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fon­

di warmogidgenT samarTlis saxelmZRvanelos, romelic moswavlisTvis gasagebi eniT mi­
moixilavs samarTlis ZiriTad principebsa da mimarTulebebs.

saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna germanuli analogis magaliTze da gamoicema germaniis saer­

TaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis (GIZ) finansuri mxardaWeriT.

iuridiuli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fonds sjera, rom samarTlis codna ar warmoadgens

mxolod iuristebis codnis eqskluziur sferos, aramed igi mniSvnelovania nebismieri
adamianisTvis, imdenad ramdenadac samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileoba TiToeu­
li Cvenganis yoveldRiurobis nawilia. swored amitom fondma Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo ara
momavali iuristebis, aramed sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebisTvis.

mogexsenebaT, skolis moswavleTa mniSvnelovani nawili swavlas 18 wlis asakSi asrulebs,

Sesabamisad, maT ukve aqvT aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba, monawileoben arCevnebSi da saku­
Tari samoqalaqo poziciis dafiqsirebiT saxelmwifos bedis ganmsazRvrelebi xdebian.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maT mier saxelmwifos arsis, misi
samarTlebrivi bunebis gaazrebas.

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma kompleqsuri samarTlebrivi codna miiRon, saxelmZRvane­

lo samarTlis praqtikulad yvela dargis aqtualur Temebs moicavs. kerZod, saxelmZR­
vaneloSi saubaria samarTlis arsze, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebaze.
calke Tavebi eTmoba konstituciur samarTals, administraciul samarTals, adamianis
uflebebs, sisxlis samarTalsa da sisxlis samarTlis process, samoqalaqo samarTals,
samoqalaqo process, Sromis samarTals, gadasaxadebsa da samewarmeo samarTals. saxelmZ­
RvaneloSi, aseve, ganxilulia saarCevno samarTali, ganaTlebis samarTali da saerTaSo­
riso organizaciebis samarTali.

saxelmZRvanelos erTvis moswavlis rveuli konstituciur samarTalSi, romelic Cveni

azriT, miRebuli Teoriuli codnis ganmtkicebis kargi saSualebaa.

imeds vitovebT, rom mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo, ara mxolod daainteresebs mkiTxvels,

aramed miscems im aucilebel samarTlebriv codnas, rac saWiroa nebismieri moqalaqisT­
vis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
 sarCevi

samarTlis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. saxelmwifo, samarTali da sazogadoeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. samarTlis sferoebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3. saxelmwifos arsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

sakonstitucio samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
I - Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. sityva konstituciis pirveli mniSvneloba (etimologia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2. konstituciuri samarTlis Zeglebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
I I - saqarTvelos konstitucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1. istoriuli mimoxilva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. moqmedi konstituciiT aRiarebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolika. . . . 28
4. moqmedi konstituciis struqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5. konstituciis pirveli Tavi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6. konstituciis meore Tavi. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba da adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. konstituciis mesame Tavi. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba -
saqarTvelos parlamenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8. konstituciis meoTxe Tavi. saqarTvelos prezidenti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9. konstituciis meoTxe Tavi. saqarTvelos mTavroba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10. konstituciis mexuTe Tavi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
11. konstituciis meeqvse Tavi. saxelmwifo finansebi da kontroli. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12. konstituciis meSvide Tavi. saxelmwifos Tavdacva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
13. konstituciis meSvide1 Tavi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

adamianis uflebebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc RirebulebaTa sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3. uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4. absoluturi da SezRuduli ufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5. sicocxlis ufleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
 6. piradi Tavisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7. sityvis, azris da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8. sakuTrebis ufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
9. aqtiuri moqalaqeoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

zogadi administraciuli samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1. zogadi administraciuli samarTali da sakonstitucio samarTali . . . . . . . . . 95
2. zogadi administraciuli samarTali da mmarTveloba kerZo
samarTlis sferoSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3. sisxlis samarTali da administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa samarTali. . . . 98
4. zogadi administraciuli samarTlis miznebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5. administraciuli organo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6. zogadi administraciuli samarTlis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7. administraciuli organos saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.1. administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2. administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtebis klasifikacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.3. individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.4. individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtis
ZalaSi Sesvla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.5. individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtis kanoniereba. 111
7.6. arara administraciul samarTlebrivi aqti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.7. normatiuli administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.8. administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis wesebi. . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8. martivi administraciuli warmoeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9. sajaro administraciuli warmoeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10. administraciuli warmoeba kolegiur administraciul organoSi. . . . . . . . . . . 120
11. realuri moqmedeba (realaqti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
12. administraciuli xelSekruleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
13. administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtebis da administraciuli organos
qmedebebis gasaCivreba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
14. informaciis Tavisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
samoqalaqo samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
1. uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2. garigeba da misi saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3. sakuTreba da mflobeloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4. nasyidobis xelSekruleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5. qiravnoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.1. qiravnobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6. sesxi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7. giravnoba da ipoTeka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8. usafuZvlo gamdidreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9. deliqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
10. inteleqtualuri sakuTreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
11. samezoblo samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12. saojaxo samarTali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.1. qorwinebis cneba, pirobebi, asaki, damabrkolebeli garemoebebi . . . . . 171
12.2. qorwinebis Sewyveta da baTiloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
12.3. meuRleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
12.4. mSoblebis uflebebi da movaleobebi Svilebis mimarT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
12.5. ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento movaleobani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
13. memkvidreobis samarTali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1. samkvidros gaxsna, dro da adgili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13.2. memkvidreoba kanoniT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
13.3. memkvidreoba anderZiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
14. samoqalaqo procesi (sarCeli, mxareebi, sasamarTlo procesi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
15. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

SromiTi urTierTobebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

1. cneba da kanonis moqmedebis sfero (saqarTvelos “Sromis kodeqsi”). . . . . . . . . 195
2. winasaxelSekrulebo urTierToba da informaciis gacvla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
3. Sromis xelSekruleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4. samuSaos Sesruleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

samewarmeo da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

1. iuridiuli piris cneba, saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2. arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri
(registracia, cvlilebis registracia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
 3. araregistrirebuli kavSiri (gaerTianeba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4. samewarmeo iuridiuli piri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.1. samewarmeo subieqtebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

sagadasaxado samarTali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

1. gadasaxadis cneba da sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2. gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, sagadasaxado agenti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
3. gadasaxadis gadamxdelis samarTlebrivi dacva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4. sagadasaxado valdebuleba da misi Sesruleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5. sagadasaxado angariSgeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6. gadasaxadebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.1. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.2. mogebis gadasaxadi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.3. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.4. aqcizi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.5. importis gadasaxadi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

sisxlis samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

1. ra aris marTlwesrigi?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
2. ra aris sisxlis samarTali?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3. ra aris danaSauli?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4. sisxlis samarTlis ramdenime mTavari principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5. danaSaulis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.1. qmedebis Semadgenloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.2. ganzraxva, gaufrTxilebloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3. obieqturi Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.4. qmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.5. Sedegi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.6. mizezobrivi kavSiri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.7. dro, viTareba, saSualeba, xerxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi garemoebebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7. bralis gamomricxavi garemoebebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8. daumTavrebeli danaSauli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10. sasjeli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
 10.1. ra aris sasjeli?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.2. sasjelTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
11. calkeuli danaSaulebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
11.1. qurdoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
11.2. janmrTelobis dazianeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
11.3. narkotikuli danaSauli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

sisxlis samarTlis procesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

1. ra aris sisxlis samarTlis procesi?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
2. adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
3. sisxlis samarTlis procesis ramdenime mTavari principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.1. udanaSaulobis prezumfcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.2. mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.3. sasamarTlo sxdomis sajarooba da zepiroba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4. sisxlis samarTlis procesSi monawile pirebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5. aRkveTis RonisZiebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6. mtkiceba, mtkicebulebebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7. sisxlis samarTlis procesis stadiebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.1. gamoZiebis stadia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.2. braldebulis pirveli wardgena sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.3. saproceso SeTanxmeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.4. winasasamarTlo sxdoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.5. sasamarTloSi saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis stadia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
9. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli ganaCenis gasaCivreba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10. moqalaqis roli danaSaulTan brZolaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

ganaTlebis samarTali
1. ganaTlebis samarTlis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
2. ganaTlebis ufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
3. zogadi ganaTlebis samarTali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3.1. zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3.2. skolis samarTlebrivi forma da misi funqcionirebis wina pirobebi. . . . 254
3.3. zogadi ganaTlebis sistemis marTva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
3.4. zogadi ganaTlebis safexurebi da moswavlis
dafinanseba saxelmwifos mier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
 4. skolis marTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.1. skolis saqmianobis safuZvlebi da struqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.2. marTvis organoebis dakompleqtebis wesi da ZiriTadi funqciebi. . . . 255
5. maswavleblis profesiis regulireba saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.1. maswavleblis uflebis mopoveba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.2. maswavleblis uflebebi da valdebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6. moswavlis uflebebi da movaleobebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7. profesiuli ganaTlebis samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.1. profesiuli ganaTlebis mizani, saxeebi da safexurebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.2. profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis organoebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.3. profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saxeebi da
samarTlebrivi forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4. profesiuli ganaTlebis maswavlebeli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.5. profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis
principebi da organoebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8. umaRlesi ganaTlebis samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.1. umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebi saqarTveloSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.2. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis organoebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.3. umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexurebi da umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saxeebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.4. umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis organoebi . . . . . . 274
9. ganaTlebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.1. avtorizacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.2. akreditacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

saarCevno samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

1. arCevnebi, rogorc politikuri da samarTlebrivi instituti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
2. saarCevno sistema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
3. saarCevno samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
3.1. arCevnebi, rogorc konstituciiT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe. . . . 286
3.2. saarCevno uflebis arsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
3.3. aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
3.4. xmis micemis procedura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
3.5. pasiuri saarCevno ufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4. saarCevno samarTlis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis zogadi mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
1.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciis arsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
1.2. saxelmwifoTaSorisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
1.3. saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
1.4. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso samarTali. . . . . . . . . . . 297
2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
2.1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
2.2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis struqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
2.3. generaluri asamblea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
2.4. uSiSroebis sabWo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
2.5. ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
2.6. sameurveo sabWo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
2.7. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
2.8. samdivno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
3. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
3.1. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis struqtura. . . . . 312
3.2. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis
samoqalaqo struqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
3.3. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis
samxedro struqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4. evrokavSiri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
4.1. evrokavSiris saqmianobis areali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
4.2. evrokavSiris ZiriTadi institutebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
4.3. evrokavSiris sxva dawesebulebebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
4.4. evrokavSiris administracia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5. evrosabWo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.1. evrosabWos struqtutra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6. evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
7. msoflio savaWro organizacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
9. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
 samarTlis arsi
1. samarTlis arsi. saxelmwifo samarTali da sazogadoeba
Zveli berZeni filosofosi aristotele ambobda, rom
adamiani socialuri cxovelia. marTlac, adamianebs
uZvelesi droidan axasiaTebT Tanaarsebobis instin-
1
qti. jer kidev qvis xanaSi isini pirvelyofili Temis
saxiT cxovrobdnen, SemdgomSi, ufro did gaerTiane-
bebs - tomebs qmnian, bolos saxelmwifoebic ki Camoay-
alibes. ratom miiswrafoda adamiani sxva adamianebTan
Tanac­ xovrebisken? ratom iyo misTvis sazogadoebaSi
yofna esoden mniSvnelovani? upirveles yovlisa imi-
tom, rom daecva sakuTari Tavi. bunebrivia, martoxe-
la adamiani ver SeZlebda, Tavi daecva mtaceblebisgan,
mkacri buneb­rivi pirobebisgan. marto mcxovreb ojaxs
gauWirdeboda sakvebis mopoveba, Svilebis dacva da
a.S. Sesaba­
misad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom adamianTa
Tavdapirveli gaerTianebebis Seqmna ganpirobebuli
iyo misi TviTgadar­Cenis instinqtiT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom aRniSnuli periodidan aTeul aTasobiT welma gan­
vlo, adamiani ganviTarda da Tu adre Tanacxovreba sxva
adamianeb­Tan gadarCenis saSualebas warmoadgenda, dRes
sazogadoebaSi yofna, misTvis ara mxolod fizikuri
arsebo­ bis, aramed pirovnebis realizaciis, gonebrivi
ganviTarebis, sakuTari Tavisa da SesaZleblobebis war-
moCenis ualternativo gzas warmoadgens. teqnolo-
giurma progresma, faqtobrivad, waSala adamianebs Soris geografiuli aristotele
sazRvrebi da dRes maT internetis Tu komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis gamo­
yenebiT SeuZliaT, drois umcires monakveTSi aseulobiT adamians gaandon
TavianTi naazrevi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRevandeli sazogadoeba radikalurad gansxvavdeba
adrindelisagan, ucvleli darCa erTi ram - qcevis wesebi. adamianTa nebis­ kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, ratom
mieri erToba, ganviTarebis rac ar unda dabal safexurze imyofebodes is, aris mniSvnelovani
awesebs qcevis zogad wesebs, gansazRvravs, Tu risi ufleba aqvs adamians da sazogadoebaSi
risi ara. magaliTad, uZveles tomobriv sazogadoebaSi, tomis wevrebi ad­ qcevis wesebis,
gendnen nanadirevis ganawilebis wess, raTa Cxubi da SesaZlo mkvleloba kanonebis,
Tavidan aecilebinaT. SegviZlia, aRniSnuli ganvixiloT, rogorc pirvelyo- samarTlebrivi
aqtebis arseboba?
fili kanonis magaliTi da mis safuZvelze davaskvnaT, rom samarTali, ro- imsjeleT,
gorc qcevis savaldebulo wesebis erToblioba, sazogadoebasTan erTad rogori iqneboda
daibada. tomi, adamianTa primitiuli gaerTianeba, adgenda pirvelyofili sazogadoeba maT
samarTlis normebs. dRes es gaerTianeba Caanacvla gacilebiT rTulma meqa- gareSe.
nizmma - saxelmwifom. Sesabamisad, samarTlis normebis dadgena, anu
samarTal­Semoqmedeba Tavis Tavze am ukanasknelma aiRo.

11
 1 saqarTvelos
parlamentis sxdoma
2014 weli

Tanamedrove gagebiT samarTali SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc saxelmwi-

fos mier dadgenili an sanqcirebuli qcevis sayovelTao normebis erTob­
kiTxva: lioba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo adgens qcevis wesebs, romelic
Tqveni azriT, ratom aucilebelia sazogadoebis mSvidobiani arsebobisa da saxelmwifos mier
adgens kanonebs
saxelmwifo? ratom
sakuTari funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis. mocemuli wesi aisaxeba specialur
ar SeiZleba, rom samarTlebriv aqtSi, kanonSi. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwi­
kanonebi daadginos fo adgens kanonebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos
ara xelisuflebam, funqciebis, mowyobisa da mmarTvelobis gansazRvra, meore mxriv, marTlwes­
aramed rigis dacva da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis daregulireba. dRes ar
sazogadoebis
romelime fenam?
arse­bobs adamianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis arc erTi sfero, romelsac
ar gansazRvravs da ar aregulirebs kanoni.

risTvis iqmneba kanonebi? upirveles yovlisa imisTvis,

rom daculi iyos adamiani, saxelmwifo, moxdes danaSau­
lis aRkveTa, ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulireba. saxel­
mwifo kanoniT awesebs gadasaxads, romliTac ivseba biuje­
ti. Sesabamisad, qveyanas uCndeba saSualeba, Seinaxos iseTi
samsaxurebi, rogoricaa: jari, policia, samaSvelo samsaxuri, sas­
wrafo samedicino daxmarebis samsaxuri, skolebi da sxva mravali,
romelTa gareSec adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba warmoudgenelia.

12
saxelmwifos kanonSemoqmedebiTi funqcia sakmaod
kargad Cans jer kidev Zveli w. aR. me-18 saukuniT
daTariRebul babilonur kanonTa krebulSi, rome-
lic istoriaSi Sevida babilonis mefis, xamurabis
kanonebis saxeliT. Tu gadavxedavT aRniSnul
kanonmdeblobas, davinaxavT, rom miuxedavad abso-
1
xamurabi - Zveli
babilonis
mefe, romelic
marTavda Zveli
welTaRricxviT
1793-1750 wlebSi.
luturad gansxvavebuli istoriuli, kulturuli igi iyo niWieri
Tu socialuri realobisa, mas Zalian bevri saerTo politikosi
aqvs Tanamedrove qveynis kanonmdeblobebTan. da sardali.
misi mefobis
periodSi babiloni
xamurabis kanonebi Semdeg nawilebad iyofa: mniSvnelovnad
gaZlierda da
ganviTarda.
1. marTlmsajulebis ZiriTadi principebi;
mefis, taZrebisa da Tavisufali moqalaqee­
2.
bis qonebis dacva;
kiTxva:
saxelmwifo qonebasTan dakavSirebuli Tqveni azriT, ratom
3.
normebi; arsebobs uZveles
uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli da Tanamedrove
4. kanonmdeblobebs
sakanonmdeb­lo operaciebi; Soris aseTi
msgavseba?
5. savaWro da samewarmeo sakiTxebi;

6. saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebi; xamurabis kanonebis

stela
janmrTelobis dazianebasa da dasaxiCre­
7.
basTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;
moZravi qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSire­
8.
buli sakiTxebi.

aris Tu ara samarTlebrivi normebis dadgena mxo­

lod da mxolod saxelmwifos prerogativa? Tu ga-
davxedavT kacobriobis istorias, davinaxavT, rom
araerTi religiuri teqsti adgens sazogadoebis
qcevis wesebs da cdilobs sazogadoebrivi urTier­
Tobebis mowesrigebas, Tundac igive bibliuri
10 mcneba, sadac erTmniSvnelovnad dagmobilia
qurdoba, mkvleloba da sxva mankieri qmedebebi.
SegviZlia Tu ara, gavaigivoT religiuri kanonebi
saxelmwifos mier dadgenil sa­marTlis normebTan?
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT pasuxi erTmniSvne­
lovnad uaryofiTia. upirveles yovlisa imitom,
rom religiuri normebi ar warmoadgens impera-
tiuli xasiaTis dadgenilebebs. mas adamiani iRebs
savaldebulod imdenad, ramdenadac igi aris ama Tu
im religiis aRmsarebeli, maSin, rodesac saxelmwi­
fos mier dadgenili kanonebi savaldebuloa yve-
la moqalaqisaT­vis, ganurCevlad aRmsareblobisa.
imav­droulad, religiuri kanonis darRve­vis­Tvis
ar arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis konkretuli meqa-
nizmebi. sxvag­
varad rom vTqvaT, msoflioSi ar­
sebuli religiebis didi umravlesobis Tanax­
mad, codvilebs moekiTxebaT sikvdilis Semdeg,
xolo Cadenili kanondarRvevis gamosaZieblad
da damnaSaveTa dasasjelad saxelmwifos gaaCnia
qmediTi meqanizmebi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
samarTlis normebad SegviZlia miviCnioT mxolod

13
 1 saxelmwifos mier dadgenili samarTlis normebi, rac Seexeba religiur
mcne­bebs, maTi dacva TiToeuli adamianis Sinagani rwmenisa da aRmsareb­
lobis sakiTxia. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi,
samarTalSemoqmedeba saxelmwifos eqskluziuri uflebaa, romelsac igi
axor­cielebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis meS­veobiT.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTali SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc
saxelmwifos mier dadgenili an sanqcirebuli qcevis sayovelTao nor­mebis
erToblioba. Tumca Cndeba kiTxva, ramdenad asaxavs mocemuli debule-
ba samarTlis realur arss da siRrmes? xom ar aris samarTali imaze ufro
meti, vidre sakanonmdeblo normaSi asaxuli qcevis zogadi wesi? aris ki
saxelmwifo erTaderTi Zala, romelic eqskluziurad axdens samarTlis
gansazRvras? ras unda pasuxobdes saxelmwifos mier dadgenili samarTleb­
rivi normebi?
mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxi martivia. saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi da
politikuri instituti, Seiqmna adamianTa interesebis dasacavad. nebis­
mieri qveynis mTavar faseulobas da dacvis obieqts, swored, am qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi adamianebi warmoadgenen. Sesabamisad, sa­marTlis normebi pirda-
pir unda gamomdinareobdes sazogadoebis interesebidan da pasuxobdes mis
samarTlebriv moTxovnilebebs, imisTvis, rom gavlena moaxdinos saxelmwi-
kiTxva:
SegiZliaT Tu ara,
fos sakanonmdeblo politikaze
gaixsenoT msgavsi da miaRwios cal­ keuli kanonis
magaliTebi uaxlesi miRebas an garkveuli qmedebis
istoriidan? akrZalvas qveyanaSi. aRniS­
nulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom samarTals gan-
sazRvravs ara mxolod saxelm-
wifo, aramed sazogadoeba. kano-
nis samarTlebrivi buneba
yalibdeba ara samTavrobo kabi-
netebSi, aramed adamianTa yo­
veldRiur cxovrebaSi. Sesaba­
misad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
samarTlis erT-erTi umTavresi
determinanti (msazRvreli)
aris adamiani, sazogadoebis
calkeuli interesTa jgufi an
sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ar-
sebuli urTier­Toba.
dauSvebelia, kanoni wavides ada-
mianis winaaRmdeg, Selaxos misi
ZiriTadi uflebebi da safrTxe
Seuqmnas mas, rogorc individs
da sazogadoebis wevrs. adamianis
uflebebi SegviZlia moviazroT
samarTlis im sferod, romel-
ic saxelmwifos mier daweril
kanonebze gacilebiT maRla dgas
imdenad, ramdenadac adamiani
uflebebs iZens ara vinmes keTi-
li nebis gamo, aramed imitom, rom
is adamianad daibada. amrigad,
saxelmwifos mier dadgenili samarTlebrivi normebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
funqcia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvaa. saxelmwifo, samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, unda qmnides garemos, sadac TiToeuli adamiani
SeZlebs daubrkoleblad isargeblos misTvis miniWebuli yvela uflebiT.

14
 2. samarTlis sferoebi
winamdebare TavSi zogadad visaubreT samarTlis arsze, mis mniSvneloba-
ze. rogorc aRvniSneT, samarTali areguli­rebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
araerT sferos, gansazRvravs saxelmwifos mowyobisa da funqcionirebis
wess. Sesabamisad, saintereso iqneba, mokled Tu mimovixilavT samarTlis
sferoebs, romelTa Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT Cveni saxelmZRvanelos momdev-
1
no TavebSi visaub­rebT.

konstituciuri samarTali
nebismier sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi
arse­bobs garkveuli ierarqia, anu arse­
bobs SedarebiT didi da mcire Zalis
kanonebi. nebismier saxelmwifoSi mTavar
kanons warmoadgens konstitucia, rome-
lic sityvasityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos,
rogorc agebuleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
calkeul saxelmwifoebs, magaliTad,
israelsa da did britaneTs dauwereli
konstituciebi aqvT. miuxedavad imisa,
Tu rogoria saxelmwifos konstitucia,
is yvela SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens qvey-
nis ZiriTad kanons, romelic realurad
gansazRvravs saxelmwifos mowyobas,
mmarTvelobis formasa da wess, mTav-
robis funqciebs, prezidentis ufleba-
mosilebas, adgens adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sakonstitucio garantiebs. qvey-
anaSi arsebuli yvela kanoni unda Seesa-
bamebodes qveynis konstitucias.
saqarTvelos konstituciis miReba, 1995w.
administraciuli samarTali
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, konsti­ tuciuri samarTali swavlobs konsti-
tucias da masTan dakavSirebul iseT samarTlebriv sakiTxebs, rogoricaa
saxelmwifos mowyoba, funqcionireba da a.S. dameTanxmebiT, rom SeuZle-
belia saxelmwifos funqcionireba administraciuli organoebis, admin-
istraciuli aparatis, regionuli mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis
gareSe. administraciuli organoebis muSaobasa da maTTan dakavSire-
bul samarTlebriv sakiTxebs
areguli­rebs sajaro samarT-
lis erT-erTi umniSvnelo­vanesi
dargi - adminis­traciuli
samarTali.
garda aRniSnulisa, adminis-
traciuli samarTali gana­
pirobebs saxelmwifoSi wes-
rigis dacvas da adgens
adminis­traciuli gadacdome-
bis sias, romelic sakuTari
mniSvnelobiT ar warmoadgens
danaSauls, Tumca zianoa.
sa­
magaliTad, iseTi, rogoricaa
sazogadoebrivi transportiT
ubileTo mgzav­ roba, risTvisac
gankuTvnilia jarima 5 laris
odenobiT.

15
1

samoqalaqo samarTali
samarTlis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sfero samoqalaqo samarTalia, romel-
ic aregulirebs samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebs. ras niSnavs samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi? samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebi, gansxvavebiT konstituciuri samarTlisgan, moicavs samarTlebriv
urTierTobaTa im speqtrs, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas or adamians Soris.
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis magaliTia qorwineba, memkvid­
reoba, nasyidoba da sxva. igi efuZneba mxareTa nebis Tavisufal gamovle-
nas. maSin ra saWiroa, maTi samarTlebrivi regulireba? upirveles yovli-
sa imitom, rom moxdes adamianis uflebebis dacva, ar gaxdes is TaRliTuri
garigebis, motyuebis msxverpli, daculi iyos kerZo sakuTreba da a.S.

sisxlis samarTali
marTlwesrigis dacva saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa.
danaSaulis faqtebis gamoZiebis, damnaSaveTa dasjis da momavalSi msgav­si
SemTxvevebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saxelmwifo adgens sis­xlis samarT-
lis normebs. swored sisxlis samarTlis kanonis darRvevaa danaSauli. ad-
ministraciuli gadacdomisgan gansxva­vebiT, danaSauli sazoga­doebisTvis
seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens. Tu administraciul samarTaldarRve­
vaTa kodeqsi exeba iseT qmedebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, avtobusSi ubile-
Tod mgzavroba, wiTel SuqniSanze gavla an transportiT moZraobis sxva
wesis darRveva, sisxlis samarTlis kodeq­sis Sesabami­sad, danaSauls gane­
kuTvneba iseTi qmedebebi,
rogoricaa: tero­rizmi,
adamianebiT vaWroba,
mkvle­loba da a.S. aqedan
gamomdinare, udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba sisx-
lis samarTlis kanonmde-
blobis gamarTulobas da
misi aRsrulebis efeqtu-
ri meqanizmebis arsebobas.

16
 1

gaeros sxdoma

saerTaSoriso samarTali
saerTaSoriso samarTali, zemoT aRniSnuli samarTlis sferoebisgan
Tvisob­rivad gansxvavdeba, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom igi areguli-
rebs ara sazogadoebis cxovrebis romelime areals, aramed mimarTulia
saxelmwifoTa­Sorisi urTierTobebis gaumjobesebisa da saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis xelSewyobisken. misi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifoTaSori-
si urTierTobebis reglamentireba, ganisazRvreba saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebis muSaoba, saxelmwifoebs Soris SeTanxmebis dadebis wesebi da a.S.
dgindeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi garan-
tiebi.
rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, ise saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi norme-
bis miReba-damtkiceba saxelmwifoTa erTmniSvnelovani prerogativaa.
bamisad, xSirad saxelmwifoebs moixsenieben, rogorc saerTaSoriso
Sesa­
samarTlis subieqtebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo aris saerTaSori-
so samarTlis Semoqmedi da saerTaSoriso sistemis umTavresi Semadgeneli
elementi.

3. saxelmwifos arsi
winamdebare TavebSi Cven aRvniSneT, rom samarTlis normebs adgens da aRas-
rulebs saxelmwifo. aqedan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, mokled mimovixiloT,
ras warmoadgens saxelmwifo zogadad.
Zveli romaeli iuristis, ciceronis azriT saxelmwifo aris adamianTa
samarTlebrivi urTierToba, erTgvari iuridiuli kavSiri, romelic da-
fuZnebulia samarTlianobaze.
aRniSnul mosazrebas ar daukargavs aqtualoba momdevno saukuneebSic. Tu kiTxva:
gadavxedavT msoflios uaxles istorias, aRmovaCenT, rom ciceronis msgav­ Tqveni azriT, ratom
sad, frangi ganmanaTleblebic miiCnevdnen saxelmwifos adamianTa SeTanx- efuZneba saxelmwifo
adamianTa
mebaze damyarebul politikur erTeulad, romelic efuZneboda kanonsa SeTanxmebas?
da samarTals.

17
 1 ras niSnavs yovelive zemoaRniSnuli? rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifos
adamiane­bi qmnian. saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, aris nayofi adamianis
ideisa, radgan swored sazogadoebis wevrTa survili da SeTanxmeba - ”hqon-
deT sakuTari saxelmwifo” qmnis qveynebs da rom ara es ukanaskneli (idea da
survili), maSin saxeze gveqneboda miwis ubralo nagleji, raRac teritoria,
yovelgvari zedmeti datvirTvis gareSe.
imisaTvis, rom srulyofilad gaviazroT saxelmwifos arsi, mxolod zemoT
moyvanili ganmarteba ar kmara. imisaTvis, rom romelime teritoriuli war-
monaqmni miviCnioT saxelmwifod, aucilebelia, is garkveul kriteriumebs
akmayofilebdes.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, saxelmwifo warmoadgens, garkveul teritoriaze
arsebul, sajaro xelisuflebas, romelic adgens aRniSnul teritoriaze
mcxovrebi adamianebisTvis savaldebulo qcevis wesebs da Sesabamisi orga-
noebis meSveobiT axorcielebs Tavis suverenul uflebamosilebas. kerZod,
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs kanonis dacvas, sazogadoebriv wesrigs, teri-
toriul mTlianobas, icavs sakuTar moqalaqeebsa da zrunavs maTTvis Rir-
seuli sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmnaze.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifos aqvs ram-
denime mniSvnelovani atributi, esenia:

upirveles yovlisa teritoria, sadac arsebobs saxelmwifo. buneb­

ri­via, teritoriis gareSe saxelmwifo ver iarsebebs. meore
mniSvnelo­vani atributi, romelic Seadgens nebismieri saxelmwifos
sakvanZo elements, aris xalxi, romlis gareSec saxelmwifos arse­
kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, ratom bo­ba kargavs azrs. swored xalxi qmnis saxelmwifos, gansazRvravs ra
aris mniSvnelovani sakuTari gadarCenis Tu arsebobis erTaderT, ualternativo for­
mocemuli mad sakuTari damoukidebeli qveynis qonas. adamiani aris nebismieri
komponentebis saxelmwifos umTavresi Semadgeneli nawili. Tamamad SegviZlia
arseboba v­Tqva­T, rom yvela saxelmwifo arsebobs adamianebisTvis da ara ada­
saxelmwifos
arsebobisTvis?
miane­­bi saxelmwifosTvis.

mesame, aranakleb mniSvnelovani komponenti, romelic unda gaaCndes

nebismier saxelmwifos, aris sajaro xelisufleba, anu mmarTveli
rgoli, romelic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos funqciebis Sesrule­
bas, adgens kanonebs da zrunavs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maT
implemen­taciaze (Sesruleba, ganxorcieleba). aRniSnul xelisuf­
kiTxva: lebas ewodeba sajaro imdenad, ramdenadac igi moqmedebs xalxis
saxelmwifos saxeliT, aris legitimuri, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom xelisuflebas
arsebobisaTvis, aRiarebs qveynis mosaxleoba, mis mier dadgenil qcevis wesebs ki
ratom aris savaldebulod miiCnevs. rodis kargavs mTavroba legitimurobas?
mniSvnelovani maSin, rodesac mis mmarTvelobas ecleba kanonieri safuZveli,
legitimuri
xelisuflebis agreTve maSin, rodesac maT Soris iwyeba konfliqti, anu xalxi iw­
arseboba? yebs brZolas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.

yvela aRniSnuli komponenti mniSvnelovania, magram isini azrs kar­

kiTxva: gaven, Tu saxelmwifo ar aris suverenuli. ras niSnavs saxelmwifos
rogor gesmiT
saxelmwifoebrioba?
suvereniteti? upirveles yovlisa, suvereniteti gulisxmobs
imsjeleT saxelmwifos damoukideblobas saSinao da sagareo saqmeebis warmoe­
saxelmwifos arsisa baSi, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, suvereniteti saxelmwifos Tavisuf­
da saxelmwifos lebis erTgvari sinonimia. Sesabamisad, Tu qveyana ar aris Tavisufa­
damoukideblobis li, igi damokidebulia sxvaze. maSin, bunebrivia, misi
mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb.
saxelmwifoebrioba azrs moklebuli iqneba.

18
 saxelmwifos atributebi:

teritoria xalxi
1
legitimuri
suvereniteti
mTavroba

rogorc aRvniSneT, mTavroba valdebulia, izrunos saxelmwifos

mier funqciebis efeqturad Sesrulebaze. sasurvelia aqve, oriod
sityviT mimovixiloT saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebi. umTavresi
funqcia, romelic nebismier qveyanas ekisreba, Tavisi moqalaqeebis
dacvaa, maTTvis Rirseuli sacxovrebeli garemos uzrunvelyofa, rac
TavisTavad gulisxmobs adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis dacvas,
marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofas, efeqturi socialuri da samarTlebrivi
dacvis garantiebis arsebobas TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis, teritoriuli
mTlianobisa da suverenitetis dacvas. aRniSnuls saxelmwifo specialuri
organoebis meSveobiT axorcielebs, magaliTad, saxelmwifos sagareo
usafrTxoebaze zrunavs SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, marTlwesrigis dacvas
uzrunvelyofs policia, prokuratura, marTlmsajulebas aRasrulebs
sasamarTlo, stiqiuri ubedure­ bis an sxva tipis katastrofebis dros
adamianTa dasaxmareblad saxelm­­wifo qmnis samaS­velo samsaxurebs da a.S.
radgan saxelmwifo warmoadgens sazogadoebis mier Sidaerovnuli da
sagareo politikis gatarebis instruments, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo sazogadoebis politikuri xelisuflebis
organizaciaa, romelic moqmedebs sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris
interesebis sasargeblod.

19
1

20
 I. Sesavali

1. sityva konstituciis pirveli mniSvneloba (etimologia)

konstitucia (Constitutio) laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da ”dadgenas” niSnavs.
kanoni, romelsac konstitucia ewodeba, adgens ama Tu im qveynis xelisuf­
2
lebis mmarTvelobis organoebs, maTi formirebis wesebsa da kompetenciebs.
konstitucia gamoiyeneba iseT kanonTa krebulis aRsaniSnavad, romlis sa­
fuZvelze xdeba saxelmwifos marTva. kanons, romelsac konstitucia ewode­
ba, aqvs upiratesoba sxva kanonebTan SedarebiT da Tu romelime kanoni
ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, igi miiCneva baTilad, anu iuridiuli Zalis
armqoned.

2. konstituciuri samarTlis Zeglebi

istoriam Semogvinaxa uZvelesi konstituciebi, romlebic samarTlis Zeg­
lebis nimuSebs warmoadgenen.
a. xamurabis kanonebi Zveli welTaRricxvis XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna babi­lonis
mefe xamurabis dros. babiloni mdebareobda mesopotamiis terito­riaze,
dRevandeli baRdadis (erayis dedaqalaqis) maxloblad. kanonTa krebu­
li, romelic 282 kanonisagan Sedgeba, babilonis mefe xamurabis brZanebiT
qvaze gamokveTes, raTa is ucvleli darCeniliyo. xamurabis kanonebis stela
asaxavs kanonebis teqstebs da igi muzeum luvrSi inaxeba.
xamurabis kanonebi aRiarebulia, rogorc Cvenamde Semonaxuli uZvelesi
samarTlis wyaro, romelic adgens saxelmwifos marTvis wesebsa da ada­mianis
uflebebs. samarTlis zogierTi principi, romelic am kanonTa krebuliT
iyo SemoRebuli, dResac aRiarebulia msoflios mravali Tanamedrove qvey­
nis konstituciiT. aseTia, magaliTad, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis idea,
romlis Tanaxmad adamiani udanaSauloa manam, sanam mas sasamarTlo ar cnobs
damnaSaved.
xamurabis kanonebis
stela

b. aTenis konstitucia, aristotele

aristotele
Cvenamde, aseve, moaRwia antikuri xanis berZeni filosofo-
sis aristoteles werilobiTma naSromma - aTenis konsti-
tucia, politika. es naSromi Seiqmna jer kidev Zv.w. aR-iT
350 w. aristotele Tavis istoriul naSromSi gviambobs
imdroindeli qalaq - saxelmwifoebis, aTenisa da spartas
konstituciebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Tavad am qveynebis dawe­
rili konstituciebis teqstebi ar aris Cvenamde moRweuli.

21
 2 g. britaneTi, 1215 wlis kanoni magna karta
cnobilia magna kartas erT-erTi yvelaze RirsSesaniS­
navi wesi, warmodgenili mis 39-e muxlSi, saxelde­
buli ”habeas korpusis” wesi, romelic laTinurad
niS­navs ”sakuTar sxeuls” (”habeas korpusi”) da adami­
anis dabadebiT Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis uflebis
aRiare­bas ukavSirdeba. mxolod kanonis safuZvelze
da samarTliani ganxilvis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli
am uflebebis SezRudva da adamianis dapatimreba, misi
qveynidan gasaxleba an misTvis qonebis CamorTmeva.

Tavisuflebis didi qartia

d. saqarTvelo, bagrat kurapalatis samarTali

qarTuli konstituciuri samarTlis wignTagan uZvelesia bagrat kura-
palatis samarTali, romelic vaxtang VI -is samarTlis wignTa krebulSia
Sesuli. arsebobs mosazreba, rom bagrat kurapalatis samarTali, erTiani
saqarTvelos mefem bagrat IV (1027-1072ww.) Seadgina. samarTlis Zegli xel­
naweris saxiT daculia saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.

kiTxva: bagrat kurapalatis samarTalSi asaxulia ganviTarebuli feodaluri

- ras niSnavs sityva sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, umTavresad, sisxlis samarTlis normebi,
konstitucia? CamoTvli­lia danaSaulTa da sasjelTa saxeebi. gaTvaliswinebulia fici,
- daasaxeleT rogorc mtkicebuleba, sasamarTlo mowyoba da saqmis warmoeba sasamarTlo­
konstituciis
Si.
uZvelesi samarTlis
Zeglebi.
- ras niSnavs 3. Tanamedrove konstituciebi
laTinuri fraza
”habeas korpusi” arsebobs werilobiTi kodificirebuli (erT dokumentSi Tavmoyrili)
da adamianis konsti­tuciebi da arsebobs konstituciebi, romlebic ar aris Tavmoyrili
romeli uflebis
aRsaniSnavad
erT werilobiT dokumentSi. magaliTad, britaneTis konstitucia, rome­lic
gamoiyeneba igi? ar aris erTi werilobiTi dokumenti, Tumca araswori iqneboda imis Tqma,
- arsebobs Tu ara rom britaneTs ar aqvs konstitucia. britaneTis konstitucia moiazreba,
qveynebi, romelTac rogorc ramdenime sxvadasxva dokumenti da erT-erTi maTgania zemoaRniS­
ara aqvT dawerili nuli 1215 wlis kanoni magna karta.
konstitucia?
- romeli qveynis arsebobs qveynebi, romelTac erT dokumentSi Tavmoyrili, dawerili
konstitucia konsti­tucia aqvT. aseTia, magaliTad, Cveni qveynis konstitucia. dawerili
miiCneva yvelaze
lakonur (mokle)
da kodificirebulia safrangeTis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konsti­
konstituciad? tuciebi. indoeTis dawerili konstitucia aRiarebulia, rogorc msof­
lioSi yvelaze didi moculobis konstitucia.

22
 I I . saqarTvelos konstitucia

1. istoriuli mimoxilva
a. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi (1801-1918)
2
XVIII saukunis bolos Sinauri mtrobiTa da musulmanuri qveynebis
mier SeviwroebiT, ukiduresad dasustebuli saqarTvelo iZule­
buli gaxda, mfarveloba ruseTis imperiisaTvis eTxova. ruseTis
mefe aleqsandre pirvelma 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers gamosca manifes­
ti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da ruseTis impe­ riasTan
mierTebis Sesaxeb. manifestis oficialuri gamocxadeba da erTgu­
lebis ficis dadeba 1801 wlis 12 aprils, general knoringis
xelmZRva­ nelobiT, ruseTis jariT alyaSemortymul sionis
taZarSi Sekrebil gavleniani wreebis warmomadgenlebisa da Tavad­
aznaurobis TandaswrebiT moxda. xolo is, vinc ar daemorCila
gene­ral knoringis brZanebas da uari ganacxada erTgulebis ficis
dadebaze, daapatimres. manifestis qarTuli sazo­gadoebisaTvis
gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili werda:
ivane javaxiSvili

”peterburgSi saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb aleqsan-

dre I-is manifesti iyo gamocxadebuli, romelSiac farisevlurad
naTqvami iyo, viTomc es aqti mxolod saqarTvelos keTil­
dReobis Zlieri surviliT yofiliyos nakarnaxevi”.

nawyveti manifestis teqstidan:

`wyalobiTa RvTisaTa Cven aleqsandre pirveli imperatori da

TviTmpyrobeli yovlisa ruseTisa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa...
ganvucxadebT sruliad saqarTvelos samefos mcxovrebT. amieri-
dan myardeba mfarveloba da uzenaesi xelmwifeba ruseTisa im-
periisa qarTvelTa samefoze. ...
Tqveni SeWirvebis da mterTagan dasacavad, giwesebT mmarTvelad
general knorings, romelic izrunebs qveyanaSi wesrigze.”
generali knoringi
manifestma safuZveli Cauyara saqarTvelos
ruseTis mier aneqsias. 1805 wels, ruseTis ar­miam
daamarcxa sparseTi, romelic saqarTvelosTan
ibrZoda. mogvianebiT, 1810 wels, ruseTma daipyro
imereTi da dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo.
saqarTvelom dakarga sakuTari damoukidebloba
da ruseTis mefisa da mis mier saqarTveloSi
ganwesebuli gubernatoris mmarTvelobaSi
gadavida, gauqmda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia,
qarTuli wirva-locva rusuliT Seicvala, rusuli
ena damkvidrda mmarTvelobis organoebSi,
sasamarTloebSi, saswavleblebSi, ganxorcielda
samefo dinastiis bagrationebis saqarTvelodan
gasaxleba. saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi yofnis epoqa gagrZelda 117 weli,
1801 wlidan 1918 wlamde.

23
2 b. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena, pirveli konstitucia (1918-
1921 wlebi)
1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucias, romelmac ruseTis monarqia daamxo, Se­
degad mohyva ruseTis mefis imperiis daSla da saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis formireba.
saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis aRdgenamde, sabWoTa ruseTisagan
gamij­vnis mizniT, 1918 wlis 22 aprils daarsda axali damoukidebeli saxel­
mwifo,  amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika (adfr),
romelSic Sevida saqarTvelo, azerbaijani  da somxeTi. respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali azerbaijani, SegviZlia miviCnioT islamur sam­
yaroSi pirvel demokratiul saxelmwifod.

droSa teritoria

saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani ver Tanxmdebodnen sagareo-politiku­

ri orientaciis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelo germanofilur, somxeTi — anglofi­
lur, xolo azerbaijani — Turqofilur orientacias irCevda. amierkavka­
siis respublikis daSlas, agreTve, xeli Seuwyo gare faqtorebma, rogoric
TurqeTis mxridan agresiis gaZliereba iyo. amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
federaciuli respublika arsebobda mxolod 1 Tve da 24 dRe. igi daiSala
1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebisTa­
nave.
saqarTvelom damoukidebloba aRidgina 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dekla­ raciis miReba erovnu­
li sabWos sxdomaze moxda, romelic gaimarTa 1918 wlis 26
maiss TbilisSi moswavle axalgazrdobis erovnul sasaxleSi
(amierkav­kasiis mefisnacvlis yofili sasaxle).
TbilisSi moswavle axalgazrdobis erovnuli sasaxle, damfuZnebeli sabWos sxdoma, 1918 wlis 26 maisi

24
damoukideblobis deklaracia warmoadgens saqarTvelos Tanamedrove
konsti­tucionalizmis fuZemdeblur dokuments. konstituciis miRebam­
de (1921 weli), saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracia gansazRvrav­
da saqar­Tvelos politikur wyobas da awesrigebda saxelmwifo marTvis
sakiTxebs. 1919 wlis 14 Tebervals, saqarTve­
loSi Catarda pirveli saparlamento arCev­
2
nebi, romelSic xmebis 81.5% moipoves so­
cial - demokratebma. 1919 wlis 21Tebervals
gamarjve­bulma partiam Camoayaliba axali
mTavroba. mTavrobis pirveli meTauri noe ra-
miSvili gaxda, romelic Zalian male Secvala
noe Jordaniam. 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals dam­
fuZnebelma sabWom daamtkica saqarTvelos
res­publikis pirveli konstitucia.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia demokra­
tiul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli dokumenti
iyo, romelic iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos
saparlamento mmarTvelobaze gadasvlas, re­
gionalur TviTmmarTvelobas, sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas, habeas korpusis
uflebas, sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. saqarTvelos konsti­
tuciam SemoiRo damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis droSa, gerbi da
himni.

saqarTvelos himni

dideba zeciT kurTxeuls,

dideba qveynad samoTxes,
turfa iversa,
dideba Zmobas, erTobas,
dideba Tavisuflebas,
droSa dideba samaradiso
qarTvel mxne ersa!
dideba Cvensa samSoblos,
dideba Cveni sicocxlis
mizans diadsa;
vaSa trfobasa, siyvaruls,
vaSa Svebasa, sixaruls,
salami WeSmaritebis
Suq-ganTiadsa!

leqsi da musika ekuTvnis

kote focxveraSvils

gerbi

25
2 g. sabWoTa saqarTvelo da sabWoTa konstituciebi (1921-1991)
samwuxarod, axalSeqmnili damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, misi konstitucia
da simbolikis arseboba Zalian xanmokle aRmoCnda. 1921 wlis 25 Teber­
vals, konsti­tuciis miRebidan 4 dRis Semdeg, saqarTvelo isev daipyro ukve
sabWoTa ruseTma. me-11 wiTeli armia Semovida Tbilisis quCebSi, saqarTve­
lo sabWoTa respublikad gamocxadda da saqarTvelos respublikis konsti­
tuciis moqmedeba SeCerda. amjerad, ruseTis mefis reJimi saqarTveloSi
leninis sabWoTa mmarTvelobam Caanacvla.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1991 wlis 9 aprilamde, 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
saqar­Tvelo iyo sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgeneli nawili. 1922-1936 wlebSi is
iyo amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli respublikis nawi­
li. amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli respublikis Semad­
genlobaSi Sediodnen: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani. 1936 wlidan es
sami qveyana sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi cal - calke Sevida.

70 wliani sabWoTa istoriis ganmavloba­

Si saqarTveloSi sul 4 konstitucia iqna
miRebuli - 1922, 1927, 1937 da 1978 wleb­
Si. saxelmZRvanelo ar isaxavs miznad am
oTxi sabWoTa konstituciis cal-calke
mimoxil­vas da Semoifargleba mxolod maTi
zogadi mimoxilviT.
sabWoTa konstituciebma axali sabWouri
simbolikac daamkvidres: sabWoTa saqarT­
velos droSa, gerbi da himni.

nawyveti sabWoTa saqarTvelos himnidan:

idide marad, Cveno samSoblov,

gmirTa kera xar gauqrobeli,
qveyanas miec didi stalini
xalxTa monobis damamxobeli.

gerbi droSa

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, Tavisu­

fali TviTgamorkvevis safuZvelze, Sevidnen aWaris avtonomiuri socialis­
turi sabWoTa respublika, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTis
socialisturi sabWoTa respublika.
sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos respublikas, ise
rogorc sxva danarCen 14 respublikas, hqonda sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis
ufleba. Tumca, es Tavisufleba formaluri iyo, radgan, faqtobrivad,
sabWoTa kavSiri iyo mkacrad centralizebuli qveyana, romelsac marTavda
erTiani komunisturi partia. ufro naTeli warmodgena rom SegiqmnaT sabWo­
Ta saqarTveloSi komunisturi partiis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb, war­
mogidgenT saqarTvelos socialisturi respublikis 1978 wlis konsti­
tuciis me-6 muxlis formulirebas: `sabWoTa sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli
da warmmarTveli Zala, misi politikuri sistemis, saxelmwifo da sazo-
gadoebrivi organizaciebis birTvia sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi par-

26
tia. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia xalxisaTvis arsebobs da
xalxs emsaxureba. marqsistul-leninuri moZRvrebiT SeiaraRebuli ko-
munisturi partia gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis generalur
perspeqtivas, ssr kavSiris saSinao da sagareo politikis gezs, xelmZRva­
nelobs sabWoTa xalxis diad aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas, gegmazomier,
mecnierulad dasabuTebul xasiaTs aniWebs mis brZolas komunizmis
2
komunizmi
laTinuri
warmoSobis sityvaa,
momdinareobs
komunadan, rac
saerTos, sazogados
niSnavs.
gamarjvebisaTvis~. komunizmis ideaa
iseTi sazogadoebis
saqarTvelos sabWoTa konstituciebSi, formalurad aRiarebuli Camoyalibeba,
sadac ar moxdeba
iyo sityvis Tavisufleba, Sekrebebis Tavisufleba da religiis Tav- adamianebis
isufleba. Tumca, imavdroulad, konstituciebi SesaZle­bels xdida klasebad dayofa, ar
CamoTvlili uflebebis SezRudvas, Tu maTi realizacia winaaRmde­ iarsebebs fuli, ar
gobaSi modioda komunisturi partiis ideologiasa da politi- iqneba saxelmwifo
kasTan. Sromis ufleba imavdroulad iyo valdebuleba. Sesabamisad, struqturebi
da yvela sikeTe
umuSevroba iTvleboda ”parazitul cxovrebad” da isjeboda, ro- adamianebis saerTo
gorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. TanasakuTrebaSi
iqneba.

saqarTvelos sabWoTa konstituciebi

zRudavdnen kerZo sakuTrebis ufle­
basac. SezRuduli iyo moqalaqis
gadaadgi­
lebis Tavisufleba, rac imaSi magaliTad:
gamoixate­boda, rom qveynidan gasvla sabWoTa moqalaqes
SesaZle­
beli iyo mxolod saqarTvelos SeiZleboda hqonoda
socialisturi respublikis Sesabamisi mxolod erTi
saxelmwifo samsaxurebis nebarTvis sacxovrebeli saxli
(an saxlis nawili).
SemTxvevaSi. Tu mas mainc sxva
d. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da- aRmoaCndeboda,
unda gaesxvisebina,
moukideblobis aRdgena ( 1991) winaaRmdeg
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki­­ SemTxvevaSi
iZulebiT
deb­lobis aRdgenis aqtis miRebiT das­ CamoarTmevdnen da
rulda sabWoTa konstituciebis 70 wliani sxvas gadascemdnen.
epoqa. kerZod, 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarT­ arsebobda
velos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom zRvruli farTobi
miiRo saqarTvelos damouki­ deblobis sacxovrebeli
saxlisa, romelic
aRdgenis aqti da imave wlis 26 maiss SeiZleboda
saqarT­velo gamocxadda damoukide­bel yofiliyo moqalaqis
respublikad. pirad sakuTrebaSi.
es farTi ar unda
yofiliyo 96 kv.m ze
2. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia meti. Tu mas mainc
aRmoaCndeboda
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia miRebulia zedmeti farTi,
1995 wlis 24 agvistos. saqarTvelos konsti­ moxdeboda misi
tucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela e.w. komunalur
sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes ( saxelmwifo)
fondSi Caricxva da
konstitucias. damoukideblobis gamocxa­ sxva pirebisaTvis
debidan konstituciis miRebamde periodSi misi gadacema.
saqarTveloSi Catarda referendumi. 1918
wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis deklaraciis
safuZvelze qveynis damoukideblobis aRdge­
nis Sesaxeb gaimarTa pirveli mravalpartiuli
arCevnebi da qarTvelma xalxma, 1991 wlis 14 zviad gamsaxurdias
prezidentobis
aprils, airCia qveynis pirveli prezidenti periodi 1991 wlis 14
zviad gamsaxurdia. agreTve, Seiqmna sakonsti­ aprili- 1993 wlis 31
tucio komisia, romelmac ganixila saqarTve­ dekemberi.
los respublikis konstituciis 13 proeqti da
zviad gamsaxurdia
27
 2
SedarebisTvis,
amerikis SeerTebuli
bolos daamtkica konstituciis is proeqti,
romelic 1995 wlis 3 ivniss gadasca parla­
ments gansaxilvelad.
1995 wlis 24 agvistos saqarTvelos respub-
likis parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos
konsti­ tucia, romelic dResac moqmedebs.
Statebis konstitucia ZalaSi 1995 wlis 17 oqtombers
konstituciaSi misi Sevida. mas Semdeg dRemde, 18 wlis ganmavloba­
arsebobis 226 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (1787-
Si, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi sul 30 cvli­
2013) mxolod 27 leba ganxorcielda.
cvlileba Sevida.

3. moqmedi konstituciiT aRiarebuli saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifo simbolika

gerbi droSa

himni

Tavisufleba

Cemi xatia samSoblo,

saxate mTeli qveyana,
ganaTebuli mTa-bari,
wilnayaria RmerTTana.
Tavisufleba dRes Cveni
momavals umRers didebas,
ciskris varskvlavi amodis
amodis da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba,
da dideba Tavisuflebas,
Tavisuflebas dideba!

konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi aris Tbilisi.

28
 4. moqmedi konstituciis struqtura
droTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos konstituciis struqtura da debulebebi
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia Sedgeba pream­
bulasagan, 11 Tavisa da 109 muxlisagan.

a. konstituciis preambula xazs usvams imas, rom demokrati-

2
uli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisuf­
leba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da adamia­nis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
ganmtkiceba da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrioba aris is
ZiriTadi faseulobebi, romelTa damkvidreba surT saqarT-
velos moqalaqeebs.
b. konstituciis gardamavali debulebebi (Tavi mecxre) gan­
sazRvravs konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlis pirobebs, misi
amoqme­debis Sedegebs kanonmdeblobisaTvis, saprezidento
da saparlamento arCevnebisa da `saqarTvelos sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis miRebis
vadebsa da sxva, droebiTi moqmedebis debulebebs.

5. konstituciis pirveli Tavi

a. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyoba
saqarTvelos konstituciis pirveli Tavi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos
saxelmwi­fos politikur wyobas. saqarTvelo aris demokratiuli respub-
lika da misi saxelwodebaa ”saqarTvelo”. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena aris
qarTuli, xolo afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi agreTve - afxazuri.
yy ras niSnavs demokratia? kiTxva:

demokratia aRniSnavs iseTi mTavrobis mmarTvelobas, romelic arCevnebis 1. rodis da ra

Sedegad aris mosuli xelisuflebaSi, anu xalxis mier aris arCeuli. sityva SedegebiT
dasrulda
”demokratia” berZnuli warmoSobisaa da xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavs. saqarTvelosaTvis
ruseTis imperiis
demokratiebi gardamavali demokratiebi avtoritaruli reJimebi SemadgenlobaSi
yofna?
2. rodis da rogor
viTarebaSi moxda
saqarTvelos
pirveli
demokratiul
Rirebulebebze
dafuZnebuli
konstituciis
miReba?
3. adamianis romel
uflebebs
zRudavdnen
sabWoTa
konstituciebi?
4. romel wels
iqna miRebuli
dRes moqmedi
konstitucia da
rogoria misi
struqtura?

saqarTvelos konstitucia iTvaliswinebs rogorc xalxis mier arCeuli

parlamentis, ise xalxis mier arCeuli prezidentis arsebobas. Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis tipi aris demokratia, anu arCeuli
mTavroba.

29
 2
adolf hitleri
yy ra xdeba rodesac saxelmwifos marTva ar xorcieldeba xalxis
mier arCeuli mTavrobis mier?
magaliTebi:
avtoritaruli saxelmwifo - saxelmwifo, romelsac marTavs is piri an pir­
da benito Ta jgufi, romlebic xelisuflebaSi ar movidnen arCevnebis gziT.
musolini. hitleris
mmarTvelobas diqtatura- saxelmwifos marTva erTi piris mier, romelsac SeuzRudavi
daaxloebiT 40 Zalauf­leba gaaCnia. rogorc wesi, diqtatori xelisuflebaSi modis
milioni adamianis Zalado­bis gziT da misi dasayrdeni Zala, rogorc xelisuflebaSi mosvlis,
sicocxle ise xelisuflebaSi yofnis dros, samxedro struqturebia (jari da poli­
emsxverpla. cia).

hitleri da musolini
xruSovi da kastro

mao Ze duni

stalini

b.xelisuflebis danawilebis principi

arasabWourma konstituciam qveyanaSi daamkvidra xelisuflebis danawile­
bis principi, romlis Sesaxebac saubari qvemoT gveqneba.
yy ras niSnavs xelisuflebis danawilebis principi?
Sarl lui monteskie (1689-1755)
frangi filosofosi baroni monteskie cnobilia, rogorc xelisuflebis
danawilebis Teoriis avtori, romelsac ganixilavs Tavis mTavar naSromSi
“kanonTa sazrisi”. naSromi avtoris ocdaaTwliani Sromis nayofi iyo da
1748 wels gamoica. “kanonTa sazrisSi” frangi filosofosi gamoxatavs Ta­
vis uaryofiT damokidebulebas absoluturi, SeuzRudavi monarqiisadmi da

30
gvawvdis xelisuflebis danawilebis Teorias. montes­
kies mixedviT, umaRlesi xelisufleba sam nawilad unda
iyos dayofili: sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xalxis
rCeul sazogadoebas unda ekuTvnodes, aRmasrulebe-
li - monarqs, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki - arCeul
mosamarTleebs. ar SeiZleba aRmasrulebeli da
2
sakanonmdeb­lo xelisuflebis erTi organos an erTi
adamianis xelSi gaerTianeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi
monarqi Tu parlamenti tiranul kanonebs gamoscems da
tiranulad ganaxorcielebs maT. xelisuflebis sxvada­
sxva nawilis mier urTierTkontroli dairRveva da
damyardeba ganukiT­xaoba. monteskies moZRvreba uze­
naesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sam nawilad dayofis
Sesaxeb, SemdgomSi, mraval qveyanaSi iqna gamoyenebuli
demokratiuli konstituciebis SemuSavebis dros.
rogorc ukve vaxseneT, politikuri xelisuflebis
danawilebis principi deklarirebulia saqarTvelos
konsti­tuciiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom iuridiulad,
politikuri xelisufleba, saqarTveloSi ganawile­
buli aqvT parlaments, mTavrobasa da sasamarTlos.
parlamenti axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo saqmiano­
bas, mTavroba axorcielebs aRmasrulebel saqmiano­ monteskie
bas da sasamarTlo axorcielebs marTlmsajulebas. samive xelisufleba,
Tanabrad damoukidebelia sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi da kontrols
uwevs danar­Cen or xelisuflebas, anu moqmedebs urTierTkontrolisa da sityva ”tirani”
laTinuri
dabalanse­bis meqanizmi (checks and balances). warmoSobisaa da
misi Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobaa
”kanongareSe
mmarTveli”.

g. saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba

saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT yvelaze mtkivneul sakiTxze, rogoricaa qvey­
nis teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba, saqarTvelos konsti­tuciaSi
gakeTebulia Semdegi daTqma: saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoeb­
rivi mowyoba gani­sazRvreba konstituciuri saqarTvelo 1921 w. maisSi
kanoniT, uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis prin­ saqarTvelos Tanamedrove
cipis safuZvelze, qveynis mTel teritoriaze sazRvrebi
soWis regioni (saqarTvelos
saqarTve­los iuris­diqciis srulad aRdgenis ekava 1918-1919w.)
Semdeg.
imavdroulad, saqarTvelos konstitucia
saqarT­
velos saxelmwifo teritoriad aRi­
arebs 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT
bul saqarTvelos saxelmwifos terito­
arse­
rias.

31
2 moqmedi konstitucia, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iTvaliswinebs ori
avtonomiuri respublikis arsebobas, Tumca am oridan, faqtobrivad, mxo­
lod erTia misi iurisdiqciis qveS:
1. aWaris avtonomiuri respublika, romelic saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSia
da romlis statusi ganisazRvreba calke konstituciuri kanoniT ,,aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb”.
2. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, romelic faqtobrivad ar aris saqarT­
velos iurisdiqciaSi da romlis statusi ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos
konsti­tuciuri kanoniT ,,afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis statusis
Sesa­xeb”.
specialurad saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis samarTlebrivi
statusis gansazRvris mizniT, 2008 wlis 23 oqtombers, saqarTvelos par­
lamentma miiRo kanoni ”okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb”. kanoni ambobs,
rom saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebia:
1. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoria;

2. cxinvalis regioni (yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

terito­ria);
kanonis Tanaxmad, am teritoriebze vrceldeba sagangebo mdgomareobis re­
Jimi, agreTve, gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimi, rac gulisxmobs Sez­
Rudvebs okupirebul teritoriebze Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis, ekonomi­
kuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebiT garigebis
dadebisa da am kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
d. saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobis prezumfcia
სaqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia da yvela
sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias. konstitu­
ciasTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisobis kontrols qveyana­
Si axorcielebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da Tu romelime kanoni
winaaRmde­gobaSia konstituciasTan, igi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
gadawyveti­lebiT baTilad cxaddeba da mas ara aqvs iuridiuli Zala. ufro
metic, sakonsti­tucio sasamarTlos mier kanonis arakonstituciurad
cnobis Semdeg dauSvebelia iseTi axali kanonis miReba, romelic Seicavs
imave Sinaarsis normebs, romlebic ukve arakonstituciurad cno sakonsti­
tucio sasamarTlom.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
32
garda amisa, Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi (da ara sakonstitucio sasamarTlo­
Si) konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom arsebobs
sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa esa Tu is kanoni an sxva normatiuli aqti, rome­
lic unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gadawyvetisas, mTlianad an
nawilob­riv SeiZleba miCneul iqnes saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Seusaba­
mod, igi SeaCerebs saqmis ganxilvas da mimarTavs saqarTvelos sakonsti­
2
kiTxva:
tucio sasamarTlos sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis mizniT. -ras niSnavs
saqmis ganxilva ganaxldeba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier demokratia?
am sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg. -rogor gesmiT
xelisuflebis
sxva SemTxvevaa, rodesac saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom danawilebis
saqarTve­los konstitucias ar Seesabameba normatiuli aqti, romlis Semow­ principi?
-ra xdeba, rodesac
mebac ar ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompeten­
saxelmwifos ar
cias. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saerTo sasamarTlo uflebamosilia uari Tqvas marTavs xalxi?
arakonsti­tuciuri normatiuli aqtis gamoyenebaze da gamoitanos
gadawyveti­leba saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisad.

6. konstituciis meore Tavi. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba da

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
a. Sesavali
konstituciis meore Tavi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas da ada­
mianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs.
adamianis uflebebi bunebiTi samarTlis, saerTaSoriso da saqarTvelos
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawilia. adamianis sicocxle misi xelSeuvali
uflebaa, romelic Cndeba dabadebasTan erTad da am uflebis warmoSobis
wyaro aris bunebiTi samarTali. adamianis uflebaTa gansazRvrebani moce­
mulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis dokumentebSic, rogoricaa: adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948) da adamianis uflebaTa da Tavi­
suflebaTa dacvis 1950 wlis 4 noembris konvencia. isini adgenen adamianis
uflebaTa CamonaTvals, romelic saxelmwifom unda daicvas da pativi sces.

1776 wlis amerikis damoukideb­

lobis deklaraciaSi, romelic
konstituciuri samarTlis doku­
mentia, aris aseTi Canaweri: ”ada-
mianebi Seqmnili arian, rogorc
Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT
RmerTma garkveuli xelSeuvali
uflebebi mianiWa, rogoricaa si-
cocxle, Tavisufleba da bednier-
ebisken ltolva; rom am ufle-
baTa gansamtki­ ceblad iqmnebian
mTavrobebi, romlebic TavianT
kanonier Zalauflebas Rebulo-
ben imaTi TanxmobiT, visac isini
ganageben; rom, Tu ganmgeb­lobis
raime forma, odesme, am miznis
Semlaxavi gaxdeba, xalxs eniWeba
ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos igi
da Seqmnas axali mTavroba”.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom adamianis
ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs Tavi mouyara qveynis ZiriTadi kano­
nis meore TavSi da amiT aRiara ori tipis valdebuleba:

33
 2 1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba - Seqmnas
Sesa­bamisi garemo da kanonebi, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos adamianis
uflebis realizacia da dacva;
2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos negatiuri valdebuleba - maqsimalu­
rad Tavi Seikavos uflebaSi Carevisgan ( ar CamoarTvas sakuTreba,
ar aRukveTos pirs Tavisufleba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
gareSe da a.S).

saqarTvelos konstituciiT SemoRebulia saxalxo damcvelis institu­

ti, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze zedamxedvelobas uwevs adamianis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvas. saxalxo damcvels irCevs saqarTve­
los parlamenti 5 wlis vadiT da is saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze adami­
anis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvas uwevs zedamxedvelobas.
b. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba
saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens saqarTvelos mo­
qalaqeobis mopovebis zogad debulebebs. kerZod,
dadgeni­lia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba moipo­
veba ori gziT: dabadebiT da garkveuli procedure­
bisa da wesebis dacviT moqalaqeobis miRebiT (natu­
ralizaciiT). magaliTad, bavSvi, romlis orive mSobeli
misi dabadebis momentisaTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqea,
saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvleba dabadebis adgilis
miuxe­davad.
saqarTvelos moqalaqe imavdroulad ar SeiZleba iyos
sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqe, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac saqarTvelos prezidenti aniWebs saqarTve­
los moqalaqeobas ucxo qveynis moqalaqes. saqarTve­
los prezidenti uflebamosilia, ucxo qveynis moqa­
laqes mianiWos saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, rodesac mas
saqarTvelos winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba
an rodesac misTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWeba
gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo interesebidan.

moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva dauSvebelia, ise rogorc

dauSvebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqis qveynidan
gaZeveba. agreTve, dauSvebelia saqarT­velos mo-
qalaqis ucxo saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema, garda
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevebisa. gadawyvetileba moqalaqis gadace-
mis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gasCivsasamarTloSi.

kiTxva 1:
Tqven xarT dabadebiT saqarTvelos moqalaqe. inglisel moqalaqeze daqorwinebis gamo Tqven gadawyviteT, miiRoT sxva
qveynis, magaliTad, didi britaneTis moqalaqeoba. 1 wliani procedurebis gavlis Semdeg Tqven miiReT didi britaneTis
moqalaqeoba. ra bedi eweva Tqvens saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas aseT SemTxvevaSi?
pasuxi:
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqe imavdroulad ar SeiZleba iyos sxva qveynis moqalaqe, didi britaneTis
moqalaqeobis miRebasTan erTad Tqven kargavT saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas. Tumca, saqarTvelos prezidents, Tqveni
mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia moganiWoT saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, Tu Tqveni qveynis winaSe gansakuTrebuli
damsaxureba gaqvT.
kiTxva 2:
saqarTvelos moqalaqe CiburdaniZem Caidina kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSauli da mas miesaja uvado Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa. danaSaulis ukiduresad mZime xasiaTis gamo saqarTvelos prezidentma mas CamoarTva saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba.
kanonieria Tu ara prezidentis gadawyvetileba?
pasuxi:
ara, radgan saqarTvelos konstituciiT moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva dauSvebelia.

34
saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli adamianis uflebebi
srulad vrceldeba saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqeze. rac Seexeba
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb im adamianebs, romlebic ar arian saqarT­
velos moqalaqeebi - ucxoeli moqalaqeebi da moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebi, maT aqvT saqarTvelos moqalaqis Tanabari uflebani da
movaleoba­ni, garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
magaliTi:

2
antihomofobiis saerTaSoriso
dRisadmi (17 maisi) miZRvnili
aqciis adgilisa da drois
Taobaze aqciis mxardamWerebma
winaswar gamoacxades. aqciis
gamonaklisebisa. aseTi gamonaklisia, magaliTad, arCevnebSi da ref­ gamarTvis adgilad SerCeul iqna
Tbilisi, rusTavelis gamziri.
erendumSi monawileobis ufleba, romelic mxolod saqarTvelos aqciis dawyebidan ramdenime
moqalaqis uflebas warmoadgens (konstituciis 28-e muxli). ucxoe­ saaTiT adre rusTavelis quCaze
li an moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic saqarTveloSi cxovrobs, Seikriba aTasobiT moqalaqe,
ver miiRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas. mxolod saqarTvelos moqa­ romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen
antihomofobiis mxardamWeri
laqes aqvs ufleba, daikavos nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanam­deboba, aqciis gamarTvas, radgan
Tu, ra Tqma unda, igi akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moTxov­nebs miiCnevden mas homoseqsualizmis
(konstituciis 29-e muxli). mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqea dacu­ propagandad da marTlmadidebeli
li uflebiT, ar iyos gaZevebuli saqarTvelodan (konsti­ tuciis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
Seuracxyofad. saxelmwifos
me-13 muxlis me-3 nawili). rac Seexeba ucxo qveynis moqalaqes an mxridan (policia) miRebuli
moqalaqeobis armqone pirs, is SeiZleba gaZevebul iqnes qveynidan, zomebis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda
Tu misi mxridan adgili aqvs saqarTveloSi ukanonod Semosvlas da e.w. antiaqciis monawileTa
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sistematur darRvevas. Sekaveba da antihomofobiis
aqciis SedarebiT mcirericxovani
Sekrebisa da manifestaciebis ufleba raodenoba gaxda antiaqciis
Tavdasxmis subieqtebi, ris
yvelas, garda im pirebisa, romlebic arian samxedro Zalebisa da Sedegadac antihomofobiis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SemadgenlobaSi, ufleba aqvs winaswari aqciis 10-ze meti monawile
daSavda fizikurad.
nebarTvis gareSe Seikribos sajarod da uiaraRod, rogorc Wer­ kiTxva:
qveS, ise gareT. kanoniT SeiZleba dawesdes xelisuflebis winaswari hqondaT Tu ara antiaqciis
gafrTxilebis aucilebloba, Tu Sekreba an manifestacia xalxisa da monawileebs Sekrebisa da
transportis samoZrao adgilas imarTeba. xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTari gansxvavebuli azris
dafiqsirebis ufleba, miuxedavad
Sekrebis an manifestaciis Sewyveta, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man imisa, rom maT winaswar ar
kanonsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi miiRo. hqondaT gamocxadebuli TavianTi
aqciis Sesaxeb?
konstituciis garda, aRniSnul uflebas awesrigebs specialuri konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
kanoni Sekrebisa da manifestaciis Sesaxeb. uflebebis dacva da pativiscema
warmoadgens mxolod saxelmwifos
aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT moqalaqis azris Tavi­ Tu calkeuli moqalaqeebis
suflad gamoxatvis erT-erT saSualebad, rodesac moqalaqeebi valdebulebasac?
ikribebian ideis an mosazrebis mxardasaWerad an piriqiT, am ideis
an mosazrebis gasaprotesteblad.

35
2 7. konstituciis mesame Tavi. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba - saqarTvelos parlamenti

saqarTvelos parlamenti kanonSemoqmedi organoa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi

ganixilavs kanonproeqtebs da plenarul sxdomaze, kenWisyris proceduris
dacviT, amtkicebs maT. mxolod parlaments SeuZlia miiRos kanoni. parla­
mentis mier miRebuli kanonebi savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad yvelasaTvis,
maT Soris, mTavrobisa da sasamarTlosaTvis.
saqarTvelos parlamenti Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri
saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT 4 wlis vadiT arCeuli
150 wevrisagan.
a. saqarTvelos amomrCeveli da saarCevno ufleba
parlaments irCeven saqarTvelos moqa­
laqeebi. parlamentis arCevnebSi monawi­
leo­­
bis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos yo­
vel moqalaqes, romelsac Seusrulda 18
weli. es aris saqarTvelos yoveli moqa­
laqis nebis Tavisufali gamovlinebis da
maTi saxelmwifo marTvaSi monawi­ leobis
(demokratiis) miRebis ufleba. Tumca, kon­
stituciis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arCev­
nebSi monawileobis ufleba ar aris abso­
luturad daculi ufleba. is ezRudebaT
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlebic
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cnobil­
ni arian qmeduunarod an sasamarTlos
ganaCeniT imyofebian sasjelaRsrule­
bis dawesebulebaSi, garda im pirisa, ro­
melmac Caidina naklebad mZime danaSauli.
pirvelad, 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris sapar­
lamento arCevnebSi xma misces im pirebma,
romlebic sasamarTlos ganaCeniT imyofe­
bodnen sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebuleba­
Si.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis
Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve­
lobis organoebis formirebis Semdeg,
saqarT­velos parlamentis Semadgenloba­
Si gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ori palata:
respublikis sabWo da senati.

36
b. parlamentis arCevnebi
saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi Catarda 1919 wels
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevis dros, xolo momdevno mravalpartiuli
arCevnebi gaimarTa mxolod 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers. 1991 wlis 26 maiss
mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Sedegad arCeulma parlamentma gamoacxada
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da konstituciis 50-e 21 muxlis Sesabamisad,
2
qveynis prezidentad zviad gamsaxurdia airCia. parlamentis morigi arCev­
nebi yovelTvis tardeba moqmedi parlamentis uflebamosilebis amowurvis
kalendaruli wlis oqtomberSi. yoveli me- 4 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTve­
loSi unda gaimarTos axali parlamentis arCevnebi. bolos saparlamento
arCevnebi saqarTveloSi gaimarTa 2012 wlis 1 oqtombers. es iyo rigiT
me-8 saparlamen­to arCevnebi. Sedegebis Tanaxmad, misi Semadgenloba
partiuli niSniT, ase gamoiyureba:

85 koalicia ”qarTuli ocneba”

65 partia ”nacionaluri moZraoba”

parlamentis 150 wevrs Soris 77 wev-

ri arCeulia partiuli siiT (pro-
porciuli wesiT), xolo 73 wevri -
maJoritaruli arCevnebis wesiT.
arCevnebis konkretul TariRs niS­
navs saqarTvelos prezidenti,
arCevne­
bamde ara ugvianes 60 dRisa.
parlamentis vadamde adre daTxovnis
SemTxve­vaSi tardeba parlamentis rig­
gareSe arCevnebi, parlamentis vadam­
de daTxov­nis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebidan me-60 dRes.
g. parlamentis wevri da misi statusi
parlamentis wevri (deputati) warmoadgens saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs da maT
interesebs xelisuflebis am StoSi. 2012 wlidan parlamentis wevrad SeiZ­
leba airCes saqarTvelos moqalaqe 21 wlis asakidan. saparlamento arCev­
nebSi erTvebian, rogorc individualuri kandidatebi (maJoritarebi), ise
politikuri partiebi (proporciuli sistema). proporciuli wesiT arCev­
nebis SemTxvevaSi, parlamentSi Sesvlis ufleba aqvs mxolod im politi­
kur partias, romelic arCevnebis Sedegad daagrovebs arCevnebSi monawile
amomrCevel­Ta xmebis 5%-s mainc.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 52-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, parla­
mentis wevri aris sruliad saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, igi sargeblobs
Tavisufali mandatiT da misi gawveva dauSvebelia, rac niSnavs imas, rom mas
Semdeg, rac xalxi airCevs parlamentis wevrebs, isini sargebloben garkve­u­
li imunitetiT.
4 wlis vadiT arCeuli parlamentis 150 wevris xalxis mier arCevis Semdeg,
maTi amomrCevlebis mier ”dawuneba” da parlamentidan ukan gamowveva ar
daiSveba. Tumca es debuleba ar gamoricxavs parlamentis wevrisaTvis wev­
robis vadamde adre Sewyvetas, rac parlamentis gadawyvetilebiT xdeba.

37
 2 ufro konkretulad, konstituciis 54-e muxli CamoTvlis 7 SemTxvevas, ro­
melic iwvevs parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlamde
Sewyvetas. esenia:

magaliTad,
axorcielebs
samewarmeo
saqmianobas,
risi uflebac
parlamentis wevrs
ar aqvs an Tu man
daikava romelime
Tanamdeboba
saxelmwifo
samsaxurSi.

parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxs wyvets

parlamenti da es gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakonstitucio sa­
samarTloSi.
parlamentis wevris saqmianobis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebisaTvis,
saqarTvelos konstitucia iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, sxva garantiebsac. garda
gawvevis dauSveblobisa, parlamentis wevrisaTvis garantirebulia ufleba,
ar misces Cveneba im faqtis gamo, romelic mas gaandes, rogorc parlamentis
wevrs da es ufleba parlamentis wevrs unarCundeba misi uflebamosilebis
Sewyvetis Semdegac. es gaxlavT profesiuli saidumlo informacia.
parlametis wevri, aseve, ar miecema pasuxisgebaSi Tavisi movaleobis Ses­
rulebisas, parlamentSi Tu mis gareT gamoTqmuli azrebisa da Sexedule­
bebisaTvis, xolo deputatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis
dabrkole­baTa Seqmna isjeba kanoniT.
d. parlamentis struqtura
saqarTvelos parlamenti, Tavisi uflebamosilebis vadiT, reglamentiT
dadgenili wesiT, faruli kenWisyriT irCevs saqarTvelos parlamentis
Tavmjdomares da Tavmjdomaris moadgileebs, maT Soris, TiTo moadgiles

38
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikidan da aWaris avtonomiuri respub­
likidan arCeul parlamentis wevrTagan, maTive wardginebiT. parlamentis
Tavmjdoma­re uZRveba parlamentis muSaobas, uzrunvelyofs azris Tavi­
sufal gamoxatvas, xels awers parlamentis mier miRebul aqtebs, asrulebs
reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis winaswari momzadebis, gadawyvetilebaTa Ses­
2
rulebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis, parlamentis mier mis winaSe angariSvaldebu­
li organoebis da mTavrobis saqmianobis kontrolis mizniT, parlamentSi,
misi uflebamosilebis vadiT, iqmneba komitetebi.
parlamentis wevrebi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen saparlamento fraqciaSi.
fraqciis wevrTa raodenoba ar unda iyos eqvsze naklebi.
agreTve, parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedis moTxovniT,
parlamen­tSi iqmneba sagamoZiebo an sxva droebiTi komisiebi. droebiT
komisiaSi saparlamento umravlesobis warmomadgenloba ar unda aRemate­
bodes komisiis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis naxevars. sagamoZiebo komisi­
is moTxovniT sxdomaze gamocxadeba, agreTve, sakiTxis gamokvlevisaTvis
aucilebeli sabuTebis wardgena savaldebuloa.
parlamentis muSaobis organizaciisaTvis iqmneba parlamentis biuro, sityva
biujeti, Zveli
romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare, normandiulidan
Tavmjdomaris moadgileebi, parlamentis komitetebisa da saparlamento modis da safules
fraqciebis Tavmjdomareebi. niSnavs. martivad
rom avxsnaT,
e. parlamentis saqmianoba qveynis biujeti
warmoadgens
parlamentis ZiriTadi saqmianoba kanonSemoqmedebaa, anu kanonebis miReba. Semosavlisa
maT Soris aris yovelwliurad misaRebi kanoni saxelmwifo biujetis Sesa­ da gasavlis
xeb. CamonaTvals.
saqarTvelos parlamenti, aseve, axorcielebs saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba­ saxelmwifo biujeti
moicavs yvela
Ta da SeTanxmebaTa ratificirebas, denonsirebasa da gauqmebas. uwyebis, saxelmwifo
konkretuli kanonis inicirebis, anu sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba samsaxuris,
aqvs mTavrobas, parlamentis wevrs, saparlamento fraqcias, parlamen- samTavrobo
programebis
tis komitets, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtono- finansuri
miuri respublikis umaRles warmomadgenlobiT organoebs da aranakleb informaciis
30000 amomrCevels. CamonaTvalis
erTobliobas.

ratificireba-
procesi, romlis
Tanaxmad saxelmwifo
kisrulobs
xelSekrulebis
Sesrulebis
valdebulebas

denonsireba-
gauqmebulad
gamocxadeba

saqarTvelos
parlamentis sxdoma

39
 2 saqarTvelos
parlamentis biuros
sxdoma

parlamentSi kanonproeqti miRebulad iTvleba, roca mas mxars uWers

damswre­Ta umravlesoba, aranakleb sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedisa.
parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonproeqti, misi miRebidan 7 dRis vadaSi, ga­
daecema saqarTvelos prezidents. prezidenti, 10 dRis vadaSi, xels awers da
aqveynebs kanons. prezidenti uflebamosilia, ar daeTan­
veto (veto- I forbid) laTinuri sityvaa da xmos parlamentis mier miRebul kanons da veto da­ados
niSnavs: me vkrZalav. vetos koncefciis mas, anu motivirebuli/dasabuTebuli SeniSvnebiT
samSoblo romis imperia gaxlavT. romis
konsuli aCerebda senatis mier miRebul
xel­moweris gareSe daubrunos kanoni parlaments. Tu
aqts, Tu is ar eTanxmeboda senats. prezidenti daabrunebs kanonproeqts, parlamenti
amJamad, es sityva aRniSnavs oficialuri kenWs uyris prezidentis mier warmodgenil SeniSvnebs.
piris moqmedebas, romelic aCerebs kanons. Tu SeniSvnebi miRebulia, kanonproeqtis saboloo re­
bevr evropul saxelmwifo-respublikebSi daqcia gadaecema prezidents, romelic 7 dRis vadaSi
moqmedebs prezidentis vetos koncefcia.
esenia, magaliTad, italia, portugalia,
xels awers da aqveynebs mas. Tu parlamentma ar miiRo
irlandia, safrangeTi, da a.S. amerikis prezidentis SeniSvnebi, kenWi eyreba kanonproeqtis
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents, aseve, pirvandel redaqcias. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanonis miRebas
aqvs vetos ufleba. kerZod, senati yvela sWirdeba ufro maRali qvorumi, vidre pirveli ken­­Wis­­
kanons ugzavnis prezidents xelmosawerad y­ris dros. kanoni miRebulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas mx-
da prezidenti xels awers kanons an ar awers
da werilobiTi SeniSvnebiT ubrunebs senats.
ari dauWira parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis nax-
senats SeuZlia daZlios saprezidento veto evarze metma. konstituciis Sesworeba miRebulad
da 2/3 -is umravlesobiT miiRos kanoni, CaiTvleba, Tu mas mxari dauWira parlamentis sruli
romelic ZalaSi Seva prezidentis xelmoweris Semadgen­lobis aranakleb samma meoTxedma.
gareSec. amerikis saxelmwifos istoriaSi
yvelaze xSirad veto gamoyenebulia parlamentis sxdomebi sajaroa, maTi mimdinareoba ga­
prezident franklin delano ruzveltis daicema televiziiT da nebismier dainteresebul pirs
dros , sul 635- jer! SesaZlebloba aqvs, Tvalyuri adevnos sakanonmdeb­
aSS bolo prezidenti barak obamas mier lo organos muSaobas. amomrCevels aqvs realuri Sesa­
vetos ufleba 2-jer iyo sul gamoyenebuli
Zlebloba, daakvirdes Tavis mier arCeuli parlamentis
da orivejer senatma ver SeZlo
prezidentis vetos daZleva, Sesabamisad, muSaobas. parlaments SeuZlia, calkeuli sakiTxebis
es kanonproeqtebi ver iqca kanonebad. ganxilvisas sxdoma an misi nawili daxurulad gamoacxa­
dos.
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze kenWisyra aris Ria an
magaliTad, plenaruli sxdoma SeiZleba
daixuros im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganixileba faruli. kenWisyra Riaa, garda konstituciiTa da kano­
saxelmwifo saidumloebis Semcveli sakiTxi. niT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. parlamentis Ria
plenaruli sxdomis oqmi sajaroa.

40
saqarTvelos parlamenti Tavisi uflebiT ikribeba morig sesiaze weliwadSi
orjer. saSemodgomo sesia ixsneba seqtembris pirvel samSabaTs da ixureba
dekembris mesame paraskevs, xolo sagazafxulo sesia ixsneba Tebervlis pir­
vel samSabaTs da ixureba ivnisis bolo paraskevs.
sesiebs Soris periodSi SeiZleba gaimarTos riggareSe sxdoma.
2
v. saqarTvelos prezidentis impiCmenti
sityva ”impiCmenti” laTinuri warmoSobisaa da misi Tavdapirveli mniSvne­
lobiT ” dakaveba”, ”gamoWera” -s niSnavs.
uoTergeitis
Sinaarsobrivad es aris procedura oficialuri, rogorc wesi, maRa- kompleqsi
li rangis Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, romelic dawyebulia misi vaSingtonSi,
gadayene­bis moTxovniT, Tu misi mxridan adgili aqvs qveynis konsti- Senoba, sadac
tuciis darRvevas an sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls. gaxmaurebul SeWras
hqonda adgili. es
pirvelad impiCmentis procesi gamoyenebuli iyo did britaneTSi, jer kidev faqti cnobilia
me-14 saukuneSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi ganixileboda istoriaSi, rogorc
sami prezidentis impiCmentis sakiTxi. ori prezidentis- endriu jonsonisa uoTergeitis
skandali.
da bil klintonis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli impiCmentis procesi damTavrda skandali
maTi gamarTlebiT, xolo prezidenti riCard niqsoni gadadga manam, sanam mis ukavSirdeba
mimarT impiCmentis procesis aRZvras kenWi eyreboda. amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis prezident
saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis istoria ar icnobs prezidentis impiCmen­ riCard niqsonis
tis SemTxvevebs. saxels. skandali
daiwyo 1972 wlis
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos prezidentis Tanamde­ 17 ivniss, rodesac
bobidan gadayenebis sakiTxis (impiCmentis) aRZvris ufleba aqvs parlamen­ uoTergeitis
tis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb erT mesameds. sakiTxi daskvnisaTvis saofise kompleqsSi,
gadaecema sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlom demokratebis Stab-
binaSi, TviTneburad
Tavisi daskvniT daadastura prezidentis qmedebaSi danaSaulis Semadgen­ SeWrili 5 adamiani
lobis niSnebis arseboba an konsti­ daapatimres.
tuciis darRveva, daskvnis ganx­ dawyebuli
ilvis Semdeg, parlamenti sruli gamoZiebiT
Semadgenlobis umravleso­ biT gamoikveTa
federaluri
iRebs gadawyvetilebas kenWisyra­ sadazvervo biuros
ze dadges prezidentis impiCmen­ mier prezidentis
tis wesiT Tanam­ debobidan gada­ politikuri
yenebis sakiTxi. prezidenti oponentebis
impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan faruli, unebarTvo
mosmenebis faqtebi.
gadayenebulad CaiTvleba, Tu am
politikuri
gadawyvetilebas mxari dauWira SpionaJisa da sxva
parlamentis sruli Semadgenlo­ kanondarRvevis
bis aranakleb orma mesamedma. kvali prezident
niqsonze
dauSvebelia prezidentisaTvis miuTiTebda. 1974
wayenebuli braldebis par­lament­ wlis 9 agvistos
Si ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis prezidenti
niqsoni gadadga.
miReba sagangebo an saomari
Tumca amiT misi
mdgoma­reobis an omis dros. pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi ar moixsna
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos isto­
srulad manam, sanam
riaSi ar moiZebneba prezidentis prezident fordma
impiCmentis proceduris dawyebis ar Seiwyala igi 1974
riCard niqsoni faqti. wlis 8 seqtembers.

41
 2 z. parlamentis ufleba undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas
parlaments ufleba aqvs undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas da undob­
lobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis aRZvris Semdeg uflebamosilia daasaxelos
premier-ministris axali kandidatura prezidentisaTvis warsadgenad.
prezidenti uflebamosilia wamoayenos wardgenili premier-ministris kan­
didatura an uari ganacxados am kandidaturis wamoyenebaze. prezidentis
2013 wlis 25 marts uari wamoayenos parlamentis mier dasaxelebuli kandidatura SeiZleba
ganxorcielebuli
sakonstitucio
daZlios/gadalaxos parlamentma siiTi Semadgenlobis 3/5-iT, rac imas niS­
cvlilebis mixedviT. navs, rom prezidenti ukve valdebuli xdeba daemorCilos parlamentis am
gadawyvetilebas.
T. parlamentis daTxovna
konstituciis 511 muxlis Tanaxmad, konstituciiT gansazRvrul SemTxve­
rac dadgenilia
konstituciis me-80 vebSi, saqarTvelos prezidents aqvs parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba. Tumca,
muxliT, romelsac prezidentis es ufleba SezRudulia. kerZod, prezidenti ver daiTxovs
mogvianebiT parlaments:
mTavrobis TavSi
ganvixilavT. 1. parlamentis arCevnebis Catarebidan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi;
2. parlamentis mier konstituciis 63-e muxliT gansazRvruli
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas;
rodesac parlamenti 3. sagangebo an saomari mdgomareobis dros;
iwyebs prezidentis
impiCmentis 4. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebis vadis amowurvis
proceduras. kalendaruli wlis maisidan axalarCeuli prezidentis mier fi-
cis dadebamde.

kiTxva:
1. sworia Tu ara, rom parlamentis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos nebismier moqalaqes 16 wlis
asakidan?
2. ra asakidan SeiZleba gaxdes saqarTvelos moqalaqe parlamentis wevri?
3. ramdeni wevrisagan Sedgeba saqarTvelos parlamenti?
4. Tu moqalaqeebi ar arian kmayofilni maT mier arCeuli deputatis saqmianobiT, daiSveba Tu ara am deputatis
mandatis gawveva?
5. ra aris parlamentis ZiriTadi saqmianoba?
6. ras niSnavs sityva impiCmenti?
7. SeuZlia Tu ara parlaments undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas?
8. uSvebs Tu ara saqarTvelos konstitucia parlamentis vadamde daTxovnas?

8. konstituciis meoTxe Tavi. saqarTvelos prezidenti

saqarTvelos prezidenti airCeva sayovelTao, Tanaswori da

pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT 5
wlis vadiT. erTi da igive piri prezidentad SeiZleba arCeul iqnes
zedized mxolod orjer, anu prezidentad erTi da imave piris mesa­
me vadiT arCeva dauSvebelia. prezidentad SeiZleba arCeul iqnes
saarCevno uflebis mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqe 35 wlis asakidan,
romelsac saqarTveloSi ucxovria arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde 5
weli mainc, an bolo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda saqarTvelo-
Si. axalarCeuli prezidenti warmoTqvams saprogramo sityvas da
saxalxod debs fics.

42
 2
laTinuri: contra-
winaaRmdeg,
signare-xelmowera
saxelmwifos
meTauris
samarTlebrivi
aqtebis premier-
ministris (iSviaTad
-Sesabamisi sferos
ministris) mxridan
Tanaxelmoweras
gulisxmobs, ris
Sedegad aqti iZens
iuridiul Zalas da
mis aRsrulebaze
saqarTvelos prezidentis rezidencia samarTlebrivi
Tu politikuri
saxelmZRvanelos daweris momentisaTvis qveynis meoTxe prezidenti gax- pasuxismgebloba
lavT giorgi margvelaSvili. ekisreba premier-
ministrs.
moqmedi konstituciis mixedviT, saqarTvelos prezidenti aris saqarTve­los kontrasignaciis
saxelmwifos meTauri. igi uzrunvelyofs qveynis erTianobas da mTliano­ instituti evropul
bas, saxelmwifo organoTa saqmianobas konstituciis Sesabamisad. saqarTve­ samarTalSi me‐19
los prezidenti saqarTvelos warmomadgenelia sagareo urTierTo­bebSi. saukunis dasawyisSi
formalurad saqarTvelos prezidenti ar Sedis arc sakanonmdeblo da arc damkvidrda da
dRemde moqmedebs
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi. saqarTvelos prezidents ar aqvs ufleba evrokavSiris
ekavos partiuli Tanamdeboba. ”Zveli” wevri
saxelmwifoebis
2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli umravlesobaSi
prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan qveynis prezidentis ufleba- (safrangeTi,
mosileba Seikveca. prezidentis mier gadawyvetilebaTa didi nawilis miReba germania, italia,
da maTi ZalaSi Sesvla moiTxovs mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebas an saWiroebs pre­ portugalia,
mier-ministris kontrasignacias. meore mxriv, gaZlierda premier-minis­ espaneTi, saberZneTi,
fineTi...)”
tris, rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris pozicia.
saqarTvelos prezidenti aRar warmarTavs da ar ganaxorcielebs saxelmwi­
fos saSinao da sagareo politikas, ise rogorc amas axorcielebda misi
winamor­bedi prezidenti da prezidentis Tanamdebobam SeiZina ufro sim­
boluri, vidre realuri Zalis mqone Tanamdebobis niSnebi.
prezidenti inarCunebs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlis pozicias
da saqarTveloze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi uflebamosi­ lia
gamoac­xados saomari mdgomareoba qveyanaSi (muxli 73.1 ”z”), dados zavi
da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi warudginos dasamtkiceblad parlaments.
prezidenti, aseve, uflebamosilia gadawyvitos moqalaqeobis miniWebisa da
Sewyvetis sakiTxebi, Seiwyalos msjavrdebulebi.
prezidenti uflebamosilia daiTxovos parlamenti mxolod im SemTxveva­
Si, Tu parlamenti zedized samjer ar gamoucxadebs ndobas mTavrobis
Semadgenlobas da samTavrobo programas. prezidenti, aseve, uflebamo­
silia wamoaye­nos mxolod parlamentis arCevnebSi saukeTeso Sedegis mqone
saarCevno subieqtis mier misTvis wardgenili premier-ministris kandida­
tura. amdenad, prezidentis ufleba, wamoayenos premier-ministris kandi­
datura, srulad aris damokidebuli saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebu­
li politikuri subieqtis nebaze.

43
 2
prezidenti- parlamenti - mTavroba
2013 wlis oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebamde:

kiTxva:
SeuZlia Tu ara
prezidents
daikavos partiuli
Tanamdeboba,
magaliTad,
iyos partiis
Tavmjdomare?
ras niSnavs prezidenti-parlamenti-mTavroba
kontrasignacia?
2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli
izrdeba Tu ara
prezidentis prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan:
uflebamosilebebi
2013 wlis
oqtomberSi axali
saprezidento
arCevnebis Semdeg?

9. konstituciis meoTxe1 Tavi. saqarTvelos mTavroba

mTavroba aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo da saja­
ro mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi rgoli. saqarTvelos mTavro­
bas xelmZRva­nelobs premier-ministri. mTavroba ar aris uflebamosili,
ganaxor­cielos kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba an marTlmsajuleba. mTavro­
ba axorcielebs sajaro mmarTvelobas parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis
safuZvelze da maT Sesasruleblad. uflebamosilia, gamosces kanonqvemde­
bare samarTlebrivi aqtebi (magaliTad: dadgenileba, gankarguleba, brZane­
ba, gadawyvetileba) da ar aris uflebamosili gamosces kanonebi.

44
 2
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis sxdoma

a. mTavrobis kompetencia da struqtura (konstituciis 78-e muxli)

dRes moqmedi konstituciiT mTavroba aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
umaRlesi organo, romelic axorcielebs qveynis saSinao da sagareo poli­
tikas. mTavroba angariSvaldebulia mxolod parlamentis winaSe.
mTavroba Sedgeba premier-ministrisa da ministrebisagan. igi konsti­
tuciisa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze da maT Sesasruleb­
lad iRebs dadgenilebebsa da gankargulebebs, romlebsac xels awers pre­
mier-ministri.
mTavrobis struqtura, uflebamosileba da saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba
kanoniT. aRniSnul kanonproeqts parlaments warudgens mTavroba. mTavro­
bis meTauria premier-ministri, romelic gansazRvravs mTavrobis saqmiano­
bis mimarTulebebs, organizebas uwevs mTavrobis saqmianobas da Tavisi
uflebamosilebis farglebSi gamoscems individualur samarTlebriv aqts
– brZanebas, agreTve, srulad axorcielebs administraciul funqciebs.
premier - ministris gadadgoma an misi uflebamosilebis Sewyveta iwvevs
mTavrobis sxva wevrTa uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. mTavrobis sxva wevris
gadadgomis an Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi premier-minis­
tri, saqarTvelos prezidentis TanxmobiT ori kviris vadaSi niSnavs mTav­
robis axal wevrs.
b. axali mTavrobis formirebis wesi (konstituciis muxli 80)
mTavrobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ukavSirdeba axali parlamentis arCev­
nebs, anu axal parlamentTan erTad modis axali mTavroba.
axali premier-ministris daniSvnaSi da mTavrobis formirebaSi upiratesi
uflebebiT sargeblobs saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli politi­
kuri Zala. kerZod, saqarTvelos prezidenti Zveli mTavrobis uflebamo­
silebis moxsnis Semdeg wamoayenebs parlamentis arCevnebSi saukeTeso Se­
degis mqone saarCevno subieqtis mier misTvis wardgenil premier-ministris
kandidaturas. anu, prezidents ar aqvs ufleba Tavad SearCios premier-
minis­tri, Tundac parlamentTan gamarTuli konsultaciebis safuZvelze.
mas am procesSi mxolod formaluri roli aqvs da igi valdebulia, daasaxe­
los mxolod is kandidati, romelsac mas warudgens saparlamento arCevneb­
Si yvelaze maRali Sedegebis mqone politikuri partia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 2012 wlis 1 oqtombers saqarTveloSi gamarTuli saparlamento arCev­
nebis dros ar moqmedebda mTavrobis SerCevis aRniSnuli varianti, pre­
mier-ministris wardgena da mTavrobis formireba moxda swored am wesiT.
premier-ministri biZina ivaniSvili wardgenil iqna prezidentis mier ara sa­
parlamento fraqciebTan konsultaciebis gamarTvis safuZvelze, aramed is
iyo saparlamento arCevnebSi saukeTeso Sedegis mqone politikuri subieq­
tis-koalicia ”qarTuli ocnebis” mier dasaxelebuli premier-ministrobis

45
2 kandidati.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis da saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis
uzrunvelsa­ yofad iqmneba saministroebi. saministros xelmZRvanelobs
minis­tri, romelic damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas mis kompe­tencias
mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze. ministri gamoscems brZanebas. magaliTad, ganaT­
lebis saministros ministri gamoscems brZanebebs, romlebic savaldebuloa
Sesasruleblad skolebis mier.
mTavrobis wevrebs, ministrebs ufleba ar aqvT: ekavoT sxva Tanamdeboba,
garda partiulisa, daafuZnon sawarmo, eweodnen samewarmeo saqmianobas. maT
ufleba aqvT eweodnen samecniero, pedagogiur da SemoqmedebiT saqmiano­bas.

mTavrobis formirebis wesi

2013 wlis oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebamde

mTavrobis formirebis wesi

2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli
prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan

g. rwmunebuli- gubernatori
dRes moqmedi konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo rwmunebuls – guber­
nators Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs mTavroba.

kiTxva:
mTavroba aris sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba?
romel politikur movlenas ukavSirdeba axali mTavrobis Camoyalibeba- parlamentis
arCevnebs Tu prezidentis arCevnebs?
vin warudgens parlaments premier-ministris kandidaturas?

46
saxelmwifo rwmunebulis – gubernatoris statusi
saxelmwifo rwmunebuli – gubernatori aris saqarTvelos mTavrobis war­
momadgeneli gansazRvrul administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebSi.
konstituciis 813 -e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo rwmunebuls
- gubernators Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da aTavisuflebs mTavroba.
2
saxelmwifo rwmunebulis – gubernatoris ZiriTadi amocanebi da
funqcie­bi:
yy adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis saqmianobis
saxelmwi­fo zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba;
yy sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis koordinacia;
yy Sesabamis administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebSi moqa-
laqeTa samxedro aRricxvaze ayvanisa da samxedro savaldebu-
lo samsaxur­Si gawvevis procesis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba da
kontro­li;
yy Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebisa da samoqalaqo Tavdacvis
RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebaSi monawileoba da samxedro-saswav-
lo Sekrebebisa da samxedro momzadebis organizebis RonisZieba-
Ta ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba;
yy Sesabamisi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis social-
ur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programebis SemuSaveba da ganxor-
cieleba; investiciebis mozidvasa da regionaluri ganviTarebis
RonisZiebebSi monawileoba;
yy ekologiuri mdgomareobis stabilizaciis misaRwevad saWiro
RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba;
yy saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebTan
koordinirebiT, stiqiuri movlenebis, katastrofebisa da sa-
gangebo situaciebis prevenciisa da maTi uaryofiTi Sedegebis sa-
likvidacio RonisZiebaTa xelSewyoba;
yy kulturisa da istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis RonisZiebebis xel­
Sewyoba;
yy soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
yy saqarTvelos kanonebiT prezidentis calkeuli amocanebis Ses-
ruleba.
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo rwmunebulebis – gubernatorebis uflebamosilebaTa teri- prezidentis 2007
toriuli sazRvrebi da uflebamosilebebi wlis 27 ivnisis
brZanebuleba #4
saqarTveloSi ganisazRvra saxelmwifo rwmunebulebis samoqmedo 9 teri­ 406 saxelmwifo
toria. es samoqmedo teritoriebi moicavs: rwmunebulis-
gubernatoris
1. axmetis, gurjaanis, dedofliswyaros, Telavis, lagodexis, sagare­ debulebis
jos, siRnaRisa da yvarlis municipalitetebis administraci­ damtkicebis Sesaxeb.
ul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;
2. bolnisis, gardabnis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, marneulis, walkis mu­
nicipalitetebisa da qalaq rusTavis administraciul-teritoriul
sazRvrebs;
3. baRdaTis, vanis, zestafonis, Terjolis, samtrediis, saCxeris, tyibu­
lis, wyaltubos, WiaTuris, xaragaulis, xonis municipalitetebisa
da qalaq quTaisis administraciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;
4. lanCxuTis, ozurgeTisa da Coxatauris municipalitetebis
administra­ciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;

47
 2
kiTxva:
visi rwmunebulia
gubernatori?
gubernatoris
ramdeni samoqmedo
5. abaSis, zugdidis, martvilis, mestiis, senakis, Cxorowyus, walenji­
xis, xobis municipalitetebisa da qalaq foTis administraciul-
terito­riul sazRvrebs;
6. ambrolauris, lentexis, onisa da cageris municipalitetebis
administra­ciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;
7. goris, kaspis, qarelisa da xaSuris municipalitetebis administra­
teritoria
ganisazRvra ciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;
saqarTveloSi?
ra hqvia 8. duSeTis, TianeTis, mcxeTisa da yazbegis municipalitetebis
gubernatoris administra­ciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs;
mier gamocemul
samarTlebriv 9. adigenis, aspinZis, axalcixis, axalqalaqis, borjomisa da ninowmin­
aqtebs? dis municipalitetebis administraciul-teritoriul sazRvrebs.
saxelmwifo rwmunebulis samarTlebrivi aqti
saxelmwifo rwmunebuli – gubernatori gamoscems individualur
samarTleb­riv aqts - gubernatoris gankargulebas, romlis gauqmebis
ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos mTavrobas. gubernatoris gankarguleba SeiZleba
gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi.

d. prokuratura
sabWoTa dros qveynis mTavar proku­
moqmedebdnen
e.w. samxedro
rors Tanamdebobaze niS­
prokuraturebi, navs da Tanamdebobi­ dan
romlebic aTavisuflebs sa­qar­­Tve­
axorcielebdnen los premier-ministri
sisxlis samarTlis iusticiis mi­ni­s­tris
devnas yvela im
saqmeze, romelSic
wardginebis safuZvelze.
erT- erTi monawile akrZalulia sagangebo
mainc samxedro
mosamsaxure
an specialuri prokura­
iyo. am saqmeebis turebis Seqmna.
gansaxilvelad
qveyanaSi moqmedebda
prokuraturis ZiriTa-
specialuri
samxedro di amocanebi:
sasamarTloebi- • sisxlissamarTleb­
samxedro
tribunalebi. rivi devnis ganxor­
cieleba;
• sisxlissamarTleb­
rivi devnis ga­
moZiebis saproceso
xelmZRvaneloba; saqarTvelos mTavari prokuratura
• kanoniT gaTvalis­
winebul SemTxvevebSi
sruli moculobiT gamoZiebis Catareba;
• TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa uflebebis darRvevis faqtebis Semowmeba;
sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganxilvisas monawileoba sasamarTloSi da
saxelmwi­fo braldebis mxardaWera.

48
 prokuraturis sistema:

2
kiTxva:
aris Tu ara
prokuratura
sasamarTloze
zedamxedveli
organo?
moqmedeben Tu
ara saqarTveloSi
specializebuli
prokuraturebi/
prokurorebi?
10. konstituciis mexuTe Tavi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba
sasamarTlo axorcielebs marTlmsajulebas, ganixilavs samoqalaqo da­vebs
da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs. sxvas aravis aqvs ufleba ganaxorcielos
marTlmsajuleba qveyanaSi. mosamarTleebi atareben sxdomebs, usmenen mxa­
reebs da iReben sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs da es procesi ar aris sajaro
mmarTveloba. am process marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba hqvia. sasamarT­
los gadawyvetilebebis Sesruleba savaldebuloa im pirebisaTvis, visac es
gadawyvetileba exeba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaauqmos mTavrobis gadawyveti­
lebebi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ki SeuZlia antikonstituciurad cnos
da gaauqmos parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs
saerTo sasamarTloebi da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

49
2 a. sasamarTlo sistema

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aris konstituciuri kontro­

lis ganmaxorcielebeli sasamarTlo, rac imas niSnavs, rom mxolod sakonsti­
tucio sasamarTlos aqvs kompetencia, ganixilos kanonis konstitucias­Tan
Sesabamisobis sakiTxi da antikonstituciurad cnos parlamentis mier miRe­
buli kanoni.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Seiqmna 1996 wels da 2007 wlis 5 ivlisidan igi
mdebareobs q. baTumSi.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo 9 mosamarTlisagan Sedgeba. xelisuflebis
samive Sto CarTulia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos formirebasa da mo­
samarTleebis daniSvnaSi. kerZod, 3 wevrs niSnavs prezidenti, 3 - uzenaesi
sasamarTlo da 3 wevrs irCevs parlamenti. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wev­
rebi iniSnebian 10 wliT.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

50
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos struqtura

2
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Sedgeba plenumisa da ori kolegiisagan. plenu­ sakonstitucio
mis SemadgenlobaSi aris sakonstitucio sasamarTlos cxrave wevri. sasamarTloSi
moqmedi saqmeTa
kolegiebis SemadgenlobaSia 4 wevri mosamarTle. ganawilebis wesi
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi Tavisi Semadgenlobidan gansxvavdeba saerTo
sasamarTloebSi
5 wlis vadiT irCeven sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares. Tum­ moqmedi saqmeebis
ca, sakonsti­tucio sasamarTlos wevrebis ufleba - airCion Tavmjdomare ganawilebis
formaluri xasiaTis matarebelia, radgan sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wesisagan, romelic
Tavmjdo­maris kandidaturis dasaxeleba xdeba saqarTvelos prezidentis, dadgenilia
saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomarisa da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa­ specialuri kanoniT.
am wesis mixedviT,
samarTlos Tavmjdo­maris SeTanxmebuli winadadebiT. raionul (saqalaqo),
administraciuli funqciebis garda, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdo­ saapelacio da
avtonomiuri
mare xelmZRvanelobs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenarul sxdomebs, respublikis
xels awers plenumis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs, xelmZRvanelobs sa­ umaRles saapelacio
samarTlos aparats, samuSaoze iRebs da aTavisuflebs TanamSromlebs. sasamarTloebSi
Zalze mniSvnelovania misi ufleba, gaanawilos sasamarTloSi Semosuli mosamarTleTa Soris
sarCelebi. es imas niSnavs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare saqmeebi nawildeba
rigiTobis wesiT.
irCevs im mosamarTles, romelmac konkretuli saqme unda gadawyvitos da rigiToba ki
saqme ar nawildeba rigiTobis wesiT, rogorc es, magaliTad, saerTo sa­ gulisxmobs
samarTloebSi xdeba. mosamarTleTa
Soris saqmeebis
pirebi, visac ufleba aqvT waradginon sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi ganawilebas saqmeTa
konstituciuri sarCeli an wardgineba: Semosvlis rigisa
1. saqarTvelos prezidenti; da mosamarTleTa
rigiTobis mixedviT.
2. parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erTi mexuTedi; mosamarTleebis
3. saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTle ( wardgineba); rigiToba
ganisazRvreba maTi
4. saxalxo damcveli; gvaris pirveli,
5. afxazeTis, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi warmomad- xolo igiveobis
SemTxvevaSi -
genlobiTi organoebi; momdevno asos
6. TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiT organo - sakrebu- mixedviT.
lo;
7. saqarTvelos iuridiuli piri;
8. saqarTvelos moqalaqe.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumi ganixilavs: kanonis
arakonstituciurad
yy saqarTvelos konstituciasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, sakonstitucio
saqarTvelos kanonebis, saqarTvelos parlamentis norma­ sasamarTlos
tiuli dadgenilebebis, saqarTvelos prezidentis, afxazeTisa mier cnobis
Sedegia am kanonis
da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis umaR­ Zaladakargulad
les organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis, agreTve, gamocxadeba.
saqarTve­
los sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saqarTvelos am SemTxvevaSi
parlamen­tis dadgenilebebis miRebis/gamocemis, xelmoweris, moqmedebs
gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxebs; saparlamento
saqmianobis
yy referendumTan, aseve, saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTve­ sakonstitucio
kontrolis
los prezidentis arCevnebis konstituciurobasTan dakav- meqanizmi.
Sirebul davas;
51
 2
saerTo
sasamarTlos
mosamarTle
daelodeba
yy

yy
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis konsti­
tuciuro­­­bis sakiTxs;

iZleva daskvnas saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos

uzenae­si sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, saqarTvelos mTavrobis
wevris, saqarTvelos generaluri prokuroris, saqarTvelos
kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomarisa da saqarTvelos erovnu-
sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos
li bankis sabWos wevrebis mier saqarTvelos konstituciis
daskvnas, im kanonis darRvevis sakiTxze;
konstituciasTan
Sesabamisobis yy ixilavs saerTo sasamarTlos wardginebas, romelsac warad-
Sesaxeb, romelic man gens konkretuli saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTle.
davis gadasawyvetad
unda gamoiyenos. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kolegia ganixilavs:
Tu sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo yy davas saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Sesaxeb;
acxadebs kanons
(an kanonis yy moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmiano-
calkeul muxls)
bis konstituciurobis sakiTxs;
arakonstitu­
ciurad, mosamarTle
ar gamoiyenebs mas
yy davas adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebis
saqmis ganxilvis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb;
dros.
yy normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobas saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis meore Tavis (saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba adamianis
ZiriTa­di uflebani da Tavisuflebani) sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT;

yy saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an

uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxs.

magaliTi: 2012 wlis 24 oqtombers saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

pirvelma kolegiam ganixila saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqe Tamar
CugoSvilis sarCeli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg. sadavo iyo kanonis is muxli, romlis mixedviT operatiul-
samZebro RonisZiebis ganmaxorcielebel organos (pirs), SesaZlebloba hqonda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe
ganexorcielebina dakvirveba daxuruli xasiaTis interneturTierTobebze.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo norma ar Seicavs piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis saTanado
garantiebs da ar gamoricxavs operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos (piri) uflebamosilebas,
sadavo normaze dayrdnobiT, mosamarTlis brZanebis gareSe ganaxorcielos daxuruli interneturTierTobis
monitoringi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis pirvel punqts.
konstituciis me-20.1 muxli: yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi Canaweri, mimowera,
satelefono saubari da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualeba, agreTve, teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani-
xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas.

b. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris imuniteti

dauSvebelia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxisgeba­Si micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis, samuSao
adgilis an piradi gaCxreka sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tanxmobis gareSe.
gamonaklisia danaSaulze waswrebis SemTxveva, rac dauyovneblad unda ecno­
bos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. Tu igi ar miscems Tanxmobas, sakonsti­
tucio sasamarTlos dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli wevri dauyovneb­ liv
unda ganTavisufldes.
g. saerTo sasamarTloebi
saerTo sasamarTloebi axorcieleben qveyanaSi marTlmsajulebas da
uzrunvel­yofen yoveli adamianis uflebas, Tavis uflebaTa da Tavisufle­
baTa dasacavad pirdapir mimarTon sasamarTlos.
arsebobs sami saxis warmoeba saerTo sasamarTloebSi: samoqalaqo,
administra­ciuli da sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba.

52
 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo

magaliTad:
Tbilisis saqalaqo
sasamarTlos
mosamarTlis
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel terito­ ganaCeni an
gadawyvetileba
riaze, yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis, saxelmwifo da adgilob­ SeiZleba Secvalos
rivi TviTmmarTvelobis organosaTvis da maTi gauqmeba, Secvla an SeCereba an gaauqmos Tbilisis
SeuZlia mxolod zemdgom sasamarTlos. es imaze mianiSnebs, rom sasamarTlo saapelacio
xelisufleba damoukidebelia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisagan sasamarTlom,
da verc prezidenti, verc premier - ministri da parlamenti ver gaauqmebs, xolo Tbilisis
saapelacio
verc Secvlis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. sasamarTlos
saerTo sasamarTlo sistema an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saerTo iuris- gadawyvetilebis
Secvlis an gauqmebis
diqciis sasamarTlo sistema Sedgeba 3 instanciis sasamarTlosagan: ufleba mis zemdgom,
saqarTvelos
uzenaes
sasamarTlos
ekuTvnis.

es iyo 1994 wels

momxdari 3 adamianis
mkvlelobis
braldeba,
yofili policiis
TanamSromlis revaz
demetraSvilis
2004 wlis 6 Tebervals konstituciaSi gaCnda Canaweri, rom saerTo winaaRmdeg.
mosamarTle nino
sasamarTloeb­Si saqmeebi ganixileba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sandoZe. verdiqti
da wesiT nafici msajulebis mier. Tumca, am sistemis amoqmedebas dasWirda miRebuli nafici
ramdenime weli da mxolod 2011 wels, noembers Catarda TbilisSi pirveli msajulebis mier
sasamarTlo procesi mkvlelobis saqmeze nafic msajulTa monawileobiT. iyo- damnaSavea.

53
2 konstitucia aRiarebs mosamarTlis damoukideblobis mniSvnelobas da
awesebs, rom raime zemoqmedeba mosamarTleze an Careva mis saqmianobaSi
gadawyveti­lebis miRebaze zegavlenis mizniT, akrZalulia da isjeba kano­
niT.
konstituciis Tanaxmad, aravis aqvs ufleba, mosTxovos mosamarTles
anga­
riSi konkretul saqmeze da baTilia yvela aqti, romelic zRudavs
mosamarT­lis damoukideblobas. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
gauqmebas, Secvlas an SeCerebas, amis ufleba, mxolod, gadawyvetilebis mim­
Reb sasamarTlos - zemdgom sasamarTlos aqvs, kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT.
konstitucia, aseve, aRiarebs sasamarTlos sxdomis sajaroobis mniSvne­
lobas da adgens, rom sasamarTloSi saqme ganixileba Ria sxdomaze. daxu­
ruli sxdoma gamonaklisia da daiSveba mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxve­vebSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba unda
cxaddebodes saqveynod. sasamarTloSi mxareebis Tanasworoba da Sejibre­
bebi, aseve, aRiarebulia konstituciiT.
mosamarTled SeiZleba dainiSnos saqarTvelos moqalaqe 30 wlis asakidan,
Tu mas aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba da specialobiT muSaobis sul
cota 5 wlis gamocdileba. mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze gamweseba xdeba uva­
dod. saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi Tanamdebobaze
iniSnebian saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos mier. uzenaesi sasamarT­
los mosamarTleebi airCevian saqarTvelos parlamentis mier prezidentis
wardginebiT, aranakleb 10 wlis vadiT.
mosamarTles ar SeiZleba ekavos sxva Tanamdeboba. aseve, ar SeuZlia mas
Seasrulos anazRaurebadi saqmianoba, garda pedagogiuri da samecniero
moRvaweobisa. mosamarTle ar unda iyos politikuri partiis wevri, ar unda
monawileobdes politikur saqmianobaSi.
d. saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTlis imuniteti
dauSvebelia saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTlis sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxis­
gebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis,
samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris Tanxmobis gareSe. gamonaklisia, danaSaulze waswrebis
SemTxveva, rac dauyovneblad unda ecnobos saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos Tavmjdomares. Tu igi ar miscems Tanxmobas, dakavebuli an
dapatimrebuli mosamarTle dauyovneblad unda gaTavisufldes.

Sesabamisad, nebismieri saxis danaSaulis gamo, maSinac ki, Tu is ar aris dakavSirebuli

mosamarTlis mier samosamarTlo saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan, igi daculia absoluturi
imunitetiT, romlis gauqmeba mxolod erTi adamianis, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris
xelSia. detaluri wesebi mosamarTlis imunitetis moxsnis Taobaze ar arsebobs. msgavsi
sistema iZleva SesaZleblobas, calkeuli mosamarTle advilad moeqces uzenaesi
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris gavlenis qveS, radgan is ganagebs mis beds.
evropis umravles qveyanaSi da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, mosamarTles pasuxisgebaSi
micemisagan icavs imuniteti mxolod samosamarTleo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT Cadenili
danaSaulis gamo da ara mis gareT Cadenili danaSaulis gamo.
im qveynebSi, sadac aseTi funqciuri imuniteti arsebobs, misi moxsna ar aris mxolod
erTi adamianis kompetencia, igi aris iusticiis sabWoebis an sxva kolegiuri organoebis
kompetencia. aseTi procedura gamoricxavs im SesaZleblobas, rom mosamarTle erTi
adamianis gavlenis qveS moeqces. procesi imunitetis moxsnis Sesaxeb detaluradaa gawerili,
ufro obieqturia da gamWvirvale.

54
e. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis imuniteti
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris da wevrebis sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxis­gebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, maTi binis, manqanis, samuSao
adgilis an piradi gaCxreka SeiZleba mxolod parlamentis Tanxmo­biT.
gamonaklisia danaSaulze waswrebis SemTxveva, rac dauyovneb­liv unda
ecnobos parlaments. Tu parlamenti ar miscems Tanxmobas, dakavebuli
2
uzenaesi
sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebis
SemTxvevaSi,
parlamentis
ufleba gaauqmos
maTi imuniteti, am
an dapatimrebuli piri dauyovneblad unda gaTavisufldes. mosamarTleebis
politikuri
gavlenis qveS
moqcevis safrTxes
warmoadgens.

Tbilisis iusticiis
saxlis Senoba, sadac
erovnuli bankia
ganTavsebuli.

11. konstituciis meeqvse Tavi. saxelmwifo finansebi da kontroli

a. erovnuli banki
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki warmarTavs qveynis monetarul politikas
fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad da xels uwyobs finansuri seqto­
ris stabilur funqcionirebas. erovnuli banki aris bankTa banki, saqarTve­
los mTavrobis bankiri da fiskaluri agenti.
erovnuli banki damoukidebelia Ta­ vis
saqmianobaSi. erovnuli bankis ufleba-
movaleo­ba, saqmianobis wesi da damoukideb­
lobis garantia ganisazRvreba organuli
kanoniT.
pirveli centraluri banki saqarTvelo­
Si 1919 wels Seiqmna. kerZod, 1919 wlis
31 dekembers saqarTvelos demokrati­
uli respublikis damfuZnebelma krebam
miiRo kanoni „saxelmwifo bankis daarse­
bis Se­saxeb“, riTac qveyanaSi sabanko
sistemis maregulirebeli da erovnuli
fulad-sakredito politikis ganmaxor­
cielebeli organos kanonier funqcioni­
rebas Cauyara safuZveli. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo bankis amoqmedeba 1920 wlis
ivlisidan gaxda SesaZlebeli. kanonis Ses­
abamisad, aRniSnul struqturas daarsebis
iason pirvelive dRidan „saqarTvelos saxelmwi­
lorTqifaniZe fo banki“ ewoda. misi ZiriTadi funqcia

55
2
Tbilisis iusticiis saxli

fulis mimoqcevisa da respublikis fuladi niSnebis stabiluroba, agreTve,

vaWrobis, mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis mokleva­
diani sesxebis gacema iyo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bankis pirvel Tavmjdo­
mared cnobili qarTveli finansisti, bankiri iason lorTqifaniZe airCies.
am periods ukavSirdeba qarTuli fuladi erTeuli ”marCilis” eskizis
SemuSaveba, Tumca ”marCili” mimoqcevaSi ar gavida.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis Semdeg damoukideblobis
dakargvam saqarTvelos saxelmwifo banks saxelmwifoebrivi safuZveli
gamoaca­la da man arseboba Sewyvita.
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki dRevandeli saxiT, rogorc damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos centraluri bankis samarTalmemkvidre, 1991 wlidan arsebobs. 
erovnuli bankis uflebaa, ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos teritoriaze fu­
lis niSnebis gamoSveba. aseve, erovnul banks aqvs eqskluziuri ufleba,
daamzados mimoqcevis an sxva mizniT, samaxsovro fulis niSnebi.
erovnuli bankis sabWo gansazRvravs da amtkicebs laris banknotebisa da
monetebis dizains, Semadgenlobasa da sxva maxasiaTeblebs, ris Semdegac
iwye­ba fulis niSnebis beWdvis procesi. qarTuli fulis niSani wamyvan evro­
pul organizaciebSi mzaddeba.

56
b. qarTuli fuli
1995 wlis 2 oqtombers, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, erTaderT
kanonier sagadamxdelo saSualebad axali qarTuli erovnuli valuta
„lari” gamocxadda.
2
mimoqcevaSi gavida 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 da 100 laris Rirebulebis sa-
banko bileTebi. sityva `lari”, romelic SeirCa qarTuli
erovnuli valutis ZiriTadi erTeulis saxelwodebad, Zveli qar-
Tuli sityvaa da niSnavs, zogadad, ganZs, qonebas, xolo, `TeTri”,
romelic laris meased nawils ewoda, aseve, Zveli, XIII saukunidan
damkvidrebuli qarTuli samoneto terminia. saqarTve-
los erovnulma bankma, 2007 wlis 16 aprils, mimoqcevaSi
gauSva 200 laris Rirsebis banknoti.

57
2 g. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri
1991 wels, qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad, Camoyalibda
saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis erovnuli sistema da Seiqmna saqarTve­
los kontrolis palata, romelic 2012 wlis 22 maiss ganxorcielebuli sa­
konstitucio cvlilebis Sedegad cnobilia, rogorc saxelmwifo auditis
samsaxuri.
sajaro saxsrebisa da sxva materialur faseulobaTa gamoyenebasa da xar­
jvas zedamxedvelobs saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri. igi uflebamo­silia,
agreTve, Seamowmos safinanso-sameurneo kontrolis saxelmwifo sxva
organo­Ta saqmianoba, warudginos parlaments sagadasaxado kanonmdeblo­
bis srulyofis winadadebebi.
sxva sityvebiT, saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri akontrolebs kanonis dacviT
ixarjeba Tu ara Cveni - gadasaxadis gadamxdelis fuli, romelic miemarTeba
saxelmwifo biujetSi.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri damoukidebelia Tavis saqmianobaSi. igi
angariS­valdebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe.
weliwadSi orjer, biujetis Sesrulebis winaswari angariSisa da sruli an­
gariSis wardgenis dros, saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri parlaments warud­
gens moxsenebas mTavrobis angariSTan dakavSirebiT, xolo weliwadSi erT­
xel − angariSs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

12. konstituciis meSvide Tavi. saxelmwifos Tavdacva

konstituciis am TaviT dadgenilia, rom qveynis damoukideblobis, suve­
renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dasacavad, agreTve, saerTaSo­
riso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad saqarTvelos hyavs samxedro Za­
lebi. samxedro aRmSeneblobisa da qveynis Tavdacvis organizaciisaTvis
iqm­neba erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTve­
los prezidenti.
konstitucia adgens, rom saqarTvelos dacva, saqarTvelos yoveli moqa-
laqis movaleobaa da aseve, samxedro valdebulebis moxda, saamiso unaris
mqone, yvela moqalaqis valia. saqarTvelos konstituciis am normis Sesas­
ruleblad miRebulia kanoni ”samxedro valdebulebisa da samxedro sam­
saxuris Sesaxeb”. kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro valdebuleba iTvaliswinebs
samxedro aRricxvas, samxedro samsaxurisaTvis momzadebas, samxedro sam­
saxurs da rezervs. kanoniT dadgenilia, rom 18-dan 27 wlamde asakis saqarT­
velos moqalaqe, romelic imyofeba an valdebulia, imyofebodes samxedro
aRricxvaze da ara aqvs samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisagan ganTavisuflebis
an gawvevis gadavadebis ufleba - eqvemdebareba samxedro valdebulebis
moxdas. xolo moqalaqes, romelmac ar moixada samxedro valdebuleba,
kanonmdeblobiT SeiZleba dauwesdes SezRudvebi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas.
Tumca, qveyanaSi moqmedebs, agreTve, kanoni arasamxedro, alternatiuli
SromiTi samsaxuris Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs arasamxedro, alter­
natiul SromiT samsaxurs, rogorc azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis, sindisis,
aRmsareblobis, rwmenis Tavisuflebasa da samxedro valdebulebas Soris
gonivrul da humanur kompromiss. arasamxedro, alternatiul SromiT sam­
saxurSi, mSvidobian periodSi, gaiwveven im moqalaqes, romelmac saqarTve­
los kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad unda moixados samxedro valdebuleba,
magram sindisis, aRmsareblobis an rwmenis Tavisuflebis motiviT, uari ga­
nacxada samxedro samsaxurze.

58
2

59
2 a. samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuris gadavadeba
kanoni iTvaliswinebs samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuris gadavadebis
Semdeg 16 SemTxvevas:

1. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo samxedro samsaxuris gavli-

saTvis droebiT uvargisad aris cnobili – vadiT erT wlamde;
2. mis mimarT mimdinareobs sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna –
Sesabami­si organoebis mier saTanado gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bamde; (6.11.2009 N 2019) aris umaRlesi an saSualo specialuri
saswavleb­lis studenti da Caricxuli iyo samxedro kaTedraze
– am punqtis `g1~ qvepunqtis amoqmedebamde;
3. aris saqarTvelos umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
an ucxo qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT aRiarebu-
li ucxo qveynis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
studen­ti – swavlis damTavrebamde, umaRlesi ganaTlebis Ti-
Toeul safexurze;
4. man gadaixada samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuris gadavadebi­
saTvis saqarTvelos kanoniT `samxedro savaldebulo samsaxu­
ris gadavadebis mosakreblis Sesaxeb~ dadgenili mosakrebeli;
5. aris zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis moswavle – 20 wlis
asakamde;
6. patronobs Sromisuunaro, mis kmayofaze myof bebias an babuas,
Tu mas ara hyavs sxva kanonieri momvleli, romelsac SeuZlia
maTi movla-patronoba;
7. hyavs ori an orze meti Svili;
8. mis kmayofazea ojaxis Sromisuunaro wevri, romelic saWiroebs
mudmiv mzrunvelobas da ara hyavs sxva kanonieri momvleli, ro-
melsac SeuZlia misi movla-patronoba;
9. mis kmayofazea ojaxis Sromisuunaro wevri, romelic saWiroebs
mudmiv mzrunvelobas, hyavs calke ojaxad mcxovrebi da, romel-
sac ar SeuZlia ojaxis Sromisuunaro wevris movla-patronoba;
10. mis kmayofazea arasrulwlovani an/da oboli da-Zma;
11. aris mRvdelmsaxuri an swavlobs sasuliero saswavlebelSi;
12. aris dediserTa;
13. muSaobs sofelSi maswavleblad an eqimad;
14. gawvevis gadavadebis ufleba miniWebuli aqvs saqarTvelos
prezidentis brZanebulebiT;
15. hyavs samwlamde asakis erTi Svili;
16. Tu wvevamdeli gawvevis dRisaTvis, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesiT registrirebulia, rogorc saqarTvelos parlamentis wev-
robis kandidati, mas samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva gadauvaddeba
arCevnebis Sedegebis damtkicebamde. saqarTvelos parlamentis
wevrad arCevis SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavisufldeba samxedro val-
debulebis moxdisagan.
samxedro savaldebulo samsaxurs daqvemdebarebuli pirisaT-
vis, 18 TviT samxedro savaldebulo samsaxurSi gawvevis gada-
vadeba, dasaSvebia 2000 laris odenobiT mosakreblis gadaxdis
SemTxvevaSi. am uflebiT pirs SeuZlia isargeblos mxolod or-
jer, magram ara umetes 25 wlis asakisa.

60
b. samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisagan ganTavisufleba
kanoni iTvaliswinebs samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisagan ganTavisuflebis
Semdeg 8 SemTxvevas:

1. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo samxedro samsaxurisaTvis

uvargisad cnobili piri;
2
2. piri, romelmac samxedro samsaxuri sxva saxelmwifos samxedro
ZalebSi gaiara;
3. piri, romelic sisxlis samarTlis mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulis CadenisaTvis aris nasamarTlevi;
4. piri, romelic gadis arasamxedro, alternatiul, SromiT sam-
saxurs;
5. aspiranti;
6. piri, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs samecniero xarisxi da eweva
pedago­giur an samecniero muSaobas;
7. erTaderTi vaJi ojaxSi, romlis erTi wevri mainc daiRupa
saqarTve­
los teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis brZolebSi an
samxedro samsaxuris gavlisas;
8. saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia, gaaTavisuflos
ro valdebulebis moxdisagan gansakuTrebuli niWiT
samxed­
dajil­doebuli wvevamdeli.

13. konstituciis meSvide1 Tavi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-

loba
konstitucia adgens adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis (adgilobrivi
demokratiis) ZiriTad principebs, xolo ufro detalurad, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobis wesebs gansazRvravs calke organuli kanoni.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba xorcieldeba warmomadgenlobiTi da aR­
masrulebeli organoebis mier. TviTmmarTvelobis aRmasrulebeli orga­
noebi, rogoric aris gamgeoba da meria, angariSvaldebulni arian adgilob­
rivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis winaSe, rogoric
aris sakrebuloebi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT
organos – sakrebulos irCeven TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze
registri­rebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi pirdapiri, sayovelTao, Tanas­
wori saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT.
Tbilisis sakrebulo

61
 2 muncipalitetebi
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze daaxloebiT 60-ze meti
municipalitetia: abaSis, adigenis, ambrolauris, aspinZis,
da a.S.
TviTmmarTveli qalaqebi
saqarTveloSi sul 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqia. es qalaqebi
ar Sedis municipalitetis SemadgenlobaSi da warmoad­
genen damoukidebel TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs. esenia:
Tbilisi, rusTavi, quTaisi, baTumi, foTi. dasaxelebul
qalaqebSi arsebobs meris instituti.
TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba
gulisxmobs saWiro Sesabamisi resursebis flobasac. am
resursebs, ZiriTadad, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli finansuri saxsrebi da qoneba
warmoadgens.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebebi
gamij­nulia saxelmwifo organoTa uflebamosilebebisa­
delegireba
laTinurad gan. TviTmmarTvel erTeuls aqvs sakuTari da delegire­
”gagzavnas” buli uflebamosilebani.
niSnavs. uflebis
delegirebisas
TviTmmarTveli erTeuli sakuTar uflebamosilebebs
es ufleba erTi axor­cielebs damoukideblad da sakuTari pasuxismgeb­
organodan sxva lobiT. TviTmmarTveli erTeuli uflebamosilia, Tavi­
organos egzavneba. si iniciativiT gadawyvitos nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic
TviTmmarTvelobis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar aris xelisuflebis sxva
SemTxvevaSi,
delegirebulia is
organos uflebamosileba da akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT.
uflebamosilebebi, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas aqvs sakuTari qoneba da
romlebic, marTalia, finansebi.
kanoniT centralur
mTavrobas ekuTvnis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, anu adgilobrivi
magram mTavroba demokratia aris, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeTa ufleba Tavad
gadascems am gadawyviton garkveuli, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis mqone
uflebamosilebebs sakiTxebi. es ufleba garantirebulia kanoniT. moqalaqee­
adgilobriv
TviTmmarTvelobas.
bis monawileobas TviTmmarTvelobis procesSi uzrunve­
lyofs TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT organos,
sakrebulos arCevnebSi maTi monawileoba. moqalaqeebi,
xmis micemiT irCeven sakrebulos maTTvis sasurvel wev­
rebs.
garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi problemebi gadaW­
ran, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, daeswron TviTmmarTve­
lobis organos sxdomebs, Sexvdnen Tanamdebobis pirebs an/
da sakuTari moTxovnebis dasafiqsireblad moawyon aqciebi. magaliTad, Tu
raionis sakrebulo an gamgeoba apirebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas axali gzis
gayvanis da xidis aSenebis Taobaze, rac mwvane safaris garkveuli nawilis
gaCexvas moiTxovs, es sakiTxi sakrebulom an gamgeobam unda ganixilos saja­
rod da raionSi mcxovreb moqalaqeebs SesaZlebloba unda misces, daeswron
sakiTxis ganxilvas da waradginon sakuTari mosazrebebi. Tu sakrebulo an
gamgeoba gadawyvetilebas miiRebs moqalaqeebisagan malulad da daiwyebs
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas, moqalaqeebis uflebaa, gaasaCivron
aseTi gadawyvetileba da moiTxovon sakiTxis maTi monawileobiT, xelaxa­
li ganxilva. garda amisa, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, mimarTon meore gzas -
gamar­Ton saprotesto aqcia da am gziT miipyron adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis
yuradReba, raTa maT moqalaqeebis CarTulobis pirobebSi gadaxedon da
saWiroe­bis SemTxvevaSi, Secvalon miRebuli gadawyvetileba.

62
 adamianis uflebebi

1. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc RirebulebaTa sistema

adamianis uflebebi warmoadgens fundamentur Rirebulebas, romlis dac­
va nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi movaleobaa. farTo gagebiT igi gamo­
3
kiTxva:
adamianis romeli
xatavs saxelmwifos damokidebulebas misi moqalaqeebisadmi, kerZod ki imas, uflebebia
Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs esa Tu is qveyana mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi TqvenTvis cnobili?
individebis pativis, Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da sicocxlisTvis aucile­ mokled isaubreT
maT Sesaxeb.
bel pirobebs. adamianis uflebebi gacilebiT farTo cnebaa, vidre ubra­
lod samarTlebrivi kategoria. igi aris RirebulebaTa sistema, romlis
Tanaxmadac TiToeul adamians, garda kanoniT miniWebulisa, aqvs dabadebiT
miniWebuli uflebebic. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba saTaves bunebiTi samarTlis
wiaRSi iRebs.
imisaTvis, rom ukeT CavwvdeT adamianis uflebaTa arss, sasurvelia, ram­
denime sityviT mimovixiloT bunebiTi samarTali. mocemuli samarTlis sko­
la jer kidev me-17 saukunis evropaSi yalibdeba. misi mimdevrebi ada­mianis
mier daweril kanonebze maRla RmerTis mier boZebul bunebis kanonebs
ayenebdnen, romelic adamianis azrovnebis Sedegad dasturdeba. Sesaba­misad,
isini acxadebdnen, rom adamiani, rogorc RvTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmni­ kiTxva:
li gonieri arseba, aris uflebaTa matarebeli mxolod im martivi mizezis eTanxmebiT Tu ara
gamo, rom is adamianad daibada. bunebiTi samarTali upiratesobas adamia­nis bunebiTi samarTlis
Sexedulebas
pativsa da Rirsebas aniWebs da acxadebs, rom adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas adamianis uflebebis
araviTari gamarTleba ar SeiZleba hqondes. bunebiTi samarTlis es midgo­ Sesaxeb? pasuxi
ma gaiziara adamianis uflebaTa evropulma samarTalmac, romelic pirvel daasabuTeT.
adgilze adamianis Rirsebas ayenebs da mas aRiarebs, rogorc pirovnebis ab­
solutur uflebas.
Tu gadavxedavT kacobriobis ganviTarebis istorias, davinaxavT, rom iciT, Tu ara,
adreul epoqaSi saxelmwifo warmoadgenda samarTlebrivi dacvis umTavres rom: antikuri
obieqts, xolo adamianebi iyvnen saxelmwifos dacvis meqanizmis erTgvari romauli samarTali
adamianis uflebriv
Semadgeneli nawilebi. pirovnebis Tavisufleba sakmaod pirobiTi cneba iyo. mdgomareobas
antikuri samyarosTvis ar gaxldaT ucxo iseTi movlena, rogoricaa gansazRvravda misi
monaT­mflobeloba, adamianebiT vaWroba. ufro metic, Zveli romis samar­ statusis mixedviT.
Tali monas ganixilavda ara rogorc adamians, aramed rogorc warmoebisa da Zveli romis
samarTali adamianis
sam statuss icnobda:
status libertatis, e.w.
Tavisuflebis
statusi. imisTvis,
rom adamians
hqonoda raime
ufleba, igi
aucileblad
Tavisufali unda
yofiliyo.
status civitatis, e.w.
moqalaqeobis
statusi. romis
moqalaqes imperiaSi
gacilebiT didi
uflebebi hqonda,
vidre aramoqalaqes.
status famile,
e.w. ojaxuri
statusi, romelic
gansazRvravda
piris ojaxur
mdgomareobas da
imas, Tu ra adgili
eWira mas ojaxSi.

63
 3 ekonomikuri saqmianobisTvis aucilebel iaraRs da mas moixseniebda, ro­
gorc “instrumentum vocale”-s, rac principSi sxva araferia, Tu ara molaparake
xelsawyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli midgoma Seicvala, xolo qris-
tianulma religiam saerTod Tavdayira daayena sazogadoebis diferen-
ciaciis arsebuli standartebi, rodesac ganacxada, rom yvela adamiani
dabadebiT Tanasworia, miuxedavad misi warmomavlobis, socialuri
mdgoma­ reobisa Tu sqesisa. aRniSnulma midgomam, faqtobrivad, waSala
moraluri zRvari aristokratsa da mdabios, mdidarsa da Raribs Soris.
qristianobam daamsxvria manamde arsebuli Sexeduleba da Tqva, rom
saxelmwifos meTauri iseTive RvTis Svilia, rogorc sxva danarCeni da
mas ar SeuZlia sxva adamianebis bedi ise ganagos, rogorc moesurveba.
qristianulma religiam xeli Seuwyo dasavlur sazogadoebaSi liberaluri
standartebis damkvidrebas, romelmac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mravali
cvlileba ganicada, sabolood ki adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove evropu­
li samarTlebrivi sistemisa da standartebis saxiT Camoyalibda. Tumca es
yvelaferi ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos adamianis uflebebi evropuli qris­
tianuli kulturis eqskluziur monapovars warmoadgens. indoeTSi
budizmis warmoSobam igive roli iTamaSa samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
rac qristianobam dasavleT evropaSi. budizmi daupirispirda antikur
indoeTSi gamefebul kastur sistemas da ganacxada, rom yvela adamiani
Tanasworia da maTi
calkeul fenebad dayofa
Zvel indoeTSi sazogadoeba iyofoda erTgvar fenebad, anu kastebad. dauSvebelia. bu­diz­mic, ise­
arsebobda 4 ZiriTadi kasta. e.w. `brahmanebi~, anu qurumebi, RvTismsaxurni, ve, rogorc qristianoba,
romlebic sasuliero elitas warmoadgendnen da sazogadoebaSi umaRlesi qada­gebda pirov­nebis
poziciebi ekavaT. meore kasta gaxldaT `qSatriebi~, anu meomrebi, Tavisuf­lebas. Sesabamisad,
isini samxedroebs warmoadgendnen da sazogadoebaSi sakmao pativiT
Seg­
viZlia davaskvnaT, rom
sargeblobdnen. glexebi, vaWrebi, anu ubralo mosaxleoba gaerTianebuli
iyo e.w. `vaiSebis~ kastaSi, meoTxe adgilze iyo `Sudrebis~ igive Savi adamianis ufle­baTa
muSebis, monebis kasta. indur sazogadoebaSi arsebobdnen adamianebi kastis g a r k v e u l i
gareSe, maT miukareblebs eZaxdnen, isini sazogadoebis udables safexurze standar­tebi jer
imyofebodnen. akrZaluli iyo sxvadasxva kastis warmomadgenlebs Soris kidev uZvelesi
qorwineba, erTi kastidan meoreSi gadasvla. qSatrias Svili mxolod mso­flio re­
qSatria unda yofiliyo, igi verasdros gaxdeboda brahmani an vaiSi. ligiebis
analogiurad iyo sxva kastebis SemTxvevaSic. wiaR­Si Camo­
yalibda,
xolo bunebi­
Ti samarTlis skolis warmomadgenlebma igi ganavrces. evro­
pulma saxelmwifoebma ki, mas Semdeg rac ganicades seku­
larizacia, anu saxelmwifos politika da eklesia
gamij­nes erTmaneTisgan, moaxdines adamianis funda­
menturi uflebebis asaxva sakuTar kanonmdeblobasa
da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi, riTac Seqmnes adami­
anis uflebaTa dacvis ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoeb­
rivi, aramed saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi garan­
tiebi.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom adamianis uflebebi war­
moadgens RirebulebaTa sistemas, romlis Tanax­
madac adamianis Rirseba, pativi, Tavisufleba
da sicocxle aRiarebulia, rogorc individis
fundamenturi, RvTisgan boZebuli ufleba,
Tumca adamianis uflebebi ar Semoifargleba
mxolod zemoT aRniSnuliT, aramed moicavs
adamianisa da moqalaqis sxva fundamentur
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, romel­
Tac detalurad momdevno TavebSi
ganvixilavT.
budas qandakeba

64
 2. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, evropis qveynebma SeZles adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis standartebisa da meqanizmebis implementacia, rogorc erovnul, ise
saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis doneze, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom moce­
muli procesebi mxolod evropis masStabiT mimdinareobda. saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, bunebrivad daiw­
3
yo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis
Camoyalibeba. Seiqmna araerTi saerTaSoriso konvencia, sadac asaxulia
adamianis uflebebi da mocemulia am uflebaTa dacvis samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebi. magaliTad, SegviZlia aviRoT gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis mier miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia,
sa­dac mocemulia adamianis fundamenturi uflebebi, romelTa dacvac
savaldebuloa gaeros wevri yvela saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan gaeros wevri
yvela saxelmwifo oficialurad eTanxmeba deklaraciaSi mocemul prin­
adamianis uflebaTa
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia
sayovelTao deklaracia

cipebsa da Rirebulebebs, agreTve, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-

vencia, romelic warmoadgens evropis sabWos sivrceSi moqmed ZiriTad
dokuments adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi, ris safuZvelzec axor-
cielebs iurisdiqcias adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo.
Sesabamisad, dRes SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis uflebebi gascda viwro,
evropul sazRvrebs da Camoyalibda, rogorc globaluri samarTlebrivi
sistema, Tumca sanam uSualod ganvixilavT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
samarTlebriv meqanizmebsa da garantiebs, sasurvelia, mokled mimovixi­
loT adamianis uflebebi, rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema.
adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis umTavresi mizani adamianis uflebaTa gan­
sazRvra, maTi dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebisa da meqanizmebis SemuSave­ kiTxva:
baa. gamoyofen adamianis uflebaTa or jgufs: imsjeleT pirad
da samoqalaqo
materialursa da saproceso uflebebs. uflebebze, Tqveni
azriT, ratom
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: aris maTi dacva
materialuri uflebebi moicavs pirad, samoqalaqo uflebebsa da Tavi- mniSvnelovani?
suflebebs, politikur, ekonomikur, socialursa da kulturul ufle-
bebs.
pirad da samoqalaqo uflebebs miekuTvneba iseTi tipis uflebebi, rogori­
caa: pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuvali ufleba, sicocxlis, piradi da ojaxu­
ri cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebebi, piradi Tavisufleba, agreTve, sityvi­
sa da azris gamoxatvis, religiis, sindisis Tavisufleba da sxv.

65
 3
kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT,
ras gulisxmobs
xelisuflebis mier
gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi
monawileoba?

kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, ras
moicavs adamianis
socialuri da
ekonomikuri
uflebebi? rogor
gesmiT termini
`socialuri dacva?~
politikuri uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneba: xelisuflebis mier gadawyve­
tilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba, politikuri
kiTxva: partiis an profesiuli kavSiris Seqmnisa da masSi monawileobis ufleba,
rogor gesmiT mitingebisa da manifestaciebis Catarebis ufleba da a.S.
kulturuli
cxovreba da masSi socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi moicavs da aerTianebs iseT ufle-
monawileoba? bebs, rogoricaa: sakuTrebis, Sromisa da Tavisuflad saqmianobis, gaficvis,
ramdenad ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis uflebebi da sxv.
mniSvnelovania am
uflebis dacva? adamianis kulturul uflebebs warmoadgens: sazogadoebis kulturul
cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, samecniero progresis Sedegebis sargeb­
lobis ufleba da sxva.
kiTxva: aRniSnuli CamonaTvali cxadyofs, rom adamianis materialuri uflebe­
rogor fiqrobT, bi araferia sxva, Tu ara im aucilebeli pirobebis CamonaTvali, romelic
Tqven, rogorc aucilebelia pirovnebis Rirseuli cxovrebis, misi Tavisufali da srul­
moqalaqes, ra fasovani ganviTarebisaTvis, imisTvis, rom adamianma SeZlos cxovreba, ro­
SegiZliaT, gaakeToT gorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis srulfasovanma wevrma.
sakuTari da sxva
adamianis uflebebis rac Seexeba adamianis uflebaTa meore jgufs - saproceso uflebebs, igi
ukeT dasacavad? warmoadgens adamianisTvis mikuTvnebuli moqmedebis meTodebs da maTTan
dakavSirebuli institutebis erTobliobas, romelic icavs pirovnebas
saxelmwifos TviTnebobisgan. aseTi uflebaa, magaliTad, samarTliani sa­
kiTxva: samarTlos ufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli uflebaTa dacvis garantiebi,
icnobT, Tu ara iseTi, rogoricaa udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, kanonis ukuZalis ararse­
adamianis uflebaTa boba, individualuri pasuxismgeblobis principi da sxv. adamianis ufle­
darRvevis faqtebs?
dadebiTi pasuxis baTa saproceso garantiebis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba iseTi saxelmwifo
SemTxvevaSi insti­tutebi, rogoricaa - sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da saxalxo damcve­
gTxovT, ganixiloT lis aparati.
es faqtebi da
daasabuToT, Tu
saproceso uflebebi adgens, rogorc individisa da saxelmwifos, agreTve,
ratom TvliT mas calkeul individebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis procedurul ga­
uflebis darRvevad. rantiebs da gansazRvravs aRniSnuli urTierTobis formebs, raTa ar moxdes
adamianis uflebaTa aralegitimuri SezRudva.
adamianis uflebaTa es mimoxilvac cxadyofs, rom saqme exeba ara sazoga­
doebis romelime jgufis saerTo uflebebs, aramed im uflebebs, romlebic
dabadebidan eniWeba TiToeul adamians. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
kiTxva: rom adamianis uflebebi gaxlavT ara koleqtiuri, aramed individualuri.
Tqveni azriT, aRniSnuli wesidan erTaderT gamonaklisad SegviZlia ganvixiloT xal­
ratom aris xalxTa xTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. imavdroulad, ar unda ganvixiloT adamianis
TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba koleqtiuri
uflebebi, rogorc saxelmwifosgan boZebuli wyaloba. is saxelmwifosgan
ufleba? damoukideblad arsebuli Rirebuleba da samarTlebrivi sikeTea, rome­

66
 3

lic yvela kanonze maRla dgas. Sesabamisad, Tuki romelime kanoni arRvevs
an laxavs adamianis uflebebs, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom igi aralegiti­
muri, arasamarTliania. adamianis uflebaTa xasiaTi kargad Cans CexeTis yo­
fili prezidentis vaclav havelis sityvebSi: `adamiani RvTis qmnilebaa,
saxelmwi­fo ki adamianis~, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianis interesebi, pativi,
Rirseba ufro maRla dgas, vidre saxelmwifos interesi. saxelmwifos ufle­
bebsa da movaleobebs gansazRvravs kanoni, anu saxelmwifos aqvs mxolod
imis ufleba, rasac kanoni aZlevs, xolo adamianis uflebaa yvelaferi, ra­
sac mas kanoni ar ukrZalavs.
rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT, adamianis uflebebi ar gaxlavT mxolod ev­
ropuli samyaros monapovari, aramed igi warmoadgens globalur Rire­
bulebas. aqedan gamomdinareobs adamianis uflebaTa kidev erTi ZiriTadi,
universaluro­bis principi, rac imas niS­
navs, rom adamianebi maTTvis dabadebiT
miniWebuli uflebebiT sargebloben
msoflios nebismier wertilSi. adami-
anis uflebebs ara mxolod universal-
uri, aramed sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs.
Sesabamisad, yvela adamiani msoflioSi,
ganurCevlad eTnikuri da religiuri
kuTvnilebis, rasis, sqesis, kanis feris,
politikuri mrwamsis, socialuri mdgo-
mareobis, piradi Sexedu­ lebebisa, aris
misTvis miniWebul uflebaTa da Tavisu-
flebaTa matarebeli. dauSvebelia vinmes
SezRudva da Seviwroeba misi gansxvaveb­
ulobis gamo. aRniSnuli principi, iseve,
rogorc adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove
sistema, saTa­ves bunebiTi samarTlis wi­
aRidan iRebs, ris Tanaxmadac yvela adami­
ani Tanasworia RvTis winaSe, xolo saxel­
mwifos ar aqvs ufleba sakuTari kanonebi
daayenos RmerTis mier boZebuli bunebis
vaclav haveli
kanonebze maRla.

67
 3 3. uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb saubrisas ramdenjerme vaxseneT ufleba da
Tavisufleba. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ra gansxvavebaa uflebebsa da Tavi­
suflebebs Soris? Tavisi arsiT erTic da meorec adamianis ZiriTad ufle­
bebs gamoxatavs. Sesabamisad, maT Soris Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.
uflebaa erTic da meorec. ZiriTadi sxvaoba gulisxmobs, aRniSnuli ufle­
bebis formas da ara maT Sinaarss. ufleba, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens ada­
mianisTvis raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaa,
kiTxva: magaliTad, Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba, ganaTlebis, sicocxlis
mokled mimoixileT ufleba, xolo Tavisufleba gulisxmobs iseT uflebas, rodesac adamiani
gansxvaveba adamianis Tavisufalia Tavis moqmedebaSi an SexedulebaSi. aseTia: sityvis, rwmenisa
uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs
da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. anu erT SemTxvevaSi vsaubrobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu
Soris. romel risi ufleba aqvs adamians, meore SemTxvevaSi ki imaze, Tu - ra sferoSia ga­
uflebebsa da rantirebuli adamianis Tavisufleba. logikurad ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu
Tavisuflebebs ara adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis pirobebSi uflebebis dacva? buneb­
icnobT? isaubreT rivia, aRniSnul kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs, Tumca Tu gadavxe­
maT Sesaxeb.
davT msoflios uaxles istorias, SegviZlia msgavsi situaciis amsaxve­li
ramdeni­me magaliTis moyvana. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiri aRiarebda da icav­
da adamianis socialur uflebebs: janmrTelobisa da ganaTlebis uflebas,
1937 wels Tumca mniSvnelovnad iyo SezRuduli adamianis Tavisuflebebi, magaliTad,
sabWoTa kavSirSi
ganxorcielebul sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, rwmenis da sindisis Tavisufle­
represiebs mxolod ba da a.S. bunebrivia, aseT mdgomareobas ar SeiZleba ewodos normaluri,
saqarTveloSi radganac sanaxevrod daculi uflebebi veranairad ver qmnis adamianis pa­
aTasobiT adamiani tivis, Rirsebisa da Tavisufali ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel elementarul
Seewira, maT pirobebs.
Soris iyvnen
cnobili mwerlebi,
xelovnebis daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da mis
moRvaweebi, fundamentur Tavisuflebebs Soris ar arsebobs mkveTri zRvari, ubralod,
sazogadoebrivi erT SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia mosTxovos saxelmwifos misTvis kano­
aqtivistebi: mixeil niT miniWebuli uflebis dakmayofileba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki - moiTxovos
javaxiSvili, tician
tabiZe, valerian
saxelmwifosgan, ar Caerios misTvis miniWebuli uflebebis realizaciaSi.
gafrindaSvili, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi moicavs da avsebs
vaxtang erTmaneTs, Sesabamisad, maTi dacva Tanabrad evaleba saxelmwifos. amdenad,
kotetiSvili, evgeni is, rac sabWoTa kavSirSi miRebuli iyo, rodesac xdeboda calkeuli ufle­
miqelaZe, sandro bebis dacva, xolo sxva uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi izRudeboda, ar SeiZle­
axmeteli da sxva.
aRniSnuli movlena
ba miviCnioT gamarTlebulad.
istoriaSi `wiTeli
teroris~ saxeliT
Sevida. 4. absoluturi da SezRuduli ufleba. rodis SeiZleba
adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva?
rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianis uflebebi warmoadgens uzenaes Rirebulebas,
risi SezRudvac dauSvebelia. vaxseneT isic, rom adamianis fundamenturi
uflebebi kanonze maRla dgas. Tumca yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi vawydebiT
faqtebs, rodesac saxeze gvaqvs adamianis uflebaTa kanonieri SezRudva,
moiZieT romelic ar miiCneva uflebaTa darRvevad. magaliTad, saxelmwifos mier
informacia 1937 damnaSaveTa mimarT gamoyenebuli sasjeli Tavisuflebis SezRudvis an misi
wlis represiebis aRkveTis saxiT. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rodis, ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZle­
msxverplTa Sesaxeb. ba uflebis SezRudva da SeiZleba Tu ara yvela uflebis SezRudva?
ganixileT, romeli
uflebis dasacavad am kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia. rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianis uflebebi aris
ibrZodnen isini, ra ara koleqtiuri, aramed individualuri xasiaTis matarebeli. Sesabamisad,
uflebebi Seulaxes adamians aqvs ara mxolod sakuTar uflebaTa da interesTa dacvis moTx-
maT.
ovnis ufleba, aramed mas, imavdroulad, ekisreba valdebulebac, ar Se-
laxos sxvisi uflebebi. magaliTad, yvela adamians aqvs ufleba icxovros
Rirseulad da iyos socialurad daculi, Tumca es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom
sakuTari keTildReobis mosapoveblad mas aqvs ufleba ukanonod daeuf­
los sxvis qonebas, anu xelyos sxva adamianis sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic

68
 3

iseTive mniSvnelovani uflebaa, rogorc misi sxva nebismieri ufleba. aseT

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo valdebulia, miiRos garkveuli zomebi sxva adamian­
Ta uflebebis dasacavad. yvela adamians aqvs Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis
ufleba, Tumca es ar unda gavigoT ise, rom mas SeuZlia, daarRvios moZrao­
bis wesebi, riTac saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi xelyofs sxva adamianebis gadaad­
gilebis uflebas, uares SemTxvevaSi ki safrTxes Seuqmnis, rogorc sxvis, ise
sakuTar sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas, radganac SesaZloa mis mier moZrao­
bis wesebis darRvevam quCaSi warmoqmnas sacobi an gamoiwvios avaria. aseT
drosac saxelmwifo valdebulia, ufro didi sazogadoebrivi da samarTleb­
rivi sikeTis dasacavad Caerios adamianis uflebebis sferoSi da SezRudos
igi, raTa Tavidan aicilos sxva adamianis uflebaTa darRveva.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom SesaZlebelia, moxdes
adamianis uflebebis SezRudva, Tu aRniSnuli emsaxureba ufro didi samarT­
lebrivi sikeTis dacvas. Tumca adamianis uflebebSi Careva ar unda atareb­
des ukontrolo da stiqiur xasiaTs. magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli konvencia icavs adamianis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa
da manifestaciis uflebas, sityvis da azris gamoxatvis Tavisuf­lebas,
Tumca iqve dasZens, rom saomari an sagangebo mdgoma­reobis, magaliTad,
stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, moxdes am uflebaTa
SezRudva qveyanaSi mSvidobis, wesrigisa da moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis
kiTxva:
uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
rogor fiqrobT,
aRniSnuli magaliTis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia gamovyoT sami Ziri­ samarTliania
Tu ara is, rom
Tadi piroba, romelic aucilebelia adamianis uflebebis dacul sferoSi
adamianis zogierTi
saxelmwifos CarevisTvis. upirveles yovlisa, adamianis uflebebis nebis­ ufleba SesaZloa,
mier SezRudvas unda gaaCndes samarTlebrivi safuZveli, rac imas niSnavs, SeizRudos? pasuxi
rom Careva unda iyos gamarTlebuli kanoniT. dauSvebelia adamianis ufle­ daasabuTeT.
bebis ukanono SezRudva. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa Sez­
Rudvis upirveles kanonier safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos konsti­
tucia, sadac detaluradaa ganxiluli, Tu ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli
gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis uflebis, aseve, sityvisa da azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva. ufro detalurad SezRudvis formeb­
ze, farglebsa da sxva garemoebebze saubari gveqneba konsti­tuciidan gamom­
dinare sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi.

69
3 rogorc es zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, adamianis uflebaTa
SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, Tu igi emsaxureba sxva adamianebis
dacvasa da sxvisi sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, mSvidobis, wesrigis uzrun­
velyofas. yvelafer amas SegviZlia, legitimuri, anu samarTliani mizani
vuwodoT. amdenad naTelia, rom adamianis uflebebis SezRudva dasaSvebia
mxolod kanonier safuZvelze da mxolod legitimuri miznebisTvis. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom aRniSnuli ori piroba mainc ar warmoadgens adamian­
is uflebaTa SezRudvis sakmaris safuZvels. iqidan gamomdinare, rom ada­
mianis uflebebi warmoadgens uzenaes faseulobas, aucilebelia, isini mxo­
lod ukidures SemTxvevaSi SeizRudos, anu maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos
sakuTari miznis misaRwevad sxva samarTlebrivi gza ubralod aRar rCeba.
Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom saxelmwifos miznis miRweva adamianis uflebis Sez­
Rudvis gareSe SeeZlo, maSin misi qmedeba aRqmuli unda iyos, rogorc ukano­
no da gaumarTlebeli.

amdenad, SegviZlia gamovyoT sami ZiriTadi piroba, romelsac nebis­

mieri saxelmwifo unda akmayofilebdes adamianis uflebebSi Carevi-
sas:
sainteresoa, mocemuli sami pirobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, aqvs Tu ara
• Careva unda moxdes mxolod kanonier safuZvelze;
• Careva unda moxdes mxolod legitimuri miznis misaRwevad;
• Careva unda moxdes mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobisas.

saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, SezRudos adamianis nebismieri ufleba? pasuxi am

kiTxvaze uaryofiTia. arsebobs adamianis iseTi uflebebi, romelTa Sez­
Rudvac dauSvebelia, miuxedavad garemoebebisa. adamianis xelSeuxebel
uflebebs, romelTa darRvevac dauSvebelia, absolutur uflebebs uwode­
ben.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-14 muxlSi CamoTvlilia is
uflebebi, romelTa SezRudvac dauSvebelia. esenia: wamebis akrZalva,
monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva, marTlmsajulebis kanonis gareSe
ganxor­cielebis akrZalva.
`aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas, araada­mianur an Rirsebis Sem-
laxav mopyrobasa da sasjels~, -ambobs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon­
venciis me-3 muxli. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi wameba ganxilu­lia, rogorc
ganzraxi qmedeba, Cadenili saxelmwifos warmomadgenlis
mier garkveuli mizniT, magaliTad, braldebulisgan
informaciis miRebis an misgan aRiarebiTi Cvenebis
mopovebis mizniT. imavdroulad, wameba da araada-
mianuri mopyroba ewodeba iseT qmedebas, romelic
iwvevs adamianis Zlier fizikur da sulier tan-
jvas. Sesabamisad, wameba SeiZleba gamoixatebo­des,
erTi mxriv, fizikur, xolo, meore mxriv, fsiqolo­
giur zewolaSi. wamebad da araadamianur mopy­
robad SeiZleba, miviCnioT adamianis daSineba
an misi Cayeneba damamcirebel mdgomareobaSi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es aris sisastike, ro­
melsac axor­cielebs saxelmwifo. sisastikis
gamarTleba ki dauSvebelia, raoden keTil­
Sobilur miznebsac ar unda emsaxurebodes
is.
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom adamianis
uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi yuradReba
swored saxelmwifos mier gamoCenil sisas­
tikezea gamaxvilebuli. aRniSnuli ganpirobebu­
lia imiT, rom adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso

70
 3
samarTlis upirveles mizans warmoadgens adamianis dacva, swored saxelmwi­
fos mier gamoCenili TviTnebobisgan. TavisTavad cxadia, rom wamebis da ara­
adamianuri mopyrobis faqts SesaZloa, adgili hqondes saxelmwifos Carevis
gareSec. esec, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba,
warmoadgens adamianis uflebaTa darRvevas, magram am SemTxvevaSi swored
saxelmwifo unda iyos adamianis uflebebis dacvis umTavresi garanti da
uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, msxverplis reabilitacia, meore mxriv, Cadenili
danaSaulis gamoZieba da damnaSavis dasja.
meore absoluturi ufleba, romelzec gvqonda saubari, gaxlavT monobisa
da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva. aRniSnuli ufleba daculia adamianis ufle­
baTa evropuli konvenciis me-4 muxliT, romelic ambobs: `aravin SeiZleba
imyofebodes monobaSi, an ymobaSi; aravis SeiZleba moeTxovos iZulebi-
Ti, an savaldebulo samuSaos Sesruleba~.
zemoT aRniSnuli norma, pirdapir exeba iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa ada­mianis
Tavisufali neba, misi pirovnuli Tavisufleba da warmoadgens am Rire­
bulebaTa dacvis samarTlebriv garantias. iseve rogorc wamebis akrZalvis
SemTxvevaSi, aqac saubaria saxelmwifos mier adamianis fundamenturi ufle­
bebis darRvevaze, radgan, rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT, calkeuli piris mier
Cadenili danaSaulis gamoZieba da msxverplis reabilitacia saxelmwifos
pirdapiri valdebulebaa. monoba da iZulebiTi Sroma, iseve rogorc wameba,
warmoadgens sisastikis aqts, romelic Trgunavs individis Tavisufal ne­
bas, Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia misi gamarTleba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali monobad da iZulebiT Sromad
ar ganixilavs iseTi tipis samuSaoebs, rogoricaa patimrobisas Sesasrule­
beli samuSaoebi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom aseTi tipis samu­Saoebi, rogorc
wesi, warmoadgens sasjelis nawils da miznad isaxavs damnaSavis gamoswore­
bas. bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba, aseTi tipis samuSao laxavdes pirovnebis pa­
tivsa da Rirsebas, an safrTxes uqmnides adamianis sicocxlesa da janmr­
Telobas. ar SeiZleba monobad da iZulebiT Sromad iqnes ganxiluli
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri, ramdenadac igi aucilebelia saxelm-
wifos Tavdacvisunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad, moqalaqeTa sicocxli-
sa da usafrTxoebis dasacavad. imavdroulad, religiuri an sxva piradi
Sexedule­bis gamo, samxedro savaldebulo samsaxurze uaris Tqma das-
aSvebia da pirovnebas SeuZlia gaiaros alternatiuli savaldebulo sam-
saxuri. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba adamianis Tavisufali nebis daTr­
gunva. amasTanave, rogorc savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri, ise patimro­
bisas Sesasrulebeli samuSao, ar atarebs mudmiv xasiaTs, aramed droebiTia,
iseve rogorc is samuSaoebi, romlebic SeiZleba, adamians daekis­ros stiqi­
uri ubedurebis an sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, rodesac safrTxe eqmneba
moqalaqeTa didi nawilis sicocxles an janmrTelobas. ufro metic, aseT
samuSaoebSi monawileoba, araTu ar aris adamianis uflebaTa darRveva, ar­
amed nebismieri adamianis moqalaqeobrivi movaleobaa.
kidev erTi absoluturi ufleba, romelzedac sasurvelia yuradRebis
gamaxvileba aris marTlmsajulebis kanonis gareSe ganxorcielebis

71
 3 akrZalva. `araviTari sasjeli
kano­nis gareSe~, - ambobs ada­mianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
me-7 muxli. aRniSnuli muxlis mi­
zania, Seqmnas nebismieri pirovnebis
samarTlebrivi dacvis garantie­
bi da xeli Seuwyos kanonierebis
principis damkvidrebas. mogexsene­
baT, rom kano­nis uzenaesoba nebis­
mieri demokratiuli sazogadoebis
erT-erTi umTavresi principia, ro­
melic miiRweva, Tu marTlmsaju­
leba ar iqneba ganxorcielebuli
kanonis principebis Sesabamisad.
saxelmwi­fos aqvs Zala da es Zala
SeboWilia kanoniT. cnobili moaz­
rovne da mecnieri blez paskali
ambobs: `kanoni, romelsac zurgs ar
umagrebs Zala, uZluria, xolo Zala,
blez paskali romelsac zurgs ar umagrebs kanoni,
- tiraniaa~. aRniSnuli fraza naT­
lad warmoaCens mocemuli uflebis suliskveTebas. dauSvebelia, adamiani
gasamarTldes imisTvis, rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli. dauSvebelia, vinmes
kiTxva: miesajos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulze mZime sasjeli. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva­
Tqveni azriT, Si nebismieri adamiani SegviZlia ganvixloT, rogorc potenciuri msxverpli
ratom aris zemoT ukanono marTlmsajulebisa, rac dameTanxmebiT, adamianis Rirsebisa da Ta­
ganxiluli uflebebi visuflebis principebs fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba.
absoluturi
xasiaTis? ratom rogorc vxedavT, nebismieri absoluturi ufleba mimarTulia adamianis pa­
ar SeiZleba maTi tivis, Rirsebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis, rogorc uzenaesi Rirebule­
SezRudva?
bebis dacvisken. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, absoluturi uflebebis
CamonaTvalSi ar xvdeba iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa: sicocxlis ufleba,
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba. maT mimarTac SezRudvis igive
kiTxva: wesi vrceldeba, rac sxva danarCeni uflebebis mimarT, garda religiis Tav­
garda zemoT isuflebisa.
aRniSnulisa, unda
arsebobdes Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxli ganmartavs azris,
sxva absoluturi sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebas. mocemuli normis Tanaxmad es ufleba
uflebebi? dadebiTi moicavs religiisa da rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas, agreTve, uflebas in­
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi
aRniSneT,
dividualurad an sxvebTan erTad gaacxados Tavisi rwmena aRmsareblobiT,
romeli ufleba swavlebiT, wesebis dacviTa da ritualebis aRsrulebiT. mocemuli uflebis
unda atarebdes SezRudva ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos saxelmwifo raime pirobiT ufle­
absolutur xasiaTs bamosili iyos, vinmes mosTxovos rwmenis uaryofa. saxelmwifos mocemul
da ratom? uflebaSi Careva SeuZlia mxolod iseTi SezRudvebis gamoyenebiT, romelic
kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis,
janmrTelobis, zneobis, sxva adamianTa uflebebis dasacavad.
magaliTad: ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac religiuri procesia mTlianad
ketavs avtomagistrals da ar aZlevs saswrafo daxmarebis manqanas gadaad­
gilebis saSualebas. am SemTxvevaSi sasworis erT mxares devs momlocvel­
Ta religiis Tavisufleba, meoreze ki - pacientis sicocxle da janmrTe­
loba. bunebrivia, aseT dros saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, momlocvelebs
mosTxovos gzis savali nawilis droebiTi ganTavisufleba, raTa samedicino
brigadam ganaxorcielos Tavisi movaleoba. aseTi SezRudva ar exeba adami­
anis Sinagan mrwamss, radgan ubralod SeuZlebelia, raime zewoliT aiZulo
adamians irwmunos imis, risic ar sjera. am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisgan religiis Sinagani da garegnuli gamoxatuleba.

72
 3

adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvaze saubrisas, mizanSewonilia, mokled SevexoT

iseT SemTxvevebs, roca saxelmwifo ubralod ar aniWebs adamianTa calkeul
jgufs ama Tu im uflebas. aRniSnuli, ZiriTadad, Seexeba adamianis ufle­
baTa im nawils, romelsac saxelmwifo mxolod Tavis moqalaqeebs aniWebs.
aseT uflebebs ganekuTvneba politikuri partiis an gaerTianebis ufle-
ba, agreTve, saarCevno ufleba, referendumSi monawileobis ufleba, kiTxva:
calkeul politikur Tanamdebobebze muSaobis ufleba da sxv. aRniSnuls garda aRniSnulisa,
Tqveni azriT,
Tavisi logikuri axsna aqvs: saqme is aris, rom saxelmwifosa da mis moqa­ ratom unda moxdes
laqeebs Soris warmoiqmneba specifikuri samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, mo­ moqalaqisa da
qalaqeebi monawileoben saxelmwifos marTvaSi da saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv, adamianis uflebebis
pasuxismgebelia moqalaqeTa winaSe. gamijvna?

nebismieri uflebis SezRudvisas unda moxdes zusti Sefaseba, Tu ram­

denadaa gamarTlebuli saxelmwifos Careva adamianis uflebebis dacul
sferoSi. ramdenad didi da mniSvnelovania is samarTlebrivi sikeTe, romel­
sac saxelmwifo icavs, ramdenad aris Careva aucilebeli da aqvs Tu ara mas
kanonieri safuZveli.
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT adamianis uflebaTa arsi, mizanSewonil­
ia, mokled SevexoT calkeul uflebebs, romelTa gareSec ubralod war­
moudgenelia adamianis uflebebis, rogorc moraluri, ise samarTlebrivi kiTxva:
sferos arseboba. sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven mier ganxiluli yvela magaliTi azrs imsjeleT, ra
dakargavda. unda gaakeTos
saxelmwifom,
sazogadoebam
5. sicocxlis ufleba adamianis uflebaTa
dasacavad.
adamianis sicocxle umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi sikeTea, misi dacva

73
3 ki nebismieri saxelmwifos upirvelesi movaleoba. SesaZloa, calkeul
uflebebs adamians aniWebdes kanoni, magram sicocxle, calsaxad,
ganekuTvneba im uflebaTa ricxvs, romelic bunebiTi samarTlis skolis
mimdevrebis azriT, warmoadgens RvTisgan miniWebul uflebas, Sesabamisad,
aravis aqvs ufleba sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofisa. aRniSnuli mtkiceba
sakmaod martiv logikas emyareba. kanoni, anu calkeuli adamianebis mier
dawerili qcevis wesebi ar warmoadgens sicocxlis sawyiss, kanonebiT ar
ibadeba adamiani, amitomac dauSvebelia adamians wavarTvaT sicocxle,
anu is, rac ar migvicia.
sicocxlis ufleba Tamamad SegviZlia miviCnoT adamianis umniSvnelovanes
uflebad, radgan swored igi ganapirobebs sxva uflebebiT sargeblobas.
Tuki adamians wavarTmevT mTavars, sicocxles, SeZlebs ki igi, isargeblos
sityvis TavisuflebiT, sakuTrebis uflebiT, daicvas sakuTari pativi da
Rirseba? ra Tqma unda, ara. imisTvis, rom adamianma SeZlos sakuTari ufle­
bebis dacva, daimkvidros Tavi samyaroSi, rogorc sazogadoebis srul­
fasovanma wevrma, amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom misi sicocxle iyos daculi
da xel­Seuxebeli.
aRniSnuli principebi asaxulia, faqtobrivad, yvela saerTaSoriso
samarTleb­riv aqtsa da dokumentSi, romelic adamianis uflebaTa
dacvas emsaxureba. magaliTad, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis mesame muxli pirdapir ambobs: `yvela adamians aqvs sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebis da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba~.
rogorc xedavT, mocemul muxlSi sicocxle moixseneba iseTi faseulobebis
gverdiT, rogoricaa Tavisufleba da piradi xelSeuxebloba. ratom moix­
seneba adamianis es sami fundamenturi ufleba erTad? imitom, rom erTi meo­
ris gareSe ver iarsebebs. adamiani, Tu is cocxali ar aris, verc Tavisufali
iqneba da verc xelSeuxebeli, iseve rogorc adamiani, romelic arc Tavi­
sufalia da arc xelSeuxebeli, ver icxovrebs Rirseulad da misi sicocxle
mudmivi safrTxis qveS iqneba.
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis, igive
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis meore muxli ambobs, rom yoveli
adamianis sicocxlis ufleba kanoniT aris daculi, aravis SeiZ­leba waerT­
vas sicocxle ganzrax.
aRniSnuli muxliT adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia
monawile saxelmwifoebs mouwo­
debs, rom sakuTar kanonmdeb­
lobaSi asaxon adamianis
sicocxlis dacvis garantiebi.
erTi mxriv, es gulisxmobs
saxelmwifos mier adamianis
sicocxlis uflebis, rogorc
uzenaesi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
aRiarebas, xolo meore mxriv
- am sikeTis dacvas. yovelive
es kargad aris warmoCenili
saqarTvelos konstituciis
meTxuTmete muxlSi, romelic
ambobs, rom `sicocxle adamianis
xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas
icavs kanoni~.
ramdenadac konstitucia war­
moadgens qveynis uzenaes kan­
ons, amdenad masSi sicocxlis

74
dafiqsireba, rogorc xelSeuva­
li uflebisa, niSnavs, rom qveya­
na aRiarebs adamianis sicocxlis
uflebas umaR­ les sakanonmdeb­
lo doneze. Tumca saxelmwifo ar
Semoifargleba mxolod mocemu­
3
giliotina

li uflebis aRiare­ biT, aramed am

uflebis dacvis sakanonmdeblo ga­
rantiebsac awesebs. romelia es ga­
rantiebi? upirveles yovlisa saqa­
rTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kode­
qsi, romlis Tanaxmadac mkvleloba
warmoadgens danaSauls.
dRevandel dRes msoflioSi ver
naxavT verc erT saxelmwifos, sa­
dac erTi pirovnebis mier meoris
mkvleloba danaSaulad ar iTvle­
bodes da ar warmoadgendes dasjad kiTxva:
qmedebas, Tumca arc Tu iSviaTad, Tqveni azriT,
saxelmwifo TviTon xdeba adami­ ra SemTxvevaSi
anis sicocxlis mospobis mizezi. aqvs saxelmwifos
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, si­ adamianis sicocxlis
mospobis ufleba,
cocxle, rogorc absoluturi Ri­ aqvs Tu ara
rebuleba, SegviZlia eWvqveS davay­ saerTod? ratom?
enoT? bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva,
Tu rodis dgas kanoni adamianis si­
cocxleze maRla, rodis SeuZlia saxelmwifos misces Tavs mkvlelobis Cad­
enis ufleba?
erT-erTi aseTi SemTxveva gaxlavT sikvdiliT dasja, anu gansakuTrebiT
mZime da sastiki danaSaulisTvis saxelmwifos mier sasjelad damnaSavis si­
cocxlis mospobis daweseba. imisaTvis, rom gaviazroT, ramdenad gamarTle­
bulia sikvdiliT dasja, upirveles yovlisa, ramdenime sityva unda vTqvaT
TviTon sasjelis miznebze. sasjelis mizani ar gaxlavT vinmesTvis samagi­
eros mizRva, vinmes mokvla, tanjva an daCagvra, aramed saxelmwifo mimar­
Tavs sasjels erTaderTi mizniT, xeli Seuwyos damnaSavis gamosworebas da
mis sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrad dabrunebas, xolo sanam igi warmoadgens
sazogadoebisTvis safrTxes, moaxdinos misi izolacia. ismis kiTxva, ramde­
nad emsaxureba aRniSnul mizans sikvdiliT dasja? rCeba ki damnaSaves Sansi
imisa, rom gaiazros mis mier Cadenili danaSaulis simZime, ganicados sina­
nuli Cadenilis mimarT? ra Tqma unda, Tu damnaSaves saxelmwifo sicocxles
waarTmevs, maSin igi veRarasdros gamoswordeba da verc sazogadoebis Rir­
seul wevrad Camoyalibdeba, Sesabamisad, sikvdiliT dasja ar SeiZleba miv­
iCnioT sasjelis Tanamedrove formad. miuxedavad amisa, msoflios araerTi
qveyana dRemde iyenebs sikvdiliT dasjis praqtikas da amas xsnian imiT, rom
zogierTi damnaSavis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia, Tumca mocemuli argumen­
tis WeSmaritebis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia.
kiTxva:
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 Tqveni azriT
gamarTlebulia
damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxli, calsaxad ambobs, rom `sikvdiliT das­
Tu ara sikvdiliT
ja gauqmebulia, ar SeiZleba vinmes Seefardos sikvdiliT dasja, an vinmes dasja? pasuxi
mimarT aseTi ganaCenis aRsruleba~, rac imas niSnavs, rom ara mxolod axal daasabuTeT.
damnaSaveebs ar SeiZleba, SeefardoT sasikvdilo ganaCeni, aramed dauSve­
belia sasikvdilo ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana maTTvisac, visac konvenciis
damatebiTi oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlamde Sefardebuli hqonda sasikvdilo ganaCe­
ni, Tumca igi ar iyo aRsrulebuli.

75
 3

gaxsovT, albaT, rom saqarTveloSi sicocxlis uflebis dacvis uzenaes

samarTlebriv garantias warmoadgens saqarTvelos konstituciis me-15 mux­
li, igive muxli ambobs, rom `sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia~.
imavdroulad, aris ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac saxelmwifo iZulebuli
xdeba waarTvas adamians sicocxle, Tumca aRniSnuli ar miiCneva sicocxlis
uflebis xelyofad. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis meore muxlis
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier adamianisTvis sicocxlis warTmeva ar miiCneva
sicocxlis uflebis xelyofad, `Tu is Sedegad mohyva Zalis gamoyenebis ab­
solutur aucileblobas~, rac imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos sxva gza ar
hqonda, garda Zalis gamoyenebisa. magaliTad, aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos teroristebisgan mZevlebis gaTavisufleba an saSiSi damnaSav­
is dakavebis procesi, rodesac damnaSave policias SeiaraRebul winaaRm­
degobas uwevs. rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo moqmedebs
ara damnaSavis ganadgurebis, aramed ubralo adamianebis dacvis mizniT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos mizania ara teroristebis ganadgureba,
aramed mZevlebis gamoxsna, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, saxelmwifo ar cdilobs
damnaSavis likvidacias, aramed saxelmwifos mizans warmoadgens misi da­
kaveba da gasamarTleba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia, davaskvnaT,
rom saxelm­wifo araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda moqmedebdes vinmesTvis si­
cocxlis warTmevis ganzraxviT. maSinac ki, rodesac igi iZulebuli xdeba,
gamoiyenos Zala, unda ecados, rom yvelaferma msxverplis gareSe Caiaros.
yovelive aRniSnulidan mkafiod Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania si­
cocxlis ufleba, Sesabamisad sainteresoa, Tu rodidan xdeba adamiani am
uflebis matarebeli? aRniSnuli kiTxva araerTxel gamxdara iuridiul
wreebSi davis sagani. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme exeba orsulobis
kiTxva: xelovnur Sewyvetas, anu aborts. ra aris aborti? mkvleloba Cadenili jer
Tqveni azriT,
ardabadebuli adamianis mimarT, Tu ubralo samedicino RonisZieba? buneb­
rodidan iwyeba
sicocxle? ratom rivia, religiuri, moraluri, Tu eTikuri normebis TvalsazrisiT abor­
migaCniaT ase? ti SegviZlia miviCnioT mkvlelobad, Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni
amarTlebT Tu yurad­Reba sakiTxis samarTlebriv mxareze gvsurs, gavamaxvilo.
ara orsulobis
xelovnurad iuristebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom adamianis sicocxle iwyeba ara misi
Sewyvetas? ratom? Casaxvis, aramed misi dabadebis momentidan, Sesabamisad, orsulobis xe­
lovnuri Sewyveta ar ganixileba, rogorc mkvleloba. miuxedavad amisa,

76
aucilebelia imis Rrmad
gaazreba, rom orsulobis
Sewyveta warmoadgens axali
sicocxlis dabadebisTvis
xelis SeSlas, swored ami­
tom kanonmdeblebma Sei­
3
muSaves Canasaxis arsebobis
uflebis dacvis Sedare­
biT dabali, magram mainc
mniSvnelovani samarTleb­
rivi standartebi. kerZod,
dauSvebelia, orsulobis
xelovnuri Sewyveta, Tu igi
12 kviraze didi xnis ganmav­
lobaSi mimdinareobs, gar­
da im SemTxvevisa, rodesac
dedis sicocxles emuqreba gardauvali safrTxe. amasTan orsulobis xe­
lovnuri Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs deda. am dros eqimi, ro­
melic uwevs mas konsultacias, valdebulia, daicvas nayofis sicocxle,
misces orsuls mosafiqrebeli vada da mxolod misi uryevi nebis arsebo­
bis SemTxve­vaSi ganaxorcielos samedicino Careva. is faqti, rom msoflios
saxelmwifoTa umetesobis samarTlebrivi praqtika ar ganixilavs nayofs,
rogorc si­cocxlis uflebis matarebel individs, ar niSnavs imas, rom Ca­
nasaxi ar aris cocxali. droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZloa, aRniSnuli praqti­
ka gadaixedos da midgomebi orsulobis xelovnuri Sewyvetis mimarT radi­
kalurad Seicvalos.
kidev erTi problemuri sakiTxi, romelsac vawydebiT sicocxlis uflebaze
saubrisas, gaxlavT sikvdilis ufleba. sakmaod xSiria momenti, rodesac
ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobili adamiani tanjvis Semsubuqebis mizniT
iTxovs, rom sicocxle xelovnurad Seuwyviton. aRniSnul movlenas kiTxva:
amarTlebT Tu ara
mecnierul enaze evTanazia ewodeba, rac berZnulad mSvid sikvdils niSnavs. evTanazias? ratom?
evropis araerTma saxelmwifom, maT Soris belgiam, niderlandebis samefom
da Sveicariam moaxdines evTanaziis legalizeba. aRniSnuli proceduris
momxreebi, rogorc wesi, amboben, rom adamians unda hqondes ara mxo­lod si­
cocxlis, aramed Rirseulad cxovrebis ufleba, rac gulisxmobs, upirve­
les yovlisa, imas, rom maT icxovron damoukideblad, tkivilis da tanjvis
gareSe. rogorc wesi, ukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli adamianebi avadmyo­
fobis bolo stadiaze moklebulni arian aseT SesaZleblobebs, Sesabamisad,
maT unda hqondeT imis saSualeba, rom Tavisi survilisamebr daasrulon sa­
kuTari sicocxle. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT aRniSnul mtkicebas SesaZ­loa,
hqondes kidec gamarTleba, Tumca medals ori mxare aqvs. vnaxoT, ras amboben
evTanaziis mowinaaRmdegeni. am ukanasknelTa mtkicebiT, sicocxlis ufleba
gulisxmobs ara mxolod cxovrebis uflebas, aramed igi TiToeul adamians
akisrebs imis valdebulebasac, rom ar moklas. evTanazia, TviTmkvlelobis­
gan swored imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas, samedicino muSaki an ojaxis wevri
axorcielebs. erTi adamianis mier meorisTvis si­cocxlis warTmeva ki war­
moadgens mkvlelobas, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mizniTaa is Cadenili. amasTa­
nave, rodesac adgili aqvs evTanaziis aqts, pacienti, faqtobrivad, kargavs
arCevanis saSualebas, is veRar gadaifiqrebs im martivi mizezis gamo, rom
misi sicocxle Sewydeba.
qarTuli samarTlebrivi sistema evTanazias krZalavs. sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 110-e muxli mas ganixilavs, rogorc mkvlelobas, romelic Cade­
nilia `msxverplis daJinebuli TxovniT, misi namdvili nebis Sesabamisad~,
misi Zlieri fizikuri tkivilisgan ganTavisuflebis mizniT. aRniSnuli
normidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom evTanazia saqarTveloSi
warmoadgens danaSauls, romelic isjeba kanoniT.

77
 3 daskvnis saxiT, SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva, gvaqvs ki Cven adamianebs imis
ufleba, rom sxvas sicocxle wavarTvaT? arsebobs ki raime mizezi, Tundac
iseTi keTilSobiluri, rogoricaa adamianis tanjvis Semsubuqeba, romelic
gaamarTlebs sicocxlis mospobas? SegviZlia, gadavwyvitoT ki vin aris si­
cocxlis Rirsi da vin ara? TiToeul am kiTxvaze pasuxi naTelia da es pasux­
ia - ara, radganac sicocxle uzenaesi sikeTea, romlis gaazreba da bolomde
Secnoba adamianis Semecnebis umTavres sagans gaCenis momentidan dRemde
kiTxva: warmoadgens.
eTanxmebiT Tu
ara aRniSnul
mtkicebas? migaCniaT
Tu ara evTanazia
6. piradi Tavisufleba
gamarTlebulad?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
a. piradi Tavisuflebis, rogorc adamianis uflebis zogadi
mimoxilva
winamdebare Tavidan naTlad gamoCnda, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis si­
cocxles misi uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi, Tumca sasurvelia, yuradReba ga­
vamaxviloT adamianis uflebaTa sistemis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes kompo­
nentze- adamianis pirad Tavisuflebaze.
ra aris Tavisufleba? mocemuli sityvis zusti ganmarteba ar arsebobs. igi
gansakuTrebuli davisa da kamaTis sagans warmoadgens sxvadasxva samec­niero
wreSi. bunebrivia, Tavisufleba SefasebiTi kategoriaa da yvela adamians
SesaZloa, sxvagvarad esmodes igi. magaliTad, erTi SeiZleba Tavisuflebas
yovelgvari wesis gareSe cxovrebaSi xedavdes, maSin, rodesac sxvisTvis Ta­
visufleba calkeuli wesebisa da kanonebis (magaliTad, religiuri) ganux­
rel dacvaSi mdgomareobdes, Tumca Tavad sityva gveubneba, rom Tavisuf­
leba aris iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis ufalia,
anu Tavad ganagebs Tavis bedsa da cxovrebas, TviTon wyvets, icxovrebs we­
sebis gareSe, Tu iqneba calkeuli wesebis ganuxreli damcveli. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Tavisufalia adamiani maSin, rodesac moqmedebs sakuTari nebis
Sesabami­sad da arCevans sakuTari survilis mixedviT akeTebs.
pirvel TavSi sakmaod bevri visaubreT bunebiT samarTalze. aRniSnuli
samarTlebrivi skolis mixedviT adamiani, rogorc RvTis xatad Seqmnili ar­
seba, dabadebiT sargeblobs piradi TavisuflebiT. ufro metic, misi msgav­
seba RmerTTan, swored TavisuflebaSi, Tavisufali nebis qonaSi gamoixate­
ba. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia, vamtkicoT, rom Tavisufleba ara mxolod adamia­
nis ufleba, aramed misi bunebisa da arsebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
samwuxarod, kacobriobas grZeli gzis gavla dasWirda, sanam igi adamianTa
pirad Tavisuflebas aRiarebda, rogorc mis ZiriTad da fundamentur ufle­
bas. msoflios araerTi qveynis, maT Soris saqarTvelos, isto­riisTvisac ar
aris ucxo iseTi periodi, rodesac sazogadoebis erTi, privilegirebuli
nawili miiCnevda, rom hqonda sxvaTa cxovrebiT manipulirebis ufleba. ase­
Ti gaxldaT batonymobis periodi, romelmac saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunem­
de gastana. realurad es iyo feodaluri wyoba, sadac miwis mesakuTre (fe­
odali) am miwaze mcxovrebi glexebis batoni iyo, xolo glexebi mis ymebad
iwodebodnen. marTalia, es ar yofila monaTmflobeloba pirdapiri gagebiT,
magram didi sxvaoba maT Soris ar arsebobda. batons SeeZlo ymebis gasxvise­
ba, rasac xSirad sxva batonis mflobelobaSi gadasvla da ojaxebis gayo­
fa mosdevda xolme. xdeboda ymebis micema valSi an maTi gacvla sana­diro
iaraRsa Tu mwevar ZaRlebSi. bunebrivia, rodesac adamianis bediT aseTi ma­
nipulireba xdeba, iq mis pirad Tavisuflebaze saubari saerTod zedmetia.
am TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb mZime iyo viTareba evropaSi. marTalia, uSu­
alod evropis kontinentze me-19 saukuneSi monebi ar hyavdaT, magram
araerTi evropuli saxelmwifo vaWrobda adamianebiT, maT Soris iseTi
qveynebic, romlebic dRes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xarisxiT msoflioSi
erT-erTi mowinavea.

78
 3

monebs, ZiriTadad, afrikis kontinentze iWerdnen, Semdeg ki msoflios

sxvadasxva wertilSi yiddnen, rogorc iaf samuSao Zalas. monebis Sroma monaTa
gamoiyene­boda Saqrisa da Tambaqos plantaciebSi, maRaroebSi. erTi sityviT, gaTavisuflebis
procesSi udidesi
maT umZimesi samuSaos Sesruleba uwevdaT, bunebrivia, yovelgvari anaz­ roli iTamaSa
Raurebis gareSe. am mxriv gamoirCeoda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, sadac amerikeli mwerlis,
me-19 saukunis Sua periodamde gamoiyeneboda monebis Sroma, rogorc ekono­ hariet biCer stous
mikis zrdis umTavresi saSualeba. Tanamedrove afroamerikelTa didi nawi­ mier 1852 wels
li swored im adamianebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic Tavis droze evro­ gamoqveynebulma
romanma `biZia Tomas
pelma vaWrebma mihyides amerikel monaTmflobelebs. qoxi~, romelic
msoflios monaTmflobelobis mankier tradiciaze uari advilad ar saocari sicxadiT
uTqvams. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monaTa gaTavisuflebis procesi aRwers me-19
samoqalaqo omis fonze mimdinareobda. amerikis prezidenti abraam linkolni saukunis amerikaSi,
Savkanianebis
adamianebis piradi Tavisuflebis ideas calsaxad uWerda mxars. msoflios monur yofas.
araerT regionSi adamianebma Tavisufleba udidesi brZolisa da Sromis dRes aRniSnuli
Sedegad moipoves, amdenad savsebiT logikuria, rom dRes Tavisuflebas nawarmoebi
moixsenieben, ara mxolod, rogorc adamianis ZiriTad uflebas, aramed, msoflios araerT
rogorc kacobriobis erT-erT udides monapovars. enazea naTargmni, maT
Soris qarTuladac.
sicocxlis msgavsad Tavisuflebac adamianis bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
Tu adamians sicocxles wavarTmevT, maSin logikuria, rom misi yvela sxva
ufleba azrs dakargavs, xolo Tu adamians Tavisuflebas wavarTmevT, maSin
azrs adamianis sicocxle kargavs.

kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, ra
aris Tavisufleba?
rogor gesmiT
mocemuli sityvis
mniSvneloba,
imsjeleT mis
Sesaxeb.

79
 3 b. piradi Tavisuflebis dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebi
ramdenadac didia piradi Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba, imdenad aucile-
belia misi dacvis samarTlebrivi garantebis arseboba. Cven SemTxvevaSi
adamianis piradi Tavisuflebis dacvis umTavres samarTlebriv garants
warmoadgens qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni, konstitucia, romelic me-18 mux-
lis pirveli nawiliT calsaxad ambobs, rom adamianis Tavisufleba xel­
Seuvalia.

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis mesame muxli ki

gveubneba, rom yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da pira-
di xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs arc erTi saer-
TaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqti Tu dokumenti, romelic icavs adamianis
uflebebs da ar aRiarebs mis Tavisuflebas. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom
adamianis piradi Tavisufleba absoluturi xasiaTis uflebaa? anu misi
darRveva, SezRudva araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba?

vnaxoT, ras ambobs amasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-

Tao deklaraciis me-9 muxli: `aravis dapatimreba, gaZeveba an daWera ar
SeiZleba TviTneburad~.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, agreTve, saerTaSoriso paqti

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, romlis me-9 muxlis Ta-
naxmadac: `TiToeul adamians aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxe-
blobis ufleba, aravin SeiZleba TviTneburad daakavon an daapatimron.
aravis SeiZleba Tavisufleba aRukveTon sxvagvarad, garda kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli safuZvlisa da procedurisa.~
ixileT sisxlis
samarTlis nawili, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, CvenTvis ukve cnobili me-18 muxlis
sasjelis saxeebi. meore nawili gveubneba, rom `Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradi Tavisuflebis
sxvagvari SezRudva dauSvebelia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe.~
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom adamianis
ix. sisxlis Tavisufleba daculia sxva adamianebis, an saxelmwifos mxridan TviTnebu­
samarTlis nawili.
ri xelyofisagan. Tumca adamianis Tavisufleba aramc da aramc ar warmoad­
sisxlis samarTlis
procesi. gens absolutur uflebas. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa, moxdes
calkeuli pirebisTvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, an aRkveTa, Tumca aRniSnu­
li unda ganxorcieldes mxolod da mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sa­
kiTxva:
fuZvlis da proceduris Sesabamisad.
migaCniaT, Tu ara imisTvis, rom ukeT CavwvdeT mocemuli winadadebis arss, sasurvelia, gan­
sasjelis saxiT
Tavisuflebis
vixiloT, Tu vis mier da ra SemTxvevaSi xdeba adamianis Tavisuflebis Sez­
SezRudva Rudva da aRkveTa. erTaderTi subieqti, visac aqvs ufleba SezRudos ada­
gamarTlebulad? mianis Tavisufleba, aris saxelmwifo. Tavisuflebis SezRudva an aRkveTa
sasjelis ra saxeebia SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc sasjeli calkeuli danaSaulisTvis.
TqvenTvis cnobili? Tumca saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, TviTneburad dasajos vinme. damnaSavisT­
SeZlebisdagvarad,
imsjeleT sasjelis
vis sasjelis dakisrebis ufleba aqvs mxolod da mxolod sasamarTlos. am­
miznebze da denad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom calkeul pirTaTvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva
ganixileT, ramdenad an aRkveTa SesaZloa, moxdes mxolod danaSaulisTvis, sasamarTlos gad­
amarTlebs am miznebs awyvetilebis Sesabamisad.
Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa, rogorc saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis erT - erTi
sasjeli. mizania is, rom ar moxdes adamianis Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa. Sesaba­
misad, nebismier adamians aqvs samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba,
rasac uzrunvelyofs sisxlis samarTlis procesis fundamenturi princi­
ix.Tavi sisxlis pebi.
samarTlis procesis
Sesaxeb amrigad, adamianis piradi Tavisufleba warmoadgens adamianisTvis RvTisgan
boZebul erT-erT umniSvnelovanes uflebas, romlis dacva da gafrTxileba

80
nebismieri saxelmwifos Tu sazogadoebis umTavresi movaleobaa. iq, sadac
adamiani kargavs pirad Tavisuflebas, zedmetia saubari iseTi uflebebis
dacvaze, rogoricaa sityvis, azris da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, gadaad­
gilebis da sakuTrebis ufleba, ganaTlebis ufleba da TviT sicocxlis
uflebac ki. iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Rirseuli wevri, niSnavs iyo Tavi­
sufali moqalaqe da pativs scemde sxvis Tavisuflebas.
3
7. sityvis, azris da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

sityvis, azris da gamoxatvis Ta­

visufleba adamianis kidev erTi
umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa, ro­
melzec aucilebelia yuradRebis
gamaxvileba. adamianis uflebaTa
sistemaSi maT gansakuTrebuli adg­
ili uWiravT Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
sicocxlisa da piradi Tavisuf­
lebis gverdiT, radgan realurad
aRniSnuli uflebac, msgavsad ukve
ganxiluli uflebebisa, warmoad­
gens adamianis, rogorc Tavisu­
fali, damoukidebeli individis
bunebis ganuyofel nawils.
adamianis, rogorc moazrovne ar-
sebis, ganuyofeli Tvisebaa az-
rovneba, komunikacia, cnobismoy-
vareoba, bednierebisken swrafva.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa, rac
imas niSnavs, rom cxovrobs sxva
adamianebis garemocvaSi da aqvs
maTTan mudmivi urTierToba. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, nebismieri pirovneba sazogadoebis nawilia da am
sazogadoebaSi Tavis damkvidreba mis bunebriv moTxovnilebas warmoad-
gens.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad axerx­
ebs adamiani sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmas, informaciis gacemasa
da miRebas, sakuTari pirovnebis realizacias da sazogadoebaSi adgilis
damkvid­rebas.
mainc ra aris sityvisa da azris Tavisufleba? msgavsad piradi Tavisu­
flebisa, sityvis da azris Tavisuflebac demokratiuli sazogadoebis
umniSvnelo­vanesi monapovaria, romelsac Tanamedrove evropuli samyaro
efuZneba. aRniSnuli ufleba, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs adamianebis
mier sakuTari azris sajarod dafiqsirebis Tavisuflebas, rac imas niSnavs,
rom nebismier pirovnebas aqvs ufleba, gamoTqvas sakuTari Sexeduleba da
ar daisajos amisTvis.
sityvis Tavisufleba moicavs presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva
saSualebebis Tavisuflebasac. demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tavisufali mediis arsebobas, radganac
sxvagvarad mosaxleobis informireba, qveyanaSi Tu mis gareT mimdinare
procesebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia. Tavisufali media aris erTgvari garanti
imisa, rom sazogadoebas yovelTvis eqneba informacia qveynis xelisuflebis
saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, xelisufleba ufro metad igrZnobs
pasuxismgeblobas sazogadoebis winaSe.

81
 3

aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sityvisa da azris Tavisuf­

leba exeba ara mxolod sazogadoebis udidesi nawilisTvis an saxelmwifos­
kiTxva: Tvis misaReb ideebsa da informacias, aramed iseTsac, romelic SesaZloa, mi­
Tqveni azriT, ratom
aris mniSvnelovani
uRebeli aRmoCndes mocemuli jgufebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT es exeba xeli­
kritikuli azris suflebis an calkeuli politikuri jgufebis mimarT sajarod gamoTqmul
Tavisufleba? kritikas, imdenad, ramdenadac kritikuli, gansxvavebuli mosazrebis ar­
saerTod ra seboba ganapirobebs ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli procesebis
mniSvneloba aqvs warmar­Tvas.
kritikas?
ratom aris demokratiuli procesebis uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani nebis­
mieri saxelmwifosTvis? upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom ar moxdes qveya­
naSi erTi, romelime jgufis mier Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba. Zalaufleba,
romelic ar eqvemdebareba kontrols, warmoadgens tiraniisken gadadgmul
pirvel nabijs. aseTi tiraniis magaliTi uaxlesma istoriam mogvca sabWo­
Ta kavSiris saxiT, sadac gansxvavebuli azri, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad ganixileboda, Sesabamisad, meoce sauku­
kiTxva: nis ocdaaTian wlebSi gansxvavebulad
imsjeleT imis moazrovneebis winaaRmdeg ganxorciele­ saagitacio posteri
Sesaxeb, Tu ratom bul represiebs aTiaTasobiT adamianis
ar unda xdebodes sicocxle Seewira. aRniSnuli periodi
gansxvavebuli azris
mqone adamianebis msoflio istoriaSi `wiTeli teroris~
Seviwroeba. ratom saxeliT Sevida.
aris mniSvnelovani
maTi gamoxatvis sabWoTa mmarTvelobisTvis miuRebeli
Tavisufleba. iyo kritika, gansxvavebulad azrovne­
ba. arsebobda mxolod erTi, e.w. mar­
qsistul-leninuri WeSmariteba, sxva
yvela unda ganadgurebuliyo. cenzura
akontro­lebda yvela gazeTsa Tu Jur­
nals, ufro metic, arc erTi litera­
turuli nawarmoebi ar ibeWdeboda spe­
cialuri komisiis mier misi ganxilvisa
da Casworebis gareSe. idevneboda is­
eTi musikaluri mimdinareobebi, ro­
goric iyo jazi da roki. iTvleboda, rom

82
dasavleTis qveynebis kulturasTan ziareba
gaanadgurebda imas, rasac `sabWoTa adamiani~
erqva. imave motiviT idevneboda religiu­
ri jgufebic. faqtobrivad, es iyo Zaladoba
adamianis azrovnebasa da gonebaze, romelic
araCveuleb­rivad aRwera britanelma mweral­
3
ma, jorj oruelma Tavis nawarmoebSi `1984~,
romelic 1949 wels gamoica. bunebrivia, es
wignic, iseve rogorc sxva mravali, sabWoTa
kavSirSi akrZaluli iyo.
am martivi magaliTis safuZvelze SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, Tu ra emuqreba sazogadoebas,
sadac adamianebs warTmeuli aqvT azris ga­
moTqmis saSualeba. Sesabamisad ki gaviazroT, amave mwerals
Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom ekuTvnis kidev erTi
RirsSesaniSnavi
nebismer adamians hqondes, erTi mxriv, saku­
nawarmoebi
Tari mosazrebebis Riad da sajarod dafiq­ `cxovelTa ferma~,
sirebis SesaZlebloba, meore mxriv, mis garSe­ sadac sainteresodaa
mo mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli in­ aRwerili is
formaciis Tavisuflad, yovelgvari damaxin­ realoba, romelic
rogorc wesi,
jebis gareSe miRebis SesaZlebloba.
totalitaruli
rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, upirveles yovlisa, igi moicavs ada­ reJimis damyarebis
Sedegad dgeba.
mianis mier sakuTari niWis, unaris, SesaZleblobebis realizaciis uflebas.
nawarmoebi
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, nebismier adamians SeuZlia gamoxatos sakuTari sainteresoa
pirovneba ise, rogorc mas esmis. bunebrivia, es sityvisa da azris Tavisuf­ imiTac, rom mTavar
lebasac gulisxmobs, Tumca mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba. faqtobrivad, personaJebs
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aris universaluri Rirebuleba, romelic safuZv­ ara adamianebi,
aramed cxovelebi
lad udevs adamianis uflebebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa: saqmianobis Tavisu­
warmoadgenen. jorj
fleba, ganaTlebis ufleba da sxva. oruelis orive
gamoxatvis uflebis mniSvnelobas naTlad warmoaCens gaeros 1948 wlis nawarmoebi qarTul
enazecaa naTargmni.
asamb­leaze dafiqsirebuli pozicia, rom igi `qvakuTxedia yvela im uflebi­
sa, romelTa dacvac gaeros prioritets warmoadgens~. ras gulisxmobs
aRniSnuli winadadeba? upirveles yovlisa, imas, rom adamianis buneba
mravalferovania, yvela adamiani individualuria da msoflioSi or erT­
nair pirovnebas ver SevxvdebiT. gamoxatvis ufleba ki, upirveles yovlisa,
am individualurobis da TiToeuli adamianis gansakuTrebulobis aRiare­
basa da pativiscemas gulisxmobs. realurad, es aris is, rac gansazRvravs kiTxva:
pirovnebis Rirsebas, romelic adamianis absoluturi uflebaa. iziarebT Tu
ara aRniSnul
Cven mier ganxiluli monakveTi sabWoTa kavSiris istoriidan, aris ara mxo­ mosazrebas.
lod sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis, aramed gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis imsjeleT gamoxatvis
fexqveS gaTelvis brwyinvale magaliTi, rodesac araerTi sazogado moRvawe uflebaze. Tqveni
mxolod imitom iqna ganadgurebuli, rom maTi pirovneba SeuTavsebeli iyo azriT, dasaSvebia Tu
ara raime pirobiT am
sabWoTa realobasTan. aseTi gaxldaT udidesi qarTveli mwerali mixeil uflebis SezRudva,
javaxiSvili, reJisori sandro axmeteli, poeti tician tabiZe, diriJori ratom?
evgeni miqelaZe, literaturaTmcodne vaxtang kotetiSvili. TiToeuli
maTgani qarTuli kulturis gansakuTrebuli warmomadgeneli iyo, rom­
lebic mxolod imitom mokles, rom maTi Sinagani Tavisufleba wiTeli to­
talitaruli manqanis mier aRqmuli iyo, rogorc xalxisa da qveynis mtroba.
imisTvis, rom warmovidginoT, Tu ramdenad mZimea adamianisTvis gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis SezRudva, sasurvelia, gadavxedoT sabWoTa saqarTvelos is­
toriis kidev erT TvalsaCino monakveTs, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs to­
talitaruli reJimisa da pirovnebis dapirispirebis problemas. amJamad
Tqveni yuradReba gvsurs, gavamaxviloT qarTvel poetze paolo iaSvilze,

83
3 romelic 1937 wlis wiTeli teroris erT-erTi pirveli msxverpli gaxlavT.
isic, iseve rogorc kulturis, mecnierebis, xelovnebis araerTi moRvawe, ar
jdeboda sabWoTa adamianis standartebSi, Sesabamisad, mas Riad uye­nebdnen
iseT absurdul braldebebs, rogoricaa: magaliTad `ideologiuri
mavnebloba~. aRniSnuli braldeba mxolod erT rames niSnavda - paolo
iaSvili ar azrovnebda ise, rogorc es kompartiis mamebs surdaT, Sesa-
bamisad, mas unda “Caekla” sakuTari pirovneba da `sxvanairi~ azrovne-
ba eswavla. bunebrivia, Seuracxyofilma poetma veRar gauZlo moralur
wnexs da 1937 wels 22 ivniss mweralTa kavSiris SenobaSi Tavi moikla.
aRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad didi sulieri tkivilis miyenebaa
SesaZlebeli adamianisTvis, rodesac laxav misi gamoxatvis uflebas. meore
mxriv ki Cndeba kiTxva, Tu risi gakeTeba SeeZloT im adamianebs, romlebic
mxolod imitom gaimetes sasikvdilod, rom gansxvavebulad azrovnebdnen.
samwuxarod, Cven am kiTxvebs verasodes vupasuxebT, samagierod, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom gamoxatvis ufleba adamianis uflebaTa sistemaSi erT-erTi
centraluri mniSvnelobisaa, romelic ara mxolod adamianis Rirsebas gan­
sazRvravs, aramed ganapirobebs nebismieri sazogadoebis progress.

8. sakuTrebis ufleba
wina TavebSi Cveni yuradRebis sagans warmoadgenda sicocxlis ufleba, pira­
di Tavisufleba, sityvis, azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. yovelive aR­
niSnuli TavisTavad cxadia, adamianis uflebaTa sistemis centralur ele­
ments warmoadgens, Tumca Tanamedrove samyaroSi, aranaklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeba sakuTrebis uflebas. adamianma gaCenis dRidan daiwyo sargebloba
calkeuli nivTebiT, romelsac igi moixmarda yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sakuTrebis gageba adamianTan erTad
daibada.

sakuTrebis uflebis udides mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom sa-

kuTrebis ufleba daculia uZveles religiur teqstebSic. magaliTad, 10
mcnebidan me-8, swored am uflebas Seexeba da gvaswavlis, rom qurdoba, anu
sxvisi sakuTrebis moparva ar SeiZleba (mcneba me-8: ara iparo). Sesabamisad,
bunebiTi samarTlis skolis warmomadgenelTa msgavsad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom sakuTrebis ufleba adamianisTvis RvTisgan boZebuli uflebaa.
sanam uSualod sakuTrebis uflebas, mis samarTlebriv bunebas SevexebodeT,
sasurvelia, ramdenime sityviT mimovixiloT, Tu ra warmoadgens adamianis
sakuTrebas? upirveles yovlisa, es aris nebismieri materialuri qoneba,
rogorc uZravi, ise moZravi. sakuTreba SeiZleba iyos, erTi mxriv, sax-
li, miwis nakveTi, manqana, nebismieri nivTi, agreTve, fuli. Tumca sain-
teresoa, rom adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove samarTali icnobs iseT
sakuTrebas, romelic materialuri formiT ar aris warmodgenili, anu
ar aqvs nivTieri saxe, Tumca aqvs Rirebuleba. aseTia, magaliTad, savaW-

84
 3
ix. samoqalaqo
samarTlis nawili,
inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis
samarTali.

ro niSani, marka, igive saxeli. magaliTad, `mak donaldsi~, an `koka-kola~.

aseve, adamianis inteleqtualuri Sromis nayofi, magaliTad, formula, ga­
mogoneba, nawarmoebi, aseTi tipis qonebas iuristebi xSirad moixseneben, ro­
gorc aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTes. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom sakuTreba SeiZleba iyos, rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri
saxis.
rac Seexeba uSualod sakuTrebis uflebas, igi asaxulia, rogorc gaeros
kiTxva:
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, ise adamianis uflebaTa Tqveni azriT, ra
evropul konvenciaSi. vnaxoT, ras ambobs TiToeuli maTgani aRniSnuli mniSvneloba aqvs
uflebis Sesaxeb. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me- adamianisTvis
17 muxlis Tanaxmad: `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba flobdes qonebas, rogorc sakuTrebas? ratom
aris mniSvnelovani
erTpirovnulad, aseve, sxvebTan erTad.~ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon­
sakuTrebis uflebis
venciis pirveli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad ki - `yovel dacva?
fizikur an iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi sakuTrebiT Seuferxebeli sargeb­
lobis ufleba~.
mocemuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, qonebis flo­ kiTxva:
bis, xolo, meore mxriv, misi Tavisuflad gankargvis uflebas. Tqveni azriT, ra
gansxvavebaa erTi
ratom aris aRniSnuli ori komponentis Tanaarseboba mniSvnelovani? war­ mxriv qonebis
moidgineT, rom Tqven gaCuqes kompiuteri, Tumca misi CarTva kategoriulad flobaSi, meore
agikrZales. Sesabamisad, Tqven iTvlebiT kompiuteris, rogorc nivTis mxriv ki mis
mflobelad, mesakuTred, Tumca ar SegiZliaT, aRniSnuli nivTi moixmaroT gankargvaSi? ratom
Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr, anu CarToT da gamoiyenoT ise, rogorc gindaT. aris mniSvnelovani
orive komponentis
bunebrivia, aseTi saxis mesakuTreoba seriozul diskomforts SegiqmniT. uzrunvelyofa
swored amitom, rodesac saqme exeba sakuTrebis uflebas, mniSvnelovania, sakuTrebis uflebis
rom daculi iyos, rogorc qonebis flobis, ise misi moxmarebis uflebac. dacvisas?
Tumca aRniSnuli ar unda gascdes kanonis farglebs da ar unda Seilaxos sx­
visi uflebebi. magaliTad, srulwlovan moqalaqes, garkveuli samarTleb­
rivi standartis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia, kanonierad iqonios
kiTxva:
sanadiro iaraRi, Tumca mas am iaraRiT sargeblobis ufleba sakmaod Sez­ Tqveni azriT,
Ruduli aqvs. magaliTad, mas ar SeuZlia srolaSi ivarjiSos dasaxlebul ratom aris
adgilas an Riad ataros is qalaqSi. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, igi aris iaraRis dawesebuli msgavsi
mesakuTre, meore mxriv, mas garkveuli SezRudvebi aqvs dawesebuli am sa­ tipis sakuTrebiT
sargeblobisas
kuTrebiT sargeblobaze.
SezRudvebi?

85
 3

mocemuli magaliTi zogad warmodgenas gviqmnis sakuTrebis uflebaze. Tum­

ca aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi sikeTe gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre es
erTi SexedviT Cans. sakuTrebis ufleba, misi dacvis xarisxi da standar-
ti sakmaod did gavlenas axdens, erTi mxriv, adamianis cxovrebis doneze,
meore mxriv, calkeuli qveynebis Sida da saerTaSoriso ekonomikur pro-
cesebze. magaliTad, iseT qveynebSi, sadac xSiria sakuTrebis uflebis xel­
yofis faqtebi, mewarmeebi eridebian seriozuli biznes- saqmianobis dawye­
bas, radganac arsebobs riski, rom maT qonebas SeiZleba safrTxe daemuqros.
kiTxva:
SeZlebisdagvarad garda amisa, nebismieri adamiani bunebrivad iswrafvis imisken, rom ukeT
imsjeleT, Tu icxov­ros. ukeTesi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi komponenti ki gaxlavT ma­
ratom moqmedebs terialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba am ada­
sakuTrebis mianis sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas.
uflebis dacvis
xarisxi ekonomikis aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sakuTrebis ufle­
ganviTarebaze? ba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod samarTlebrivi, aramed wminda ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiTac. marTlac, Tu daakvirdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom qveynebSi,
sadac sakuTrebis ufleba ukeTaa daculi, mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia im qveynebTan Se­
darebiT, sadac sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis xarisxi dabalia.
sainteresoa, Tu ra Sida da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi garantiebi arse­
bobs sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad? atarebs Tu ara sakuTrebis ufleba
absolutur xasiaTs?
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia aRniSnul kiTxvas pasuxobs pirve­
li damatebiTi oqmis pirvel muxlSi, romelic erTi mxriv aRiarebs da icavs
sakuTrebis uflebas, Tumca iqve ganmartavs, rom `mxolod sazogadoebrivi
saWiroebisaTvis SeiZleba CamoerTvas vinmes Tavisi sakuTreba kanoniTa da
kiTxva: saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi principebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebSi.~
gamarTlebulad aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba,
migaCniaT Tu ara miuxedavad imisa, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis matarebeli fundamenturi
sakuTrebis uflebis uflebaa, ar atarebs absolutur xasiaTs. Tumca, iseve, rogorc sxva Sez­
SezRudvis daSveba?
ratom? Ruduli uflebebis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa arsebobdes garkveuli pirobebi,
romlis dakmayofilebac aucilebelia sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvisTvis.
86
 3

aseTi umTavresi piroba gaxlavT sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba, rac ase unda

gavigoT, rom sazogadoebis nebismieri moTxovnis an saWiroebis Sesabamisad,
saxelmwifom ar unda SezRudos calkeul pirTa sakuTreba. aRniSnuli
muxli gulisxmobs imas, rom sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi interesebi,
rogoricaa - Tundac, sicocxle da janmrTeloba, SeiZleba saxelmwifom
sakuTrebis uflebaze win daayenos. amgvarad, saxelmwifom SeiZleba
ekologiuri katastrofis prevenciis mizniT ar misces pirs ufleba
mis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTze garkveuli tipis mSeneblobis
gansaxorcieleblad. bunebrivia, saxelmwifo am SemTxvevaSi zRudavs
piris mier sakuTrebis gankargvis uflebas, Tumca es SezRudva ver
CaiTvleba usamarTlod, radgan sasworis meore mxares devs ekologiuri
usafr­Txoeba, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa
sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas.
saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis umTavres samarTlebriv garants
qveynis konstitucia warmoadgens, romlis 21-e muxlic sakuTrebis ufle­
basTan dakavSirebiT Semdeg ganmartebas iZleva:

1. sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvely-

ofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an mem-
kvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.
2. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis dasaSvebia pir-
vel punqtSi aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRudva kanoniT gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT.
3. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorT-
meva dasaSvebia kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebe-
li aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT.

87
 3 Tu mocemuli samarTlebrivi normis Sinaars yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia da adamianis uflebaTa evro­
puli konvencia sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis msgavs pirobebs ayenebs.
Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic, iseve rogorc evropuli sivrcis sxva qveyana­
Si, sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZvels warmoadgens gansakuTrebu­
li sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba. Tumca mxolod sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis
arseboba ar aris sakmarisi, aucilebelia, rom sakuTrebis uflebis nebis­
mieri SezRudva moxdes kanonier safuZvelze, anu dauSvebelia sakuTrebis
uflebis iseTi SezRudva im pirobebiT, romelTac ar aregulirebs kanoni.
faqtobrivad, amas ambobs adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis
me-17 muxlis meore nawilic, romlis Tanaxmadac `aravis CamoerTvas Tavisi
qoneba TviTneburad~, rac niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifo mocemuli uflebis
SezRudvasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas unda gamodiodes
mxolod kanonis moTxovnebidan. garda amisa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, rode­
sac adgili aqvs pirTaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevas, saxelmwifo valdebu­
lia, gadauxados mesakuTres Sesabamisi kompensacia, anu aunazRauros mas is
zarali, rac sakuTrebis CamorTmeviT miadga. aq, ra Tqma unda, ar igulisx­
meba is SemTxvevebi, rodesac sakuTreba SeZenilia danaSaulebrivi gziT da
saxelmwifos kanoni pirdapir avaldebulebs aseTi sakuTrebis CamorTmevas,
konfiskacias.
amrigad, sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi sakvanZo elementia ara mxolod
adamianis uflebaTa sistemis, aramed calkeuli qveynisa Tu zogadad, saer­
TaSoriso ekonomikisTvis, imdenad, ramdenadac swored sakuTrebis ufleba
udevs safuZvlad ekonomikuri aqtivobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes formas,
vaWrobas. amitom, aRniSnuli uflebis dacvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs TiToeuli Cvenganis cxovrebisa da keTildReobisTvis.

9. aqtiuri moqalaqeoba
a. saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo
rogorc wina TavebSi araerTgzis aRvniSneT, adamianis uflebaTa dacva
nebismieri saxelmwifos upirvelesi movaleobaa. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia,
rom adamianisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba gansazRvruli iyos mkafiod
da arsebobdes gasagebi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli TamaSis wesebi, romelic
garkveul CarCoebSi moaqcevs mas.
kiTxva:
Tu iciT, romel mogexsenebaT, rom nebismieri qveynis marTva xorcieldeba am qveynis xeli­
qveynebSia suflebis mier, romelsac gaaCnia realuri Zalaufleba, gavlena moaxdinos
gansakuTrebiT qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebze. amdenad, rodesac vsaubrobT saxelmwi­
xSiri adamianis foze, erTi mxriv, saxeze gvyavs saxelmwifos xelisufleba, romelsac xelT
uflebaTa
upyria Zalaufleba, xolo, meore mxriv, saxeze gvyavs adamiani, romelsac
darRvevis faqtebi,
ra uflebebi ilaxeba aqvs dabadebiT miniWebuli uflebebi, romlis dacvac xelisuflebis um­
yvelaze xSirad? Tavresi movaleobaa. Tu gadavxedavT msoflio istorias, vnaxavT, rom xeli­
sufleba yovelTvis ar asrulebs Tavis am movaleobas da arcTu iSviaTad igi
Tavad xdeba adamianis uflebaTa damrRvevi. aRniSnulis klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgens sabWoTa kavSiri, romelzedac gvqonda saubari. xelisuflebis
mier adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevis gamovlineba iyo, Tundac igi­
ve batonymoba, romelsac SevexeT adamianis pirad Tavisuflebaze saubrisas
samwuxarod, msgavsi faqtebi istoriis sakuTrebad ki ar darCa, aramed maT
kiTxva: adgili aqvs Cvens yoveldRiur realobaSi da dRes msoflios masStabiT
Tqveni azriT, ra araer­Ti qveyanaa iseTi, sadac yoveldRiurad fexqveS iTeleba miliono-
aris imis mizezi, rom biT adamianis ufleba.
msoflios araerT
qveyanaSi masobrivad ra aris aRniSnulis umTavresi mizezi? upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo
irRveva adamianis Zalauflebis absoluturi xasiaTi, anu iseTi SemTxveva, sadac aravin da
uflebebi? araferi zRudavs xelisuflebas. Tu gadavxedavT iseT saxelmwifoebs, sa­

88
dac adamianis uflebaTa darRveva Cveulebrivi movlenaa, aRmovaCenT, rom
maTi umetesoba warmoadgens avtoritaruli tipis qveyanas, sadac gada­
wyvetilebas iRebs erTi adamiani an pirTa viwro wre, romlebic sakuTar
Tavs kanonsa da samarTalze maRla ayeneben. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZ­
lia davaskvnaT, rom imisTvis, raTa ar moxdes Zalauflebis uzurpacia da
ubralo adamianebis winaaRmdeg misi gamoyeneba, aucilebelia, rom xelisuf­
3
lebas zRudavdes, erTi mxriv, kanoni, meore mxriv, ki adamianis uflebebi.
saxelmwifos, sadac saxelmwifo xelisufleba axor­ kiTxva:
rogor gesmiT cneba,
cielebs sakuTari Zalauflebis SezRudvas
xelisuflebis
kanonis normebiTa da adamianis uflebebis SezRudva?
principebiT, samarTlebriv saxelmwi­
fosac uwodeben. kanonis uzenae­
soba aseTi saxelmwifos erT-erTi
ZiriTadi principia. ras gulisx­
mobs kanonis uzenaesoba? upirve­
les yovlisa, imas, rom verc erTi
saxelmwifo moxele ver daayenebs
sakuTar Tavs kanonze maRla. ase­
Ti saxelmwifos arsebobasTan
SeuTavsebelia iseTi mankieri
movlenebi, rogoricaa - usamarT­
loba, TviTneburi mmarTveloba
da diqtatura, klanuro­
ba, korufcia, adami­
anis uflebebis Sez­
Rudva. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, SegviZ­
lia davaskvnaT, rom
adamianis uflebebis
dacvis umTavresi ga­
ranti aris ara saxelm­
wifo zogadad, aramed
samarTlebrivi saxelm­
wifo.
arseboben ki dRes
samarTleb­ rivi saxelmwifoebi? adamianis
uflebaTa darRvevas met - naklebi doziT adgili aqvs msoflios absolu­
turad yvela qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT - ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, kiTxva:
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom absoluturad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, sadac Tqveni azriT, ratom
ar xdeba adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, ar arsebobs, magram adamianis ufle­ aris adamianis
baTa xelyofis sixSire gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. ra ganapirobebs uflebebi sxvadasxva
amas? ratom aris, rom zogierT qveyanaSi xelisufleba met pativs scems ka­ qveyanaSi sxvadasxva
doziT daculi?
nons, zogan ki - naklebs? ra aiZulebs xelisuflebas iyos kanonmorCili da ra ganapirobebs
daicvas adamianis uflebebi? ras efuZneba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo? adamianis uflebebis
efeqtur dacvas?
adamiani nebismieri saxelmwifos Semadgeneli centraluri elementia,
rac imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo adamianebis gareSe ar arsebobs. ada-
mianebi qmnian sazogadoebas, romelic Tavis mxriv araerTgvarovania,
imdenad, ramdenadac yvela adamiani individualuri da gansxvavebulia.
swored aseTi araerTgvarovani sazogadoeba qmnis saxelmwifo insti-
tutebs, interesTa jgufebs. maTi urTierTqmedeba ki gansazRvravs imas, kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT,
Tu rogoria saxelmwifo. raSi gamoixateba
ra aris interesTa jgufebi? raSi gamoixateba saxelmwifosa da interesTa saxelmwifo
institutebisa da
jgufebis urTierTqmedeba? interesTa jgufi ar warmoadgens, raime interesTa jgufebis
gamoxatuli struqturis mqone erTobas, ubralod es gaxlavT urTierTqmedeba?
sazogadoebis nawili, romelic moicavs saerTo problemebis, survilebisa

89
 3 da miswra­febebis mqone adamianebs. magaliTad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi
arseboben garkveuli fizikuri naklisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis
mqone adamianebi. Cven SegviZlia isini ganvixiloT, rogorc calke interesTa
jgufi, radganac maT miuxedavad sqesis, asakis, eTnikuri Tu religiuri
kuTvnilebis an sxva gansxvavebebisa, saerTo problemebi awuxebT, rogoricaa
- SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa integracia sazogadoebaSi,
dasaqmeba, socialuri dacva da a.S. imavdroulad aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva­­
dasxva interesTa jgufebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli da xSirad
isini erTmaneTs avseben, moicaven da qmnian sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
sakmaod rTul kompleqss. magaliTad, ganvixiloT iseTi interesTa jgufi,
rogoricaa qalebi an bavSvebi. rogorc qalTa, aseve, bavSvTa uflebebi
aRiarebulia TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier, maTi dacvis
valdebuleba ki msoflios qveynebis absolutur umetesobas aqvs aRebuli
sakuTar Tavze. Tumca qalebi da bavSvebi SeiZleba, imavdroulad, sxva
interesTa jgufis nawilsac warmoadgendnen, imdenad, ramdenadac SeiZleba
isini iyvnen religiuri, eTnikuri an sxva umciresobis warmomadgenlebi,
saWiroebdnen gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas da a.S.
ar aqvs mniSvneloba Tu sazogadoebis romel jgufsa da nawilze vsaubrobT,
nebismieri adamianis upirvelesi instinqti da survili gaxlavT keTil­
dReobisa da bednierebisken swrafva. yvelas unda, rom iyos Tavisu­
fali, ar idevnebodes, cxovrobdes usafrTxo da mSvid garemoSi,
miiRos xarisxiani jandacva, ganaTleba. saxelmwifom ki xeli
Seuw­yos mis ganviTarebas, daicvas igi da misces Rirseuli cxov­
rebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi. aqedan gamomdinare naTelia,
rom nebismieri interesTa jgufi miiswrafvis sakuTari ufle­
bebis dacvisaken, arcTu iSviaTad saerTo interesebis mqone
adamianebi qmnian gaerTianebebs, organizaciebs da jgufebs,
raTa ufro efeqturad SeZlon sakuTari uflebebis dacva.
magaliTad, msoflios araerT saxelmwifoSi arsebobs pro­
fesiuli kavSirebi, gaerTianebebi, romlebic icaven dasaqme­
bulTa uflebebs da zrunaven imaze, rom dasaqmebulebma,
iqnebian es muSebi, mZRolebi, maswavleblebi, eqimebi Tu sxva
nebismieri profesiis warmomadgenlebi, imuSaon usafrTxo
garemoSi, miiRon Sromis Sesabamisi anazRaureba da a.S.
garda aRniSnulisa, arseboben organizaciebi, romlebic
aqtiurad zrunaven qalTa da bavSvTa, religiuri da eTnikuri
kiTxva:
umciresobebis, zogadad adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis,
Tqveni azriT, ratom
aris mniSvnelovani garemos da cxovelTa uflebebis dacvaze da sxva. bunebrivia,
msgavsi tipis Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor axerxeben es organizaciebi sakuTari saqmianobis
organizaciebis ganxorcielebas, ra gzebiT axdenen isini adamianis uflebaTa dacvas? visgan
arseboba. ra icaven isini sazogadoebas?
mniSvneloba aqvT
maT saxelmwifosa rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo moZalade xdeba maSin, rodesac misi Za­
da sazogadoebis laufleba atarebs absolutur xasiaTs. xelisufleba dgas yvelaferze maR­
cxovrebaSi?
la da ar izRudeba arc kanonis, arc adamianis uflebebiT. Tu gadavxedavT
msoflio istorias, aRmovaCenT, rom swored aseTi iyo TiTqmis yvela arse­
buli xelisufleba. Cvenamde moRweuli istoriuli dokumentebidan naTlad
kiTxva:
Cans, rom Tundac dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi jer kidev me-17 - me-18
aris Tu ara
TqvenTvis cnobili saukuneebSi miCneuli iyo, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba gamomdinareobs
msgavsi socialurad ara adamianebisgan, aramed RvTisgan, Sesabamisad, monarqze maRla SeiZle­
aqtiuri jgufebi an ba idges mxolod RmerTi. aRniSnuli suliskveTeba gansakuTrebiT kargad
organizaciebi? ras Cans safrangeTis mefis, lui me-14-is cnobil gamoTqmaSi: `saxelmwifo, es
warmoadgens maTi me var~. logikurad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ra moxda iseTi, ramac es Sexeduleba
saqmianobis sfero?
saxelmwifoze, xelisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebze radikalurad Secva­
la? dRes, faqtobrivad, warmoudgenelia, rom safrangeTSi, germaniaSi an

90
did britaneTSi, romelime xe­
lisufalma gabedos da Tqvas,
rom igi TviTonaa saxelmwifo.
sul mcire aRniSnuli fra­
za mas politikur karierad
daujdeba. miuxedavad amisa,
3
dResac arseboben qveynebi,
sadac realurad erTi adami­
ani da masTan daaxloebuli
jgufi iTavsebs saxelmwifos
funqcias. magaliTad, SegviZ­
lia aviRoT koreis saxalxo
demokratiuli respublika,
igive CrdiloeT korea, sa­dac
arsebuli xelisufleba, faq­
tobrivad, arafriT gansxvav­
deba Zveli drois absoluturi
monarqebis mmarTvelobisgan,
sadac erTi adamianis, qvey­
nis meTauris neba nebis­ mier
kanonze maRla dgas, sa­ dac
zustad ise, rogorc es Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi xdeboda,
adamianebs sajarod sjian sik­
vdiliT. Cndeba kiTxva, ra aris ludoviko XIV
mizezi imisa, rom msoflios
zogierT nawilSi mniSvnelov­
nad SeizRuda saxelmwifo xelisufleba, zogan ki man kidev ufro absolu­
turi xasiaTi SeiZina?
bunebrivia, xelisufleba TavisTavad ver gardaiqmneboda. upirveles yovli­
sa, saWiro iyo sazogadoebis gardaqmna da ganviTareba ise, rom mis TiToeul
wevrs gaeazrebina, adamianis, rogorc damoukidebeli individis roli da
adgili saxelmwifoSi, gaecnobierebina is, rom Tavad adamianebi unda gana­
gebdnen sakuTar bed-iRbals da ar SeiZleba, saxelmwifo marTos mxolod
erTma adamianma imitom, rom adre saxelmwifos mamamisi marTavda. sazoga­
doebaSi am gardatexis Setanas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli movlenam, rome­
lic istoriaSi `ganmanaTleblobis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. rac unda ucnaurad
JRerdes, `ganmanaTleblobis~ akvnad is qveyana iqca, romlis mefec sakuTar
Tavs aigivebda saxelmwifosTan. ruso, volteri, didro da sxva udidesi
ganmanaTleblebi, swored safrangeTidan iyvnen. safrangeTidan gavrcel­
da evropaSi axali cnobiereba, romelsac dRes efuZneba Tanamedrove evro­
puli sazogadoeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gardaqmna da Zalauflebis SezRudva pirdapiraa
damokidebuli sazogadoebis gardaqmnaze, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, samo­
qalaqo sazogadoebis dabadebaze. Cndeba kiTxva, rogor axerxebs samoqa­
laqo sazogadoeba xelisuflebis SezRudvas da adamianis uflebaTa dacvas?

91
 3
kiTxva:
b. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, aqtiuri moqalaqe
rogorc winamdebare TavSi aRvniSneT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dabadebam
ganapiroba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SezRudva. Tavad samoqalaqo sazo­
gadoebis dabadebis procesi ki namdvilad ar yofila martivi. evropul
sazogadoebas sakmaod rTuli da grZeli gzis gavla dasWirda iqamde, sanam
dRevandel suraTs miiRebda. upirveles yovlisa, samoqalaqo sazogadoe­
Tqveni azriT ra aris
sazogadoeba? ratom bis Camoyalibeba gaxldaT adamianis cnobierebis ganviTarebis axali etapi.
aqvs mas gacilebiT sazogadoeba ar gaxlavT koleqtiuri azrovnebis manqana, aramed igi aris
didi Zala, vidre erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli individebisagan Semdgari cocxali organizmi.
calke aRebul Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis ganviTareba niSnavs TiToeuli adamianis cnobi­
adamians? rogor
axerxebs samoqalaqo
erebis gardaqmnasa da amaRlebas. Tumca aRniSnuli ar unda gavigoT ise, rom
sazogadoeba adamianebi gaunaTleblebi, CamorCenili da suleli arsebebi iyvnen, romel­
adamianis uflebebis Tac ar SeeZloT damoukideblad gadawyvetilebis miReba, piriqiT, adamiani
dacvas? Sinaganad yovelTvis iswrafvis Tavisuflebisken, eZebs sakuTari uflebebis
dacvis iseT meqanizmebs, romelic moutans maqsimalur Sedegs, minimalu­
ri danakargis fasad da poulobs kidec mas samoqalaqo sazo­gadoebaSi, anu
garemoSi, sadac yvela erTnairad iswrafvis Tavisuflebisa da bednierebis­
ken, miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa. maSin, rodesac saxelm­
wifos SeuZlia, ar gaiziaros calke aRebuli adamianis moTxovnebi, sur­
vilebi da advilad Selaxos misi ufleba, igi uZluria adamianTa erTobis,
sazogadoebis da misi nebis winaSe. swored amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba es aris saerTo interesebze, solidarobaze dam­
yarebuli sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifos ki ar emorCileba, aramed
piriqiT, imorCilebs saxelmwifos da uwesebs qcevis garkveul normebsa da
wesebs, aiZulebs mas daicvas da mxedvelobaSi miiRos sazogadoebis TiToeu­
li wevris ufleba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirobebSi saxelmwifo aris ara
Zalauflebis matarebeli ganyenebuli subieqti, aramed sazogadoebaSi miR­
weuli Tanxmobis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli, sazogadoebis dasacavad Seqmni­
li da sazogadoebis mierve ZalauflebiT aRWurvili organizmi, romelic
sakuTar Zalauflebas zRudavs kanoniT da adamianis uflebebiT. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba qmnis samarTlebriv saxelmwifos da
piriqiT, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos socialuri fundamenti gaxlavT samo­
qalaqo sazogadoeba.
gaxsovT albaT, winamdebare TavSi vsaubrobdiT sazogadoebaSi arsebul in­
teresTa jgufebze da agreTve, organizaciebze, romlebic icaven interesTa
jgufebis uflebebs. rac ufro Zlieria samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, miT ufro
Zlieria aRniSnuli interesTa jgufebi, Sesabamisad, ukeT axerxebs saku­
Tari uflebebis dacvas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Zlierebas ki, upirveles
moiZieT aRniSnul
adamianebze
yovlisa, ganapirobebs moqalaqeTa, anu sazogadoebis wevrTa aqtiuroba.
informacia ras niSnavs aqtiuri moqalaqe? upirveles yovlisa, es niSnavs adamians,
internetSi da
ecadeT, upasuxoT
romelic srulad acnobierebs Tavis rols sazogadoebaSi, romlisTvisac
Semdeg kiTxvebs: mniSvne­lovania mis garSemo mimdinare procesebi, icis sakuTari uflebebi
ratom iyo am da pativs cems gverdze myofTa uflebebs, imavdroulad pativs scems kanons,
adamianebis esmis sakuTari movaleobebic qveynisa da sazogadoebis winaSe. dRes, albaT,
moRvaweoba bevrisgan gavigonebT, rom erT adamians arafris Secvla ar SeuZlia, rom
mniSvnelovani?
misi Zalisxmeva umniSvnelo iqneba da araferi gamova. aqtiuri moqalaqeoba,
riT iyvnen
es adamianebi
martin luTer
upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs sakiTxebisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis
gamorCeulni?
kingi (1929-1968) uaryofas da imis rwmenas, rom yvela adamiani mniSvnelovania, rom erT adami­
icnobT
gaxldaTTu ara
gamoCenili ansac ki SeuZlia yvelaferi Secvalos da amis brwyinvale magaliTebi aqvs is­
msgavsi tipis sxva
amerikeli torias, igive mahaTma gandis saxiT, romelmac sakuTari magaliTiT SeZ­lo
moRvaweebs?
oratori, romelic indoeTis sazogadoebis ayolieba da mSvidobiani, samoqalaqo protes­tiT
SegiZliaT,
imavdroulad
paraleli
rasizmis gaavloT
sakuTar qveyanas damoukidebloba moupova, igive martin luTer kingis
am adamianebsa da
araZalismieri saxiT, romelmac sakuTari moRvaweobiT mniSvnelovnad Secvala ameri-
qarTvel moRvaweebs
winaaRmdegobis kaSi SavkanianTa mimarT damokidebuleba. es adamianebi ar elodebodnen
Soris?
lideric iyo. imas, Tu rodis dauZaxebda maT vinme da SesTavazebda sakuTari uflebebi­

92
 sTvis brZolas, maT Tav­
ad hqondaT imis survili,
rom raRac SeecvalaT da
SeZles kidec sakuTari
survilis ganxorcieleba.
Sesabamisad, aqtiuri moqa­
3
laqeoba niSnavs iniciati­
vis, survilis qonas, niS­
navs solidarobas sxvaTa
mimarT. swored es sol­
idarobis gancda aer­ mahaTma gandi
Tianebs adamianebs, aiZu­ (1869-1948ww).
lebT erTmaneTs mxarSi indoeTis sulieri
da politikuri
amoudgnen da erTmaneTis lideri gaxldaT,
uflebebisTvis ibrZolon, romelic uaryofda
radgan erTmaneTis ufle­ terorizms,
bebis dacviT isini saku­ Zaladobas da
Tar uflebebsac icaven. agresiis yovelgvar
gamovlinebas.
magaliTad, Tu qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi erTi adamiani
dauSvebs mis gverdiT myo­
fis uflebebis darRvevas
da am yvelafers mSvidad
uyurebs, amiT igi safuZ­
vels uyris momavalSi Ta­
visi uflebis darRvevas.
es yvelaferi kargad Cans
mahaTma gandi protestanti pastoris,
martin nimioleris cno­
bil gamonaTqvamSi: `roca
nacistebi komunistebs mi­
adgnen, xma ar amomiRia, radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar. ebraelebs miadgnen
da xma ar amomiRia, radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar. profkavSirebs miadgnen
da xma ar amomiRia, radgan profkavSiris wevri ar vyofilvar. kaTolikeb­
ze gadavidnen da xma ar amomiRia, radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar. Semdeg me
momadgnen da aRaravin iyo darCenili, rom xma amoeRo.~ es sityvebi SesaniS­
navad gamoxatavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da aqtiuri moqalaqeobis arss.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tanabrad ufrTxildeba Tavisi TiToeuli wevris,
interesTa TiToeuli jgufis uflebebs da am gziT icavs sakuTar Tavs da
mTlianad saxelmwifos.

93
3

94
 zogadi administraciuli samarTali

Sesavali
4
uZvelesi droidan did fuls, didebasa da Zalaufle-
bas udides cdunebad da gamocdad, xolo CamoTvlilT-
agan yvelaze saxifaTod - Zalauflebas miiCnevdnen.
antiku­ri drois berZeni istorikosi - herodote am-
bobda, rom “saukeTeso adamianebic ki gaxrwnisaTvis
arian ganwirul­ni, Tuki SeuzRudav Zalauflebas miaR­
weven”. cnobilia, agreTve, baron eqtonis azri, romel-
ic man 1887 wels gamoTqva: “Zalaufleba ryvnis, xolo
absoluturi Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad”. sit­
yva -”korufcia ”corruptus” laTinuri warmoSobisaa da
”gatexils”, ”garyvnils”, ”gaxrwnils” niSnavs. Zv. romSi
es sityva Zalauflebis sakuTari interesebisaTvis ga-
moyenebas da amoralur saqciels (aR)niSnavs. fraze­
bis garda kacobriobis istoriam, uZvelesi droidan
moyolebuli Semogvinaxa SeuzRudavi ZalauflebiT
gamowveuli xelisuflebis korufciis uamravi faqti,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, romaeli imperatorebi, rom-
lebmac sakuTari Tavi RmerTebad gamoacxades; napo-
leon bonaparti, romelmac sakuTari Tavi imperatorad
gamoacxada; adolf hitleri, sadam huseini da sxva.

1. zogadi administraciuli samarTali da

sakonstitucio samarTali
ras SeiZleba hqondes xelisuflebis Semakavebeli
Zala? aseTi Zala aqvs kanonebs, maT Soris zogadi ad-
ministraciuli samarTlis normebs. kanonebisa da
samarTlebrivi procedurebis arseboba mniSvnelova-
nia imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilos saxelmwifos mx-
ridan TviTneboba. pirvel rigSi, aseTi garantiebi ar-
sebobs sakonstitucio samarTalSi, romelic sajaro
sa­
marTlis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens. zogadi
administraciuli samarTali, ise, rogorc samarTlis nebismieri sxva dargi, herodote
unda Seesabamebodes sakonstitucio samarTals. zogadi administra­ciuli
samarTali sajaro samarTlis nawilia. misi adgili samarTlis erTian sis­
temaSi namdvilad TvalsaCinoa da mas sakonstitucio da sisxlis samarTlis
Semdeg sajaro samarTalSi wamyvani roli aqvs. is adgens sajaro mmarTve­
lobis organoTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs. sityva ”administraciuli”
laTinurad “ADMINISTRACIO” - marTvas niSnavs.

kerZo kompaniebis
2. zogadi administraciuli samarTali da mmarTveloba marTva ar aris
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi sajaro mmarTveloba
da ar ekuTvnis
kerZo warmoebis marTva anu administrireba, ar warmoadgens sajaro administraciuli
mmarTve­
lobis sferos da Sesabamisad, kerZo sawarmos marTvis wesebi ar samarTlis sferos!
aris gaTvaliswinebuli zogadi administraciuli samarTliT. amisaTvis Cveni Semosavlebis
arsebobs biznes/komerciuli samarTali. kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ da Semcirebis gamo
gTavazobT gvirabis
konkretuli sawarmos wesdeba gansazRvravs kompaniis marTvis wesebsa da boloSi Suqis
procedurebs. Sesabamisad, suraTze aRwerili situacia ar warmoadgens gamorTvas.
sajaro mmarTvelobis sferos da gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros sawar-

95
4

mos direqtorTa sabWo ar iyenebs administraciuli samarTlis normebs

da xelmZRvanelobs `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, sakuTari wesdebiT da
gadawyvetilebas iRebs sawarmos kerZo interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
kerZo mmarTvelobis sferosagan gansxvavebiT, sajaro mmarTveloba uTanas­
worobaze damyarebul urTierTobas warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom
kerZo pirs urTierToba uwevs ara masTan Tanaswor/Tanabar mdgomareobaSi
myof sxva pirTan an pirebTan, aramed xelisuflebiT ”SeiaraRebul” Tanam­
debobis pirTan an saxelmwifo dawesebulebasTan. magaliTad: moqalaqe da
iusticiis saministros samoqalaqo reestris erovnuli saagento; saga-
dasaxado organo da gadasaxadis gadamxdeli moqalaqe; sajaro skolis mos-
wavle da direqtori da a.S.
aRniSnulis gamo administraciuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis dros
sajaro interesi, rogorc wesi, winaaRmdegobaSia kerZo interesTan da
konkretuli moqalaqis uflebasTn. zogadi administraciuli samarTlis
mizania, erTi mxriv, sajaro interesis gaTvaliswineba da amiT saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis efeqturobis uzrunvelyofa da meore mxriv, kerZo interesis
da moqalaqis uflebis dacva.
sajaro mmarTvelobis magaliTebi:
1. satransporto saSualebis marTvis uflebis misaRebad dainterese-
bulma pirma unda mimarTos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros. Sinagan saqme-
Ta saministro sajaro mmarTvelobis organoa da valdebulia, winaswar
werilobiTi formiT Camoayalibos da daadginos is pirobebi, romel-
Ta dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi dainteresebul pirs uCndeba ufleba,
miiRos satransporto saSualebis marTvis mowmoba. am mizniT, Sinagan
saqmeTa saministro iRebs Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas, kerZod - gamoscems
Sesabamis brZanebas.

96
 4

saqarTvelos Sinagan
saqmeTa saministro

2. gsmeniaT amerikis konstituciis erT-erTi damaarseblis benJamin

franklinis gamonaTqvami: ”gardauvalia sikvdili da gadasaxadebi”?
Tu saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul ga-
dasaxads ar ixdis fizikuri piri an mewarme subieqti, finansTa saminis­
tros Semosavlebis samsaxuri iRebs gadawyvetilebas gadasaxadis
gadauxdelobisaTvis jarimisa da sauravebis dakisrebis Taobaze an/da
gadasaxadebis iZulebiTi wesiT amoRebis Taobaze. SesaZloa, gadasaxa-
debisagan Tavis arideba gaxdes sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sa-
fuZvelic, Tumca, rogorc wesi, gadasaxadebis administrireba xdeba ad-
ministraciul samarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi. Sinagan saqmeTa
saministrosa da Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
bis zogad wesebs adgens zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi. kodeqsiT
dadgenili sajaro mmarTvelobis saqmianobis ganxorcielebis wesebi da
procedurebi zogadia yvela sajaro mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli
pirisaTvis. yvela sajaro mmarTvelobis organo da Tanamdebobis piri
- maT Soris Sinagan saqmeTa saministro SeboWilia zogadi administraci-
uli kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebiT da valdebulia, am wesebis sruli
dacviT ganaxorcielos sajaro mmarTveloba. zogadi administra­ciuli
kodeqsi dainteresebul pirs aZlevs sakmaris informacias imis Taobaze,
Tu ra moqmedeba, ra vadaSi da ra wesebis dacviT unda ganaxorcielos sa-
jaro mmarTvelobis organom. zogadi administraciuli samarTali iZle-
va imis SesaZleblobas, rom gamoiricxos sajaro mmarTvelobis organosa
Tu Tanamdebobis piris mier dausabuTebeli da TviTneburi gadawyveti­
lebebis miReba, dacul iqnes sajaro wesrigi da ar moxdes moqalaqis
uflebebis TviTneburi SezRudva. Tu miRebuli gadawyvetileba ewi-
naaRmdegeba kanons an darRveulia misi miRebis wesebi, zogadi adminis-
traciuli samarTali aniWebs dainteresebul pirs uflebas, gaasaCivros
aseTi gadawyvetileba zemdgomi Tanamdebobis pirTan an sasamarTloSi,
sadac moxdeba miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis da dasabuTebu-
lobis gadasinjva.

97
4

3. sisxlis samarTali da administraciul

samarTaldarRvevaTa samarTali
sisxlis samarTali da administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa samarTa-
li sajaro samarTlis is dargebia, romlebic gansazRvraven konkretul
samarTal­darRvevebs da aweseben pasuxismgeblobas am samarTaldarRvevaTa
Cadenis gamo. maT araferi aqvT saerTo zogad administraciul samarTalTan
da isini unda gavmijnoT.
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa samarTali
Rvedis gareSe avtomanqanis marTva, avtomanqanis marTvis dros mobilu-
ri telefoniT sargebloba, avtomanqanis nasvam mdgomareobaSi marTva
administra­ciuli samarTaldarRvevebia da maTi Camdeni isjeba administra­
ciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli kodeq-
si erTaderTi moqmedi kodeqsia, romelic miRebulia jer kidev sabWoTa
Siris dros - 1985 wels. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kod-
kav­
eqsi administra­ciul samarTaldarRvevaTa CadenisaTvis iTvaliswinebs
ara mxo­lod jarimebis dakisrebas, aramed damrRvevis mimarT 90 dRem-
de administra­ciuli patimrobis gamoyenebas iseTi samarTaldarRvevebi-
saTvis, rogo­ricaa, magaliTad, wvrilmani xulignoba, policiis daumor-
Cilebloba, mcire odenobiT narkotikis moxmareba, Senaxva da sxva.
sisxlis samarTali
meore mxriv, satransporto saSualebis marTvis wesebis darRveva SeiZleba
moeqces sisxlis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi. es damokidebulia Cade-
nili darRvevis xasiaTze da mis Sedegebze. magaliTad, rogorc zemoT ukve
aRiniSna, avtomanqanis nasvam mdgomareobaSi marTva aris administraciuli

98
 4
SeikariT
usafrTxoebis
Rvedi! ar
isargebloT
mobiluri
telefoniT
avtomanqanis marTvis
dros! ar marToT
avtomanqana nasvam
mdgomareobaSi!

samarTaldarRveva, gaTvaliswinebuli administraciul samarTaldarRve-

vaTa kodeqsis 116-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT da igi iTvaliswinebs 200 laris
odenobiT samarTaldamrRvevis dajarimebas. Tumca, Tu avtomobilis nasvam
mdgomareobaSi marTvas Sedegad mohyva adamianis sicocxlis mospoba, aseTi
samarTaldarRveva scdeba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis sferos ixileT sisxlis
da sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi gadadis. aseT samarTaldarRvevas ukve da­ samarTlis nawili,
naSauli hqvia da misi CadenisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 276-e mux- Tavi danaSaulis
lis me-6 nawili iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas eqvsidan cxra wlamde Sesaxeb.
vadiT.

4. zogadi administraciuli samarTlis miznebi

zogadi administraciuli samarTali im saxiT, ra saxiTac is dRes saqarTve­
loSi moqmedebs, Camoyalibda 90-ian wlebSi. saqarTvelos zogadi
administra­ciuli kodeqsi (szak), romelic aRiarebulia qarTveli da uc­
xoeli eqspertebis mier, rogorc administraciuli kanonmdeblobis revo-
luciuri cvlileba, ZalaSi Sevida 2000 wlis 1 ianvars.

zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi aregulirebs saxelmwifo orga­

noebis sajaro samarTlebriv saqmianobas. kodeqsma daamkvidra sa­
jaro mmarTvelobis iseTi principebi, rogoricaa kanonis uzenaeso­
ba, kanonismieri daTqma, kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, diskreciuli
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba, saqmis miukerZoeblad gadawyve­
ta, saqveynooba, administraciuli organosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba.
gaCnda terminebi - administraciuli organo, administraciul -
samarTlebrivi aqti, administraciuli warmoeba, administraciuli
garigeba, kanonieri ndoba da sxva.

99
 4 zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis umTavresi mizania administra­ciuli
organos samarTlebrivi kontrolis qveS moqceva, rom administra­
ciuli organos mier ar moxdes Zalauflebis TviTneburi gamoyeneba da
dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
rogorc skolis moswavles Tqven, albaT, gainteresebT, ra kavSiria sko-
las, skolis moswavles, mis mSobelsa da administraciul samarTals Soris?
saqarTveloSi ori tipis- sajaro da kerZo skola arsebobs. yvela sajaro
skolas afuZnebs, afinansebs da zedamxedvelobs ganaTlebis saministro,
romelic aris saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, anu administraciuli organo.
yoveli sajaro skola, agreTve, aris administraciuli organo - sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piri (ssip-i) da mis saqmianobas aregulirebs zogadi
administraciuli samarTali. kerZo skolis saqmianobis garkveul nawilze,
agreTve, vrceldeba administraciuli kanonmdebloba. am kanonmdeblobas
miekuTvneba kanoni ”zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~.
Tu Tqven miiCnevT, rom sajaro skola arRvevs Tqvens uflebas, Tqven
da Tqvens mSoblebs ufleba gaqvT, SeitanoT administraciuli saCivari
skolis winaaRmdeg. `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-
12 muxlis Tanaxmad, skola valdebulia, Seqmnas saCivrebis damoukidebeli
da miukerZoebeli ganxilvis efeqtiani saSualeba. ras niSnavs es? Tqveni
saCivris ganxilva pirvelad skolam unda uzrunvelyos. Tu Tqven ar daga-
kmayofilebT miRebuli gadawyvetileba, ufleba gaqvT, gaasaCivroT es
gadawyve­tileba sasamarTloSi.
rogor fiqrobT, vin aris marTali suraTze aRweril situaciaSi? sainte­
resoa Tqveni, rogorc moswavlis azri momxdarTan dakavSirebiT. ramdenad
Seesabameba es akrZalva moswavlisa da skolis interesebs?
SeniSvna: maswavlebeli Tqveni pasuxebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamarTavs diskusias
klasSi.

situacia skolis
biblioTekaSi:
naxe ra moxda!
skolis
administraciis
brZanebiT daibloka
kompiuteruli
TamaSebis saitebi da
axla Sesvenebis dros
ver viTamaSebT!
gavasaCivreb!

100
 5. administraciuli organo
saqarTveloSi 1995 wlis 24 agvistos axali arasabWouri konstituciis miRe-
bis dRidan politikuri xelisufleba ganawilebuli aqvT parlaments, mTav-
robas da sasamarTlos. parlamenti axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo saqmiano-
bas, mTavroba axorcielebs aRmasrulebel saqmianobas da sasamarTlo axor-
cielebs marTlmsajulebas. samive xelisufleba Tanabrad damoukidebelia
4
sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi da kontrols uwevs danarCen or xelisu-
flebas, anu moqmedebs urTierTkontrolisa da balansis meqanizmi (checks
and balances). ufro detalurad es sakiTxi SegiZliaT ixiloT saxelmZRva­
nelos konstituciuri samarTlis TavSi.

sajaro mmarTveloba aris saxelmwifos saqmianoba Tavisi miznebis gansa­

xorcieleblad, rac arc kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas warmoadgens da
arc marTlmsajulebas. 1
mTavroba aris aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da sajaro mmarTvelobis
ganxor­cielebis ZiriTadi rgoli. mTavrobis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa saja-
ro mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba. mTavroba ar aris uflebamosili, ganaxor­
cielos kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba da marTlmsajuleba. mTavroba pa-
suxismgebelia sajaro marTvis efeqturobisaTvis. mTavroba axorcielebs
sajaro mmarTvelobas parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis safuZvelze
da maT Sesasruleblad. mTavroba uflebamosilia, gamosces kanonqvemde-
bare samarTlebrivi aqtebi (mag. dadgenileba, gankarguleba, brZaneba, gad-
awyvetileba) da ara kanonebi. mmarTvelobis sferos ekuTvnis, magaliTad,
ssip aRsrulebis erovnuli saagentos saqmianoba, romelic aRasrulebs
1.zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, paata turava, naTia wkeplaZe,
Tbilisi 2010, gv 16.
101
 4 sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesul gadawyvetilebebs. mTavrobaSi Sedis,
agreTve, ganaTlebis saministro, romelic axorcielebs sajaro mmarTve-
lobas ganaTlebis sferoSi.
parlamenti yovelTvis kanonSemoqmedia, rac imas niSnavs, rom parlamenti
iRebs axal kanonebs da parlamentis es saqmianoba ar warmoadgens sajaro
mmarTvelobas da ar wesrigdeba zogadi administraciuli samarTliT. gam-
onaklisia parlamentis Tavmjdomaris mier administraciuli funqciebis
ganxorcieleba, rac sajaro mmarT-
velobas mikuTvnebuli saqmianobaa.
magali­Tad, parlamentis Tavmjdo­
mares SeuZlia, gamosces brZaneba da
daawesos wesebi parlamentis Senoba-
Si skolis moswavleebisa da studen-
tebisaTvis turebis gamarTvis Taoba­
ze, parlamentis Tavmjdomare gan-
sazRvravs saparlamento biujets da
a.S. parlamentis Tavmjdomaris aseTi
saqmianobis ganxorcieleba eqceva zo-
gadi administraciuli kodeqsis moq-
medebis sferoSi.
sasamarTlo axorcielebs marTlmsa­
julebas da es saqmianoba ar war-
moadgens sajaro mmarTvelobas da
Sesabamisad, ar wesrigdeba zogadi
ad­
ministraciuli kodeqsiT. gamon-
aklisia sasamarTlos Tavmjdomar-
is mier zogierTi administraciuli
funqciis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad,
sasa­marTlos Tavmjdomare uflebamosilia gamosces brZaneba da daadgi-
nos wesebi sasamarTlos SenobaSi skolis moswavleebisa da studentebisaT-
vis turebis gamarTvis Taobaze, samsaxurSi miiRos da gaaTavisuflos sasa­
marTlos mdivnebi, TanaSemweebi da sxva TanamSromlebi, mosamarTleebis
administraciuli garda da aseTi saqmianoba warmoadgens sajaro mmarTvelobis im sferos,
organo: romelic saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli samarTliT wesrigdeba.
yvela saxelmwifo
an adgilobrivi administraciuli organo:
TviTmmarTvelobis
da mmarTvelobis • saxelmwifo, rogorc iuridiuli piri aris administraciuli or­
organo an gano. samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi mas warmoadgenen saqarTve­
dawesebuleba, los prezidenti, mTavroba, saministroebi, damoukidebeli iuri­
sajaro samarTlis diuli pirebi: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, saqarTvelos kont­
iuridiuli piri
(garda politikuri
rolis palata.
da religiuri • adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi:
gaerTianebebisa),
agreTve, nebismieri
meria, gamgeoba, sakrebulo.
sxva piri, romelic • sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris (ssip) Sesaxeb kanonis safuZ­
kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze
velze Seqmnili sxvadasxva sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi
asrulebs sajaro (iusticiis saxli, samoqalaqo reestris erovnuli saagento, sa­
samarTlebriv jaro reestris erovnuli saagento, iusticiis saswavlo centri,
uflebamosilebebs. iusticiis umaRlesi skola, sajaro skolebi, ivane javaxiSvilis
szak, muxli 2,1 ”a” saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, komunikaciebis
maregulirebeli erovnuli komisia, saqarTvelos centraluri
saarCevno komisia da sxva).

102
 4
6. zogadi administraciuli samarTlis principebi
1. kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba
saqarTvelos mTavari kanonis,
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14
muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani ilia WavWavaZe
dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kano-
nis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCev-
lad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa,
sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri
da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnu-
li, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTv-
nilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi
da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa,
sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba ilia kanonis winaSe
WavWavaZem Tavis narkvevSi ” ka­ Tanasworoba:
nonis winaSe Tanasworobis Sesa­
1.yvela Tanasworia
xeb” ase ganmarta: kanonisa da
administraciuli
”kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba
organos winaSe.
yvela­si erTad da TviTeulisa 2. dauSvebelia
calke erTi umTavresi qvakuTxe- administraciul-
dia im safuZvlisa, romelzedac samarTlebrivi
damyarebulia kacTa sazoga­ urTierTobis
doebis wesieri agebuleba. igi monawile romelime
mxaris kanonieri
kanoni kanoni ar aris, Tu mis wi- uflebisa da
naSe didpataraobas, maRal-mdablobas adgili da savali eqmneba kacTa mo- Tavisuflebis,
qalaqur cxovrebis gzazed. raki erTisaTvis erTi kanonia da meoresaTvis kanonieri interesis
meore, kanoni hkargavs Tvis udides mniSvnelobas sayovelTao mfarvelo- SezRudva an maTi
bisas da Semweobisas, radganac Tvis madls da Tvis msjavrs erTnairad ver ganxorcielebisaTvis
xelis SeSla,
mohfens yvelasa, vinc ki misken miimarTeba gaWirebis dros”. agreTve, maTTvis
magaliTi: kanonmdeblobiT
gauTvaliswinebeli
Tqven xarT sajaro skolis me-11 kla- raime upiratesobis
sis moswavle. 2012 wlis 10 seqtem- miniWeba an romelime
mxaris mimarT raime
bers skolis direqtorma gamosca diskriminaciuli
brZaneba jinsebiT gakveTilebze ga- zomebis miReba.
mocxadebis akrZalvis Taobaze. aR- 3. saqmis garemoebaTa
niSnuli akrZalvis Taobaze skolis identurobis
yvela moswavles ecnoba winaswar. SemTxvevebSi
dauSvebelia
2012 wlis 15 seqtembers gakveTilis sxvadasxva piris
dros direqtorma SeniSna, rom Tqven mimarT gansxvavebuli
da Tqvens 3 klasels jinsis Sarvali gadawyvetilebis
gecvaT. direqtorma Tqven SeniSvna miReba, garda kanoniT
mogcaT da araviTari reagireba ar gaTvaliswinebuli
safuZvlis
moaxdina danarCenebis mimarT. kano­ arsebobisas.
nis winaSe Tanasworoba daculia,
rodesac: szak, muxli 4.

varianti 1. direqtori ucxadebs

sayvedurs skolis yvela im moswav­
les, vinc im dRes jinsebSi Cacmuli
gamocxadda skolaSi da maT Soris
Tqvenc.
varianti 2. direqtori ar ucxadebs
sayvedurs arc erT moswavles.

103
 4
uflebamosilebis
ganxorcieleba
kanonis safuZvelze:
administraciul
organos ufleba ara
aqvs kanonmdeblobis
2. uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba kanonis safuZvelze
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis mixedviT administra­ciul
organos ufleba ar aqvs, kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod ga-
naxorcielos raime qmedeba. kanonis uzenaesobis principi administraci-
ul organoebs ukrZalavs kanonisgan gadaxvevas da amasTan erTad maT aval-
debulebs kanonis gamoyenebas. kanonis uzenaesobis principis ugulebelyo-
moTxovnebis fa iwvevs mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas.
sawinaaRmdegod
ganaxorcielos magaliTi:
raime qmedeba. Tqven xarT sajaro skolis me-10 klasis moswavle. gakveTilis mimdin-
uflebamosilebis
areobis dros skolis maswavlebelma SeniSna, rom Tqven saubrobT mo-
gadametebiT
gamocemul biluri telefoniT da xels uSliT mas gakveTilis CatarebaSi. klasSi
administraciul- wesrigis darRvevis gamo maswavlebelma dagakisraT jarima 250 lari
samarTlebriv da gadmogcaT skolis sabanko angariSis nomeri, sadac miTiTebuli
aqts, agreTve, Tanxa unda gadagericxaT dajarimebidan 10 dRis vadaSi.
administraciuli
organos mier SeniSvna: ar arsebobs kanoni, romelic klasSi wesrigis darRvevisaT­
ganxorcielebul vis iTvaliswinebs jarimas, Tumca maswavlebeli valdebulia, gakveTi­
qmedebas ara aqvs lis mimdinareobis dros izrunos da daicvas klasSi wesrigi, raTa yve­
iuridiuli Zala la moswavles mieces gakveTilis mosmenis da codnis miRebis Tanabari
da baTilad unda
gamocxaddes.
SesaZlebloba.
szak, muxli 5. a. maswavlebeli moiqca sworad da Tqven da Tqveni mSoblebi val­
debulni xarT, gadaricxoT 250 lari skolis angariSze.
b. maswavlebeli moqmedebda kanonis sawinaaRmdegod da Tqven ar
xarT valdebuli, gadaixadoT jarima.
3. saqmis miukerZoeblad gadawyveta
magaliTi:

Tqven sajaro skolis me-11 klasis moswavle xarT. maTematikis maswav-

leblis Svili Tqveni klaselia. Tqven misgan gadaiwereT sakontrolo
maTematikaSi da es cnobili gaxda Tqveni maTematikis maswavleblisaT-
vis. skolis wesebis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia davalebebisa da sakontrolo
namuSevrebis sxva moswavlisagan gadawera da aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxve­
104
 vaSi Sesrulebuli davalebis niSne-
bi uqmdeba maswavleblis gadawyve­
tilebis safuZvelze. gadawyveti­
lebis miRebis win maswavlebeli
xvdeba orive moswavles, ismens maT
axsna - ganmartebebs da arkvevs, Tu
4
saqmis
miukerZoeblad
gadawyveta:
administraciuli
organo
valdebulia, Tavisi
vin daarRvia wesebi. ase moiqca Tqve- uflebamosileba
ni maswavlebeli da gaauqma Tqveni ganaxorcielos
niSani. miukerZoeblad.
administraciul
a. maswavlebeli moiqca wesebis warmoebaSi
dacviT, radgan Tqveni mxridan ar SeiZleba
gadawe­ris faqti gamoikvlia da monawileoba miiRos
moq­medi wesebis Sesabamisi zoma ga­ Tanamdebobis pirma,
moiyena. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom romelsac aqvs
piradi interesi,
Tqven namdvilad daarRvieT sko­ anda arsebobs sxva
lis wesebi mniSvneloba ar hqonda im garemoeba, romelic
faqts, rom saqmeSi CarTuli meore zegavlenas moaxdens
moswavle maswavleblis Svili iyo. saqmis gadawyvetaze.

b. maswavlebels ar hqonda Tqveni da sakuTari Svilis saqmis ganxilvis

ufleba da mas es sakiTxi gansaxilvelad unda gadaeca direqtorisaT­
vis.

4. keTilsindisierebisa da kanonieri ndobis principi

magaliTi:
keTilsindisierebisa da kanonieri ndobis principi
dapireba 1. administraciuli organos dapireba aris administraciuli organos
werilo­ biTi dokumenti, romelic adasturebs, rom mocemuli qmedeba
Tqven swavlobT sajaro skolis me- ganxorcieldeba, rac SeiZleba gaxdes dainteresebuli mxaris kanonieri
12 klasSi. skolis geogra­fiis mas­ ndobis safuZveli.
wavlebelma saswavlo se­mestris administraciuli organos dapirebis mimarT kanonieri ndoba ar SeiZleba
dasawyisSi CagitaraT skolis arsebobdes, Tu:
a) mas safuZvlad udevs administraciuli organos kanonsawinaaRmdego
programiT gauTvaliswinebeli
dapireba;
arasavaldebulo testireba. mos­ b) Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtis Secvlis gamo piri veRar akmayofilebs
wavleTa umravlesobam miiRo da­ dawesebul moTxovnebs;
bali Sefaseba, maT Soris Tqvenc. g) mas safuZvlad udevs dainteresebuli mxaris ukanono moqmedeba.
maswavlebelma gamoacxada, rom es szak, muxli.
Sefaseba mas daexmareba saswavlo
programis daxvewa-ganviTareba­
Si da skolis gancxadebaTa dafaze
gamoakra informacia imis Taobaze,
rom winaswari testirebis Sedege­
bi ar iqoniebs gavlenas wlis sabo­
loo Sefasebaze;
dapireba 2.
sajaro skolis me-9 klasis moswav­
le xarT. skolis fizikis maswavle­
beli dagpirdaT, rom dagexmare­
baT saboloo gamocdisaTvis maRa­
li Sefasebis miRebaSi da 2 quliT
ufro maRal Sefasebas dagiwerT
saboloo gamocdaze. pasuxi: dapireba
2 ewinaaRmdegeba
endobiT Tu ara am dapirebebs? ro­ kanons, anu aris
mels endobiT da romels ara? ra­ ukanono da mas ar
unda endoT.
tom? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

105
 4
saqveynooba:
yvelas aqvs
ufleba, gaecnos
administraciul
organoSi arsebul
sajaro informacias,
agreTve miiRos misi
5. saqveynooba
kiTxva
Tqven gainteresebT sajaro skolis direqtoris xelfasis da premiebis ode­
noba? aris Tu ara es informacia Ria yvelasaTvis? ratom?
6. administraciuli organos mier diskreciuli uflebamosilebis ga­
aslebi, Tu isini ar moyeneba:
Seicaven saxelmwifo,
profesiul administraciul organos mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisa da
an komerciul maT Soris administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis dros, SeiZleba
saidumloebas gaaCndes diskreciuli uflebamosileba.
an personalur
monacemebs. magaliTi:
szak, muxli 10.
xarT sajaro skolis me-12 klasis moswavle. skolis wesebis Tanaxmad,
gakveTilebis mimdinareobis dros akrZalulia mobiluri telefoniT
pasuxi: aRniSnuli sargebloba. am wesis saswavlo semestris ganmavlobaSi pirvelad darRve­
informacia aris vis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli afrTxilebs moswavles sajarod. am wesis
Ria da yvelasaTvis ganmeorebiT darRevis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli, CamoarTmevs tele­
xelmisawvdomi,
fons moswavles gakveTilis dasrulebamde. am wesis mesamed darRve­vis
radgan igi ar
ganekuTvneba SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels SeuZlia, CamoarTvas moswavles telefoni
saidumlo yvela im gakveTilze, romelic mas mihyavs mTeli semestris ganmavloba­
informaciaTa Si, an saboloo Sefasebis dros gaiTvaliswinos moswavlis mier wesrigis
kategorias. sistematuri darRveva da daaklos mas 2 qula (krediti).
Tqven Zalian giyvarT megobrebTan mobiluri telefoniT komunikacia,
teqsturi Setyobinebebis gagzavna da maTi miReba. xelidan ar uSvebT
Tqvens araCveulebriv IPhone 10-s. gafrTxilebis miuxedavad mainc agrZe­
lebT telefoniT sargeblobas gakveTilebze. istoriis maswavlebel-
ma erTxel ukve gagafrTxilaT, meore dRes ki igive darRvevisaTvis
telefoni CamogarTvaT. amis Semdeg, istoriis erT - erT gakveTilze
dagaviwydaT mobiluri telefonis gamorTva da megobarma dagimesijaT.
maswavlebels es ar darCa uyuradRebod da man gamogicxadaT sakuTari
gadawyve­tileba saboloo Sefasebis 2 kreditiT Semcirebis Taobaze.
ganvixiloT pirveli SemTxveva - maswavlebels ar aqvs moqmedebis Tavisuf­
leba, mas mxolod erTaderTi SesaZlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba
aqvs - igi valdebulia, gamoiyenos g a f r T x i l e b a.
ganvixiloT meore SemTxveva- maswavlebels aqvs Tavisufleba, miiRos
ori SesaZlo gadawyvetileba, am Tavisuflebas sxvanairad
diskrecia hqvia. maswavlebels aqvs miniWebuli is ufleba,
rom am ori SesaZlo kanonieri gadawyetilebidan Sear­
Cios erT-erTi, misi azriT, yvelaze ufro misa­
Rebi. Tumca man kargad da damajereb­
lad unda daasabuTos, Tu ratom
irCevs ramdenime
SesaZlo gadawyve­
tilebidan erT-
erTs.

106
 7. administraciuli organos saqmianobis samarTlebrivi
formebi
rogor axorcielebs administraciuli organo Tavis saqmianobas? ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT parlamenti iRebs kanonebs, sasamarTlo ixilavs saq-
meebs, iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da gamoaqvs ganaCenebi. rogor moqmedebs
administra­ciuli organo?
4
administraciuli organos saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formebia:
1. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema;
2. ubralo mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba - realaqti;
3. administraciuli xelSekrulebis gaformeba.

7.1.  administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti

dabadebis mowmoba aris Tqveni
pirveli oficialuri dokumen-
ti (sabuTi), romelic adasturebs
Tqvens konkretul drosa da adgi­
las dabadebis faqts. es dokumenti
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom Ses-
abamisi asakis miRwevisas Cairic­
xoT skolaSi. am sabuTis gareSe
SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tqveni saxe-
lis, gvaris da dabadebis TariRis
garkveva.
dabadebis faqtis registraciis
momentidan Tqven xdebiT sajaro
mmarTvelobis procesis monawile. Tumca am urTierTobaSi Tqven warmogad-
genen Tqveni mSoblebi. dabadebisTanave Tqven gxvdebaT konkretuli wesebi,
romelTa Sesruleba savaldebuloa. am wesebis Tanaxmad, Tqveni dabadebis
faqtis registracia savaldebuloa samoqalaqo reestris erovnul saagen-
toSi (iusticiis saxli). Tqveni mSoblebi irCeven TqvenTvis saxels, gani-
Weben gvars, midian iusticiis saxlSi (samoqalaqo reestris saagentoSi) da
mimarTaven administraciul organos gancxadebiT Tqveni dabadebis faqtis
registraciis Taobaze. Tqveni dabadebis faqtis registracia da dabadebis
mowmobis gacema xdeba administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis sa-
fuZvelze.
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocema administraciuli
organos saqmianobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. rogorc ukve vTqviT,
Tqveni dabadebis registracia moxda administraciul-samarTlebrivi aq-
tis gamocemis saSualebiT. samoqalaqo reestris erovnuli saagentos gad-
awyvetileba, Tqveni dabadebis faqtis registraciis Taobaze, warmoadgens
individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqts. misi gamocema xdeba
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebis safuZvelze. ker-
Zod, imisaTvis, rom samoqalaqo reestris erovnulma saagentom gamosces in-
dividualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti, Tqveni dabadebis faq-
tis registraciis Taobaze, Tqvenma mSoblebma saagentoSi unda waradginon
Semdegi sabuTebi:
 qorwinebis mowmoba;
 piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi (moqalaqis piradobis mow-
moba an pasporti);
 samedicino dawesebulebis mier gacemuli sabuTi Tqveni dabadebis
Taobaze.

107
4 mxolod miTiTebuli sabuTebis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo
reestris erovnul saagentos uCndeba valdebuleba, gamosces
individualuri administraciul samarTlebrivi aqti Tqveni dabadebis
registraciis Taobaze da gadasces Tqvens mSoblebs Tqveni dabadebis
damadasturebeli mowmoba.

7.2.  administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis klasifikacia

administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebi or did jgufad iyofa: esenia indi-
vidualuri da normatiuli administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtebi. gamo-
cemis formis mixedviT individualuri - samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba iyos
werilobiTi da zepiri. zemoqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT individualuri ad-
ministraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba iyos aRmWurveli da amkrZala-
vi an SemzRudavi.
aRmWurvelia administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic pirs ani­
Webs raime uflebas an sargebels.

aRmWurveli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis magaliTebi:

1. sofel meore sviris sakrebulos gamgeblis 2010 wlis 10 aprilis dad-
genileba `g. sulaqveliZisaTvis miwis nakveTis gamoyofis Taobaze.~
2. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2007 wlis 29 ianvris N 29 gankarguleba
`saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli avtomanqanebis pirdapiri miyid-
vis formiT, simbolur fasad privatizebis Sesaxeb~.

108
 N 29
saqarTvelos prezidentis
gankarguleba
2007 wlis 29 ianvari q.Tbilisi
4
realurad
gamocemuli
aRmWurveli
administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtis
teqsti.
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli avtomanqanebis

pirdapiri miyidvis formiT, simbolur fasad privatizebis Sesaxeb

1. `saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 pasuxi: es aris
muxlis me-5 da me-6 punqtebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli administraciuli
6 erTeuli avtomanqana, pirdapiri miyidvis formiT, simbolur fasad, organos, anu sajaro
dawesebulebis
TiToeuli 1 (erTi) laris RirebulebiT, gadaeces saqarTvelos sakonstitucio xelmZRvanelis,
sasamarTlos yofil mosamarTleebs: sajaro skolis
zaur jinjolavas (piradi N 01008000879; piradobis mowmobis Nb0169763) – direqtoris mier
a/manqana `mazda qsedoqs 925~ saxelmwifo nomeri VIV 070; gamocemuli
oTar beniZes (piradi N 02001013717; piradobis mowmobis Ne0070410) - a/ aRmWurveli
manqana `mersedes-benc 280~, saxelmwifo nomeri AVA 757); administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqti.
nikoloz SaSkins (piradi N 01024017290; piradobis mowmobis Nb0140991) – a/
manqana `gaz 3110~, saxelmwifo nomeri WIW 945;
iakob futkaraZes (piradi N 01023003313; piradobis mowmobis Nd0096381) –
individualuri
a/manqana `mersedes-benc 230~, saxelmwifo nomeri VIV 460; administraciul-
nikoloz CerqeziSvils (piradi N 01008011052; piradobis mowmobis samarTlebrivi aqti
Ng0122898) – a/manqana `mersedes-benc 260~, saxelmwifo nomeri VIP 748; –administraciuli
lamara CorgolaSvils (piradi N 01024017013; piradobis mowmobis N organos mier
0009320) - a/manqana `mersedes-benc 230~, saxelmwifo nomeri MWM 746. administraciuli
2. am gankargulebiT gaTvaliswinebulma pirebma uzrunvelyon kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze
saprivatizebo Tanxis gadaxda xelSekrulebis gaformebidan 30 kalendarul gamocemuli
dReSi. individualuri
3. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom (g.arvelaZe) am samarTlebrivi aqti,
gankargulebis Sesrulebis mizniT uzrunvelyos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT romelic awesebs,
gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. cvlis, wyvets an
mixeil saakaSvili adasturebs piris
an pirTa SezRuduli
wris uflebebsa
da movaleobebs.
individualur
SekiTxva: skolaSi Catarebuli konkursis safuZvelze skolis administraciul-
direqtorma gamosca brZaneba me-12 klasis sanimuSo moswavlis samarTlebriv aqtad
wodebis TqvenTvis miniWebisa da jildos saxiT saCuqrad Ipad-iT Tqveni CaiTvleba, agreTve,
dajildoebis Taobaze. aris Tu ara es administraciul-samarTlebrivi administraciuli
organos mier
aqti? dadebiT SemTxvevaSi ra saxis administraciul-samarTlebrivi miRebuli
aqtia ? gadawyvetileba mis
uflebamosilebas
mikuTvnebuli
7.3.  individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqti
sakiTxis
individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqtis niSnebi: dakmayofilebaze
ganmcxadeblisaTvis
1. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti gamocemulia administraciuli or- uaris Tqmis
ganos mier; Sesaxeb, aseve,
administraciuli
2. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis safuZvelia administra­ organos mier
ciuli kanonmdebloba; gamocemuli an
dadasturebuli
3. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti Seexeba gansazRvrul pirs (gansaz- dokumenti,
Rvrul pirTa jgufs ) an gansasazRvr pirTa jgufs da miRebulia konkretul romelsac
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ; SeiZleba mohyves
samarTlebrivi
4. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adas- Sedegebi.
turebs piris an pirTa wris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas (uflebebsa da mova­
szak me-2 muxli, 1-li
leobebs), calmxrivad awesrigebs samarTlebriv urTierTobas da warmoSobs nawili d) qvepunqti
Sesasruleblad savaldebulo administraciul -samarTlebriv Sedegs.

109
 4 dokumenti ar CaiTvleba individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aq­
tad, Tu igi ar akmayofilebs zemoaRniSnul romelime pirobas.
individualuri administraciul - samarTlebrivi aqti aris dokumenti,
romelic calmxrivad da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo samarTlebriv Se­
degs warmoSobs. ar iTvleba individualur administraciul - samarTleb­
riv aqtad administraciuli organos darigeba, axsna-ganmarteba, rekomen-
dacia, rCeva an sxva iseTi dokumenti, romelic ar warmoSobs Sesasruleb-
lad savaldebulo samarTlebriv Sedegs.

individualuri saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro

administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtis
saxelmwifo servisebis ganviTarebis saagento
magaliTi Tbilisis teritoriuli samsaxuri
gadawyvetileba N 882011277863-03 (15.12.2012)
samoqalaqo aqtis - dabadebis registraciis Sesaxeb
Tbilisis saregistracio samsaxurs waredgina gancxadeba (No.
882011277863; 10 dekemberi 2012; ganmcxadebeli: dimitri gelovani,
misamarTi: Tbilisi, mesxiSvilis I Ses. N 3). gancxadebiT moiTxovs Svilis
aleqsandre gelovanis dabadebis registracias. gancxadebaSi aRniSnulia,
rom bavSvi daibada 2012 wlis 9 dekembers q. TbilisSi. bavSvis mSoblebi
arian aleqsandre gelovani da elene gelovani.
gancxadebaze TandarTulia:
1. qorwinebis mowmoba;
2. piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTi (moqalaqis piradobis
mowmoba);
3. samedicino dawesebulebis mier gacemuli cnoba aleqsandre
gelovanis dabadebis Taobaze.
”samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me–4 muxlis me-2
punqtis ”a” qvepunqtis safuZvelze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
moTxovnis dakmayofilebis Taobaze.
gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis gamoqveynebisTanave.
gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebidan 1 Tvis vadaSi SeiZleba, gasaCivrdes
saxelmwifo servisebis ganviTarebis saagentos TavmjdomaresTan (mis.: q.
Tbilisi,sanapiros 2).

7.4.  individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis ZalaSi Sesvla

individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis ZalaSi Sesvla ga-
nixileba misi samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis savaldebulo winapirobad.
gamonaklisebs adgens saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi (zepi-
ri administraciuli aqti, dauyovneblivi aRsruleba) da sxva kanonebi ( mag.
organuli kanoni ~erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb”, organuli kanoni ”saqarTvelos
saarCevno kodeqsi”).
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis mxarisaTvis gada­
cemas mniSvneloba aqvs misi gasaCivrebis vadis aTvlisaTvis. Semdegi moq-
medebebi gansazRvravs individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aq-
tis ZalaSi Sesvlas da im moments, saidanac aiTvleba misi gasaCivrebisaTvis
dadgenili vada:
• dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtis gadacema ( Cabareba);
• fostis meSveobiT administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gagzav­
na;
• administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoqveyneba beWdviT or­
ganoSi;
• administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis sajarod gamocxadeba.

110
 magaliTi:
2012 wlis 10 seqtembers sajaro skolis direqtorma gamosca brZaneba
jinsebiT skolis gakveTilebze gamocxadebis akrZalvis Taobaze, ris
Sesaxebac skolis yvela moswavles ecnoba winaswar. kerZod, brZanebis
teqsti gamokrul iqna skolis derefanSi ganTavsebul kedlis dafaze.
4
megafonis
meSveobiT
individualuri
administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtis
CaiTvleba Tu ara es direqtoris mier gamocemuli administraci­ gamocxadeba ar
ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis sajaro gamocxadebad? CaiTvleba sajarod
gamocxadebad .
SeniSvna: direqtoris brZaneba warmoadgens administraciuli organos skolis derefanSi
xelmZRvanelis mier gamocemul individualur administraciul-samarT­ ganTavsebul dafaze
lebriv aqts. brZanebis teqstis
gamoqveyneba
an meore varianti - direqtoris CaiTvleba
brZanebis teqsti gamocxadda sko­ administraciul-
samarTlebrivi
laSi sajarod, xmamaRla megafonis aqtis sajaro
gamoyenebiT. gamocxadebad,
radgan kanonis
CaiTvleba Tu ara es administraci­ moTxovna aris
ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis sajaro ga­ Semdegi:
mocxadebad? muxli 57. sajarod
gamocxadeba.
sajarod
gamocxadeba niSnavs
individualuri
administraciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtis
administraciul
organoSi
yvelasaTvis
xelmisawvdom
adgilze Riad
ganTavsebas.
aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi
7.5.  individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis kanoniereba individualuri
administraciul-
rogor vamowmebT kanonieria Tu ara individualuri administraci- samarTlebrivi
ul-samarTlebrivi aqti? aqti sajarod
gamocxaddeba,
individualuri -administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis kanonierebis for- agreTve, sxva sajaro
maluri kriteriumebia: adgilas.

• gamoica Tu ara igi uflebamosili piris mier;

• daculia Tu ara individualuri administraciul-samarTleb­
rivi aqtis forma, gaaCnia Tu ara mas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
rekvizitebi;
• arsebobs Tu ara administraciuli samarTlis norma, romelic
administraciul organos garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebas
avaldebulebs;
• emsaxureba Tu ara es norma konkretuli piris interesebs ( ar
SeiZleba iyos sakuTari gemovnebisa Tu warmodgenebis safuZ­
velze warmoSobili interesi).

administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti baTilia, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba kan-

ons an arsebiTad darRveulia misi momzadebis an gamocemis kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili sxva moTxovnebi.

111
 4 ra CaiTvleba administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis momzadebis an gamo-
cemis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sxva moTxovnebis arsebiT darRvevad?
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis momzadebis an gamocemis wesis arse-
biT darRvevad CaiTvleba administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema,
am kodeqsis 32-e an 34-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesis darRveviT Catare-
bul sxdomaze, an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli administraciuli warmoebis
saxis darRveviT, anda kanonis iseTi darRveva, romlis ararsebobis SemTxve­
vaSi mocemul sakiTxze miRebuli iqneboda sxvagvari gadawyvetileba.
vis SeuZlia administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnoba?
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnobis ufleba aqvs mis
gamom­cem administraciul organos, xolo saCivris an sarCelis SemTxvevaSi
– zemdgom administraciul organos an sasamarTlos.

7.6.  arara administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti

administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti gamocemisTanave iTvleba

ararad, Tu:
a. SeuZlebelia misi gamomcemi organos dadgena;
b. gamocemulia arauflebamosili organos an arauflebamosili
piris mier;
c. misi Sesruleba SeuZlebelia faqtobrivi mizezebis gamo;
d. misi Sesruleba gamoiwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv an adminis­
traciul samarTaldarRvevas.

arara administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti gulisxmobs faqtobrivad ga-

mocemul, gaformebul Tu daweril dokuments, romelic formalurad ga-
moiyureba, rogorc administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti, ma-
gram imdenad seriozuli darRvevebiT aris gamocemuli,
rom misi arseboba aravi­Tar Sedegs ar warmoSobs. anu,
sxva sityve­biT rom vTqvaT, es administraciul-
samarTleb­ rivi aqti arsebobs mxolod qaR-
aldze da ar arsebobs, rogorc samarT-
lebrivi aqti, anu igi ar arsebulia
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT
swori pasuxi: da arara administra­ ciul-
2 - skolis samarTlebrivi aqtia.
maswavleblis
mier gamocemuli magaliTi:
administraciuli
aqti ar warmoSobs sajaro skolis mas­
samarTlebriv wavlebelma gamos­
Sedegs, radgan ca brZaneba skoli­
gamoica dan Tqveni garicxvis
arauflebamosili
piris mier, anu
Taobaze. kanoniT amis
im piris mier, ufleba mxolod skolis
romelsac ar direqtors aqvs.
gaaCnda aseTi
gadawyvetilebis 1. kanonieria Tu ara maswav­
miRebis ufleba. leblis brZaneba?
amdenad, es arara
aqtia. 2. xom ar aris es brZaneba arara
administraciul-samarTle­
brivi aqti? pasuxi daasa­buTeT.

112
 7.7.  normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis magaliTebi:
••

••
Tbilisis sakrebulos gadawyvetileba Tbilisis biujetis damtki­
cebis Taobaze ;
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris brZaneba `satransporto saSualebis
4
normatiuli
administraciul-
samarTlebrivi
aqti- uflebamosili
administraciuli
organos mier
sakanonmdeblo
aqtis ( anu kanonis)
marTvis uflebis misaRebi gamocdis Catarebis da marTvis
safuZvelze
uflebis miniWebis wesebis damtkicebis Taobaze~; gamocemuli
samarTlebrivi
•• q. Tbilisis mTavrobis dadgenileba `Zveli Tbilisis reabili­
aqti, romelic
taciis saxelmwifo miznobrivi programis - ”Zveli Tbilisis axa­ Seicavs misi mudmivi
li sicocxle” damtkicebis Sesaxeb~; an droebiTi da
mravaljeradi
•• q. Tbilisis mTavrobis dadgenileba `q. Tbilisis teritoriaze gamoyenebis qcevis
mwvane nargavebis movlisa da aRdgenis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. zogad wess.
kanonis formulireba: normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti szak, muxli me-2, 1
aris uflebamosili administraciuli organos mier sakanonmdeblo aqtis nawili, punqti ~e”.
( anu kanonis) safuZvelze gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic Seicavs
misi mudmivi an droebiTi da mravaljeradi gamoyenebis qcevis zogad wess.
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti:
Tbilisis meris gadawyvetileba leseliZis quCaze calmxrivi moZraobis Se-
moRebis Sesaxeb, gavrceldeba ganusazRvrel pirTa wreze, anu yvelaze, vinc
am quCas gaivlis. es aris mravaljeradi gamoyenebis qcevis zogadi wesi, anu
qcevis norma, romelic moqmedebs misi gamocemidan ganusazRvreli vadiT
ganusazRvrel pirTa wreze manam, sanam meri mas ar Secvlis an ar gaauqmebs.
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti:
Tbilisis meris gadawyvetileba, leseliZis quCaze axali wlis Rames, 2012
wlis 31 dekembers Tavisuflebis moedanze gasamarTi koncertis gamo, avto-
mobiliT gadaadgilebis akrZalvis Taobaze, aris meris mier miRebuli in-
dividualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic ar adgens
mravaljeradi gamoyenebis qcevis zogad wess, igi adgens qcevis konkretuli
droebiTi xasiaTis, erTjeradad Sesasrulebel wess.
individualuria,
miaqcieT yuradReba! radgan exeba
pirTa SezRudul
yvela kanoni, maT Soris saqarTvelos konstitucia, normatiuli samarTleb­ wres da ar adgens
rivi aqtia! qcevis zogad
wesebs. es brZaneba
daimaxsovreT! gavrceldeba
mxolod masSi
arc erTi kanoni ar aris administraciul-samarTlebrivi normatiuli aqti! miTiTebul pirebze.
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis samarTleb­
rivi safuZvlebi:
· saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi.
skolis direqtoris
· saqarTvelos kanoni ~normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb”. brZaneba aris
normatiuli
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis forma: xasiaTis. igi
adgens qcevis
· yovelTvis werilobiTi. zogad wess skolis
moswavleTaTvis
kiTxvebi: da yvela im
1. individualuria Tu normatiuli Tbilisis iusticiis saministros sajaro maswavlebelTaTvis,
reestris ufrosis gadawyvetileba 65 moxelis samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis romlebic am skolaSi
Taobaze? Cairicxebian
momavalSi, anu
2. individualuria Tu normatiuli sajaro skolis direqtoris brZaneba gakve­ moswavleTa wre aris
Tilebze jinsebiT gamocxadebis akrZalvis Taobaze? ganusazRvreli.

113
4 7.8.  administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis wesebi
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi avaldebulebs administraciul orga­
nos administraciuli aqti moamzados da gamosces martivi, formaluri
an sajaro administraciuli warmoebis wesiT. formaluri administraci-
uli warmoeba Zalian iSviaTia da mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, Tu specialu-
ri kanoni pirdapir avaldebulebs administraciul organos mis gamoyene-
bas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi, Tqvens
yuradRe­ bas gavamaxvilebT, mxolod martiv da sajaro administraciuli
warmoebis wesebsa da Taviseburebebze.
Cveulebriv, Tu kanoni sxva saxis administraciuli warmoebis gamoyene-
bas ar iTvaliswinebs, administraciuli organo amzadebs da gamoscems
administra­ ciul-samarTlebriv aqts martivi administraciuli warmoe-
bis wesiT. administra­ciuli warmoebis aseTi wesi martivia mxolod ufro
rTul, formalur Tu sajaro administraciul warmoebasTan SedarebiT, ma-
gram realurad ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, administraciuli organo-
saTvis warmoebis es wesi sakmaod rTuli da Sromatevadia.

8. martivi administraciuli warmoeba

ar iTvaliswinebs zepiri mosmenis gamarTvas.
administraciuli warmoebis safuZvlebi.
imisaTvis, rom administraciulma organom daiwyos administraciuli war-
moeba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebe-
lia, erT - erTi qvemoT miTiTebuli sa-
fuZvlis arseboba:
• dainteresebuli piris
gancxadeba;

• administraciuli organo­
saTvis kanonmdeblobiT da­
kisrebuli valdebuleba ga­
mosces administraciuli
aqti.

114
Tu administraciuli warmoebis dawyebis safuZvelia dainteresebuli
piris gancxadeba, administraciuli organo valdebulia, dainteresebuli
piris gancxadeba gaataros registraciaSi misi miRebis dResve, dasvas masze
registra­ciis TariRi da nomeri. ganmcxadebels ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos
administraciul organos Tavisi gancxadebis registraciaSi gatarebis da-
dastureba. es ufleba warmoSobs administraciuli organos kidev erT val-
4
debulebas, gaugzavnos an gadasces ganmcxadebels gancxadebis registra-
ciaSi gatarebis dadastureba. aRniSnul normas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs,
radgan martivi administraciuli warmoeba iTvaliswinebs, administraci-
uli organos mier warmoebis ganxorcielebisas, kanoniT dadgenili vadebis
dacvis valdebulebas.
individualuri administraciul -samarTlebrivi aqti, Tqveni dabadebis
faqtis registraciis Taobaze, gamoica samoqalaqo reestris erovnu­
li saagentos mier martivi administraciuli warmoebis wesiT da
administra­ciuli warmoebis dawyebis safuZveli gaxda Tqveni mSoblebis
gancxadeba.
gancxadebis kanonis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis Semowmeba
administraciuli organo sami dRis vadaSi amowmebs gancxadebis kano-
nis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobas da uflebamosilia ganmcxadebels ganu­
sazRvros vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic man unda waradginos damatebiTi
dokumenti an informacia. es vada ar SeiZleba iyos 5 dReze naklebi, magram
ganmcxadeblis TxovniT vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes mxolod erTxel - ara
umetes 15 dRiT. Tu dadgenil vadaSi ganmcxadebeli ar waradgens Sesabamis
dokuments an informacias, administraciul organos SeuZlia gamoitanos
gadawyvetileba gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvis dabadebis registraciis mizniT wardgenil gancxa-
debasTan erTad ar aris wardgenili mSoblebis qorwinebis mowmoba an
same­
dicino cnoba bavSvis dabadebis Taobaze, administraciuli organo
ganu­sazRvravs gancxadebis Semomtan pirebs vadas am dokumentebis warmo-
sadgenad. Tu qorwinebis mowmoba wardgenil iqneba administraciuli or-
ganos mier dawesebul vadaSi, administraciuli organo daiwyebs martiv
administra­ciul warmoebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi administraciuli orga-
no gancxadebas ganuxilvelad datovebs.
administraciuli warmoebis ena
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kanonma dauTmo administraciuli warmoebis
ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo enaze da Tu gancxadeba an dainteresebuli
piris mier warmodgenili sxva dokumenti Sedgenilia arasaxelmwifo enaze,
dainteresebuli mxare valdebulia, waradginos gancxadebis an dokumentis
sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli Targmani, xolo administraciuli organo
uflebamosilia, misces mas amisaTvis vada, romelic 3 dReze naklebi ar unda
iyos.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me- 8 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saxelmwi­
fo ena aris qarTuli, xolo afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi - afxazu­
ri.
magaliTi:
1. 2010 wlis 12 noembers saqarTve­los ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samin-
istrom gamoacxada tenderi axali rkinigzis sadguris mSeneb­lobis
nebarTvis mosapoveblad. 2010 wlis 5 dekembers saministroSi dareg-
istrirda 3 samewarmeo subieq­tis ganacxadi. erTi kompaniis mier pro-
eqti da satendero dokumentacia warmodgenil iqna inglisur enaze ,
meore kompaniis mier- rusul enaze da mesame kompaniis mier - german-
ul enaze. ganacxadebis ganxilvis Sedegad satendero komisiam 2010

115
 4
dairRva
administraciuli
wlis 20 dekembris gadawyvetilebiT
tenderSi gamarjvebulad gamoacxa-
da germanuli kompania da gadawyvi-
ta masTan xelSekrulebis gaforme-
ba.
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis
warmoebis ena. ra moTxovnebi daarRvia administra­
administraciul
organos unda
ciulma organom da rogor unda
ganesazRvra moq­ceuliyo igi?
dainteresebuli
pirebisaTvis vada,
samarTlebrivi daxmarebis gawevis
dokumentebis valdebuleba
qarTul enaze
administraciuli organo valdebu-
warmosadgenad.
lia, gauwios dainteresebul mxa­
res samarTlebrivi daxmareba, maT
Soris, ganumartos mxares Tavisi
uflebebi da movaleobebi, gancxa-
debis ganxilvis wesi, warmoebis
saxe da vada, miuTiTos gancxadeba-
Si daSvebuli Secdomebis Sesaxeb.
es valdebuleba akisrebs adminis-
traciuli organos Tanamdebobis
pirebs samsaxurebriv movaleobas,
samarTlebrivad daexmaron yvela im
dainteresebul pirs, romelsac ase-
Ti daxmareba sWirdeba.
administraciuli organo ar aris
valdebuli gamarTos zepiri mos­
mena.
martivi administraciuli warmoeba
ar iTvaliswinebs zepiri mosmenis
gamarTvas. bavSvis dabadebis reg-
istraciis Taobaze administraci-
ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema xdeba erT dReSi, yovelgvari sxdomisa
da zepiri mosmenis gamarTvis gareSe.
dainteresebuli mxaris warmoebaSi CarTva da mosmena
pirveli wesi: martivi administraciuli warmoebis dros administraciuli
organo ar aris valdebuli, igi uflebamosilia, Caabas warmoebaSi dainter-
esebuli mxare da mousminos mas.
meore wesi:
a) administraciuli organo valdebulia, dainteresebuli mxare Caabas da
uzrunvelyos misi monawileoba administraciul warmoebaSi, misces saku-
Tari mosazrebis wardgenis SesaZlebloba, Tu administraciuli aqtiT misi
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba SeiZleba gauaresdes.
b) administraciuli organo valdebulia, mousminos dainteresebul pirs da
misces mas sakuTari mosazrebis wardgenis SesaZlebloba, gancxadebis dak-
mayofilebaze uaris Sesaxeb administraciuli aqtis gamocemamde:
a) Tu aseTi uari efuZneba informacias ganmcxadeblis Sesaxeb;
b) Tu informacia, romelsac efuZneba uari, gansxvavdeba ganmcxadeb-
lis mier wardgenili informaciisagan.
gamonaklisi: am valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan administraciuli organo

116
Tavisufldeba, Tu ganmcxadebels ukve wardgenili aqvs sakuTari mosazreba
aRniSnul garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac administraciuli aqtis gamocemis dayovnebam SeiZleba, arsebiTi
ziani miayenos sajaro interess.
magaliTi:
4
ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs avtomanqanis marTvis uflebas da warudgens
administraciul organos Sesabamis dokumentebs. mis mier wardgenili
dabadebis mowmobis aslis Tanaxmad ganmcxadebeli 18 wlis aris. mar-
tivi administraciuli warmoebisas administraciulma organom moipova
ganmcxa­deblis dabadebis mowmobis dedani, romlis Tanaxmadac ganmcxade-
beli aris 15 wlis, rac marTvis uflebis gacemaze uaris Tqmis safuZvels
warmoadgens. amdenad, informacia ganmcxadeblis asakis Taobaze, wardge­
nili ganmcxadeblis mier da informacia, romelsac efuZneba administra­
ciuli organos uari, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. amis gamo administra­
ciuli organo valdebulia, mousminos dainteresebul pirs da misces mas
sakuTari mosazrebis wardgenis SesaZlebloba, gancxadebis dakmayofile-
baze uaris Sesaxeb, administraciuli aqtis gamocemamde.
administraciuli organos mier saqmis garemoebaTa gamokvleva
administraciul organos ufleba ara aqvs, administraciuli aqtis gamoce-
mas safuZvlad daudos iseTi garemoeba an faqti, romelic kanoniT dadgeni-
li wesiT ar aris gamokvleuli administraciuli organos mier. mas ekisreba
valdebuleba, gamoikvlios saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone yvela garemoeba
da gadawyvetileba miiRos am garemoebaTa Sefasebisa da urTierTSejerebis
safuZvelze.
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis vade­
bi:
· administraciul organos aqvs 15 dRe administraciuli warmoe­
bisa da individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis
gamosacemad, Tu administraciuli aqti ar exeba mesame piris in­
teresebs;
· administraciul organos aqvs erTi Tve yvela danarCen SemTxve­
vaSi, Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili;
· administraciul organos aqvs ufleba 3 Tvemde gazardos admin­
istraciuli aqtis gamocemis vada.
erTsa da imave sakiTxze gancxadebis xelaxla wardgenis wesi
gancxadeba im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romlis Taobazedac arsebobs ad-
ministraciuli organos mier gamocemuli individualu­ri administraci-
ul-samarTlebrivi aqti, agreTve, gancxadeba saCivris dakmay-
ofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba, wardge-
nil iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu faqtobrivi
an samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, romelic
safuZvlad daedo individualu­ ri adminis-
traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemas,
Seicvala dainteresebuli piris sasarge-
blod, an Tu arsebobs axlad aRmoCenili
an axlad gamovlenili garemoebani
(mtkicebulebebi), romlebic gana-
pirobebs ganmcxadeblisaT-
vis ufro xelsayreli
individualuri admin-

117
 4 istraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemas.
Tu gancxadebaSi ar aris miTiTebuli axlad aRmoCenili an axlad gamovleni-
li garemoebani, administraciuli organo gancxadebis ganxilvis gareSe ga-
moscems individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqts, gancxadebaze
uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqtSi
miTiTebuli unda iyos is samarTlebrivi aqti, romlis safuZvelzec iTqva
uari.

magaliTi:
2005 wlis 15 agvistos Tbilisis meriam uari uTxra moqalaqe ivane
nonikaSvils gare reklamis ganTavsebaze im motiviT, rom mis mier
wardgenili reklama iyo arasaTanado da Sehyavda momxmarebeli Sec-
domaSi, radgan hpirdeboda mas ”saqarTveloSi yvelaze kvalificiur
pasuxi: iuridiul momsaxurebas”.
meriis 2006 wlis 17 ianvars ivane nonikaSvilma mimarTa merias axali gancxa-
gadawyvetileba
ar aris kanonieri. debiT gare reklamis ganTavsebis nebarTvis miRebis mizniT da aR-
i. nonikaSvilis niSna, rom reklamaSi Setanili cvlilebis Sesabamisad, sTavazobda
gancxadeba efuZneba momxma­rebels mxolod `kvalificiur iuridiul daxmarebas~ da ara
axal garemoebas saqarTveloSi yvelaze kvalificiur iuridiul momsaxurebas.
da ganmcxadebli
moiTxovs axali meriam uari uTxra ivane nonikaSvils axali gancxadebis ganxilvaze im
sareklamo motiviT, rom saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 102-
ganacxadis e muxlis Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave sakiTxze gancxadebis xelaxla
ganTavsebas,
risi ufleba
wardgena ar daiSveba.
ganmcxadebels szak
102 muxlis Tanaxmad
gaaCnia. · kanonieria Tu ara meriis gadawyvetileba?

118
 9. sajaro administraciuli warmoeba
zepiri mosmena
sajaro administraciuli warmoeba Zalian hgavs sasamarTlo warmoebas da
sasamarTlo sxdomas, Tumca mas ar atarebs mosamarTle. gamoiyeneben ter-
mins ”kvazi sasamarTlo” , anu viTom sasamarTlo, sasamarTlosTan mimsgav­
4
sebuli. zepiri mosmena sajaro warmoebis aucilebeli nawilia, romel-
ic gulisxmobs specialurad gamoyofil darbazSi sasamarTlo procesis
msgav­
si sxdomis Catarebas, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs sakiTxis ganmxil-
veli administraciuli organos Tanamdebobis piri (an ramdenime piri er-
Tad, kolegiurad). am sxdomaze miwveulebi arian da monawileoben mxareebi
- ganmcxadebeli da dainteresebuli pirebi, agreTve, is pirebi, romelTac
ubralod daswrebis survili da interesi gaaCniaT. monawile mxareebs sa-
kuTari, kanoniT winaswar dadgenili uflebebi gaaCniaT da administraciul
organos - garkveuli valdebulebebi da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo pro-
cedurebi. sxdomebi sajaroa sazogadoebisaTvis da ar unda imarTebodes
daxurul kars miRma. arsebobs mxaris ufleba, warmoadginos saWiro infor-
macia, misces axsna-ganmarteba, iyolios damcveli da gaasaCivros sabolood
miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemisaTvis
Casatarebeli sajaro administraciuli warmoebis Taviseburebani:
sajaro administraciuli warmoebis wesiT administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqti gamoicema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es kanoniT pirdapir aris gaT-
valiswinebuli.
SeniSvna: zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi adgens Semdeg 5 SemTxvevas, ra
drosac administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti gamoicema sajaro warmoebis
wesiT:
• saxelmwifo an municipaluri sakuTrebis gankargva;
• licenzireba;
• garemos dacviTi nebarTvis gacema;
• standartizacia;
• satelekomunikacio sixSiris ganawileba;
• normatiuli aqtis gamocema. uflebamosilia
niSnavs imas, rom
garda zemoaRniSnuli SemTxvevebisa, administraciuli organo uflebamo- administraciul
silia, Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT administraciuli aqti gamosces sajaro war- organos ufleba
moebis wesebis dacviT, Tu igi exeba pirTa farTo wris interesebs, risTvi- aqvs, Tumca igi ar
sac sWirdeba zemdgomi administraciuli organos Tanxmoba. aris valdebuli,
gamoiyenos es wesi.
1. sajaro gacnobisaTvis dokumentebis wardgenis Sesaxeb cnobis ga­
moqveynebis valdebuleba.
cnobaSi mieTiTeba:
• administraciuli organo, romelSic mimdinareobs adminis­
traciuli warmoeba da misi misamarTi;
• gancxadebis an administraciuli warmoebis dawyebis Taobaze ad­
ministraciuli organos gadawyvetilebis mokle Sinaarsi;
• administraciuli aqtis gamocemis vada;
• sakuTari mosazrebis wardgenis vada.

119
4 yvelas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos sajaro gacnobisaTvis wardgenili dokumen-
tebis aslebi da daubrkoleblad gaecnos sajaro gacnobisaTvis wardgenil
dokumentebs.
yvelas aqvs ufleba, waradginos Tavisi werilobiTi mosazreba 20 dRis
ganmavlobaSi administraciuli aqtis gamocemis Sesaxeb gancxadebis an
administra­ciuli aqtis proeqtis sajaro gacnobisaTvis wardgenis dRidan,
ra drosac piri uflebamosilia, ar miuTiTos Tavisi vinaoba. administra­
ciuli organo valdebulia, dokumentze aRniSnos misi registraciis Tari-
Ri.
gancxadebis registraciidan erTi Tvis vadaSi proeqtis momzadebisa da
gamoqveynebis valdebuleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom administraciuli orga-
no valdebulia, gancxadebis registraciidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, moam­
zados individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis proeqti.
kanoni an kanonqvemdebare aqti, SesaZloa, adgendes gasxvavebul vadas.
zepiri mosmenis gamarTvis aucilebloba da administraciuli aqtis ga-
mocema zepiri mosmenis gamarTvidan 10 dRis vadaSi.
am wesis Tanaxmad, sajaro administraciuli warmoebisas unda gaim-
arTos zepiri mosmena. administraciuli organo individualur
administra­ciul-samarTlebriv aqts gamoscems zepiri mosmenis
gamarTvidan 10 dRis vadaSi.
Tu kanoniT, an mis safuZvelze gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare aqtiT,
gaTvaliswinebulia individualuri administraciul-samarTle-
brivi aqtis gamocemis vadis gadadebis SesaZlebloba, administra­
ciuli organo winaswar acxadebs individualuri administra­ciul-
samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis vadis gadadebis Sesaxeb.
gamocemuli administraciuli aqtis gamoqveynebis valdebuleba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sajaro administraciuli warmoebis safuZvelze gamocemuli
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti aucileblad unda ga-
moqveyndes.

10. administraciuli warmoeba kolegiur administraciul

organoSi
kolegiuri administraciuli organo - administraciuli organo, rome­
lic Sedgeba erTze meti wevrisagan da sadac gadawyvetilebas iRebs ramdeni­
me piri erTad, anu kolegiurad da ara erTpirovnulad.
magaliTad, sajaro skolis direqtori ar aris kolegiuri administraciu­li
organo, igi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelia da gadawyvetilebas iRebs erTpirov­
nulad.
pedagogTa sabWo ki aris kolegiuri administraciuli organo, romelic
sxdo­mis Catarebis mizniT ikribeba da kenWisyriT iRebs gadawyvetilebas.
rogorc wesi, kolegiur organoSi administraciuli warmoeba mimdinareobs
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-VI TaviT dadgenili administraci-
ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis wesis Sesabamisad. am zogadi wesebis
garda, administraciuli warmoeba kolegiur administraciul organoSi
unda ganxorcildes im wesebis dacviT, romlebic dadgenilia kodeqsis me- VI I
TaviT. kerZod, Tu kanoniT an mis safuZvelze gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare
aqtiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, kolegiur organoSi Setanil gancxadebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxolod kolegiuri administra­
ciuli organo. gamonakliss warmoadgens kolegiuri administraciuli or-
ganos uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris ufleba – gadaagzavnos gancxadeba
uflebamosil administraciul organoSi an daubrunos igi ganmcxadebels,
Tu masSi dasmuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta kolegiuri administraciuli or-
ganos uflebamosilebas ar ganekuTvneba.

120
 4
kolegiuri
administraciuli
organos sxdoma

kolegiurma administraciulma organom unda gamarTos sxdoma, romelsac

xsnis da daxurulad acxadebs am organos xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis piri,
xolo misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi – kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, daniSnuli
(arCeuli) sxdomis Tavmjdomare. sxdomis Tavmjdomares sxdoma mihyavs dRis
wesrigis Sesabamisad.

kvorumi mniSvnelovania, rogorc kolegiuri administraciuli or­

ganos mier sxdomis gamarTvis aucilebeli winapiroba. am principis
Tanaxmad, kolegiuri administraciuli organos sxdomaze mowveul
unda iqnes misi yvela wevri. kolegiuri administraciuli organo
uflebamosilia, miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu mis sxdomas eswreba wev­
rTa naxevarze meti, magram aranakleb 3 wevrisa-kvorumi saxezea wevr­
Ta naxevarze metis daswrebis SemTxvevaSi. anu kvorumis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi kolegiuri administraciuli organo ar aris uflebamo­
sili gamarTos sxdoma. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxdoma unda gadaidos.
rac Sexeba gadawyvetilebis miRebas, kolegiuri administraciuli
organos gadawyvetileba miRebulad iTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers
sxdomaze damswre wevrTa naxevarze meti, garda kanonmdeblobiT gaT­
valiswinebuli SemTxvevebisa.
kolegiuri administraciuli organos yvela sxdomaze aucileblad
dgeba sxdomis oqmi, romelsac xels awers sxdomis Tavmjdomare,
agreTve, mdivani, Tu is monawileobda oqmis SedgenaSi.

magaliTi:
transportis maregulirebelma komisiam, romelic Sedgeba 7 wevri­
sagan, gamosca individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti
Sps”airzenasaTvis” frenis licenziis gauqmebis Taobaze.
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti gamoica martivi administraci-
uli warmoebis wesiT, radgan igi exeboda mxolod erT pirs da ara pirTa
farTo wres.

121
4

dainiSna kolegiuri administraciuli organos sxdomis dRe - 20 Teber-

vali 2007 weli da sxdomaze miwveul iqna komisiis yvela wevri.
sxdomaze gamocxadda komisiis 4 wevri, avadmyofo­bis gamo ar gamocxadda
komisiis Tavmjdomare.
sxdomas xelmZRvanelobda sxdomaze arCeuli sxdomis Tavmjdomare.
sxdomaze ar gamocxadda Sps” airzenas” warmomadgeneli, arada mas ecnoba
sxdomis gamarTvis Sesaxeb sxdomis gamarTvamde 5 dRiT adre.
administraciulma organom miiRo gadawyvetileba gansaxilvel sa­
kiTxze, radgan mas mxari dauWira komisiis 3 wevrma.
Sps ”airzenam” miiCnia, rom transportis maregulirebelma komisiam daar-
Rvia kolegiuri administraciuli organosaTvis dadgenili gadawyveti­
lebis miRebis procedura, kerZod:
1. aris Tu ara transportis maregulirebeli komisia kolegiuri
administraci­uli organo? 2. dairRva Tu ara gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saW­
iro kvorumi? daculia Tu ara administraciuli organos mier administra­
ciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis miRebis procedura?

11. realuri moqmedeba (realaqti)

realaqti aris administraciuli organos ubralo mmarTvelobiTi saqmiano-
ba, moqmedeba, romelic mimarTulia faqtobrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris realuri moqmedeba, romelic ar gu­lisxmobs
administraciuli aqtis gamocemas. realaqtis savaldebulo niSnebia:
1. ganxorcieleba mxolod administraciuli organos mier;
2. ganxorcieleba mxolod sajaro samarTlis sferos gankuTvnil
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT;
3. moqmedeba da misi Sedegi gavlenas unda axdendes sxva pirebis
samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze;
4. gavlena mimarTuli unda iyos konkretuli samarTlebrivi urT­
ierTobisaken.
magaliTad: qalaqis dasufTaveba da keTilmowyoba, gzebis gayvana da ase Semdeg.

122
 12. administraciuli xelSekruleba
Tqven SeiZineT hoT-dogi skolis SenobasTan axlos mdebare kafe ”mx-
iaruli sadilebi” -s gamyidvelTan da gamyidvels gadauxadeT 2 lari. ra
hqvia am moqmedebas iuridiul enaze?
Tqven xarT myidveli - kerZo piri, xolo urTierTobis meore mxare aris
4
hoT-dogis gamyidveli, romelic, aseve, kerZo piria. Tqveni moqmedeb-
iT Tanxmoba gamoxateT gamyidvelis mier SemoTavazebuli produqtis
SeZenaze im pirobebiT, ra pirobebsac gTavazobT gamyidveli. gamyi-
dvelma Tqvengan miRebuli Tanxis sanacvlod gadmogcaT hoT-do-
gi da Ceki, romelic adasturebs Tqven mier 2 laris gadaxdas. es
yovelive imas niSnavs, rom or kerZo pirs Soris daido zepiri
garigeba, ufro konkretulad ki - ormxrivi xel­Sekruleba. es
xelSekruleba Tavisi bunebiT aris samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
nasyidobis xelSekruleba. aseTi xelSekrulebebis dadebis da
gauqmebis wesebi dadgenilia samoqalaqo samarTliT.
sajaro skola yoveldRe yidulobs salaTebs da wvenebs isev
im kerZo pirisagan (kafe ”mxiaruli sadilebi”) da Semoa-
qvs skolis sasadiloSi, sadac Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT
TqvenTvis sasurveli produqti quCaSi gausvle­ lad.
esec nasyidobis xelSekrulebaa, esec kerZo samarT-
lebrivi, anu samoqalaqo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli
xelSekrulebaa. gansxvaveba is aris, rom masSi monawile
erT-erTi mxare aris sajaro skola, anu administraciu­
li organo. skolas am urTierTobaSi warmoadgens skolis
administraciuli
direqtori. gansxva­veba isic aris, rom skolis direqto- saCivari aris:
ri kafe ”mxiarul sadilebs” ar uxdis sakuTari jibis fuls. dainteresebuli
fuli, romelsac skolis direqtori uxdis kafes -”mxiaru­li sadilebi” aris mxaris mier
skolis biujetiT skolisaTvis gamoyofili fuli, xolo skolis biujeti uflebamosil
warmoadgens skolisaTvis centraluri saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyo- administraciul
organoSi, am
fil saxsrebs. saboloo jamSi saxezea ad­ministraciul organosa da ker- kodeqsiT dadgenili
Zo pirs Soris dadebuli samoqalaqo samarTleb­rivi xel­Sekruleba. aseTi wesiT, wardgenili
xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba, daidos zepirad, is aucileblad werilobiTia werilobiTi
da misi dadeba regulirdeba zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT da kano- moTxovna darRveuli
niT ”sajaro Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb” -es aris a d m i n i s t r a c i u l i xe­ uflebis aRdgenis
mizniT imave, an
lSekruleba. qvemdgomi organos
kanonis formulireba: mier gamocemuli
administraciul-
administraciuli xelSekruleba – administraciuli organos mier sa- samarTlebrivi
jaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT fizikur an iuridiul aqtis baTilad
gamocxadebis,
pirTan, agreTve, sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli samoqalaqo Secvlis, an axali
samarTleb­rivi xelSekruleba. administraciul-
samarTlebrivi
aqtis gamocemis, an
administraciuli
organos mier
13. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis da adminis- iseTi moqmedebis
traciuli organos qmedebis gasaCivreba ganxorcielebis, an
iseTi moqmedebis
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs administraciuli organos ganxorcielebisagan
mier gamocemuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis an administraciu­ Tavis Sekavebis
li organos moqmedebis/realaqtis gasaCivrebis wess. Sesaxeb, romelic
kerZod, kodeqsis 177-e muxlis Sesabamisad, administraciul sa­ ar gulisxmobs
individualuri
Civars ganixilavs da gadawyvets administraciul-samarTleb­ administraciul-
rivi aqtis gamomcemi administraciuli organo, Tu iq arsebobs samarTlebrivi aqtis
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamomcemi Tanamdebobis gamocemas;
piris an struqturuli qvedanayofis zemdgomi Tanamdebobis piri.

123
4 administraciuli organos xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis piris mier gamoce-
muli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis Taobaze wardgenil saCivars
ganixilavs da gadawyvets zemdgomi administraciuli organo .
garda aRniSnulisa, zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi aniWebs pirs ufle-
bas Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos
saqarTve­los administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT. ad-
ministraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, zo-
gierTi kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli sagamonakliso SemTxvevebis
garda, sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis ufleba warmoiSoba mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac dainteresebulma pirma gamoiyena administraciuli saCivris erTjera-
dad wardgenis SesaZlebloba.
administraciuli organo administraciuli saCivris ganxilvis Sedegad
uflebamosilia, miiRos erT-erTi Semdegi gadawyvetileba:
a. administraciuli saCivris dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb;
b. administraciuli saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Taobaze;
c. administraciuli saCivris nawilobriv dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb.
administraciuli organo, romelic ganixilavs administraciul saCi-
vars, uflebamosilia, baTilad an Zaladakargulad gamoacxados, agreTve,
Secvalos gasaCivrebuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti.

14. informaciis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sa-
jaro informacia Riaa kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebis, dadgenili
wesiT personaluri monacemebis, saxelmwifo an komerciul saidumloebas
mikuTvnebuli informaciis garda.
personaluri monacemebis cneba, maT dacvasa da damuSavebasTan dakavSire-
buli urTierTobebi wesrigdeba `personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoniT. Tumca zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi iTvalis-
winebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia,
ar gaaxmauros personaluri monacemebis informacia TviT am piris Tanxmo-
bis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi – sasamarTlos dasabuTebu-
li gadawyvetilebis gareSe, Tanamdebobis pirTa (agreTve, Tanamdebobaze
wardge­nil kandidatTa) personaluri monacemebis garda.
saxelmwifo saidumloebas mikuTvnebuli informacia, agreTve,
ganisazRvre­
ba specialuri kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo saidumloebis
Sesa­xeb.

rac Sexeba komerciul saidumloebas, amis ganmartebas akeTebs zogadi ad-

ministraciuli kodeqsi. kerZod, kodeqsis Tanaxmad, komerciuli saidum-
loeba ganimarta, rogorc informacia komerciuli faseulobis mqone geg­
mis, formulis, procesis, saSualebis Taobaze an nebis­mieri sxva informa-
cia, rome­lic gamoiye­neba saqonlis sawarmoeblad, mosamzadeblad, gada­
samuSaveblad an momsaxurebis gasawevad, an/da, romelic warmoadgens siaxles
an teqnikuri Semoq­medebis mniSvne­lovan Sedegs, agreTve, sxva informacia,
romlis gamJRavnebam SesaZ­loa, ziani miaye­nos piris konkurentunariano­bas.

magaliTad: koka-kola an laRiZis wylis formulebi warmoadgenen Sesabamisi

kompaniebis komer­ciul saidumloebas.
daimaxsovreT!
informacia administraciuli organos Sesaxeb ar warmoadgens komer­
ciul saidumloebas.

124
 zogadi administraciuli kodeq-
sis Tanaxmad, arsebobs ori tipis
sajaro informacia:
1. Ria;
2. daxuruli an saidumlo.
4
termini sajaro ar niSnavs
aucileblad Rias. sajaro infor-
macia SeiZleba iyos rogorc Ria,
ise daxuruli (saidumlo).
yvela saxelmwifo da TviTmmarT-
velobis organo da dawesebuleba,
romelsac kanoni sajaro dawese-
bulebas uwodebs, valdebulia,
miawodos moqalaqes is sajaro in-
formacia, romelic Ria, anu ara-
saidumlo informacias warmoad-
gens.
mniSvnelovania zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis is debuleba, rome­lic
CamoTvlis sajaro informaciaTa im saxeobebs, romelTa gasaidumloeba
dauSvebelia. kerZod, kodeqsis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba
icodes:
1. informacia garemos Sesaxeb, agreTve, monacemebi im saSiSroebis
Taoba­ze, romelic emuqreba maT sicocxles an janmrTelobas;
2. sajaro dawesebulebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi da mimar­
Tulebebi;
3. sajaro dawesebulebis struqturis aRwera, mosamsaxureTa
funqciebis gansazRvrisa da ganawilebis, agreTve, gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis wesi;
4. sajaro dawesebulebis im sajaro mosamsaxureTa vinaoba da
samsaxureb­rivi misamarTi, romelTac ukaviaT Tanamdeboba an evalebaT
sajaro informaciis gasaidumloeba, an sazogadoebasTan urTierToba
da moqalaqeTaTvis informaciis miwodeba (2.03.2001 N 772);
5. kolegiur sajaro dawesebulebaSi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad gamar­
Tuli Ria kenWisyris Sedegebi;
6. arCeviT Tanamdebobaze piris arCevasTan dakavSirebuli yvela in­
formacia;
7. sajaro dawesebulebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb auditoruli daskvnebisa
da reviziebis Sedegebi, agreTve, sasamarTlos masalebi im saqmeebze, ro­
melSic sajaro dawesebuleba mxares warmoadgens;
8. sajaro dawesebulebis gamgeblobaSi arsebuli sajaro monacemTa ba­
zis saxelwodeba da adgilsamyofeli, agreTve, sajaro monacemTa bazi­
saTvis pasuxismgebeli piris vinaoba da samsaxurebrivi misamarTi;
9. sajaro dawesebulebis mier monacemTa Segrovebis, damuSavebis,
Senax­visa da gavrcelebis miznebi, gamoyenebis sferoebi da samarTleb­
rivi safuZveli;
10. sajaro monacemTa bazaSi misi personaluri monacemebis arseboba
an ararseboba, agreTve, maTi gacnobis wesi, maT Soris, im proceduri­
sa, romliTac moxdeba piris identifikacia, Tu pirma (misma warmomad­
genelma) Seitana moTxovna Tavis Sesaxeb monacemebis gacnobis an maTSi
cvlilebis Taobaze;
125
 4 11. im pirTa kategoria, romelTac kanoniT ufleba aqvT, gaecnon sajaro
monacemTa bazaSi arsebul personalur monacemebs;
12. sajaro monacemTa bazaSi arsebul monacemTa Semadgenloba, wyaroebi
da im pirTa kategoria, romelTa Sesaxeb grovdeba, muSavdeba da inaxeba
informacia;
13. yvela sxva informacia, romelic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxve­
vebSi da dadgenili wesiT ar aris miCneuli saxelmwifo an komerciul
saidumloebad an ar warmoadgens personalur monacemebs;
14. magaliTad, nebismier moswavles aqvs ufleba, icodes skolaSi ar­
sebuli garemos Sesaxeb da flobdes srulyofil informacias im saSiS­
roebis Taobaze, romelic emuqreba mis sicocxles an janmrTelobas. es
SeiZleba iyos informacia skolis SenobaSi haeris an wylis dabinZure­
kiTxva: bis Sesaxeb an sxva.
imsjeleT, ra
mniSvneloba rogor unda moiTxovoT sajaro informacia?
aqvs sajaro
informaciis gacemis magaliTi: sajaro informaciis misaRebad pirma waradgina werilobiTi
valdebulebas? gancxadeba, magram ar miuTiTa sajaro informaciis moTxovnis motivi da
mizani. sajaro dawesebulebam miiCnia, rom gancxadeba wardgenilia zogadi
administraciuli kodeqsis 77-e muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT da ganmcxa­
debels ganusazRvra vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic man unda daasabuTos, Tu ra
motiviT da mizniT iTxovs is am informacias.
kanonieria Tu ara sajaro dawesebulebis es moTxovna?
Ria sajaro informaciis misaRebad piri waradgens werilobiT gancxade-
bas, rac imas niSnavs, rom zepiri formiT sajaro informaciis gamoTxov­
nas kanoni ar icnobs, Sesabamisad, arc sajaro dawesebulebas aval-
debulebs aseTi gancxadebebis safuZvelze sajaro informaciis gacemas.
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom gancxadebaSi aucilebeli ar aris
mieTi­
Tos sajaro informaciis moTxovnis motivi an mizani. sakmari-
sia imis miTiTeba, rom ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs ama Tu im informacias.
rogorc wesi, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia, gasces saja-
ro informacia dauyovneblad an ara ugvianes 10 dRisa. uaryofi-
Ti pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia, uari sa-
jaro informaciis gacemaze ganmcxadebels acnobos dauyovneblad.
sajaro informaciasTan dakavSirebiT sajaro dawesebulebis mier miRe-
buli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba, gasaCivrdes administraciul organoSi
administra­ciuli saCivriT an sasamarTloSi sasarCelo gancxadebis wardge­
niT.
gasaCivrebis ufleba pirs warmoeSoba Tu sajaro dawesebulebam:
• uari uTxra moqalaqes informaciis miRebaze;
• kolegiurma sajaro dawesebulebam daxura sxdoma srulad an
nawilob­riv;
• moaxdina sajaro informaciis gasaidumloeba;
• moaxdina personaluri monacemebis ukanono Segroveba, damuSave­
ba, Senaxva, gavrceleba, agreTve, maTi sxva pirisa an sajaro dawe­
sebulebisaTvis ukanono gadacema;
• Seqmna da daamuSava araswori sajaro informacia;
• daarRvia am kodeqsis me-3 Tavis (informaciis Tavisufleba) sxva
moTxovnebi.

126
jaxo urTier­
mona­
samoqalaqo samarTali
samoqalaqo samarTali - samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi dargia. misi um-
Tavresi amocana fizikur da iuridiul pirTa piradi, qonebrivi da sao-
Tobebis mogvarebaa. yoveldRiurad TiToeuli Cvengani ise
wileobs ama Tu im samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, rom mis daqvemde-
5
barebas romelime kanonTan verc ki moiazrebs. Cven yoveldRiurad avdi-
varT avtobus­Si, vmgzavrobT da amiT vdebT gadayvanis xelSekrulebas, vy-
idulobT produqts maRaziaSi da amiT vdebT nasyidobis xelSekrulebas,
vucvliT megobars saTamaSos da amiT gacvlis xelSekrulebaSi vmonawile-
obT. erTi sityviT, ise vmonawileobT samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, rom mis
samarTlebriv regulaciaze arc ki vfiqrobT. imavdroulad, aucilebelia,
aseTi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulacia. Tundac imitom, rom mis-
ma monawileebma kargad gaigon TavianTi ufleba-movaleobani da Tavidan
iqnes acilebuli yovelgva­ri TviTneboba, gaugebroba da movaleobaTa Seus-
rulebloba. swored aseT regulaciebs moicavs samoqalaqo samarTali, rom-
lis safuZvlebis codna dagvexmareba, ukeT ganvaxorcieloT Cveni ufle-
bebi da ukeT gaviazroT movaleobebi, romlebic gvekisreba. aucilebelia
gavigoT, Tu ra aris garigeba, xelSekruleba, ra asakis adamianTan SeiZleba
garigebis dadeba, romeli asakis adamians SeuZlia iqorwinos, rogor Sei-
Zleba davafuZnoT kompania da vawarmooT biznesi. erTi sityviT, samoqa-
laqo samarTlis safuZvlebis codna dagvexmareba, viyoT informirebulebi
da efeqturad gavikvaloT gza warmatebisaken.
SevecdebiT, TqvenTvis gasagebi eniT agixsnaT samoqalaqo samarTlis Ziri­
Tadi aspeqtebi da gagacnoT is umTavresi garemoebani, romlebsac yovel-
dRiurad waawydebiT coxovrebaSi.

samoqalaqo samarTali

127
 5
kiTxva: Tu
uflebaunarianobis
warmoSoba adamianis
dabadebasTan erTad
xdeba da araviTari
SezRudva am mxriv
ar arsebobs,
axaldabadebul
1. uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba

uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba – definiciebi

uflebaunarianoba – fizikuri piris (moqalaqis) da iuridiuli piris
(saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, sawarmo-dawesebulebi-
sa da a.S.) unari, iqonion kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli an dasaSvebi ufle-
Cvilsa da zrdasrul bamovaleobani.”
adamians erTnairi
uflebaunarianoba dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, saqarTveloSi yvela moqalaqe Tanabrad
gaaCniaT? an igive uflebaunariania miuxedavad maTi sqesisa, rasobrivi da erovnuli
ucxoeli, ucxo
qveynis moqalaqe,
kuTvni­lebisa, saqmianobisa, socialuri Tu qonebrivi mdgomareobisa.
an moqalaqeobis uflebaunarianobis warmoSoba ar aris damokidebuli raime saxis
armqone piri da
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo aqtze, an nebarTvaze, an adamianis asakze, an adamianis
moqalaqe erTnairi janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. erTaderTi, razec misi warmoSoba
uflebaunarianobiT damokidebulia, es aris adamianis dabadeba. dabadeba unda aRviqvaT,
sargebloben? rogorc nayofis gamoyofa dedis saSvilosnodan. mniSvneloba ara
aqvs ramden xans icocxlebs nayofi. daibada Tu ara nayofi, maSinve
pasuxi: diax. dadgeba misi uflebaunarianoba.
axalSobili da
zrdasruli, ucxo amrigad, pirTa uflebaunarianoba aris piris unari, gaaCndes da
qveynis moqalaqe,
moqalaqeobis
SeuzRudavad iqonios kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamovaleobani.
armqone piri da yvela adamiani aris srulad uflebaunariani dabadebidanve da grZel­
saqarTvelos deba gardacvalebamde. gardacvalebad miiCneva pirovnebis Tavis tvinis
moqalaqec erTnairi funqcionire­ bis Sewyveta (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-11
uflebaunarianobiT muxlis me-3 punqtis meore winadadeba). amasTan, SesaZlebelia, kanoniT
sargebloben.
pirdapir gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi SeizRudos pirTa garkveuli
romis samarTali uflebebi.
ar yofda
erTmaneTisagan qmedunarianoba
uflebaunarianobasa
da qmedunarianobas qmedunarianoba aris piris unari, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebis sruli
da maT orives moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da mova-
moiazrebda
leobebi.
uflebaunarianobis
cnebaSi erTad (caput). Tanamedrove qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT, qmedunarianoba aris piris Seg-
realuri dayofa da
gamijvna terminebisa
nebuli, nebelobiTi moqmedebiT gamoxatuli iuridiuli qmedeba (moq-
“uflebaunarianoba” medeba an umoqmedoba), rac gulisxmobs Segnebisa da nebisyofis simwifes,
da “qmedunarianoba” maT gansazRvrul mdgomareobas. amitom qmedunarianoba, uflebaunaria-
xdeba evropuli nobisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela moqalaqes ar gaaCnia. igi sruli moculo-
kapitalisturi
biT gansazRvruli asakidan warmoiqmneba. qmedunarianobas, rogorc gan-
revoluciebis
Semdgom. imisaTvis, sazRvrul samarTlis kategorias, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
rom Tavi daeRwiaT samoqalaqo samarTalSi.
feodaluri
wodebebisa da fizikuri piris qmedunarianoba iwyeba srulwlovanebis
socialuri miRwevisTanave.
diferenciaciisgan,
kontinenturi amasTanave, piris unars, sakuTari nebiTa da moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos
evropis qveynebSi uflebebi da movaleobebi, samoqalaqo samarTali ukavSirebs ara mar-
kanonmdeblebma to asaks, aramed janmrTelobas. Wkuasustobis, an suliT avadmyofo-
daamkvidres termini
“qmedunarianoba”,
bis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tvramet wels miRweuli an gada­
romelic iyo cilebuli adamianic cnos qmeduunarod da dauniSnos meurve (aRniSnuls
damoukidebeli ufro vrclad ganvixilavT qvemoT).
uflebaunarianobi­
sagan. amrigad, qmedunarianoba aris piris unari, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebis
sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi
da movaleobebi. qmedunarianoba, uflebaunarianobisagan gansxvavebiT,
kiTxva: vin iTvleba damokidebulia asakze (Tvrameti weli, emansipaciis SemTxvevaSi – Teqvsme­
srulwlovan pirad? ti) da janmrTelobaze (ar unda iyos Wkuasusti an suliT avadmyofi).

128
 fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba
damoukidebelia 5
asakisagan janmrTelobis mdgomareobisagan

fizikuri piris qmedunarianoba

damokidebulia

asakze janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze

rac Seexeba iuridiuli pirebis uflebaunarianobasa da qmedunariano-

bas, iuridiul pirs orive warmoeSoba registraciisTanave da moqmedebs
misi likvidaciis procesis dasrulebamde.

qmeduunaroba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, Svid wlamde arasrulwlo-
vani (mcirewlovani) qmeduunaroa, rac niSnavs, rom is damoukideblad
ver ganaxorcielebs Tavis uflebebsa da movaleobebs. masTan gaTanabre- kiTxva:
bulni arian pirebi, romlebic Wkuasustobis an gonebrivi CamorCeni- vis SeuZlia aRiaros
piri qmeduunarod?
lobis gamo sasamarTlos mier iqnebian cnobilni qmeduunaro pirebad. pasuxi: mxolod
qmeduunaro pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, dadon garigebebi, ganaxor- sasamarTlos
cielon raime saxis sxva iuridiuli qmedebani. Tu qmeduunaro piri
miiRebs memkvidreobas an raime qonebas saCuqrad, mis marTvas ganaxor­
cielebs mSobeli an meurve. samarTlebrivad, qmeduunaro pirebis
saxeliT, nebismier iuridiul qmedebas, axorcieleben maTi kanonieri
warmomadgenlebi (mSoblebi) an sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli meurve.
avadmyofobis gamo qmeduunarod cnobili piris gankurnebis SemTxve­
vaSi, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, cnos piri kvlav qmedunarianad.
kiTxva:
qmeduunaro piri Tavis qmedebebze pasuxismgeblobas ar atarebs. mis ra aris
mier miyenebul materialur zians ki anazRaurebs mSobeli an meurve. uflebaunarianoba?
qmedunarianoba? ra
SezRuduli qmedunarianoba sxvaobaa maT Soris?

arasrulwlovani Svididan Tvramet wlamde iTvleba SezRuduli

qmedunariano­bis mqoned, rac imas niSnavs, rom pirs SeuZlia ganaxor-
cielos mxolod nawili uflebebisa. kerZod, SezRuduli qmedunariano-
bis mqone pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, dadon garigebebi maTi kanonieri war-
momadgenlis Tanxmobis gareSe. gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi daiSveba maSin,
Tuki piri (SezRudul qmedunariani) am garigebiT iRebs sargebels, an gan-
kargavs misTvis sakuTrebaSi gadacemul im materialur sikeTes, romlis
gankargvis nebarTvac mas mSobelma an meurvem misca (magaliTad, xarjavs
jibis fuls, aRebul honorars, ucvlis Tavis saTamaSos megobars da a.S.).
aRniSnuli statusi (SezRudul qmedunariani) gaaCniaT aseve srulwlo-
van pirebs, romlebsac sasamarTlom dauwesa mzrunveloba. SezRuduli
qmedunarianobis mqone pirebi, qmedunarianobis xarisxiT, uTanabrde­
bian arasrulwlovnebs.

129
 5 qmeduunaroa piri

Svid Wkuasustobis gamo gonebrivad

wlamde sasamarTlos mier CamorCenilobis
aRiarebuli gamo sasamarTlos
mier aRiarebuli

rodis xdeba sasamarTlos mier srulwlovani piris SezRudul qme-

dunarianad cnoba da maTze mzrunvelobis daweseba?
aRniSnuli xorcieldeba maSin, roca piri borotad iyenebs alkohols
an narkotikul nivTierebebs da amis gamo Tavis ojaxs mZime mate­rialur
mdgo­mareobaSi ayenebs. magaliTad: ezideba nivTebs saxlidan, raTa iyi­
dos alkoholuri nivTiereba, flangavs xelfass, narkotikuli nivTiere­
bis moxmarebis gamo xSirad jarimdeba da a.S.
mas Semdeg, rac piri ganikurneba aRniSnuli damokidebulebisagan da
gauqmdeba mzrunvelobis dawesebis safuZveli, sasamarTlos mier moxde-
ba piris srul qmedunarianad cnoba.

meurve
qmedunariani fizikuri piri, romelsac sasamarTlo niSnavs 7 wlamde
mcirewlovnis an sulierad avadmyofi (an Wkuasusti) piris qonebrivi Tu
piradi interesebis warmosadgenad. magaliTad, 5 wlis bavSvis meurved
niSnavs bebiasa da babuas, radgan mas mSoblebi gardaecvala, sulierad
avadmyof srulwlovan pirs ki meurved uniSnavs dedas da a.S.

mzrunveli
kiTxva:
qmedunariani fizikuri piri, romelsac sasamarTlo niSnavs Svididan
ra SemTxvevaSi
awesebs sasamarTlo Tvramet wlamde arasrulwlovnisa da/an im srulwlovan pirTa interese­
meurveobas? bis warmosadgenad, romelic borotad iyenebs alkohols an narkotikul
mzrunvelobas? nivTierebebs da amiT mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs ojaxs. magaliTad:
mzrunvelad uniSnavs 10 wlis bavSvs mamidas, 23 wlis adamians uniSnavs
mzrunvelad cols, radganac is bevrs svams alkoholur nivTierebebs da
saxlidan yidis Zvirfas nivTebs, raTa SeiZinos arayi da sxv.

130
emansipacia
SemTxveva, roca pirs, marTalia jer kidev ar miuRwevia srulwlovnebis
asakamde, magram gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas samarTali mas
uTanabrebs srulwlovan pirebs.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba qmedunarianobaSi pirTa eman-
5
termini
“emansipacia”
(E. emancipation
Fr. Emancipation L.
emancipation) zogadad
aRniSnavs: “romelime
sipaciis ramdenime SemTxvevas cnobs. pirveli maSin, roca Tvrameti wlis pirovnebis an
asaks miuRweveli piri iqorwinebs (ra Tqma unda mSoblebis an kanonieri socialuri jgufis
warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT), meore - maSin, roca, arasrulwlovans misi gaTavisuflebas
visime, an risame
kanonieri warmomadgeneli mianiWebs sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRo- daqvemdebarebidan,
lis uflebas, mesame, roca arasrulwlovani gankargavs saSualebebs, mflobelobidan
romelic mas gadasca kanonierma warmomadgenelma, an am warmomadgen- gamosvlas
lis TanxmobiT, mesame pirebma, am/an Tavisufali gankargvis mizniT. da Sedegad,
damoukideblobisa
arasrulwlovnis emansipacia daqorwinebisas – saqarTvelos samoqa- da Tanaswori
laqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, saqorwino asakad dawesebulia Tvrameti weli. uflebebis miRebas.
amasTanave, kanonmdebeli iTvaliswinebs gamonakliss am wesidan. ker-
Zod, mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis winaswari werilobiTi
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, pirs Teqvsmeti wlis asakidan SeuZlia iqorwinos.
realur cxovrebaSi, xSiria SemTxveva, roca mSoblebi da/an kano­
nieri warmomadgeneli merkantiluri, materialuri an sxva mizezebis
gamo, uars eubneba Teqvsmeti wlis asaks gadacilebul pirs qorwine-
baze da ar aZlevs mas winaswar werilobiT Tanxmobas. kanonmdebelma
aRniSnul sakiTxzec izruna da daadgina, rom mSoblebis an sxva kano­
nieri warmomadgenlis uaris SemTxvevaSi, dasaqorwinebel pirTa gancxa-
debis safuZvelze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gasces Tanxmoba qorwinebaze.
arasrulwlovnis emansipacia sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolisas –
mSobels an sxva kanonier warmomadgenels SeuZlia Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miR-
weul arasrulwlovans mianiWos sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis ufle-
ba.
am SemTxvevaSi saxezea Semdegi samarTlebrivi garemoebani:
1. sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis ufleba SeiZleba mieniWos
arasrulwlovans Teqvsmeti wlidan;
2. aRniSnuli ufleba arasrulwlovans unda mianiWos mSobelma an
sxva kanonierma warmomadgenelma;
3. sawarmo unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc damoukidebeli, saqarTve-
los kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli, samewarmeo iuridiuli
piri (S.p.s.; s.s.: k.s; s.p.s.);
4. damoukidebeli gaZRolis uflebis micema unda gavigoT, rogorc
arasrulwlovnis samewarmeo iuridiuli piris damoukidebel di-
reqtorad daniSvna, an sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli generaluri
mindobilobis gacema;
5. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, mSoblis an sxva kanonieri
warmomadgenlis SeTanxmeba meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis orga-
nosTan;
6. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovani srulad qmedunariani
xdeba sawarmos marTvis, TanamSromelTa ayvanis, savaWro
xelSekrulebaTa dadebis da sxva iuridiul qmedebaTa sakiTxSi,
romelic mogebis miRebis mizniskenaa mimarTuli. sxva aspeqtebSi
is kvlav SezRudul qmedunarianad miiCneva (magaliTad,
arCevnebSi xmis micemis dros). Sesabamisad, gansxvaveba qorwinebiT
emansipaciisagan isaa, rom Tvrameti wlis asaks miuRweveli piri
qorwinebisas srulad qmedunariani xdeba da mas es qmedunarianoba
ver CamoerTmeva im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki is ganqorwindeba.

131
 5 emansipacia xelSekrulebis dadebisas – xelSekruleba, romelic
dadebulia arasrulwlovnis mier kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis
gareSe, iTvleba namdvilad, Tuki arasrulwlovanma gamoiyena da gankar-
ga is saSualebebi, romlebic gadasca mas kanonierma warmomadgenelma, an
misi TanxmobiT – mesame pirebma, am xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT, an
Tavisufali gankargvis mizniT. magaliTad, arasrulwlovani yidulobs
nayins TavisTvis im fuliT, romelic mas misca dedam Sokoladis sayid-
lad, an im fuliT, romelsac is agrovebs, rogorc “jibis fuls” im Tan­
xidan, romelsac mas Cuqnian saxlSi, an im fuliT, romelic arasrulwlo-
vanma miiRo kanonieri gasamrjelos an honoraris saxiT.

2. garigeba da misi saxeebi

“garigeba es aris Cven viswavleT uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba, magram fizikuri
calmxrivi, ormxrivi
an mravalmxrivi
piris qmedunarianoba, pirvel rigSi, aisaxeba mis mier garigebaTa dadebasa
nebis gamovlena, da ufleba-movaleobebis SeZenaSi. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea sxva-
marTlzomieri dasxva garigebis dadebiTa da maTi SesrulebiT. modiT, SevecadoT gavigoT,
moqmedeba, romelic Tu ra aris garigeba, ra tipis garigebebi arsebobs, rodis iTvleba garigeba
specialuradaa dadebulad da a.S.
mimarTuli
samoqalaqo
uflebebisa da definicia
movaleobebis
warmoSobis,
garigeba es aris piris (fizikuri Tu iuridiuli) nebis gamovlena, rome­lic
Secvlisa an mimarTulia iuridiuli Sedegebis dadgomisaken. es neba SeiZleba gamoxa-
Sewyvetisaken.” tos erTma, orma an metma pirma da momdinareobdes erTi, ori an meti piris
(l. daneliSvili, nebis gamovlinebisagan. Tqven yoveldRiurad debT garigebebs ise, rom mis
m. mesxiSvili; samarTlebriv Sinaarssa da iuridiul aspeqtebze arc ki fiqrobT. magali­
“iuridiuli
Tad: yidulobT funTuSas skolis bufetSi, ixdiT mgzavrobis safasurs av-
leqsikoni”; Tbilisi
2008; gv. 48) tobusSi da a.S., TiToeuli aseTi moqmedeba garigebas warmoadgens.

amasTan erTad, garda imisa, rom nebis gamovlena unda warmoSobdes

iuridiul Sedegebs, aucilebelia, Tavad nebis gamomvlinebeli piri (pirebi)
iyos qmedunariani, ar moqmedebdes cru faqtebis safuZvelze an muqarisa da
SantaJis zemoqmedebis qveS.

132
mokle istoriuli mimoxilva – cneba “garigeba” da “nebis gamovlena”
pirvelad XV I I I saukuneSi warmoiSva. marTalia, romis samarTali garigebis
TiTqmis yvela tips icnobda, romelic XIX saukunis samoqalaqo samarTlis
kodifikaciaSi aisaxa, magram garigebis erTiani cneba mainc misTvis ucxo iyo.
“garigebis” cnebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia gotingenis universitetis
profesoris, georg arnold haizelis saxelTan. 1807 wels gamocemuli
5
naSromis pirvel wignSi, romelsac “zogadi moZRvrebani” ewodeba, man
samoqalaqo sistemis daxasiaTebisas moixsenia “moqmedebani”, romelic
or paragrafad iyofa: “nebis gamovlena” da “gansakuTrebuli garigebani”.
Semdgom, es sistema iqna gavrcelebuli XIX saukunis samoqalaqo samarTalSi.

garigebaTa saxeebi (calmxrivi, ormxrivi, mravalmxrivi), xelSekrulebe-

bi – gamomdinare garigebaSi monawile pirTa odenobidan, samarTali icnobs
calmxriv, ormxriv an mravalmxriv garigebebs. davaxasiaToT TiToeuli
maTgani:

calmxrivia garigeba, romlis namdvilobisaTvisac sakmarisia erTi piris

nebis gamovlena da, romelic iwvevs samarTlebriv Sedegebs (samarTleb­
rivi urTierTobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas) swored am erTi piris
nebis gamovlenis Sedegad. magaliTad, anderZiT vinmesTvis qonebis datove-
ba namdvi­lia mxolod moanderZis nebis gamovleniT, anu anderZis daweriT.
miiRebs Tu ara memkvidre samkvidros, anderZis namdvilobaze gavlenas ver
axdens.

ormxrivi da mravalmxrivia garigeba, romelTa dadebisa da namdvilobisaT-

vis saWiroa ori, an meti piris nebis gamovlena. aseT garigebebs xelSekrule-
bas uwodeben, e.i. yvela xelSekruleba aris garigeba (imdenad, ramdenadac
es aris ori an meti piris nebis gamovlena, romelic iwvevs samarTlebrivi
urTier­Tobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas), Tumca yvela garigeba SeiZ­
leba ar iyos xelSekruleba (magaliTad, calmxrivi garigeba).

oferti da aqcepti – xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb SeTavazebas ewode-

ba oferti (magaliTad, gamyidveli gTavazobT Sokoladis SeZenas, an Tqven
sTavazobT megobars velosipedebis gacvlas), xolo am winadadebaze Tanxmo-
bas – aqcepti (Tqven Tanxmobas acxadebT, SeiZinoT SemoTavazebuli Soko-
ladi SemoTavazebul fasad, megobari gTanxmdebaT gagicvaloT velodispe-
di).

ofertis ganmaxorcielebel pirs oferenti ewodeba, aqceptis mimRebs ki –

aqceptanti.

imisaTvis, rom xelSekruleba daidos, saWiroa, konkretulad gansazRvruli

oferti miRebuli iyos aqceptantis mier da masze pirdapiri Tanxmoba iqnes
gacxadebuli. Tu SemoTavazebul oferts meore mxare, Tavis mxriv, axal Se-
Tavazebas dauxvedrebs (magaliTad, megobari ar gTanxmdebaT velosipedebis
gacvlaze, magram Tanaxmaa is gagicvaloT kompiuterSi), es axal ofertad
aRiqmeba da aqceptanti ukve pirveli ofertis mimcemi gaxdeba.
kiTxva:
xelSekrulebebic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirdeba da iyofa sxvadasxva ramdeni piris
saxeebad. magaliTad: nebis gamovlena
SeiZleba CaiTvalos
garigebad?
anazRaurebad miiCneva xelSekruleba (garigeba), romliTac erTma mxarem
mainc unda miiRos anazRaureba, an raime sxva Semxvedri materialuri sikeTe.
magaliTad, mobiluri telefonis yidvisas gamyidvels gadascemT Tanxas da
iRebT mobilurs.

133
5 aunazRaurebel xelSekrulebaTa kategorias miekuTvneba garigeba, rom-
lis dadebisas, erT-erTi mxare kisrulobs garkveul valdebulebebs,
yovelgvari Semxvedri anazRaurebis gareSe. magaliTad, roca Tqven mego-
bars CuqniT wigns an avtokalams, Tqven aunazRaurebel xelSekrulebas
(Cuqebas) debT, vinaidan sapirispiro, Semxvedri valdebuleba, Tqvens mego-
bars iuridiulad ar gaaCnia.
garigebaTa baTiloba – kerZo samarTlis subieqtebis kerZo avtonomia,
Tavisuflad dadon garigebebi, yovelTvis SezRudulia. SezRudva momdina
reobs, upirveles yovlisa, kanonis moTxovnebidan, anu baTilad CaiTvleba
garigeba, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs da,
am dros, qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba sruliad iziarebs demok­
ratiuli samarTlis maxasiaTebel princips - “rac kanoniT akrZaluli araa,
nebadarTulia” (gansxvavebiT, avtokratuli an diqtatoruli samarTlis
principisa: “rac kanoniT nebadarTuli araa, akrZalulia”).
unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, garigebaTa baTilobis dadge-
na-dadastureba sasamarTlos prerogativaa da sasamarTlos mier miRebu-
li, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT unda iqnes damtkicebuli.
garda zemoaRniSnuli zogadi debulebebisa, rom garigeba baTilia, Tu is
ewinaaRmdegeba kanons, sajaro wesrigsa Tu zneobis normebs, saqarTve­
los samoqalaqo kodeqsi aseve adgens ramdenime safuZvels, romel-
Ta SemTxvevaSic nebis gamovlena baTilad unda CaiTvalos. magaliTad:
1. nebis gamovlenis araseriozuloba - baTilia garigeba, romelic
dadebulia araseriozulad (xumrobiT) im mosazrebiTa da varaudiT,
rom nebis gamovlenis araseriozuloba gamocnobili iqneba. magaliTad,
moqalaqe ivane, Tavis mezobels, moqalaqe petres xumrobiT sTavazobs
avtomobilis yidvas, romelic Rirs 5000 lari, 1000 larad.
2. moCvenebiTi garigeba - baTilia garigeba, romelic dadebulia mxo­lod
mosaCveneblad, im ganzraxvis gareSe, rom mas Sesabamisi iuridiuli Sede-
gebi mohyves. amasTan, Tu garigebis monawile mxa­reebs surT sxva garige-
bis dafarva, maSin dafaru-
li garigebis mimarT ga-
moiyeneba moqmedi wesebi
(TvalTmaqcuri garigeba).
magaliTad, moqalaqe ivanes
aqvs ban kis vali, romlis
gadaxda ar surs. amasTa-
nave, hyavs avtomobili,
romlis Rirebuleba imde-
nia, rom is dafaravs bankis
vals. ivane, romelsac ar
surs, rom bankma iZulebis
wesiT gausxvisos avtomo-
bili da, am gziT, gadafaros
sesxi, Tavis avtomanqanas
uformebs (mosaCveneblad
mihyidis) Tavis Zmas da-
viTs. Tumca realurad arc
Tan­xis gadaxda momxdara,
arc avtomanqanis mflo-
belobaSi gadacema da am
avtomanqaniT isev Zvelebu-
rad sargeblobs ivane da,
misi subieqturi gagebiT,
is isev aris avtomanqanis

134
 mesakuTre. bankma Seitana sasamarTloSi sarCeli garigebis baTilobis
moTxovniT da SeZlo valis dabruneba.
3. mcirewlovnobis an qmeduunarobis gamo – baTilia mcirewlovnis,
an sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris nebis gamovlena.
magaliTad, merabi, romelic suliT avadmyofia, ezoSi yofnisas ucnob
gamvlels etyvis, rom is Cuqnis mas mamis avtomobils.
5
4. formadaucveli - baTilia kanoniTan xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li aucilebeli formis daucvelad dadebuli garigeba. aseve nebarTvis
gareSe dadebuli garigeba, Tu am garigebis namdvilobisaTvis aucile-
belia nebarTva. magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixed-
viT, uZravi qonebis SesaZenad, moqalaqe lelam moqalaqe nataliasTan
unda dados werilobiTi formiT garigeba (nasyidobis xelSekruleba)
da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT daaregistriros sajaro reestrSi. amis
nacvlad, moqalaqe lela sityvierad Tanxmdeba nataliasTan, uxdis mas
uZravi qonebis safasurs da miiCnevs mas Tavis sakuTrebad.
Tanxmoba garigebebSi – ar SeiZleba garigebaTa ganxilvisas ar SevexoT
Tanxmobas garigebebSi, radgan xSiria SemTxveva, roca garigebaTa namdvi-
lobas sWirdeba mesame pirTa Tanxmoba. es is SemTxvevaa, roca Tanxmobis
mimcemi uSualod ar monawileobs garigebaSi rogorc garigebis mxare, mag­
ram misi Tanxmobis gareSe garigebis namdviloba ver dadgeba. magaliTad,
arasrulwlo­ vani ver SeiZens velosipeds, Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli
ar iqneba Tanaxma; SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sawarmos damfuZnebel-
partni­ori ver gaasxvisebs wils am sazogadoebis damfuZnebel-partniorTa
krebis oqmis gareSe; direqtori ver SeiZens uZrav qonebas partniorTa kre-
bis gareSe da sxv.

135
5 qmedunarianoba, rogorc garigebis namdvilobis piroba –imisaTvis, rom
garigeba namdvilad CaiTvalos, erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa, misi damdebi yve-
la piri iyos qmedunariani. es gulisxmobs srulwlovanebas (Tvrameti wlis
asaki da zemoT) da gamoricxavs piris Wkuasustobas, suliT avadmyofobas da
SezRudul qmedunarianobas. SeiZleba, garigeba dados arasrulwlovanmac,
magram kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da wesiT es garigeba unda moiwonon
misma warmomadgenlebma (magaliTad, mSoblebma, meurvem).
garigebis formebi – saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, garige-
bis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebelia kanoniT dadgenili formis dacva da
garigebis am formiT dadeba. Tu garigebis forma kanoniT ar aris gan­
sazRvruli, maSin is SeuZlia gansazRvron mxareebma.

garigebis formebi

rTuli
martivi
zepiri werilobiTi
werilobiTi
(sanotaro)

am mxriv, qarTuli kanonmdebloba liberaluria da garigebis formis arCe­

visas mxareebs did Tavisuflebas aniWebs. mxolod ramdenime tipis garigebis
dadebis dros gansazRvravs aucilebel formas (magaliTad: uZrav nivTze
garigeba, giravnoba, avtosatransporto saSualebaze garigebebi, anderZi,
mindobiloba da sxv.) umetes garigebaze ki mxareebs Tavad SeuZliaT gan­
sazRvron, romeli formaa maTTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli (magaliTad:
ijara, sesxi, qiravnoba, moZravi nivTebis nasyidoba da sxv.) gvxvdeba garige-
bis zepiri forma (magaliTad: bazrobaze produqtebis SeZena, mSoblis
mier SvilisaTvis jibis fulis Cuqeba). garigebis werilobiTi forma SeiZ­
leba iyos rogorc martivi werilobiTi, ise sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli
(magali­Tad: uZravi qonebis, avtomanqanis nasyidoba, anderZi da a.S.)
Tanxmoba da warmomadgenloba garigebebSi– saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba icnobs garigebaTa saxeebs, romelTac namdvilobisaTvis me-
same piris (pirTa) Tanxmoba esaWiroeba (magaliTad, meurveobisa da mzurnve­
lobis organos Tanxmoba sawarmos marTvis gaZRolaze; 16 wlis asaks miR-
weuli pirisaTvis kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba qorwinebaze) S.p.s.-is
damfuZnebel-partnioris mier sakuTari wilis gasxvisebisaTvis gamsxvi­
sebels esaWiroeba sxva damfuZnebel-partniorebis Tanxmoba). Tanxmobis mi-
zani SeiZleba iyos rogorc uSualod garigebis monawileTa, ise mesame pirTa
interesebis dacva (magaliTad, Tanaziari sakuTrebisas sxva TanamesakuTre-
Ta). amasTanave, unda vicodeT, rom yvelgan, sadac garigebis namdvilobi-
saTvis kanonmdebloba moiTxovs mesame pirebisagan Tanxmobas, misi gamoxat-
va aucilebelia garigebis namdvilobisaTvis.
Tanxmobis moTxovna SeiZleba iyos imperatiuli (roca kanonmdebloba
pirdapir moiTxovs Tanxmobis aucileblobas) da dispoziciuri (roca
garigebis monawileTa nebiT saWiro xdeba mesame piris Tanxmoba).
mesame pirs Tanxmobis gamoTqma-gamoxatva SeuZlia rogorc erTi, ise meore
mxaris winaSe.

136
 3. sakuTreba da mflobeloba
nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba misi flobis (Weris, Senaxvis), sargeblobisa
(sameurneo an arasameurneo mizniT gamoyeneba, sargeblis miReba misgan da
sxv.) da gankargvis (gasxviseba, uflebrivad datvirTva, gaCuqeba, gacvla da
a.S.) erTobliobaa. sakuTrebis dros, pirs SeuZlia nivTze ganaxorcielos
mflobeloba, sargebloba da gankargos is sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr.
5
magaliTad:
Tqven SegiZliaT
velosipedi SeinaxoT
avtofarexSi (flobT
mas), iseirnoT parkSi
sakuTrebas aqvs rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri Sinaarsi. sakuTrebis (sargeblobT misiT)
pozitiur SinaarsSi igulisxmeba Tavad piris urTierToba nivTTan. kerZod, da aCuqoT megobars
rogor moeqceva nivTs, rogor gamoiyenebs, rogor gankargavs da a.S. negati- (gankargoT is).
uri Sinaarsi ki gulisxmobs sxva pirebis mimarTebasa da damokidebulebas sa-
kuTrebasTan. kerZod, is, rom sxva pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, kanonieri safuZ-
vlis gareSe, xeli SeuSalon mesakuTris urTierTobas nivTTan. magali­Tad,
avtofarexis win mezobels ar SeuZlia dagviyaros SeSa da amiT, xeli SegviSa-
los avtofarexSi manqanis SeyvanaSi; quCaSi gamvlels ara aqvs ufleba es-
rolos qva Cvens sakuTrebaSi arsebul sacxovrebel saxls da Cag­vimtvrios
mina. erTi sityviT, sakuTreba absoluturi uflebaa, romelic aerTianebs
rogorc pozitiur, aseve negatiur Sinaarss.

amasTanave, sakuTreba ar aris `lagammiSvebuli~ faseuloba. Cven val-

debulebi varT, ise gamoviyenoT Cveni sakuTreba, rom ar davarRvioT sxva
adamianis kanonismieri an saxelSekrulebo uflebani. aseve, rig SemTxveveb-
Si, kanoni Tavad awesrigebs sakuTrebis movla-patronobis regulacias da
mesakuTre valdebulia, daemorCilos mas.
Tanaziari sakuTrebis gasxvisebisas, kanoni avalebs mesakuTres, upiratesi
Sesyidvis ufleba SesTavazos TanamesakuTres. upiratesi ufleba
gulisxmobs, igive fasiTa da pirobebiT, nivTis Sesyidvis pirveli rigis
uflebis miniWebas TanamesakuTresaTvis. magaliTad, Tu Tqven da Tqveni
megobari erToblivad SeisyidiT skeitbords, is, bunebrivia, Tqveni kiTxva:
TanasakuTreba iqneba im wilobrivi monawileobiT, romliTac Tanxis gadaxda Tqveni azriT,
moxda Tqveni mxridan. Tu Tqveni megobari moindomebs, am skeitbordis ratom unda hqondes
kuTvnili wili gaasxvisos Tavis nacnobze garkveul fasad, is valdebuli TanamesakuTres
upiratesi Sesyidvis
iqneba, Tavdapirvelad igive fasad misi Sesyidva Tqven SemogTavazoT. Tqveni ufleba?
gadasawyvetia, miiRebT Tu ara am winadadebas.

137
 5 mflobeloba - es aris nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis mopoveba pirovnebis
Tavisufali nebiT. anu, aq ori samarTlebrivi garemoebaa saxeze: pirve-
li - nivTze batonobis mopoveba, misi pyroba, misi gamoyenebisa da marTvis
SesaZ­lebloba, misgan sargeblis miReba. magaliTad: moqiravnes ufleba aqvs,
icxov­ros naqiraveb binaSi, monaTxovres ufleba aqvs, iseirnos naTxovari
naviT; moijares ufleba aqvs, miiRos sargebeli ijariT aRebuli komerci-
uli farTis muSaobis Sedegad da a.S. meore samarTlebrivi aspeqti - am ba-
tonobis nebiT mopovebaa. pirs unda surdes, rom mflobeli gaxdes. magali­
Tad: moqiravnem sakuTari nebiT unda iqiraos avtomanqana, monaTxovrem
sakuTari nebiT unda iTxovos biblioTekaSi wignebi, moijarem sakuTari
nebiT unda aiRos ijariT komerciuli farTi da a.S.
mflobeloba aucileblad unda iyos kanonis Sesabamisi wesiT mopovebuli.
erTi mxriv, es gulisxmobs, rom garigeba unda daidos im wesiTa da formiT,
romelsac iTxovs kanoni, meore mxriv, es gulisxmobs, rom piri ar unda moq­
kiTxva: medebdes kanondarRveviT. mflobelad ver CaiTvleba qurdi, moZalade,
kanoni ambobs, rom yaCaRi, vinc nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba moipova Zaladobis, tyuilis an
mflobelobisTvis sxva kanondarRvevis gziT.
sakmarisia, rodesac
piri axorcielebs ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mflobelobasa da sakuTrebas Soris vadianoba da
faqtobriv samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebaa, romelic mflobels da/an mesakuTres
nebelobiT gaaCnia.
batonobas nivTze.
is, rom mas ar aqvs vadianoba gulisxmobs Semdegs: mflobeloba yovelTvis garkveuli vadiT
mflobelobis warmoiSoba da am vadis dasrulebisas wydeba. magaliTad: qiravnoba, ijara.
ufleba, es
aramarTlzomier
mflobelobis sxva saxeebi warmoiSoba mxolod garkveuli vadiT (erTi TviT,
mflobelobaze ori wliT, sami kvartliT da a.S.) sakuTreba ki uvadoa da sanam mesakuTre
miuTiTebs. anu sakuTrebis uflebas sxvas ar dauTmobs (magaliTad, ar gayidis nivTs), an
qurdi, yaCaRi da sanam es nivTi arsebobs fizikurad, sakuTrebis uflebas vada ar gasdis.
a.S. faqtobrivad
mainc mflobeli Semdegia samarTalurTierTobis xasiaTi. sakuTrebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
gamodis, Tumca, es zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTalurTierTobis xasiaTi absoluturia (zemoT
aramarTlzomieri sakuTrebis uflebis absoluturi xasiaTi ukve davasaxeleT). mflobelobis
ase ar aris?
SemTxvevaSi, ufleba SezRudulia xelSekrulebiT da/an kanoniT. mflobe-
li valdebulia, qoneba miznobrivad da mesakuTresTan winaswari SeTanxme-
biT gamoiyenos. valdebulia, daicvas saxelSekrulebo moxmarebis wesebi da
aravi­Tar absoluturobaze aq ar SeiZleba saubari. magaliTad, Sps `n-oil~-
ma ijariT aiRo S.p.s. `farTi~-sagan teritoria benzingasamarTi sadguris
funqcionirebisaTvis. S.p.s. `n-oili~ valdebulia, teritoriaze moawyos
benzingasamarTi sadguri da ufleba ara aqvs, is gamoiyenos Ramis klubis
asaSeneblad.

138
mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis arsebiTi Semdegi gansxvaveba nivTis gan-
kargvis uflebas gulisxmobs. nivTis gankargva esaa nivTis gasxviseba (gay-
idva, gacvla, gaCuqeba), an sxva sanivTo samarTlebrivi uflebiT datvirTva
(ipoTeka, uzufruqti, aRnagoba, giravnoba da a.S.). mesakuTres ufleba aqvs,
gankargos nivTi, xolo mflobels amis ufleba ar gaaCnia.
5
moZravi da uZravi nivTebi. nivTebi SeiZleba iyos moZravi an uZravi.
uZravi nivTia miwis nakveTi, masSi arsebuli wiaRiseuliT, aseve mcenareebi
da Senoba-nagebobebi, romlebic myaradaa niadagze. magaliTad: saxli, mi-
wis nakveTi, sacxovrebeli korpusi, avtofarexi da a.S. myarad yofna unda
ganvsazRvroT, rogorc miwaze damagreba Senoba-nagebobisa ise, rom misi
dangrevis an Rirebulebis arsebiTad Semcirebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iyos
misi mocileba niadagidan. amitom, uZrav nivTad ar CaiTvleba asawyobi
elemen­tebisagan Seqmnili droebiTi Senoba-nageboba, radgan is myarad ar
aris damagrebuli miwaze. magaliTad, uZravi qoneba kapitalurad aSenebu-
li sacxovrebeli saxlia, magram droebiTi sacxovrebeli vagoni ukve uZrav
qonebad veRar CaiTvleba.
marTalia, samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ar icnobs moZravi nivTis calke
gansazRvrebas, magram martivi logikis mixedviT, nebismieri nivTi, romelic
uZravi araa, moZravia. magaliTad: burTi, magida, skami, hamaki da a.S. kiTxva:
romeli nivTebi
iuridiuli fiqciis wyalobiT, moZravi nivTi SeiZleba gaxdes uZravi. Tu igulisxmeba aq? sad
Tqven moZrav nivTs registraciaSi gaatarebT sajaro reestrSi (masze qve- aris misi regulacia
moT visaubrebT), am moZrav nivTze srulad gavrceldeba uZravi nivTis kodeqsSi?
samarTlebrivi reJimi (magaliTad, mis gasayidad an sxvagvarad gankargvi-
saTvis, sajaro reestrSi unda daaregistriroT garigeba).
sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis uflebis warmoSoba moZrav da uZrav
nivTebze

nivTebi iyofa

moZrav nivTebad uZrav nivTebad

Tavdapirvelad visaubroT sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobaze. moZrav

nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba SedarebiT martiv iuridiul
procedurebTanaa dakavSirebuli. maTze sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZleba war-
moiSvas an mxolod zepiri saxiT (magaliTad: sursaTis yidva supermarketSi,
saTamaSo etlis yidva bavSvisTvis da a.S.), an SeiZleba kanonmdebloba iTval-
iswinebdes moZravi nivTis SeZenis damadasturebeli dokumentebis werilo­
biTi saxiT gaformebas. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad exeba iuridiul pirebs an
araregistrirebul kavSirebs, sabuRaltro dokumentaciis warmoebisas.
magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis mier
moxdes samSeneblo masalebis Sesyidva, igi valdebulia, gaaformos nasyido-
ba werilobiTi saxiT da daurTos saTanado sabuRaltro dokumentacia.

139
5

igive wesi vrceldeba moZrav nivTebze mflobelobis uflebis warmoSobaze.

magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT iTxovoT megobrisagan tansacmeli sityvieri
SeTanxmebiT, saaqcio sazogadoebam ijariT aiRos samacivre danadgarebi
werilobiTi formiT da a.S.
rac Seexeba uZrav nivTebze mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis warmo-
Sobas - es sakiTxi bevrad rTul samarTlebriv regulaciebs moiTxovs. ker-
Zod, daviwyoT uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis mopovebiT. uZrav nivTze
sakuTrebis ufleba moipoveba mxolod sajaro reestrSi werilobiTi saxiT
Sedgenili dokumentis (garigeba, samkvidro mowmoba, sakuTrebis mowmoba da
a.S.) wardgeniTa da misi registraciiT. Sesabamisad, sakuTrebis ufleba war-
moSobilad iTvleba misi sajaro reestrSi registraciis momentidan.
rac Seexeba mflobelobas, is SeiZleba warmoiSvas rogorc zepiri saxiT,
aseve martivi da/an sanotaro wesiT werilobiT gaformebuli xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze an werilobiTi saxis xelSekrulebis registraciiT sajaro
rees­trSi. rogorc wesi, kanoni am mxriv did Tavisuflebas aniWebs garige-
bis monawileebs, Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT uZrav
nivTze mflobelobis mopoveba iuridiuli piris mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki garigeba erT welze meti vadiTaa dadebuli, misi registracia saval-
debuloa sajaro reestrSi. magaliTad, Tu iuridiuli piri ijariT aiRebs
saofise farTs, komerciul farTs da a.S. da Tuki garigeba erT welze meti
vadiTaa dadebuli, misi registracia sajaro reestrSi savaldebuloa.

140
 5
magaliTad: Tqveni
mezobeli yidulobs
binas, xolo sajaro
reestrSi es bina
registrirebulia
Tqvens yofil
mezobelze.
nasyidobis
dadebidan erTi Tvis
Semdgom Tqvens axal
mezobelTan modis
moqalaqe, romelic
eubneba, rom es
bina mas ekuTvnoda
da nasyidobis
xelSekruleba
arasworadaa
dadebuli (baTilia).
vinaidan Tqveni
axali mezobeli
binis nasyidobisas
eyrdnoboda sajaro
reestris amonawers
sajaro reestri, misi utyuarobis prezumfcia. sajaro reestri - sajaro- da misi utyuarobis
samarTlebrivi institutia, sadac warmoebs calkeuli kerZosamarTleb­ prezumfcias,
rivi uflebebis registracia nivTebze, rogorc uZrav, magaliTad: is rCeba mis
mesakuTred.
binis nasyidoba, ipoTeka da a.S., agreTve moZrav nivTebze (iuridiuli
fiqcia). uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebisa da sanivTo samarTlebriv uflebaTa
(ipoTeka, aRnagoba, servituti da a.S.) registracia savaldebuloa. sajaro
reestrSi moZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registracia mxareTa neba-survilzea
damokidebuli. magaliTad:
Tqven ijariT
sajaro reestri - saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi aiReT maRazia da
myofi organoa, romelic xelmZRvanelobs `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq­ ganaxorcieleT masSi
siT~, saqarTvelos kanoniT `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~, agreTve, iusticiis investicia. kerZod,
ministris brZanebiT. gaaremonteT,
aRWurveT avejiTa
sajaro reestris mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia. da inventariT
es niSnavs, rom misi Canawerebi iTvleba utyuarad manam, sanam sasamarTlos da a.S. ijaris
mier sapirispiro ar iqneba damtkicebuli, an wamoyenebuli ar iqneba Sedave- xelSekruleba
gaformebul iqna
ba da garigebis damdebma romelime mxarem amis Sesaxeb icis.
sami wliT. sami
mflobelis uflebebi mesakuTris winaaRmdeg - miuxedavad imisa, rom sa- wlis ganmavlobaSi
mesakuTres ufleba
kuTreba absoluturi uflebaa da Tavad mflobelobac SeiZleba gamom­
ara aqvs, mogTxovoT
dinareobdes mesakuTris mier sxva pirisaTvis mflobelobaSi nivTis farTis datoveba
gadacemidan, marTlzomier mflobels, Tavad mesakuTris mxridan TviT- (Tuki Tqveni
nebobisaganc ki icavs kanonmdebloba. kerZod, dauSvebelia marTlzomier mxridan ar irRveva
mflobels CamoerTvas nivTze batonoba (mflobeloba) vadamde, aseve mflo- saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebani).
belis sakuTrebad iTvleba nivTisa da uflebis nayofi.
agreTve, Tqvens
sakuTrebaSi rCeba is
komerciuli mogeba,
romelic maRaziis
sargeblobisa da
muSaobis Sedegad
miiReT saijaro
samarTalurTier_
Tobis vadaSi.

141
5 4. nasyidobis xelSekruleba
cneba
nasyidoba - samoqalaqo samarTlis uZvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi insti-
tutia. Cven yoveldRiurad vdebT nasyidobis xelSekrulebebs. vyidulobT
produqts, wignebs, kinoTeatris bileTebs, Cveni axloblebi muSaoben gamyid­
velebad sxvadasxva obieqtze da yidian sxvadasxva produqcias. xSi­rad, arc ki
vakvirdebiT Cveni qmedebis samarTlebriv aspeqts. imdenad buneb­rivad Cans
yidva-gayidvis procesi, rom azradac ar mogvdis mis samarTleb­riv bunebaze
fiqri. magram nasyidoba samoqalaqo samarTlis erT-erTi yvelaze detalu-
rad reglamentirebuli da Tvisobrivad damuSavebuli nawilia. Cven cota,
magram aucilebeli informacia unda vicodeT nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
samarTlebriv bunebaze.
nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT, myidveli movalea gamyidvels gadauxados Se-
Tanxmebuli sazRauri da miiRos saqoneli. gamyidveli ki, Tavis mxriv, val-
debulia, miiRos SeTanxmebuli sazRauri myidvelisagan, gadasces mas saWi­
ro sabuTebi, qoneba da sakuTrebis ufleba qonebaze.
nasyidobis xelSekruleba ormxrivia, radgan masSi monawileobs ori mxare
- myidveli da gamyidveli (mniSvneloba aq aqvs myidveli da/an gamyidveli
erTi piria Tu ramdenime);
nasyidobis xelSkruleba konsensualuria, radgan is dadebulad da warmo-
Sobilad iTvleba mxareTa mier mis ZiriTad pirobebze SeTanxmebisas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu Tqven yidulobT maRaziaSi televizors da Se-
TanxmdebiT televizoris fassa da xarisxze gamyidvelTan, miuxedavad imisa,
Tanxa gadaxdili gaqvT salaroSi jer Tu ara da televizoric gadmogecaT
jer Tu ara, nasyidobis xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba da Sesabamisi
ufleba-movaleobebic warmogeSobaT.
nasyidobis xelSekruleba sasyidliania, radgan aucilebelia, rom myidvel-
ma gadaixados nasyidobis fasi. sxva SemTxvevaSi, saxeze gveqneboda Cuqeba,
romlis drosac erTi mxare (gamCuqebeli) meore mxares (dasaCuqrebuls)
usas­yidlod gadascems raime qonebas sakuTrebaSi.

nasyidoba

ormxrivia konsensualuria sasyidliania

vin SeiZleba iyos nasyidobis xelSekrulebis mxare? - nasyidobis mxared

(myidvelad an gamyidvelad) SeiZleba mogvevlinos nebismieri qmedunariani
fizikuri piri, an nebismieri iuridiuli piri (samewarmeo, arasamewarmeo),
agreTve araregistrirebuli kavSiri.
nasyidobis sagani SeiZleba iyos nebismieri nivTi da/an aramaterialuri
sikeTe (saavtoro ufleba, logo, wili samewarmeo sazogadoebaSi da a.S.),
romelTa floba, gankargva da sargebloba kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli, an ar
ewinaaRmdegeba sayovelTaod aRiarebul zneobriv normebs.

142
 5
magaliTad, ivane
mihyidis petres
televizors, magram,
roca televizors
saxlSi wasaRebad
petre manqanaSi
Cadebs, masTan miva
daviTi, romelic
acxadebs, rom
televizori ivanem
daagirava daviTis
sasargeblod, mis
mier nasesxebi fulis
uzrunvelsayofad.

nasyidobis forma SeiZleba iyos zepiri, martivi werilobiTi, sanotaro

wesiT damowmebuli.
kiTxva:
nasyidobis xelSekrulebaTa umetesoba zepiri formiT ideba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT msgavsi
magaliTebis
nasyidoba maRaziaSi, TeatrSi (bileTis yidva), satransporto saSualebaSi
moyvana?
(magaliTad: avtobusis, metros bileTis yidva) da a.S.
werilobiTi formiT ideba garigebani, roca an mxareebi sagangebod magaliTad, nana
SeTanxmdebian amaze, an amas kanoni moiTxovs. magaliTad, avtosatransporto mihyidis besos
saSualebis nasyidoba unda daidos werilobiTi formiT, organizaciis mier kompiuters,
teqnikis Sesyidva unda moxdes werilobiTi formiT da sxva. romelic ar muSaobs,
an mamuka mihyidis
sanotaro wesiT xdeba im garigebaTa damowmeba, romlebsac mxareebi valeris miwis
gadawyve­ten an kanoni moiTxovs amas. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi Seta­ nakveTs winaswari
SeTanxmebiT,
nil cvlilebe­bamde, saqarTveloSi uZravi nivTis sayidlad, aucilebeli rom valeri
iyo garigebis werilobiTi formiT dadeba da sanotaro wesiT damowmeba. masze aaSenebs
igi­ve exeba wils samewarmeo iuridiul pirebSi da sxv. mravalsarTulian
sacxovrebel
naklis gamo pasuxismgebloba saxls. nasyidobis
gaformebis Semdgom
gamyidvelma nivTi myidvels uflebrivad da nivTobrivad unaklo unda ki aRmoCndeba, rom
gadasces. am miwis nakveTze
gadis gazis mili da
uflebrivad naklis mqonea nivTi, Tu mesame pirs SeuZlia wamoayenos preten-
mSenebloba saerTod
ziebi am nivTis gamo. ar SeiZleba da a.S.
nivTobrivad naklis mqonea nivTi, romelic ar Seesabameba xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebul xarisxs, an uvargisia Cveulebrivi an saxelSekrulebo
miznebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
ra movaleobani ekisreba gamyidvels nivTis nakliT gayidvisas?
1. gamyidvelma unda gamoasworos nakli (magaliTad, SeakeTos
kompiuteri, dafaros sasesxo davalianeba, romlis uzrunvel­
sayofad daitvirTa nivTi) da a.S.
2. gamyidvelsave ekisreba naklis gamosworebisaTvis saWiro finan­
suri xarjebis dafarvis valdebuleba (transportirebis, remon-
tis da sxva xarjebi).

143
 5
magaliTad,
programists
saswrafod
esaWiroeboda
kompiuteri, raTa
Seeqmna programa
gamyidvels, aseve SeuZlia, uari Tqvas nivTis Secvlasa an gamosworebaze da
aseT SemTxvevaSi valdebulia, daubrunos myidvels nasyidobis fasi, aseve
aunazRauros ziani.
Tu gamyidveli myidvels naklis mqone nivTis nacvlad gadascems SeTanxme-
bul unaklo nivTs, maSin gamyidvels ufleba aqvs, daibrunos naklis mqone
nivTi myidvelisagan. sxva SemTxvevaSi, myidvels darCeboda ori nivTi da sa­
da gaeyida, rac
ver moaswro, xeze gveqneboda usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxveva.
radgan kompiuteri
kidev erTi garemoeba, myidvels SeuZlia, gamyidvels daaklebinos nasyido-
ar muSaobda.
gamyidveli bis fasi nivTis naklovanebis SemTxvevaSi da am dros, gamyidvels arc nivTis
valdebulia, gamocvlis da arc naklis aRmofxvra ar daekisreba. magaliTad, giorgim Ta-
gadasces is munasagan iyida audio pleeri. aRmoCnda, rom gamarTulad ar muSaobda xmis
Tanxac, romelsac gamaZliereblebi. giorgim daaklebina Tamunas nasyidobis fasi da audio
myidveli miiRebda
pleeri mainc SeiZina.
kompiuteris
unaklobis quCaSi dadebuli garigebebi
SemTxvevaSi.
aris praqtikaSi SemTxvevebi, roca raime xelSekrulebas vdebT quCaSi,
saxlis win, sadarbazoSi, an sulac saxlSi gvakiTxaven sxvadasxva produqciis
distributorebi da gvTavazoben garkveuli produqtis yidvas, raime
momsaxurebas, serviss. rogor reglamentirdeba aRniSnuli iuridiulad?
gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba, uari vTqvaT xelSekrulebaze, Tu ukve viyideT raime
nivTi? ra vadaSi?

144
Tavdapirvelad ganvsazRvroT is, Tu rodis iTvleba garigeba quCaSi
dade­bulad. msgavsi tipis garigeba saxeze gvaqvs, roca momxmarebelsa da
movaWres Soris garigeba ideba quCaSi, saxlis win an sxva tipis adgileb-
Si. gan­sazRvrisas, mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad faqts, Tu sad ideba konkretu-
lad garigeba. vinaidan, movaWre vaWrobs daxlze, romelic ganTavsebulia
metros SesasvlelTan, an sacxovrebeli korpusis ezoSi da masTan midis
5
momxmarebeli da debs garigebas, am tipis garigebas ver miviCnevT quCaSi
dadebul garigebad. mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris moulodneloba
momxmareblisaTvis. anu, momxmarebeli ar unda elodes SeTavazebas. misTvis
cnobili ar unda iyos, rom mas raimes SesTavazeben. magaliTad, Tu Tqven mi-
dixarT bazarSi (quCaSi ganTavsebuli) da yidulobT vaSls, es standartuli
nasyidobis xelSekrulebaa, magram Tu saxlSi gestumrebaT teqnikis firmis
warmomadgeneli, romelic gTavazobT televizoris SeZena - montaJs da Tu
aRniSnul winadadebas daTanxmdebiT, garigebas SeiZleba mieces kvalifika-
cia, rogorc quCaSi dadebuli garigeba.
quCaSi dadebuli garigeba meryevad baTili garigebaa (meryevad baTili
garigebis cneba Cven ukve viswavleT). kerZod, garigebis dadebidan erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi, momxmarebels calmxrivad SeuZlia werilobiTi uari
ganacxados garigebaze, magaliTad: ninos quCaSi Sexvda givi, romelmac Ses-
Tavaza mas sarecxi manqanis SeZena adgilze transportirebiTa da montaJiT.
imavdroulad, aCvena ninos katalogebi, sadac sarecxi manqanebi sakmaod
moxdenilad gamoiyureboda. nino daTanxmda, Tumca saxlSi dabrunebulma
meuRlisagan gaigo, rom msgavs sarecx manqanebs sxva firma gacilebiT iafad
yidda. ninom werilobiTi uari ganucxada distributor givis. kiTxva:
isaubreT nasyidobis
amasTanave, aucileblad unda vicodeT, rom uaris Tqma dauSvebelia, Tuki xelSekrulebaze
xelSekrulebis Sesruleba dadebisTanave xdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogadad.
Tuki, magaliTad, Tqven saxlSi gestumrebaT distributori, romelic gaixseneT
SemTxvevebi,
SemogTavazebT Sampuns da Tqven mas maSinve SeiZenT (gadaixdiT safasurs da rodesac yofilxarT
gadmogecemaT Sampuni sakuTrebaSi), Tqven uaris Tqmis uflebas kargavT. aRniSnuli
xelSekrulebis
mxare.
5. qiravnoba Tqveni azriT, ratom
aris nasyidobis
qiravnoba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mniSvnelovani nawilia. is jer kidev
samarTlebrivi
romis samarTlidanaa cnobili civilistebisaTvis (samoqalaqo samarTlis regulireba
specialistebisaTvis). mas did yuradRebas uTmobs qarTuli samoqalaqo mniSvnelovani?
samarTalic da, SeZlebisagvarad, amomwuravad ayalibebs qiravnobis regu-
laciebs. Cven, winamdebare TavSi, mokled SeviswavliT qiravnobasTan dakav-
Sirebul ramdenime samarTlebriv aspeqts. codnis gaRrmaveba ki SegiZliaT
specialuri literaturis daxmarebiT.
qiravnoba - aris samoqalaqo samarTlis instituti, romlis safuZvelzec
erTi piri gadascems meore pirs garkveul nivTs sargeblobaSi, gansazRvru-
li vadiTa da anazRaurebiT.
anu, qiravnobiT samarTalurTierTobaSi gvyavs mxareebi - gamqiravebe-
li da damqiravebeli (subiqtebi). isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc fizikuri,
aseve iuridiuli pirebi, anda araregistrirebuli kavSiri. amasTan, rogorc
gamqiravebeli, aseve damqiravebeli SeiZleba warmoadginos mindobilma pir-
ma, saTanadod damowmebuli mindobilobis safuZvelze.
qiravnobiT samarTalurTierTobaSi sagani (obieqti) SeiZleba iyos nebis­
mieri nivTi, romelic amoRebuli ar aris samoqalaqo brunvidan. magaliTad,
ar SeiZleba sagani (obieqti) iyos narkotikuli nivTiereba, cecxlsas-
roli nivTi da sxva msgavsi sagani, radgan isini amoRebulia samoqalaqo
brunvidan.

145
 5 qiravnobis samarTalsubieqtebi

damqiravebeli gamqiravebeli

nebismieri qmedunariani nebismieri qmedunariani

fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri

sargebloba - termini aRniSnavs nivTis Weras, mis moxmarebasa da gamo­

kiTxva:
gamijneT
yenebas sxvadasxva daniSnulebisaTvis. magram, imavdroulad aRniSnavs, rom
erTmaneTisgan damqiravebeli nivTis mesakuTre ver xdeba, ver gankargavs mas, ver gayidis,
qiravnoba da ver datvirTavs uflebrivad (ver daagiravebs, an ipoTekiT ver gascems).
Txoveba. ra damqiravebeli mxolod iyenebs nivTs garkveuli sameurneo mizniT da am niv-
msgavsebaa erTi Tis mesakuTre ucvleli rCeba.
mxriv qiravnobasa
da Txovebas, meore qiravnoba yovelTvis niSnavs garkveuli vadis arsebobas. damqiravebels niv-
mxriv ki nasyidobasa Ti sargeblobaSi gadaecema yovelTvis garkveuli vadiT.
da Cuqebas Soris?
qiravnoba yovelTvis niSnavs sasyidlianobas. anu, damqiravebeli gamqiraveb­
lisagan nivTs sargeblobaSi iRebs mxolod garkveuli sazRauris gadax­diis
safasurad. swored amiT gansxvavdeba qiravnoba Txovebisagan. Txovebis
SemTxvevaSi, nivTis sargeblobaSi gadacema usasyidloa.
qiravnoba konsensualuri garigebaa (ZalaSi Sedis mxareTa mier arsebiT
pirobebze SeTanxmebisTanave).

qiravnoba

vadiania sasyidliania konsensualuria

qiravnoba SeiZleba gaformdes rogorc sityvierad (zepiri forma), ise

werilo­biT (martivi forma an damowmdes uflebamosil organoSi).
qiravnobis xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sedis arsebiT pirobebze mxareTa
SeTanxmebis­Tanave. magaliTad, Tuki qiravnobis xelSekruleba zepiri for-
miTaa dadebuli, is ZalaSi Sedis mxareTa mier sityvieri SeTanxmebisTanave
da ufleba-movaleobebi warmoiSoba, miuxedavad imisa, gadaeca damqirave­
bels nivTi realur sargeblobaSi jer Tu ara. Tuki qiravnobis xelSekrule-
ba werilobiTi formiTaa dadebuli, is ZalaSi Sedis mxareTa mier xelmowe­
risTanave.
Sewyveta. qiravnoba SesaZloa Sewydes ramdenime garemoebis gamo:
• gavida xelSekrulebis vada. anu, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
qiravnobis xelSekruleba yovelTvis vadiania. Sesabamisad,

146
 Tuki es vada gavida, xelSekruleba Sewydeba. imavdroulad, mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT gaagrZelon qiravnobis urTierToba Zveli
pirobebiT, an SeTanxmdnen axalze;
• romelime mxarem daarRvia saxelSekrulebo urTierToba da
meore mxare iTxovs qiravnobis vadamde Sewyvetas. magaliTad:
damqiravebeli ar ixdis droulad qiras, gamqiravebeli xels
5
uSlis damqiravebels qiravnobis sagnis gamoyenebaSi,
damqiravebeli aramiznobrivad iyenebs qiravnobis sagans
(magaliTad: petrem miaqirava daviTs avtomanqana 2 dRiT
samgzavrod, daviTma ki avtomanqaniT bargis gadazidva daiwyo);
• arsebobs sxva saxelSekrulebo an kanonismieri safuZveli.
magali­Tad: qiravnobis xelSekruleba dadebuli iyo raime piro-
bis daTqmiT da es piroba saxeze dadga, an qiravnobis xel­
Sekrulebis dadebis Semdeg gairkva, rom gamqiravebeli ar iyo
uflebamosili, gaeqiravebina qoneba (moparuli hqonda) da es
qoneba kanonier mesakuTres daubrunda, an fors-maJoruli
garemoeba dadga (dauZleveli Zala, rogoricaa stiqiuri ubedu­
reba, kataklizmebi, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba, xanZari da a.S.).
mimdinare xarjebis kisreba. mimdinare xarjebSi, rogorc wesi, gadis
qonebis SekeTebis, remontis, amortizebuli nawilebis gamocvlisa da sxva
msgavsi xarjebi. am xarjebis Sesaxeb mxareebi Tanxmdebian qiravnobis xel­
Sekrulebis dadebisas, an mis Semdgom. magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca mxareeb-
ma es ver gaiTvaliswines. aseT dros amoqmeddeba sakanonmdeblo regulacia:
• mimdinare remontis Catarebis valdebuleba ekisreba
damqiravebels. swored is aris movale izrunos nivTis mov-
la-patronobaze, mis SekeTebaze da a.S. Tumca arsebiTi gada-
keTebis ufleba, gamqiraveblis Tanxmobis gareSe, mas ara aqvs.
arsebiT gadakeTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nivTis funqciisa da
daniSnulebis Secvla, misi Semadgeneli nawilebis gamocvla
mdare xarisxis nawilebiT, misi sxva nivTebTan Serwyma ise, rom
dazianebis gareSe, SeuZlebelia maTi gancalkeveba (magaliTad,
damqiravebelma naqiravebi bina SeuerTa mezoblis binas da a.S.).
Tu damqiravebeli daarRvevs am daTqmas da nivTs arsebiTad
gadaakeTebs, an Seucvlis funqcias, mas daekisreba zaralis
anazRaurebis xarjebi;
• zemoaRniSnuli mimdinare remontis xarjebi unda aanazRauros
damqiravebelma. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mas daekisreba pasuxismgeb­
loba gamqiraveblis winaSe valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
gamo.
kiTxva:
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom am sakiTxSi mxareTa nebas upiratesi Zala aqvs ratom aris mxareTa
kanonis danawesTan SedarebiT da Tuki mxareebi sxvanairad SeTanxmdebian, neba kanonze
mimdinare xarjebi ganawildeba maTi SeTanxmebisamebr. magaliTad, SesaZloa upiratesi mocemul
mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom mimdinare remontis xarjebs gaiRebs gamqiravebe- SemTxvevaSi?
li da a.S.

5.1.  qiravnobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi

qiravnobasTan dakavSirebulia garkveuli samarTlebrivi garemoebani da
modiT, SevexoT ramdenime maTgans:
uflebrivad da nivTobrivad unaklo nivTis gadacemis movaleoba.
gamqiravebeli valdebulia, damqiravebels gadasces nivTobrivad da
uflebrivad unaklo nivTi. Tu ras niSnavs nivTobrivi da uflebrivi nakli,
amis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, gamqiravebels daekisreba
damqiraveblisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba.

147
 5

qveqiravnoba. damqiravebels ufleba aqvs, gamqiraveblis TanxmobiT ga-

dasces sargeblobaSi sxva pirs qiravnobis sagani. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aucile-
belia damqiraveblis winaswari Tanxmoba, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoxatu-
li iyos Tavad xelSekrulebaSi, an xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom.
qveqiravnobis xelSekruleba iziarebs qiravnobis xelSekrulebis beds. Tuki
qiravnobis xelSekruleba baTilad gamocxaddeba, maSin Tavad qveqiravno-
bac gabaTildeba.
qiravnobis xelSekrulebis vadamde Sewyveta gamoiwvevs qveqiravnobis vadam-
de Sewyvetasac, miuxedavad safuZvlisa, romliTac qiravnobis xelSekrule-
ba Sewyda. magaliTad, petre iqiravebs pavlesagan avtomanqanas, romliTac
man unda gadaiyvanos mgzavrebi da yoveldRiurad garkveuli Tanxa unda
gadasces mas. petre, Tavis mxriv, qveqiravnobiT gadascems avtomanqanas gu-
rams, romelic patiosnad uxdis mas SeTanxmebul sazRaurs. Tavad petre ki
pavles sazRaurs ar uxdis, ris gamoc, es ukanaskneli vadamde moSlis qirav-
nobis xelSekrulebas. am SemTxvevaSi, qveqiravnobis xelSekruleba Sewydeba
petresa da gurams Sorisac.
qveqiravnobis xelSekruleba ar unda daidos qiravnobis xelSekrulebaze
meti xniT, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qiravnobis Sewyvetis SemTx-
vevaSi, qveqiravnobac wydeba.
kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, qveqiravnobiT qonebis gadacemis SemTxvevaSic, gamqiravebelTan pasuxis­
ramdenad mgebel pirad damqiravebeli rCeba. is valdebulia, Seasrulos yvela nakis-
samarTliania ri valdebuleba gamqiraveblis winaSe. magaliTad, laSam iqirava S.p.s. `zRvis
mocemuli debuleba?
pasuxi daasabuTeT. samyarosagan~ akvariumebi. man ikisra valdebuleba, rom TveSi erTxel akvar-
iumebs specialuri xsnariT gawmendda. laSam, Tavis mxriv, mamukas miaqirava
akvariumebi qveqiravnobiT. S.p.s. `zRvis samyaro~ mamukas mosTxovs rogorc
qiris gadaxdas, aseve akvariumebis specialuri xsnariT damuSavebasac.
giravnobis ufleba damqiraveblis nivTebze. Tu damqiraveblis mier
gamqiraveblis winaSe ar Sesrulda raime valdebuleba, gamqiravebels ufle-
ba aqvs, Tavisi moTxovnis uzrunvelsayofad, gamoiyenos giravnobis ufleba
damqiraveblis mier naqiraveb miwis nakveTze, sacxovrebel binaSi an saxlSi
Setanil nivTebze. magaliTad: besom iqirava Tamunasagan sacxovrebeli bina,
TveSi 200 larad. ori Tvis manZilze besom ar gadaixada qira da davalianeba
daugrovda 400 laris odenobiT. Tamunas ufleba aqvs, besos uari ganucxa-
dos saojaxo teqnikis gatanaze saxlidan manam, sanam es ukanaskneli mas ar
daufaravs davalianebas 400 lars.

148
 qiravnoba

sasyidliania

ormxrivia
ijara

sasyidliania

ormxrivia
5
vadiania vadiania

konsensualuria konsensualuria

nivTi gamoiyeneba Semosavlis nivTi gamoiyeneba Semosavlis

miRebis miznis gareSe miRebis mizniT
qiravnobis gamijvna ijarisgan. ijara da qiravnoba msgavsi
samarTalurTier­Tobebia. metic, saijaro urTierTobebs, ZiriTadad, awes-
rigebs qiravnobis samarTalurTierTobis momwesrigebeli normebi, magram
gansxvavebebs, specialurad, ijaris samarTlebrivi normebi exeba. ijaraca
da qiravnobac sasyidliani, ormxrivi da droebiTi xelSekrulebebia. for-
mac am xelSekrulebebis msgavsia. orive maTgani SeiZleba daidos zepirad
da/an werilobiT.
miuxedavad amisa, gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc arsebobs. es gansxvaveba
xel­Sekrulebis mizanSi mdgomareobs. kerZod, Tu xelSekrulebis mizani
damqiraveblis mier sagnis mxolod moxmareba-gamoyenebaa Semosavlis miRe-
bis gareSe, maSin saqme qiravnobasTan gvaqvs. magaliTad: madona qiraobs jum-
berisagan sacxovrebel binas TavisTvis, mamuka qiraobs SoTasgan avtomanqa-
nas ojaxis wasayvanad eqskursiaze da a.S.
magram Tu xelSekrulebis mizani nivTiT sargeblobaa, misgan Semosavlis
miRebis mizniT, maSin saqme ijaris xelSekrulebasTan gvaqvs. magaliTad, ze-
moaRniSnul magaliTebSi, Tu madona jumberisgan farTs iqiravebda ofisis
mosawyobad da biznesis warmoebisaTvis, es ijaris xelSekruleba iqnebo-
kiTxva:
da. igive iqneboda, Tuki mamuka iqiravebda SoTasgan avtomanqanas ucxoeli imsjeleT
turis­tebisaTvis jip- turis mosawyobad da amisaTvis gasamrjelos aiRebda. qiravnobasa da
ijaras Soris
arsebul sxvaobaze.
6. sesxi

arsi, zepirad dadebis SesaZlebloba, mtkicebulebebis problematika.

sesxi: fulis an sxva nivTis droebiT gadacema sxvis sakuTrebaSi, romelic
garkveuli vadis Semdeg unda dabrundes. subieqtad gvevlineba nebismieri
qmedunariani fizikuri da/an iuridiuli piri. subieqti sesxis xelSekrule-
baSi aris an gamsesxebeli - piri, romelic gascems sesxs, an msesxebeli - piri,
romelic iRebs sesxs, xolo obieqti (anu sesxis sagania) fuli an sxva

149
 5

gvarovnuli nivTi. fulTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom aq

igulisxmeba mimoqcevaSi myofi nebismieri valuta (lari, dolari, evro,
funti da a.S.). rac Seexeba gvarovnul nivTs, rogorc sesxis xelSekrulebis
obieqts, aq moiazreba iseTi nivTebi, romelTa gamocalkeveba da maTi indi-
vidualurad aRricxva-damaxsovreba SeuZlebelia. magaliTad: erTi tomara
SeSa, aTi kilogrami xaxvi, ori tona kartofili da a.S. SeuZlebelia, gam­
sesxebelma msesxebels mosTxovos igive SeSis an kartofilis dabruneba, ro-
melic man gaasesxa. amitomac, gamsesxebels msesxebelma unda daubrunos ig-
ive odenobisa da xarisxis SeSa, xaxvi, kartofili da a.S. igive exeba fulsac.
SeuZlebelia msesxebelma daabrunos igive banknoti, romelic gamsesxeb­
lisgan miiRo, man unda daabrunos igive odenobisa da dasaxelebis valuta.
sesxi gulisxmobs gamsesxeblis mier fulis an sxva gvarovnuli nivTis,
lisaTvis sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom msesxeb-
msesxeb­
els valdebuleba ar warmoeSoba. ubralod, mas nasesxebi fuli an nivTi ki
gadaecema sakuTrebaSi, magram es imavdroulad warmoSobs gamsesxebelTan
mis sasesxo valdebulebebs. sakuTrebaSi gadacema niSnavs imas, rom msesxe­
bels SeuZlia Tavisuflad marTos da gankargos sesxis sagani sakuTari
sur­vilisamebr. magaliTad: nasesxebi fuliT iyidos televizori, nasesxebi
SaqriT gamoacxos namcxvari da a.S. amasTanave, unda vicodeT, rom arsebobs
miznobrivi sesxi, romelsac ZiriTadad sabanko-finansuri dawesebulebebi
gascemen, romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
sesxis xelSekruleba vadiania. es niSnavs, rom sesxi yovelTvis garkveuli
droiT gaicema da Tu sesxis xelSekrulebaSi vada miTiTebuli araa, msesxe-
kiTxva: belma gamsesxebels sesxis sagani moTxovnisTanave unda daubrunos.
ratom aris
SeuZlebeli sesxis sesxis xelSekruleba formaTavisufali xelSekrulebaa. is SeiZleba daidos
xelSekrulebis rogorc zepirad, aseve werilobiTi formiT. Tumca, werilobiTi forma bev-
dadebis faqtis rad icavs gamsesxebels, vidre - zepiri. magaliTad, sasamarTlo ar miiCnevs
damtkiceba mxolod
zepiri axsna- sesxis xelSekrulebas dadebulad, Tuki procesis monawiles ar gaaCnia raime
ganmartebiTa da werilobiTi an nivTieri mtkicebuleba. mxolod zepiri axsna- ganmartebiT
mowmis CvenebiT? an mowmis CvenebiT sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebisa da Sesrulebis damtkice-
ba sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia.

150
samomxmareblo sesxi. sasesxo urTierTobaSi unda ganvasxvaoT Cveuleb­
rivi sesxi (samomxmareblo), romelic yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaSi gvxvde-
ba (magaliTad: mezobeli mezobels aZlevs sesxad 100 lars, mosamsaxure Ta-
vis kolegas asesxebs 200 lars da a.S.) da sabanko krediti, romelic mkacrad
mowesrigebulia da gawerilia misi normebi.
samomxmareblo sesxis specifikuroba misi yoveldRiuri bunebidan gamom-
5
dinareobs. is SeiZleba dados nebismierma qmedunarianma pirma. kanoni ar ad-
gens mis savaldebulo formas. es sakiTxi mTlianad mxareTa nebis gamovlena-
sa da maT avtonomiazea damokidebuli. samomxmareblo sesxis samarTleb­rivi
aspeqtebi, ZiriTadad, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT regulirdeba.
rac Seexeba sabanko kredits, unda aRiniSnos, rom bevrad rTulad gawerili,
sistematizebuli da mowesrigebuli institutia. sabanko krediti forma-
savaldebulo garigebaa. igi ideba werilobiTi formiT da gawerilia kano-
niT gansazRvruli monacemebi. sabanko kreditis samarTlebriv regulacias
`saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqs~-Tan erTad erovnuli bankis instruq­
ciebi da brZanebebi axdens. sabanko kreditis gacemis ufleba (gamsesxeblad
gamosvla) aqvs mxolod specialuri licenziis mqone iuridiul dawese-
bulebebs. magaliTad: bankebs, mikrosafinanso organizaciebs da a.S. saban-
ko krediti yovelTvis procentiania. is sargeblis momtani unda iyos misi
gamcemi safinanso organizaciisaTvis, vinaidan swored am mizniT iqmneba aR-
niSnuli organizacia.
mevaxSeoba sakmaod Zveli da gavrcelebuli sesxis saxeobaa. jer kidev
komerciuli bankebisa da safinanso organizaciebis Camoyalibe­bamde, ar-
sebobda fena sazogadoebisa, romelTa mTavar saqmianobas Tanxis sarge-
bliT (procentiT) gacema warmoadgenda. mevaxSeoba Sualeduri rgolia
samomxmareblo sesxsa da sabanko kredits Soris. erTi mxriv, is gaicema
araspecializebuli fizikuri an iuridiuli piris mier. mas ar awesrigebs
erovnuli bankis brZanebebi. imav­droulad, mevaxSe (sesxis gamce-
mi piri) sesxs gascems sargeblis miRebis mizniT. anu mevaxSe
gaasesxebs fuls procentiT. mevaxSeoba saxelmwifos
mier waxalisebuli ar aris. Tu pirs daudgindeba, rom
is gascemda procentian sesxs, daekisreba saxelmwi-
fos sasargeblod garkveuli gadasaxadi, romelic ar
daekisreba, magaliTad, sesxis uprocentod gamcem
pirs (samomxma­reblo sesxi). mevaxSisagan sesxi Sei-
Zleba aiRos, rogorc fizikurma, aseve iurid-
iulma pirma. Tumca, iuri­diuli pirisaTvis,
am SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli problemebi
warmoiqmneba Tanxebis buRaltrulad
gawerasa da angariSgebaSi.
valauvaloba es is SemTxvevaa, roca
movale ver faravs mis winaSe mdgom
finansur valdebulebebs. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, movales aqvs imaze naklebi
qoneba vidre vali (magaliTad, sesxi).
bunebrivia, valauvaloba rom dadges,
saWiroa arsebobdes valdebuleba,
kreditori da movale.
valauvalobis SemTxvevebs saqa-
rTveloSi aregulirebs spe-
cialuri kanoni `gadaxdisu-
unarobis saqmis warmoebis
Sesaxeb~, romelic gamonaklisis
saxiT ar aregulirebs fizikuri

151
 5 pirebis (garda individualuri mewarmisa), sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebisa da safinanso-sabanko dawesebulebebis gadaxdisuunarobis sakiTx-
ebs.
Tu movale Seiqmna valauvali da safrTxis winaSe dadga vadamosuli val-
debulebebis Sesruleba an aSkaraa, rom samomavlo valdebulebac ar Ses-
ruldeba, sasamarTlo awarmoebs gadaxdisuunarobis saqmes. aRniSnuli
samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs samoqalaqo saproceso wesebiT. saqmis war-
moebis procesSi sasamarTlos mTavari mizani oria:
1. daakmayofilos kreditorebi;
2. daicvas movale finansuri gakotrebisagan da xeli Seuwyos mis finan­
sur reabilitacias (Tumca, es ukanaskneli, SeiZleba, SeuZlebelic ki aR-
moCndes).
valauvaloba damaxasiaTebelia finansuri krizisis, omis, stiqiuri
ubedurebisa da sxva forsmaJoruli garemoebebis dadgomis Semdgom, roca
movale veRar axerxebs im saqmis jerovnad warmoebas, romlis daxmarebiTac
valebis gadaxdas apirebda.

7. giravnoba da ipoTeka

giravnobis cneba giravnoba kreditis (moTxovnis, Tanxis) uzrunvelyofis

metad gavrcelebuli da saimedo saSualebaa. giravnobiT erTi piri (damgi-
ravebeli, anu movale) tvirTavs valdebulebiT meore piris sasargeblod
(mogiravne anu kreditori) moZrav nivTs an sxva aramaterialur qonebas.
Sesabamisad, Tu damgiravebeli ar Seasrulebs mogiravnis winaSe Tavis val-
kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT, ratom debulebas (magaliTad, ar daubrunebs vals an ar gadauxdis qiras da a.S.),
aris mniSvnelovani mogiravnes ufleba eqneba an gaasxvisos moZravi nivTi auqcionze an mxareTa
kreditis SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi pirdapir Tavis sakuTrebaSi gadaitanos giravnobis
uzrunvelyofis sagani (nebismieri moZravi nivTi an aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe).
aRniSnuli
saSualeba? magaliTad, eldari aris arqiteqtori, romelmac dado xelSekruleba sam-
imsjeleT da Seneblo kompaniasTan arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli naxazebis Sedgenis
CamoayalibeT Sesaxeb. am xelSekrulebiT samSeneblo kompania valdebulia, mas gadauxa-
argumentebi.
dos xuTi aTasi lari. eldari am kontraqtis safuZvelze bankSi iRebs sesxs
da uzrunvelyofis saxiT, bankis sasargeblod, giravnobiT tvirTavs Tavis
momaval honorars. Tu eldari SeTanxmebul vadaSi ar dafaravs bankis sesxs,
banki eldaris honoraridan avtomaturad CamoWris kuTvnil Tanxas.
giravnobis xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos nebismier qmedunarian fizikur
da iuridiul pirs Soris. giravnobis sagani aucileblad unda iyos moZra-
vi nivTi, e.i. nivTi, romelic ar aris uZravi (anu ar aris sacxovrebeli sax-
li, bina, miwis nakveTi da a.S.). amasTan, moZravi nivTi aucileblad unda iyos
samoqalaqo brunvaSi, anu misi yidva-gayidva-gasxviseba Tavisufali wesiT
unda SeiZlebodes. amrigad, ar SeiZleba giravnobiT daitvirTos narkoti-
kuli nivTiereba, vinaidan is akrZaluli nivTierebaa, aseve ar SeiZleba gi-
ravnobiT daitvirTos pasporti, vinaidan ar SeiZleba misi gasxviseba da a.S.
agreTve, giravnobis sagani SeiZleba iyos aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe.
magaliTad, wili samewarmeo sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitalSi.
giravnoba aris rogorc saxelSekrulebo, aseve kanonismieri. magaliTad,
saxelSekrulebo giravnobaa, roca Tqvens kuTvnil fotoaparats tvirTavT
giravnobis uflebiT Tqveni mezoblis sasargeblod, romlisganac isesxeT
Tanxa. kanonismieri giravnobis magaliTi ki gvxvdeba maSin, roca damqirave-

152
 5

beli ar ixdis qiravnobis Tanxas da mesakuTres

aqvs giravnobis ufleba damqiraveblis moZravi
nivTebis mimarT. anu Tu magaliTad, petrem iqirava miS-
asgan sacxov­rebeli bina da ar ixdis qiravnobis Tanxas, miS-
as ufleba eqneba auqcionis wesiT gaasxvisos petres kuTvnil
naqiraveb farTSi Setanili televizori.
giravnoba gvxvdeba mflobelobiTi da registrirebuli. mflobe-
lobiTia giravnoba, roca damgiravebeli mogiravnes an misi TanxmobiT nebi-
smier mesame pirs gadascems moZrav nivTs da tvirTavs mas giravnobiT. mag-
aliTad: nika sesxulobs Tanxas giorgisgan da giravnobiT mis sasargeblod
tvirTavs Tavis antikvarul saaTs. Sesabamisad, nika am saaTs gadascems gi-
orgis, romelsac SeuZlia Seinaxos saaTi manam, sanam nika ar Seasrulebs
imsjeleT
valdebulebas da ar daabrunebs Tanxas. saxelSekrulebo
registrirebuli giravnoba ki gulisxmobs giravnobis werilobiTi formiT da kanonismier
giravnobas
gaformebas da mis sajaro reestrSi registracias. magaliTad: avejis, inven­ Soris arsebul
taris, mowyobilobebis an samewarmeo sazogadoebaSi wilis registracia, gansxvavebebze.
avtomanqanaze giravnoba SeiZleba registraciaSi gatardes momsaxurebis
saagentoSi da a.S.
giravnobiT SeiZleba daitvirTos rogorc uSualod movalis qoneba (piradi
movale), aseve mesame piris sakuTreba (mesakuTris giravnoba). giravnobiT
mesame piris moZravi nivTebis datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia aR-
niSnulze mesame piris Tanxmoba.

153
 5 giravnoba uzrunvelyofs rogorc uSualod moTxovnas, aseve pirgasamtex-
losa da sasamarTlo xarjebs. magaliTad: daviTi sesxulobs Tanxas ivanes-
gan. daviTi giravnobiT tvirTavs Tavis avtomanqanas ivanes sasargeblod.
amasTan, xelSekrulebaSi weria, rom daviTi ivanes uxdis pirgasamtexlos
saxiT, yovel vadagadacilebul dReze, gadasaxdeli Tanxis 0.1%-s. amasTan
erTad, daviTis avtomanqaniT uzrunvelyofilia sasamarTlo xarjebis
magaliTad, anazRaurebac davis SemTxvevaSi (sasamarTlo baJi da a.S.).
tarielma Tavisi
traqtori roca damgiravebeli (movale) giravnobiT tvirTavs moZrav nivTs, mogi-
giravnobiT ravnes (kreditors) ufleba aqvs, Tavisi moTxovna sxvaze adre daikmayo-
datvirTa rogorc
akakis, aseve, vaJas
filos. magaliTad, mamukas aqvs rogorc Temuris, aseve jumberis vali.
sasargeblod. akakis amasTan, marTalia, man Temurisgan ufro adre isesxa fuli, magram jumberis
giravnoba pirvelad sasargeb­lod man giravnobiT datvirTa Tavisi avtomanqana. Sesabamisad, pir-
daregistrirda. vel rigSi, avtomanqanis realizaciis Semdgom daifareba swored jumberis
Sesabamisad, jer mis vali da mxolod darCenili Tanxa gadaecema Temurs. SeiZleba moxdes ise,
mimarT daifareba
vali, xolo Semdgom
rom avtomanqanis gasxvisebis Semdgom realizaciis Tanxam mxolod jumbe­
vaJas mimarT. ris vali dafaros. am SemTxvevaSi Temuris vali daufaravi darCeba.
Tu erTi da igive moZravi nivTi ramodenimejeraa giravnobiT datvirTuli,
pirvel rigSi is moTxovna dakmayofildeba, romlis uzrunvelsayofadac
nivTi pirvelad daitvirTa.
giraos sagniT moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad is unda gaiyidos auqcionze
da amonagebi Tanxa gadaeces mogiravnes (kreditors). aseT SemTxvevaSi gi-
ravnoba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, agreTve, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu amonagebi Tanxa
valdebulebas ver faravs. xolo Tu mxareebi SeTanxmdebian, rom giraos sa-
gani SeiZleba pirdapir gadavides mogiravnis (kreditoris) sakuTrebaSi,
valdebuleba Sesrulebulad CaiTvleba, rogorc ki giraos sagani kredi-
toris sakuTrebaSi gadava. magaliTad, beso ratis sasargeblod giravnobiT
tvirTavs Tavis wils Sps `cisartyelaSi~. beso da rati Tanxmdebian, rom Tu
beso valdebulebas ver dafaravs Sps `cisartyelaSi~, wili avtomaturad ga-
dadis ratis sakuTrebaSi.
giravnobis xelSekrulebiT damgiravebels (movales) SeiZleba SeezRudos
nivTis gasxvisebis SesaZlebloba. aseT SemTxve­vaSi damgiravebeli winaswari
Tanxmobis gareSe ver gaasxvisebs giravnobis sagans. Tu aseT SezRudvaze
mxareebi winaswar werilobiT ar SeTanxmdebian, maSin damgiravebels
SeuZlia nivTi gaasxvisos. aseT dros myidveli xdeba damgiraveblis
uflebamonacvle da valdebulia, mogiravnes (kreditors)
daufaros davalianeba.
giravnobis ufleba SeiZleba Sewydes daval-
ianebis dafarvis, moTxovnis xandazmulobis
vadis gasvlis, giravnobis sagnis daRupvis,
kreditoris mier giravnobaze uaris
Tqmis an kanonmdeb­lobiT gaTvalis-
winebul sxva SemTxvevebSi.
amrigad, giravnoba samoqa-
laqo sa­marTlis insti-
tutia, romelic uzrun­
velyofs kreditoris
moTxov­nebis dakmay-
ofilebas movalis an
mesame piris kuTvnili
moZravi nivTebis xar-
jze.

154
ipoTeka aris samoqalaqo samarTlis
instituti, romliTac movalis an me-
same piris uZravi qoneba itvirTeba
kreditoris sasargeblod da roml-
iTac uzrunvelyofilia kreditoris
finansuri interesebis dakmayofileba.
5
anu ipoTeka aris uZravi nivTis uf-
lebrivi dat­virTva kreditoris sa-
sargeblod imgvarad, rom movalis mier
valdebulebis Sesrulebis gaWianurebis
SemTxvevaSi daculi iyos kreditoris intere­
sebi.
ipoTekis dros valdebulebiT itvirTeba uZravi
qoneba. uZravi qoneba es aris miwis nakveTi da masze
mWidrod damagrebuli Senoba-nagebobebi. uZravi
qonebaa, magali­Tad, sakarmidamo miwis nakveTi, aga-
raki, sacxovrebeli bina, komerciuli farTi da a.S.
xolo valdebulebiT datvirTva ki gulisxmobs
kreditoris sasargeblod uflebriv Sez-
Rudvas, roca kreditors SeuZlia movalis
mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas, aR-
niSnuli uZravi qonebis realizacia auqcio-
nis gziT an Tu ipoTekis xelSekrulebaSi mi-
TiTebulia pirdapir amis Sesaxeb, kreditors
SeuZlia, rom is Tavis sakuTrebad gaataros
registraciaSi. magaliTad: elene sesxulobs
daviTisagan Tanxas da ipoTekiT tvirTavs, mis
sasargeblod, Tavis agaraks; levani iRebs sesxs
vaJasgan da vaJas sasargeblod ipoTekiT tvirTavs
Tavis sakarmidamo miwis nakveTs ekate­rine iRebs ses-
xs s.s. `Tibisi bankisagan~ da mis sasargeblod ipoTe­
kiT tvirTavs Tavis komerciul farTs da a.S.
ipoTekis xelSekrulebis dadeba SeuZlia nebismier
qmedunarian fizikur da iuridiul pirs. aq monawile-
obs kreditori da movale (ipoTekari). ipoTe­kiT SeiZleba
daitvirTos rogorc uSualod movalis, aseve nebismieri
qmeduna­riani mesame piris uZravi qoneba, romelic Tanxmobas
ganacxadebs ipoTekiT Tavisi qonebis datvirTvaze.
ra formiT SeiZleba daidos ipoTekis xelSekruleba? pasuxi calsaxaa.
ipoTe­kis xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos mxolod werilobiT da re­
gistraciaSi gatardes sajaro reestrSi. savaldebulo ar aris ipoTekis
xel­Sekruleba sanotaro wesiT damowmdes (Tumca es SesaZlebelia). mTavaria,
ipoTekis xelSekruleba daidos werilobiTi formiT da is sajaro reestrSi
kiTxva:
gatardes registraciaSi. amis Sedegad, sajaro reestris amonawerSi (rac ratom aris
warmoadgens saqarTveloSi uZravi qonebis Sesaxeb erTaderT informaciis mniSvnelovani
wyaros), gaCndeba saTanado valdebuleba, sadac miTiTebuli iqneba ipoTekis ipoTekis
xelSekrulebisa da ipoTekaris Sesaxeb informacia. xelSekrulebis
mxolod werilobiTi
ipoTekis xelSekruleba yovelTvis ideba mxolod maSin, roca arsebobs val- formiT dadeba
debuleba. valdebulebis gareSe ipoTekis xelSekruleba ar arsebobs (aqse- da misi sajaro
soruli ufleba). magaliTad, Tu elenes ara aqvs madonas vali, is ar dadebs reestrSi
daregistrireba?
ipoTekis xelSekrulebas masTan. Sesabamisad, Tuki elene dadebs madonasTan
ipoTekis xelSekrulebas iqidan gamomdinare, rom mas namdvilad aqvs vali
da Semdgom am vals dafaravs, avtomaturad ipoTekis xelSekruleba gauqme-
bulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

155
 5 ipoTekis xelSekrulebiT ipoTekari uflebamosilia, movalis mier val-
debulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi uZravi qonebiT daikmayofilos
Tavisi interesi. es SeiZleba moxdes ori gziT: pirveli, esaa uZravi qonebis
auqcionze gasxviseba, meore, uZravi qonebis uSualod ipoTekaris sakuTre-
baSi gadasvla.
rac Seexeba ipoTekiT datvirTuli uZravi qonebis gasxvisebas, es mesakuT­
res SezRuduli ara aqvs. mesakuTres ufleba aqvs, gaasxvisos ipoTekiT
datvir­Tuli uZravi qoneba, oRond ipoTekari (kreditori) daucveli ar
rCeba. axali mesakuTre (uflebamonacvle) valdebuli iqneba kreditors Ta-
vad aunazRauros Zveli mesakuTris valdebuleba.
ipoTekis xelSekruleba uqmdeba maSin roca:
• Sesruldeba valdebuleba ipoTekaris mimarT;
• ipoTekari moaxdens uZravi qonebis auqcionze realizacias;
SeadareT erTmaneTs • ipoTekari registraciaSi gaatarebs Tavis sakuTrebad am uZ-
ipoTekisa da rav qonebas;
giravnobis
xelSekrulebebi, • arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva SemTxvevebi.
imsjeleT maT Soris rac Seexeba Cven realobaSi farTod gavrcelebul sacxovrebeli binis
arsebul msgavsebasa ipoTe­kas (e.w. `binis giravnoba~, anu `atstupnoi~), es aris xelSekruleba,
da gansxvavebebze.
romlis drosac movale ipoTekarisagan iRebs sesxs, amasTan mflobelo-
baSi gadascems uZrav qonebas da valdebulebas iRebs SeTanxmebul vadaSi
daabrunos sesxi. magaliTad: maiko debs `ipoTekisa da sacxovrebeli binis
sargeblobis~ xelSekrulebas lizisTan, romelic ideba ori wlis vadiT. am
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi lizi cxovrobs da sargeblobs maikos sacxovrebeli
biniT, xolo maiko ori wlis Semdeg valdebulia, daubrunos lizis aRebu-
li sesxi. Cveulebrivi ipoTekis xelSekrulebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSic
kiTxva: uZravi qonebis mflobelobaSi gadacema movalisagan ipoTekarze aucilebe-
ra ganasxvavebs li ar aris, am konkretuli xelSekrulebisaTvis ki es umTavresi principia.
mocemul ipoTe­kari sesxs gascems im mizniT, rom isargeblos sacxovrebeli farTiT
samarTlebriv da swored am miznis miRweva surs sesxis gacemiT.
urTierTobas
standartuli msgavseba da gansxvaveba giravnobasa da ipoTekas Soris. imdenad, ramdena-
ipoTekis dac Cven, orive samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi instituti mimovixileT,mokled
xelSekrulebisgan? gvsurs CamovayaliboT am or cnebas Soris ZiriTadi msgavseba-gansxvavebani:
msgavseba giravnobasa da ipoTekas Soris is aris, rom orive instituti mo­
valis mier kreditoris sasargeblod valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantiaa.
amasTan, garantia qonebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. rogorc erT, ise meore
SemTxvevaSi kreditoris valdebulebis sapirwoned devs garkveuli qoneba
Tavisi RirebulebiTa da sikeTiT, rac uzrunvelyofs valdebulebis re­
a­lur Sesrulebas. samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTaTvis ki mTavari dacu­
lobaa. miT umetes, kapitalistur finansebsa da sabanko struqturebze
morgebuli saxelmwifosaTvis uzrunvelyofili valdebuleba metad didi
sikeTea. Sesabamisad, giravnobisa da ipoTekis dros kreditori daculi da
SedarebiT garantirebulia Sesrulebisagan, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi.
aseve, msgavsebaa im sakiTxSic, Tu rogor unda dakmayofildes kreditoris
interesi rogorc giravnobis, aseve ipoTekis SemTxvevaSi. orive samarTleb­
rivi instituti icnobs or mTavar gzas: 1. auqcionze nivTis iZulebiTi
reali­zacia. 2. xelSekrulebiT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi niv-
Tis kreditoris sakuTrebaSi pirdapiri gadasvla.
orive SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofis sagani SeiZleba gadaeces kreditors
mflobelobaSi an darCes mesakuTris mflobelobis qveS.
rogorc giravnoba, aseve ipoTeka SeiZleba iyos sargebliani (procentiani)
an uprocento.

156
rogorc giravnobis aseve ipoTekis SemTxvevaSic, uzrunvelmyofi nivTi (gi-
ravnobis an ipoTekis sagani) SeiZleba iyos rogorc uSualod movalis,aseve,
nebismieri qmedunariani piris sakuTreba, romelic ganacxadebs Tanxmobas
misi qonebiT uzrunvelyos moTxovna.
rac Seexeba gansxvavebebs: aq, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvasxvaoT uzrunvel­
yofis saSualebebi, anu nivTebi. giravnobis SemTxvevaSi moTxovna uzrunve-
5
lyofili da garantirebulia moZravi nivTebiT (aveji, inventari, aRWurvi-
loba, avtomanqana da a.S.), ipoTeka ki mxolod uZrav nivTze ideba (saxli, bina,
miwis nakveTi da a.S.). anu sagarantio qoneba gansxvavebulia orive SemTxveva-
Si.
Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia xelSekrulebis formebic. Tuki giravno-
bis dros SeiZleba, xelSekruleba zepirad daidos, ipoTekis SemTxve vaSi
savaldebuloa, xelSekruleba werilobiT gaformdes da sajaro reestrSi
gatardes registraciaSi.

giravnoba ipoTeka

moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis sa- moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis sa-

Sualebaa moZravi nivTi Sualebaa uZravi nivTi
kreditoris uzrunvelsayofad niv- kreditoris uzrunvelsayofad niv-
Ti SeiZleba gaiyidos an gadavides Ti SeiZleba gaiyidos an gadavides
pirdapir kreditoris sakuTrebaSi pirdapir kreditoris sakuTrebaSi
SeiZleba iyos sargebliani (procen- SeiZleba iyos sargebliani (procen-
tiani) an uprocento tiani) an uprocento
SeiZleba iyos rogorc movalis, SeiZleba iyos rogorc movalis,
aseve mesame piris sakuTreba aseve mesame piris sakuTreba
xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos
xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos ze-
mxolod werilobiTi formiT da
pirad, werilobiT an rTuli weril-
aucileblad unda daregistrirdes
obiTi formiT (sanotaro)
sajaro reestrSi

gansxavebulia warmoSobac. Tuki giravnobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZ­leba,

rogorc saxelSekrulebo, aseve kanonismieri giravnoba (magaliTad,
sagadasaxado davalianebis SemTxvevaSi), ipo­Tekis dros es dauSvebe-
lia. SeiZleba, igive sagadasaxado davalianebisas movalis uZravi niv-
Ti daitvirTos, mag­ram es datvirTva sajaro reestris amonaw-
erSi aisaxeba, rogorc sagadasaxado giravnoba. es erTgvari
iuridiuli fiqciaa, anu gamonaklisi, roca uZravi qoneba Sei-
Zleba giravnobiT daitvirTos. aRniSnuli, vimeorebT, mxo­lod
sagadasaxado giravnobas exeba.
kidev erTi detali. rogorc giravnobis aRwe­risas aRin-
iSna, giravnoba wydeba, Tuki giravnobis sagani ganad-
gurda (magaliTad: daiwva manqana, mwyobridan gamovi-
da inventari, daimtvra aveji). ipoTekis SemTxvevaSi ki
sacxovrebeli saxlis dawva ar iwvevs ipoTekis Sewyve-
tas. ipo­Teka, Cveulebriv, rCeba miwis nakveTze,
anu ipoTeka nivTis ganadgurebis gamo ar wydeba.
amrigad, rogorc vnaxeT, giravnobasa da ipoTekas
aqvs rogorc msgavsi, aseve, ganmasxvavebeli maxa-
siaTeblebi.

157
 5 salombardo momsaxureba.
lombardi specialuri safi-
nanso dawesebulebaa, romelic
Tavis saqmianobas axor-
cielebs saqarTvelos
kanonis, finansTa min-
istrisa da erovnuli
bankis prezidentis brZa­
nebebis safuZvelze. misi
mTavari saqmianobis sa-
gania moZravi nivTebis, maT
Soris, aparaturis, teqni-
kis, avtomanqanebis, oqrosa
da Zvirfaseulobis dagiravebis
safuZvelze procentiani (sargeb­
liani) sesxis gacema. procentis ode-
noba, nivTebis Sefaseba da sxva sakiTxebi
regulirdeba individualuri SeTanxmebiT
lombardsa da klients Soris.
lombardSi xdeba mxolod moZravi nivTebis dagirave-
ba. lombards ufleba ara aqvs uzrunvelyofis sagnad
miiRos da ipoTekiT datvirTos uZravi nivTi. Sesabamisad, lom-
bards moZravi nivTi giravnobis safuZvelze gadaecema mxolod werilobi-
Ti xelSekrulebiT. masSi detalurad unda iqnes gawerili mxareebi, maTi
rekvizitebi, giravnobis pirobebi, saprocento ganakveTi da sxva samarTle-
brivi aspeqtebi.
amasTanave, moZravi nivTi lombards unda gadaeces pirdapir mflobeloba-
Si. gamonaklisia, avtosatransporto saSualebebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos
dazRveuli da darCes mesakuTreTa mflobelobaSi, magram maTze giravnobis
ufleba warmoiSoba momsaxurebis saagentoSi misi registraciis Sedegad.
Tuki mxareebi (lombardi, anu mogiravne da movale, anu damgiravebeli) sxva
pirobebze ar SeTanxmdebian, nivTis gasxvisebis Sedegad amoRebuli TanxiT
wydeba valdebuleba, Tundac is ver faravs davalianebas srulad. magali­
Tad, lombardi `oqros qveyana~ giravnobiT tvirTavs ekas oqros yelsabams
da gascems 200 laris sesxs. eka ver dafaravs droulad davalianebas da lom-
bardi asxvisebs yelsabams. amonagebma Tanxam Seadgina 150 lari. marTalia,
is naklebia, vidre ekas vali (200 lari), magram lombardi valdebulia, am
TanxiT dakmayofildes. Tumca, samoqalaqo kodeqsi akeTebs daTqmas, rom
mxareebs SeuZliaT aRniSnuli wesisagan gansxvavebulad SeTanxmdnen.
amrigad, Cven winamdebare TavSi mokled SevexeT samoqalaqo kodeqsis
umniSvnelo­vanes institutebs - giravnobasa da ipoTekas. gavecaniT Tana-
medrove samoqalaqo brunvaSi rogor xdeba moZravi Tu uZravi nivTebiT
valdebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa da kreditorebis dacva valdebulebebis
magaliTad: Tqven Seusruleblobisas. gavecaniT maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebebsa da oriod
bankSi uricxavT sityviT mimovixileT iseTi safinanso instituti, rogoricaa lombardi.
Tanxas Tqvens
biZaSvils, SecdomiT
ki banki am Tanxas 8. usafuZvlo gamdidreba
mis mosaxeles
gadauricxavs; Tanamedrove samoqalaqo brunvaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca piri ar iRebs im
Tqven uxdiT vals sikeTes, rac mas ergeba an piriqiT - gascems materialur sikeTes im pirze,
Tqvens kreditors, romelzec kanonmdeblobiT an saxelSekrulebo urTierTobiT mas gasacemi
da aRmoCndeba, rom araferi aqvs.
vali Tqvens mSobels
ukve daufaravs da usafuZvloa gamdidreba, romelic xdeba saxelSekrulebo an sakanonmdeblo
a.S. safuZvlis gareSe. gamdidreba - didi Tanxis an materialuri sikeTis miRebad

158
ar unda aRviqvaT. usafuZvlo gamdidreba niSnavs erTi piris (SemZenis, anu
movalis) qonebis gazrdas sxvisi qonebis (dazaralebulis anu kreditoris)
xarjze. es SeiZleba iyos fuli, Zvirfaseuloba an sxva materialuri sikeTe.
usafuZvlo gamdidrebaSi SeiZleba monawileobdes nebismieri fizikuri da
iuridiuli piri. amasTan, usafuZvlod materialuri sikeTis gadacema SeiZ­
leba moxdes rogorc dazaralebulis mier, aseve mesame piris mxridan.
5
magaliTad: petres
xelfasi ericxeba
komerciul bankSi,
romelic SecdomiT
petres xelfass
garda zemoaRniSnuli zogadi definiciisa (rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT gadauricxavs petres
erTi piri gadascems meores sikeTes, romelic mas arc saxelSekrulebo da mosaxeles.
arc kanonismieri valdebulebiT ar ekuTvnis), samoqalaqo kodeqsi gvaZlevs
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis konkretul SemTxvevebs, magaliTad:
1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi piri meores gadascems raimes im mizniT,
rom am ukanasknelma raime moqmedeba Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos,
SeuZ­lia gamoiTxovos ukan gadacemuli, Tu am piris qmedebebi ar
Seesaba­meba mosalodnel mizans. magaliTad: dito fiqrobs, rom
moxuci papa anderZiT mas dautovebs avtomanqanas da mis sicocxleSi
xSirad aremontebs mas. papis gardacvalebis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom
mas avtomanqana ditos deidaSvilisaTvis dautovebia. ditos SeuZlia
moiTxovos remontze daxarjuli Tanxis anazRaureba;
2. pirs, romelic meore pirs raimes gadascems ara kanonismieri an
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiT, aramed iZulebiTa da muqariT,
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos gadacemulis ukan dabruneba. magaliTad:
yaCaRi aiZulebs mgzavrs misces mas fuli da Zvirfaseuloba, rome­
lic mas aqvs. dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos yaCaRis, rogorc
sisxlis­samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba (patimroba), aseve misgan
samoqalaqo zianis anazRaureba (Tanxisa da Zvirfaseulobis dabrune-
ba);
3. Tu uflebamosili piris nacvlad Sesrulebas iRebs arauflebamo-
sili piri, is movalea daubrunos uflebamosil pirs miRebuli Ses-
ruleba. magaliTad: Tqven gamogigzavnaT megobarma amanaTi da fostam
is araswor misamarTze miitana. amanaTis mimRebi valdebulia, amanaTi
dagibrunoT;
4. piri, romelic sxvis qonebaze daxarjavs Tanxas, uflebamosilia,
daibrunos is mesakuTrisagan. magaliTad, Tqveni mezoblis aryofnis
dros wyaldidobam daazarala misi WiSkari. Tqven mezoblis dabrune-
bamde SeakeTeT is da daxarjeT amaze dro da Tanxa. mezobeli valdebu-
lia, es Tanxa aginazRauroT;
5. piri, romelic sxvis xarjze gamdidrda CamoTvlili SemTxvevebis
garda sxva saSualebebiTac, valdebulia, dazaralebuls aunaz­
Rauros ziani da daubrunos miRebuli.
usafuZvlo gamdidreba dazaralebuls icavs, magram samoqalaqo brunvis
dacvis principebidan gamomdinare, rig SemTxvevaSi awesebs SezRudvebs,
romlis drosac gadacemulis ukan dabruneba ar moxdeba. magaliTad:
1. Tu Sesruleba (raimes gadacema) Seesabameba zneobriv normebs,
magali­Tad: mama uxdis Tavis arasrulwlovan Svils aliments. man
SecdomiT alimentis gadaxda gaagrZela Svilis srulwlovnebis
Semdegac. bunebrivia, ar iqneboda zneobrivi mamas Svilisagan moeTxova
alimentis ukan dabruneba, miuxedavad mis mier Svilis srulwlovnebis
Semdgom gadaxdili Tanxisa;
2. Tu gavida xandazmulobis vada, magaliTad: Tanxis usafuZvlod
gadaxdis Semdeg gasulia sam welze meti xani;
3. Tu movale (SemZeni) sagnis gadacemiT ar gamdidrebula, vinaidan
sagani daiRupa, sxvis mier gamoiyeneba, gauaresda an arsebobs raime
sxva safuZveli.

159
 5
jer kidev romis
samarTalSi,
deliqti iseTi
akrZaluli qmedeba
iyo, romelic
valdebulebis
4. pirma, romlis qonebis gaumjobesebac moisurva kreditorma, am
xarjebis gaRebamde sadavo gaxada is. magaliTad: Tu Tqven, zemo­
aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, moisurvebT mezoblis WiSkris aRdgenas, amis
Sesaxeb mezobels acnobebT mobiluri telefonis saSualebiT da es
ukanaskneli uars ityvis maT gaRebaze, moTxovnis ufleba aRar warmo-
geSobaT;
warmoSobas iwvevda.
yovelgvari
5. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi.
deliqti amrigad, nebismierma pirma unda icodes, rom uflebamosilia miiRos is Ses-
gulisxmobda: ruleba, is materialuri sikeTe, romlis miRebis uflebac mas kanoniT an
a) marTlsawina_
xel­SekrulebiT gaaCnia.
aRmdego qmedebis
ganxorcielebas;
b) raime adamianuri 9. deliqtebi
sikeTis xelyofas an
dazianebas (Delictum) cneba. samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca pirs valdebuleba
marTlsawina_ ara saxelSekrulebo urTierTobidan, aramed zianis miyenebidan warmoeSoba.
aRmdego qmedebis magaliTad: burTis TamaSisas bavSvi SemTxveviT Caamtvrevs mezoblis fanja-
ganxorcielebas;
g) raime adamianuri
ras an saxlis meore sarTulidan qalbatons gadmouvarda yvavilis qoTani,
sikeTis xelyofas an romelmac Caamtvria qvemoT mdgomi manqanis SuSa. aseTi urTierTobebi del-
dazianebas (Delictum) iqtur valdebulebebs iwvevs.
samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, rome­ lic warmoiSoba erTi
piris (samarTaldamrRvevis) mier sxva pirisaTvis (dazaralebulisaTvis)
miyenebuli qonebrivi zianis gamo, deliqturi pasux-
kiTxva: vin SeiZleba iyos deliqtunariani
ismgebloba ewodeba, Tavad darRvevis faqts, gadac-
piri saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobiT? domas ki – deliq­ti. anu SemTxveva, roca ziani adge-
pasuxi: Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, ba piris materialur sikeTes ris Sedegad an mcirdeba
rom aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piri pasuxs misi Rirebuleba an saerTod ispoba es sikeTe. Sesabam-
ar agebs im zianisaTvis, romelic man sxva isad, deliqturi samarTalurTierTobisas, subieqtad
pirs miayena. imavdroulad, ar unda gavigoT
gvevlineba nebis­
mieri fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,
es faqti ise, rom TiTqos aseTi piris mier
miyenebul zianze aravin agebdes pasuxs. aseTi agreTve, araregistri­ rebuli kavSiri, obieqtad ki -
piris mier miyenebuli zarali anazRaurdeba nebismieri materialuri sikeTe (nivTebi).
mSoblebis an aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piris
meTvalyureobaze valdebuli sxva pirebis ziani unda gavigoT, rogorc fizikuri da/an iuridiu­
mier. mSoblebis garda, meTvalyureobaze li piris uflebis an keTildReobis damcireba, ganad-
valdebuli sxva pirebi SesaZloa iyvnen gureba. aq igulisxmeba qonebrivi an araqonebrivi ziani,
meurve, mzrunveli, aRmzrdelobiTi, fizikuri travma, ciliswameba, piradi Tavisuflebis,
saswavlo, samkurnalo dawesebulebani, sakuTrebis uflebisa da komerciuli interesebis Sez-
romlebic valdebulni arian meTvalyureoba
gauwion aT wlamde asakis pirs. es danawesi Rudva.
erTi mxriv icavs dazaralebuls (kreditors) ziani, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, SesaZloa war-
imisagan, rom misi uflebebi ar darCes
daucveli, kerZod, anazRaurdes miyenebuli
moiSvas rogorc moqmedebis, aseve, umoqmedobis gamo.
zarali da meore mxriv ki uwesebs mSoblebsa kreditori anu piri, romlis mimarT valdebuleba
da meTvalyureobaze valdebul sxva pirebs
pasuxismgeblobas, raTa umeTvalyureod ar
aris Sesasrulebeli, deliqtur samarTalurTierTo-
datovon piri da minimumamde daiyvanos maTi baSi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiu­
mxridan SesaZlo gulgriloba. li piri. movale, anu piri, romelmac unda Seasrulos
magram aT welze meti asakis mqone pirebi valdebuleba, SeiZleba iyos mxolod deliqtunariani
deliqtur valdebulebebze pasuxs ageben piri. e.i. piri, romelic pasuxs agebs Tavisi qmedebisaT-
piradad im zianisaTvis, romelic maT
miayenes sxva pirs. Tuki aseT pirs ar aqvs
vis. Tavad zianis miyenebis faqti ki warmoadgens val-
sakmarisi qoneba (da rogorc wesi, praqtikaSi debulebis warmoSobis safuZvels, romlis ZaliTac,
aseTi SemTxvevebi mravladaa) maSin dazaralebuls (kreditors) ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos
damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mis zianis mimyeneblisagan (movalisagan) zaralis anaz-
warmomadgenlebsac. Raureba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, zaralis
anazRaurebaze pasuxismgeblobas ar atarebs ziani SeiZleba gamoiwvios rogorc erTi, aseve ram-
piri, romelmac marTlsawinaaRmdego denime piris qmedebamac. aucilebeli ar aris es pire-
qmedebiT miayena ziani sxva pirs Wkuasustobis
an suliT avadmyofobis gamo.
bi moqmedebdnen winaswari ganzraxviT an erToblivad.

160
mTavaria, rom zianis dadgoma gamoiwvia ramdenime piris moqmedebam. am
SemTxvevaSi zianis mimyeneblebi pasuxs ageben rogorc solidaruli mova-
leebi erToblivad zianis miyenebaSi.
ziani warmoiSoba rogorc gaufrTxilebeli, aseve ganzraxi moqmedebis Se-
degad. erToblivi zianis miyenebaSi igulisxmeba ori an ramdenime piris
qmedeba, romelsac gaaCnia mizezobrivi kavSiri damdgar SedegTan.
5
erToblivad miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba yvela im
pirs solidarulad, romlebmac miiRes monawileoba damdgar zianSi.
deliqtis saxeebi. garda deliqturi samarTalurTierTobis zogadi defi-
niciisa, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, romliTac pirs adgeba ziani da
zianis mimyenebelma (movalem) unda aunazRauros dazaralebuls (kredi-
tors) miyenebuli ziani, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi ayalibebs konkre­
tuli deliqturi samarTalurTierTobis saxeebs. magaliTad:
zianis momtani cnobebis gaxmaurebis Sedegebi. piri, romelic sxva
pirisaTvis qonebrivi zianis faqtebs axmaurebs da avrcelebs ganzrax an
gaufrTxileblobiT, valdebulia, es ziani aanazRauros, Tuki dadasturde-
ba, rom faqtebi aSkarad arasworia.
imavdroulad, gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic emsaxureba kanonieri sazogadoeb­
rivi interesebis dacvas, ar iwvevs zemo­aRniSnul pasuxismgeblobas.
satransporto saSualebis eqspluataciis Sedegad damdgari zianis anaz-
Raureba:
• mgzavrebis gadayvanisa da tvirTis gadazidvisTvis gaTvaliswinebu-
li satransporto saSualebis mflobeli, Tu misi satranspor­to sa-
Sualebis eqspluatacias mohyva
adamianis sikvdili, dasaxiCreba
an janmrTelo­bis moSla, anda niv-
Tis dazianeba, valdebulia,
dazaralebuls aunazRauros mi-
yenebuli zarali.
pasuxismgebloba nagebobidan gamomdin-
are mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli
zianisaTvis:
• Tu ama Tu im Senoba-nagebobidan
gamomdinareobs mometebuli
safrTxe am SenobaSi warmoebuli,
moTavsebuli an miwodebuli
energiisagan, anda xanZarsaSiSi an
feTqebasaSiSi, Sxamiani an/da
momwamvleli nivTierebisagan,
rasac SeiZleba mohyves adamianis
sikvdili, sxeulis, janmrTelobis
an Tundac nivTis dazianeba, maSin
am nagebobis mflobeli valdebulia, aunazRauros dazaralebuls
aqedan warmoSobili ziani. igive pasuxismgebloba gamoiyeneba
xanZarsaSiSi, Sxamiani am momwamvleli nivTierebis mflobelebis
mimarT, roca an nivTierebebidan mometebuli safrTxe
gamomdinareobs. magaliTad, Tu Tqveni sacxovrebeli saxlis
gverdiT aaSeneben qimiur qarxanas, romelic Tavisi saqmianobidan
gamomdinare ayenebs zians Tqvens janmrTelobas, bunebrivia, am
zianis anazRaurebas qarxnis mesakuTrisagan moiTxovT.

161
5

xanZris Caqrobis dros warmoSobili zianis anazRaureba. xanZris Caqro-

bisas, Tuki ziani miadgeba mezobel binebsa da nagebobebs, is unda aanazRau-
ros pirma, romlis braliTac gaCnda xanZari. xanZris gaCenis mizezebsa da
sxva teqnikur garemoebebs adgens saTanado eqspertiza.
zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan winaswari gaTavisuflebis
dauSvebloba. satransporto saSualebaTa eqspluataciis Sedegad da nage-
bobidan gamomdinare mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli zianisas, Tu saqme
exeba pirisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas, ar SeiZleba winaswar
gamoiricxos an SeizRudos zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba. igive wesi
gamoiyeneba nivTisaTvis miyenebuli zianis mimarT, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
roca pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba an pasuxismgeblobis SezRud-
va SeTanxmebuli iyo zianis anazRaurebaze valdebul pirsa da sajaro sa­
marTlis iuridiul pirs, sajaro samarTlebriv fonds an sawarmos Soris.
cxovelebis mier miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. cxovelis mflobeli
valdebulia, aanazRauros is ziani, romelic misma cxovelma sxvas miayena.
zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar warmoiSoba, Tuki cxovelis mflobeli
miiRebs aucilebel zomebs mesame pirTa dasacavad (magaliTad, quCaSi ZaR­
lis seirnobisas daumagrebs mas specialur mowyobilobas, alikaps, rome­
lic uflebas ar aZlevs ZaRls ukbinos gamvlels).
samedicino dawesebulebis mier miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.
anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mkurnalobisas piris janmrTelobisaTvis
miyenebuli ziani (magaliTad: qirurgiuli operaciis arasworad Catareba,
araswori diagnozis dasma da a.S.).
xandazmulobis vada. deliqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebis xandazmulobis vada Seadgens sam wels. aRniSnuli vada aiTvleba im
momentidan, roca dazaralebulma Seityo ziani an am zianis anazRaurebaze
pasuxismgebeli piris vinaoba.

162
 10. inteleqtualuri sakuTreba
5
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebia

samewarmeo (sasaqonlo
saavtoro (nawarmoebi,
da momsaxurebis niSani,
gamogoneba, sasargeblo
safirmo saxelwodeba
modeli da a.S.)
da a.S.)

inteleqtualuri sakuTreba. inteleqtualuri sakuTreba dakavSirebu-

lia adamianis gonebriv da SemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan, romelic moicavs
mecnierebas, teqnologiebs, warmoebas, literaturas, xelovnebas, musikas
da sxva sferoebs. igi Seadgens im ufleba-movaleoba­Ta erTobliobas, ro-
melic zemoT CamoTvlil sferoebSi adamianis moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. is
samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi institutia, romelic awesrigebs adamianTa
gonebriv da SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas da Sedegad warmoqmnil samarTal-
urTierTobebs. magaliTad, petrem gamoigona maRalteq­ nologiuri Carxi
da qarxanas mihyida misi warmoebis ufleba,
mananam dawera piesa da Teatrs mihyida misi
dadgmis ufleba da a.S. inteleqtualuri sa- saavtoro samarTlis sferoSi safuZvlis Camyrel qveynad
kuTreba kerZo samarTleb­rivi uflebaa, rom- inglisi iTvleba.
lis sagania inteleqtualuri (gonebrivi) evropis qveynebSi avtorTa uflebebis dacvas ukavSireben
germaniaSi iohan gutenbergis mier moZravi literebiT
Semoqmedebis Sedegad Seqmnili an ekonomikur
wignebis beWdvis axali teqnikuri saSualebebis
urTierTobebSi pirvelad CarTuli obieqte- gamogonebas. am faqtma daaCqara da mniSvnelovnad
bi. SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTiT Tu davyofT, es gaaadvila wignebis gamocemis da gavrcelebis procesi.
obieqtebi ori kategoriisaa: SesaZlebeli gaxda wignebisa Tu sxva nabeWdi produqciis
aslebis didi raodenobiT gamravleba, rasac SeeZlo didi
1. saavtoro - SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Semosavlis motana “literaturuli mekobreebisaTvis”.
Sedegad Seqmnili (pirvelqmnili nimu- inglisSi wignis beWdvis teqnikis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia
Si: nawarmoebi, gamogoneba, sasargeblo axali saxis saqmianobis – wignebiT vaWrobis ganviTareba
modeli, samrewvelo nimuSi da a.S.) da aRmasvla. am sferoSi Seiqmna gaerTianebebi, romlebmac
daiwyes sakuTari uflebebis dacvaze mizanmimarTuli
2. samewarmeo - gamoyenebiTi Semoqmedebis brZola.
Sedegad pirvelad CarTuli ekonomikur is nawarmoebebi, romelsac warmateba axlda, mekobreTa
brunvaSi (komerciuli aRniSvnebi: sa- yuradRebis gansakuTrebuli obieqti xdeboda. cnobilia
saqonlo da momsaxurebis niSani, safir- incidenti dakavSirebuli emil zolas nawarmoebTan
“xafangi”. is “literaturul mekobreTa” “wyalobiT”
mo saxelwodeba, logo, geografiuli
belgiaSi ufro adre gamoCnda da gamoqveynda, vidre
aRniSvnebi da a.S.). safrangeTSi. daZabuli situaciis ganmuxtva moxerxda
saavtoro uflebebi – qonebrivi da pi- mxolod 1952 wels safrangeTsa da belgias Soris
gaformebuli vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebiT. am
rad araqonebriv uflebeb­ Tan dakavSire- dokumentiT dadgenil iqna specialuri moTxovnebi
buli urTierTobebi, romelic warmoiSoba saavtoro uflebaTa mflobelebis dacvis Sesaxeb.
mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis
nawarmoebTa Seqmnisas da gamoyenebisas.

163
 5
saavtoro
samarTlis
Tanamedrove
Sexedulebamde
da principebamde
misvlas xangrZlivi
dro da mweralTa,
momijnave uflebebi
fonogramis, videog­
Semsru­leblis,
ramis damamzadeb­
lisa da mauwyeblobis organizaci-
is saavtoro uflebebis momi-
jnave uflebebTan dakavSirebuli
uflebebis erTobliobaa. istori-
msaxiobTa, uli mimoxilva.
musikosTa, saxviTi kanoni “saavtoro da momijnave
xelovnebis dargSi uflebebis Sesaxeb”. saqarT-
moRvaweTa da
profesional
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsi
iuristTa didi inteleq­tualuri sakuTrebis
Sroma da Zalisxmeva uflebis Sesaxeb normebis mom-
dasWirda. wesrigebel norma­tiul aqtad
1710 wels uTiTebs saqarTvelos kan-
gamomcemlebma
miaRwies dedofal
ons “saavtoro da momijnave
anas statusis uflebebis Sesaxeb”.
miRebas. is saavtoro
uflebaTa dacvis
am kanonis mizans warmoad-
sferoSi miRebul gens dacva saavtoro qonebrivi
pirvel kanonad da piradi araqonebrivi ufle-
iTvleba. misi bebisa, romlebic warmoiSoba
saTauri iyo: mecnierebis, literaturisa da
“bili ganaTlebis
(swavlebis)
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Seqm-
ganviTarebis nisa da maTi gamoyenebis dros
xelSewyobisa (saavtoro uflebebi), aseve, am
da avtorebisa kanonis mizans warmoadgens, daicvas zogi-
da wignebis erTi momijnave ufleba dakavSirebu-
kanonzomierad
li Semsruleb­ lebTan, fono-
gakeTebuli
aslebis (kopiebis) gramis, videogramisa da
mflobelTaTvis monacemTa bazebis da-
sakuTrebis uflebis mamzadeblebTan da
da kanonebis Sesaxeb.’ mauwyeblobis or-
ganizaciebTan (mo-
mijnave uflebebi).

aRniSnuli kanoni vrceldeba:

• mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebze,
Sesrulebaze, fonogramasa da videogramaze, romlebzedac
saavtoro an momijnave uflebaTa mflobelia saqarTvelos
moqalaqe, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi
fizikuri an iuridiuli piri;
• mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebze,
fonogramasa da videogramaze, romlebic pirvelad gamoica
saqarTvelos teritoriaze;
• im mauwyeblobis organizaciaTa gadacemebze, romlebic aris
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT dafuZnebuli
iuridiuli pirebi da programebs gadascemen saqarTvelos
teritoriaze ganlagebuli gadamcemebis meSveobiT;
• arqiteqturul nawarmoebebze, romlebic ganlagebulni aris
saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad maTi avtorebis moqalaqeobisa da
mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilisa;
• mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebeb-
ze, Sesrulebaze, fonogramaze, videogramasa da mauwyeb­lobis
organizaciaTa gadacemebze, romlebic daculia im saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebaTa Sesabamisad, romlis monawilec
saqarTve­loa.

164
 5

avtori ewodeba nebismier fizikur pirs, romlis inteleqtualur-

Semoq­medebiTi saqmianobis Sedegad Seiqmna nawarmoebi.
saavtoro uflebis obieqtad iwodeba is nawarmoebi, romelzedac
saavtoro ufleba vrceldeba. aseTebia: mecnierebis, literaturisa
da xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, ganurCevlad maTi daniSnulebisa da av­
kargianobisa, gamoxatvis formisa da saSualebisa.

mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebia:

saavtoro ufleba vrceldeba rogorc gamoqveynebul, ise gamouqveynebel
nawarmoebze, romelic arsebobs raime formiT. saavtoro ufleba ar vrcel-
deba oficialur dokumentebze (kanonebi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi)
da maT Targmanebze. agreTve, ar vrceldeba saxelmwifos oficialur sim-
bolikaze (droSa, gerbi, himni, fulis niSnebi), ideebze, meTodebze, princi-
pebze, sistemebze, koncefciebze, aRmoCenebze, informaciebze faqtebisa da
movlenebis Sesaxeb.
saavtoro uflebis misaRebad nawarmoebi tardeba registraciaSi saavtoro
da momijnave uflebaTa saxelmwifo saagentos reestrSi. registraciis Sem-
dgom, registrants eZleva sertifikati, ris Semdegac mas ufleba eZleva ga-
moiyenos saavtoro uflebis dacvis niSani, romelic daismeva nawarmoebis
yovel egzemplarze da Sedgeba sami elementisagan:

1. laTinuri aso C wrewirSi;

2. saavtoro uflebis mflo-
belis saxeli (dasaxeleba);
3. nawarmoebis pirveli gamo-
cemis weli.
saavtoro ufleba nawarmoeb-
ze erToblivad ekuTvniT Ta-
naavtorebs, maTi arsebobis SemTx-
vevaSi, agreTve, Semdgenlebs,
gamomcemlebs, audiovizualu­ri
nawarmoebebis avtorebs.

165
5 saavtoro uflebaTa momijnave uflebebi vrceldeba Semsruleblebze,
fonogramis an videogramis damamzadeb­ lebze da mauwyeblobis organi-
zaciebze. Semsrulebeli moqmedebs Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis avtoris
uflebaTa dacvis pirobiT. fonogra­ mis damamzadebeli an Semsrulebeli
gancxadebisaTvis iyenebs momijnave uflebis niSans, romelic fonogramis
yovel egzemplars daesmis da Sedgeba sami elementisagan:
1. laTinuri R wrewirSi;
2. gansakuTrebuli momijnave
uflebis mflobelis saxeli;
3. fonogramis gamocemis pirveli
weli.
kanonis Tanaxmad, saavtoro ufleba
warmoiSoba nawarmoebis SeqmnisTanave
da moqmedebs avtoris sicocxleSi,
agreTve misi gardacvalebis Semdgom.
kerZod, aRniSnuli vada Seadgens
70 wels avtoris gardacvalebidan.
Tu nawarmoebi fsevdonimiT an
anonimurad gamoqveynda, vada aiTvleba
nawarmoebis gamoqveynebis TariRidan.
xolo, rac Seexeba TanaavtorobiT
Seqmnil nawarmoebs, 70 wliani vada
aiTvleba ukanaskneli Tanaavtoris
gardacvalebis TariRidan.
saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis ganzrax darRveva iwvevs samoqalaqo,
sisxlissamarTlebriv da administraciul pasuxismgeblobas. saavtoro
da momijnave uflebebis darRvevad iTvleba saavtoro samarTliT dacu-
li nawarmoebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba. maT Soris iseTi, rogoricaa sxvisi
nawarmoebis reproducireba, nawarmoebis sajaro Sesruleba, xmis Canaweris
damzadeba, sajaro gadacema eTerSi, gayidva, gaqiraveba da sxva.
nawarmoebis avtors gaaCnia rogorc qonebrivi, aseve piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebi.
nawarmoebis avtoris qonebrivi uflebebi. avtors an gansakuTrebu-
li saavtoro uflebis sxva mflobels, ufleba aqvs, miiRos saavtoro
honora­ri (honoraris ufleba). saavtoro honoraris odenoba, misi gamoan­
gariSebisa da gadaxdis wesi, nawarmoebis nebismieri formiT gamoyenebi-
saTvis, dgindeba, erTi mxriv, avtors, saavtoro uflebis sxva mflobelsa
da meore mxriv, mosargebles Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT.
nawarmoebis avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi. piradi
araqoneb­rivi uflebebi avtors ekuTvnis misi qonebrivi uflebebisagan
damoukideb­lad da unarCundeba am uflebebis daTmobis SemTxvevaSic.
piradi araqoneb­rivi uflebebis gasxviseba avtoris sicocxleSi dauSve­
belia.
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxeleba da geografiuli aRniSvnebi. oriod
sityviT SevexoT saqonlis (momsaxurebis) adgilwarmoSobisa da
geografiuli aRniSvnis samarTlebriv aspeqtebs.
saqonlis (adgilwarmoSobis) dasaxeleba aris geografiuli adgilis,
raionis, qveynis saxelwodeba, Tanamedrove an istoriuli saxeli, rome­
lic am saqonlis (momsaxurebis) mosaniSnad gamoiyeneba.

166
 igi gamoiyeneba iseTi saqonlis (momsaxurebis) mimarT:
•
•
romelic warmoSobilia am geografiuli adgilidan;
romlis gansakuTrebuli xarisxi da Tvisebebi mTlianad an ZiriTa-
dad ganpirobebulia mxolod am geografiuli adgilis bunebrivi
garemo-pirobebiT (magaliTad: borjomi, nabeRlavi);
5
• romlis warmoeba an nedleulis damzadeba-damuSaveba am geog­
rafiul adgilas mimdinareobs (magaliTad, mineraluri wylis Ca-
mosxma).
geografiuli dasaxeleba SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos saxelwodebaSi, logo-
ze, gamosaxulebaze, romelic asocirdeba geografiul adgilmdebareobas-
Tan.
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebisa da geografiuli aRniSvnis registracia da
dacva xdeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqpatentis mier, (romlis
funqciebsa da movaleobebs qvemoT ganvixilavT).
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT (sxva qveynebSi) warmoSobili adgilwarmo-
Sobis dasaxeleba da geografiuli aRniSvnis dacva xorcieldeba saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. amave safuZvliT warmoSobili adgil­
warmoSobis dasaxeleba da geografiuli aRniSvnis registracia,aseve,
saqpatentSi xorcieldeba.
patenti es aris kanonis Sesabamisad fizikuri an iuridiuli piris saxel-
ze gacemuli dokumenti, romelic adasturebs, misi gacemis momentisaTvis,
patentis mflobelis gansakuTrebul uflebebs.
imisaTvis, rom saqpatentma gasces patenti gamogonebaze, saWiroa, is akmayo-
filebdes sam mTavar kriteriums (patentunarianobis kriteriumebi). esenia:
1. siaxle - gamogoneba axalia, Tu is ar aris cnobili msoflioSi, arse-
buli teqnikuri donidan gamomdinare. teqnikis dones gan­sazRvravs
yvela is monacemi, romelic sayovelTaod cnobilia werilobiTi
formiT, zepiri aRweriT, sajaro gamoyenebiT da sxv. amasTan, siax-
le unda fiqsirdebodes ganacxadis Setanis TariRamde;
2. sagamomgoneblo done - gamogonebas gaaCnia sagamomgoneblo done,
Tu is specialistisaTvis cxadad ar gamomdinareobs teqnikis arse-
buli donidan; davaleba: gaixseneT
3. samrewvelo gamoyenebadoba - misi damzadebis an misiT sargeblo- TqvenTvis cnobili
gamomgoneblebi,
bis SesaZlebloba mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, jandacvisa da ra gamoigones
sxva sferoebSi. maT da ramdenad
akmayofilebda
maTi gamogonebebi
mocemul
moTxovnebs? ratom?
patentunarianobis kriteriumebia

sagamomgoneblo samrewvelo
siaxle
done gamoyenebadoba

167
5 sapatento uflebis gankargva xorcieldeba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Ta­
vad patentmflobeli piris mier. mas SeuZlia gayidos, gaaCuqos an sxvag-
varad gankargos is, gasces licenzia, daamzados patentiT daculi produq-
ti da a.S.
sapatento piradi uflebebi vadiTa da teritoriiT SezRuduli ar aris. is
moqmedebs mudmivad nebismier qveyanaSi.
rac Seexeba qonebriv (gansakuTrebul) pirobebs, gamogonebis SemTxvevaSi is
moqmedebs 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo sasargeblo modelis SemTxvevaSi –
8 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod patentis gamcemi qveynis teritoriaze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi vada aiTvleba gancxadebis sapatento organoSi Setanis dRidan.
gauqmeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, specialur
SemTxvevebSi patentis gauqmebis SemTxvevebs. magaliTad, patentis sagani ar
aris patentunariani an patenti ar aRwers gamogonebas an sasargeblo mod-
els im sisruliT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi ganxorcieleba da a.S.
saqarTvelos moqalaqes SeuZlia gamogonebaze an sasargeblo modelze ga-
nacxadi Seitanos ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed uSualod im qveynis Se-
sabamis sapatento uwyebaSi, romelSic surs patentis miReba. aRniSnuli
ganacxadi mas SeuZlia ganaxorcielos mxolod mas Semdeg, rac saqpaten­
tisagan miiRebs nebarTvas ucxoeTSi ganacxadis wardgenis Sesaxeb.
ganacxadis Setana SeiZleba Sesabamis regionalur uwyebaSic, Tuki qveyana,
romelSic saqarTvelos moqalaqes surs patentis miReba, mierTebulia ro-
melime Sesabamis regionul SeTanxmebas.
saqpatenti. saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli centri
aris sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. is Tavis saqmianobas warmarTavs
saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT, saqarTvelos
“sapatento kanonis”, “sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb kanonis”, “dizainis Sesaxeb
kanonis”, saqpatentis debulebisa da sxva normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisad.
gaaCnia simbolika, beWedi, damoukidebeli biujeti, sabanko rekvizitebi da
a.S., kanonmdeblobiT dakisrebul movaleobaTa Sesrulebisas warmoadgens
mas da moqmedebs saxelmwifos saxeliT.
mas xelmZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare, romelsac saqarTvelos premier-mi­
nistris wardginebiT, Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuf­
lebs saqarTvelos prezidenti da iniSneba oTxi wlis vadiT.
saqpatenti angariSvaldebulia, saqarTvelos premier-ministris winaSe.

saqpatenti

168
 11. samezoblo samarTali
samezoblo samarTali da samezoblo samarTalurTierTobani saqarTvelos
5
`samoqalaqo kodeqsSi~ calke TaviTaa mowesrigebuli. aRniSnuli
gamomdinareobs kanonmdeblis neba-survilidan, ar dauSvas TviTneboba da
mouwesrigebloba samezoblo urTierTobebSi. marTalia, yvela detalis
gaTvla da mowesrigeba SeuZlebelia, magram samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba
ayalibebs im ZiriTad postulatebs, romelTac unda eyrdnobodes
samezoblo urTierTobani.
mezobeli miwis nakveTis an sxva uZravi qonebis mesakuTreni, valdebulni
arian moqmedebdnen urTierTpativiscemisa da urTierTinteresebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. ar SeiZleba TviTneboba da upativcemulo urTierToba
erTmaneTisadmi.
Tavdapirvelad ganvmartoT, rom mezoblis cnebaSi ar moiazreba mxolod
momijnave miwis nakveTebi an sxva uZravi qoneba (sacxovrebeli saxli, bina da
a.S.). mezoblad miiCneva nebismieri is uZravi qoneba, saidanac urTierTzemoq­
medeba gamomdinareobs. magaliTad: Tqvens nakveTze moedineba sarwyavi wya-
li, romelic sami nakveTis Semdgom Sedis ditos nakveTSi. Tqven ara gaqvT
ufleba CauketoT ditos sarwyavi wyali, miuxedavad imisa, rom is uSua­lod
ar gemijnebaT. dauSvebelia wylis CaSveba Tqveni sacxovrebeli binidan qve-
moT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens qvemoT mcxovreb mezobels wyali ar Cas-
dis da is kidev ufro qvemoT myof mezobels Caudis milebis saSualebiT.
erTi sityviT, samezoblo samarTali samarTlis normaTa erTobliobaa,
romelic awesrigebs samarTalurTierTobebs rogorc uSualod momijnave
uZravi qonebis mesakuTreebs, aseve im uZravi qonebis mesakuTreebs Soris,
romelTa mierac xdeba erTmaneTis qonebaze zemoqmedeba.
garda uflebebisa, mezoblebs valdebulebanic akisriaT. kerZod, mezobeli
valdebulia, iTminos mezoblis uZravi qonebidan umniSvnelo zemoqmedeba,
romelic an saerTod ar xelyofs mis uflebebs an Zalian mcire zegavlenas
axdens masze. romelia umniSvnelo, araarsebiTi da romeli mniSvnelovani,
sasamarTlo ganmartebisa da davis sagania. ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelo-
vani kriteriumi, riTac esa Tu is zegavlena konkretulad umniSvnelod
an mniSvne­lovnad CaiTvleba. aseT dros, amosavali mainc is SesaZlo zara- kiTxva:
li unda iyos, romelic, SeiZleba, miadges mezobels meore mezoblisagan. Tqveni azriT,
magaliTad, Tqvens venaxs azaralebs mezobeli venaxidan wamosuli kvamli, rogori zemoqmedeba
Tqvens Wers azianebs zemo mezoblis nivTebis gadaadgileba da a.S. unda CaiTvalos
umniSvnelod?
SeiZleba, zemoqmedeba arsebiTic iyos, magram mezobels mainc daekisros ratom ekisrebaT
moTmenis valdebuleba. vinaidan, is gamowveulia uZravi qonebis Cveuleb­ mezoblebs Tmenis
rivi sargeblobiT da ar SeiZleba misi aRkveTa im RonisZiebebiT, rome­lic valdebuleba?
normalur sameurneo saqmianobad miiCneva. magaliTad, Tqveni binis me-
zoblad cxovrobs musikosi, romlis repeticiac Tqven gawuxebT, magram ver
aukrZalavT, vinaidan es misi Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa; an Tqveni nakveTis me-
zoblad aris ferma, saidanac suni da Zroxebis xmauri gawuxebT, magram unda
moiTminoT.
aseTi zemoqmedebis moTmenis gamo, Tqven SegiZliaT, kanoniT gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi moiTxovoT kompensacia.
aucilebeli gza - aris SemTxvevebi, roca miwis nakveTs ar gaaCnia
komunikacieb­
Tan misasvleli gza, rogoricaa saavtomobilo gza, eleq­
tro-navTob da gazsadenebi, wyalmomaragebis qseli da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi,

169
 5

aseTi nakveTis mesakuTres SeuZlia moiTxovos aucilebeli gza im nakve-

magaliTad, petres
aqvs venaxi pavles Tis mesakuT­ risgan, romlis nakveTic uerTdeba zemoaRniSnul komunika-
venaxis Semdeg da ciebs. es ukanaskneli valdebulia, aseTi gzis arseboba iTminos da mezobeli
misasvlelad petre uzrunvel­yos aucilebeli gziT, Tumca amis gamo uflebamosilia, moiTxo-
valdebulia, gzidan vos finansuri kompensacia.
pavles venaxze
gaiaros. pavles mesakuTres, romelmac Tavad gamoiwvia aucilebeli gzis moSla, ara aqvs
SeuZlia, mosTxovos ufleba moiTxovos aucilebeli gza. kerZod, Tuki petres gaaCnia xidi, an
petres finansuri Sesasvle­li da daangrevs an amoaSenebs mas da amis gamo, dakargavs mi­sasvlels
kompensacia.
komunikaciis saSualebebTan, aRar eqneba ufleba moiTxovos aucilebeli
gza da valdebulia, Tavad aRadginos kavSiri komunikaciebTan.
xelSeSlis aRkveTa - miwis nakveTis mesakuTres SeuZlia, moiTxovos mezo-
bel nakveTebze iseTi nagebobebis aSeneba an eqspluatacia, rac dauSveb-
lad xelyofs nakveTiT sargeblobis uflebas. magaliTad, mezobeli Tqveni
agarakis gverdiT aSenebs qaTmebis fermas da mas uSualod Tqvens sazRvar-
Tan agebs; sacxovrebel korpusSi Tqveni zeda mezobeli aSenebs saCrdilo-
bels, romlis wylis sadinaridan Camosuli wyali Tqvens aivanze Camodis
da a.S. miuxeda­vad imisa, awarmoebs Tu ara mezobeli mSeneblobas samSeneb-
lo normebis dacviT, aris Tu ara is SeTanxmebuli Sesabamis arqiteqturul
samsaxurebTan, Tqven mainc gaqvT ufleba moiTxovoT im Senoba-nagebobis
aSenebis an eqspluataciis aRkveTa, romelic dauSveblad xelyofs Tqvens
interesebs. interesebis dauSveblad xelyofa, ZiriTadad, gamoixateba,
Tqveni sakuTrebis uvargisad gaxdomaSi an misi daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis
SeuZleblobaSi.
Tu miwis nakveTs mezobeli nakveTidan Senobis Camoqcevis safrTxe emuqre-
ba, mesakuTres SeuZlia mezobels mosTxovos safrTxis aRkveTa. magaliTad,
Tqvens mezobel nakveTze ganlagebul sacxovrebel saxls aqvs iseTi bzari,
romelic SeiZleba Camoingras da safrTxe Seuqmnas Tqvens sakuTrebas.

170
 12. saojaxo samarTali
12.1.  qorwinebis cneba, pirobebi, asaki, damabrkolebeli garemoebani
5
ojaxi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi ujredia. mis simtkiceze damokidebulia ara
marto ojaxis wevrTa keTildReoba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis, mTeli
qveynis winsvla. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi umTav­
resi mimarTuleba saojaxo samarTalia, misi srulyofilad regulireba da
ojaxis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi samarTalsubieqtis rolis gamokveTa
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebSi.
qorwineba ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT qalisa da mamakacis nebayofilobiTi kav­
Siria, romelic registrirebulia saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros
mmarTvelobaSi myof sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris samoqalaqo registracia
reestris saagentos bazaSi. aris qorwinebis
erTaderTi
rogorc aRiniSna, qorwineba es aris qalisa da mamakacis kavSiri. am SemTxve­ damadasturebeli
vaSi termins “kavSiri” ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeba. saSualeba. Tuki,
vTqvaT, piri iTxovs
roca kanonmdebeli qalisa da mamakacis kavSirze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, ganqorwinebisas
qorwinebis cnebaSi or mniSvnelobas debs: pirveli mniSvnelobiT: qor- Tanacxovrebis
wineba iuridiuli faqtia, rasac Sedegad mohyveba qalsa da mamakacs Soris periodSi
meuRleb­ rivi urTierTobebis warmoSoba. meore mniSvnelobiT: qorwineba SeZenili qonebis
gansazRvravs colisa da qmris gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss. am naxevars, rogorc
meuRlis kuTvnil
ori mniSvnelobis gaerTianebiT kanonmdeblobaSi moxda qorwinebis er- TanasakuTrebas,
Tian cnebaSi rogorc qorwinebis registraciis, ise qorwinebaSi myof pirTa mas sasamarTlo
samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra. aucileblad
mosTxovs qorwinebis
qorwineba, Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT ormxrivi garigebaa, vinaidan saxe­ mowmobas da
ze unda iyos orive meqorwines Tanxmoba. amasTanave, is formasavaldebulo, mxolod aRniSnuli
mkacrad gansazRvruli iuridiuli aqtia, romelic registrirebuli unda dokumentis
iyos samoqalaqo reestris saagentoSi. safuZvelze
imsjelebs mis
amasTanave, kanonmdebeli qorwinebis cnebis gansazRvrisas mkacrad da moTxovnaze.
calsaxad uTiTebs monogamiis principze. saubaria erTi qalisa da erTi qorwinebis mowmobis
garda arc erTi
mamakacis SeTanxmebaze. amiT uaryofilia yovelgvari SeTanxmeba poliga- sxva dokumenti
miuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb. amiT Cveni kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi modis ar warmoqmnis
anglosaqsur, aseve, kontinenturi samarTlis principebTan, gansxvavebiT qorwinebis,
muslimanuri samarTlis principebidan, romelic uSvebs poligamiur saqor- rogorc iuridiuli
wino kavSirebs (mravalcolianoba). mniSvnelobis mqone
faqts. amasTanave,
amasTanave, qorwinebis cnebaSi calsaxadaa miTiTebuli, rom es aris ori sqe- qorwinebis
sis mqone adamianTa kavSiri (qalisa da mamakacis). amiT dadginda erTsqesian- mowmobis dakargvis
an sxvagvari
Ta qorwinebis dauSvebloba. ganadgurebis
qorwinebis cnebis gansazRvrisas, kanonmdebelma daawesa qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi,
nebismier
nebayof­lobiTobis principi, rac niSnavs imas, rom qorwineba, romelic ro-
meqorwines, aseve,
melime mxareze (an Tundac orive mxareze) fsiqologiuri an/da fizikuri maT uflebamosil
zemoqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSva, baTilad SeiZleba iqnes cnobili. warmomadgenels,
SeuZlia samoqalaqo
qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis, misi iuridiuli gamarTulobisaTvis, aucile- reestris mier
belia kanoniT gansazRvruli wesis dacva. kerZod, saWiroa misi registracia damowmebuli
saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris qorwinebis mowmobis
samoqalaqo reestris saagentos teritoriul samsaxurSi. aseT registra- aslis gamoTxova.
cias konstituciuri, anu uflebawarmomqmneli mniSvneloba eniWeba.

171
5

pirobebi da asaki – qorwinebis saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi reg-

ulireba gulisxmobs garkveuli pirobebis gansazRvras da arsebobas. kanoni
adgens pirobebs, romlebic aucilebelia qorwinebisaTvis (qorwinebis pozi-
tiuri pirobebi) da pirobebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qorwineba
dauSvebelia (qorwinebis negatiuri pirobebi).
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad qorwinebis pozitiuri
pirobebia: saqorwino asaki da dasaqorwinebel pirTa Tanxmoba.

172
qorwineba daiSveba Tvrameti wlis asakidan. es asaki saerToa rogorc qalis,
aseve mamakacisaTvis.
imavdroulad, kanoniT daSvebulia Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweuli piris
qorwineba, Tu mas eqneba mSoblis an mzrunvelis winaswari werilobiTi
Tanxmo­ba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mSoblebis an mzrunvelis winaswari Tanxmo-
bis miReba SeuZlebelia an isini Tanxmobaze uars acxadeben, sasamarTlos
5
pativsadebi mizezis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia qorwinebaze Tanxmobis nebarTva
gasces.
Teqvsmeti weli es is minimaluri asakobrivi zRvaria, romlis qvemoT qor-
wineba miuRebelia piris fiziologiuri da fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba qorwinebis damabrkolebel (negatiur) garemoebebs, qorwineba
ar daiSveba Tu:
meqorwine ukve imyofeba sxva pirTan saqorwino kavSirSi an meqorwineebi
pirdapir aRmavali da damavali Stos naTesavebs miekuTvnebian an Tu meqor-
wineebi biologiuri da arabiologiuri da-Zma arian da sxv.

12.2.  qorwinebis Sewyveta da baTiloba

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg samarTlebriv
safuZvlebs cnobs:
a) erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebas;
b) kanoniT dadgenili wesiT erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvlilad
gamocxadebas;
c) ganqorwinebas.

qorwineba wydeba

romelime meuRlis
ganqorwinebisas
gardacvalebisas

romelime meuRlis
gardacvlilad
gamocxadebisas

qorwineba ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos garkveuli vadiT. bunebrivia, erT-

erTi meqorwilis gardacvaleba an misi gardacvlilad gamocxadeba iwvevs
qorwinebis Sewyvetas. aseT SemTxvevebSi aucilebeli ar aris qorwinebis
Sewyvetis registracia samoqalaqo reestris saagentoSi. sakmarisia
gardacvalebis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos
gadawyve­tilebis registracia samoqalaqo reestris saagentoSi. amis Semdeg
cocxlad darCenil meuRles SeuZlia kvlav iqorwinos.
amasTan erTad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom erT-erTi meqorwilis gar-
dacvaleba an misi gardacvlilad gamocxadeba cocxlad darCenili meuR­
lisaTvis saojaxo samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa erT nawils wyvets, xolo
meore nawils ucvlelad tovebs. magaliTad: wydeba TanasakuTreba, ixsneba
samkvidro da a.S.

173
 5 qorwinebis Sewyvetis mesame safuZvlad kanoni ganqorwinebas miiCnevs. gan-
qorwinebisas igulisxmeba, rom qorwineba Tavidan kanonis moTxovnaTa
dacviT moxda, magram Semdeg meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis periodSi, garkveul
sirTuleTa gamo aRmoCnda, rom maT mier qorwinebis Sewyveta ukeTesi gamo-
savali iqneboda.
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia misi registracia kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT.
ganqorwinebis registracia SeuZlia moiTxovon rogorc uSualod meuR-
leebma, aseve maTma warmomadgenlebma. am SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenloba unda
dasturdebodes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.
kiTxva: qorwinebis baTiloba saxezea, roca darRveulia qorwinebis Semdegi
SeuZliaT Tu ara fundamenturi principebi:
ganqorwinebul
meuRleebs isev • erT-erTi an arc erTi meqorwine ar aris Sesabamisi saqorwino
iqorwinon? asakis;
pasuxi: diax, • dasaqorwinebel pirTagan romelime an arc erTi nebayoflo-
SeuZliaT. biT ar aris Tanaxma qorwinebaze;
• romelime meqorwine ukve imyofeba registrirebul
qorwinebaSi sxva pirTan;
• arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZvlebi.
ganqorwinebisagan gansxvavebiT, qorwinebis baTiloba sxva iuridiuli Se-
degebis matarebelia. kerZod, ganqorwinebisas Cven saxeze gvqonda namdvi-
li, kanonis Sesabamisi qorwinebis aqti (garigeba), romelic ganqorwinebis
samarTlebrivi registraciis dasasrulamde warmoSobda sxvadasxva samarT-
kiTxva: lebriv Sedegebs (TanasakuTreba, urTierTrCenis movaleoba da a.S.). qor-
vis SeuZlia baTilad winebis baTilobisas ki gamoiyeneba garigebis baTilobis principebi da Sesa-
cnos qorwineba? bamisad, msgavsi qorwineba veraviTar samarTlebriv Sedegebs ver warmoSobs
(ar igulisxmeba bavSvTan mimarTuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobani). qor-
winebis baTiloba warmoadgens im iuridiuli Sedegebis gauqmebas, romelsac
kiTxva: kanoni namdvil qorwinebasTan akavSirebs.
SeiZleba Tu
ara qorwinebis Tu qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Semdeg, baTilobis safuZvlebi aRmoifxvre-
baTilobis moTxovna ba (magaliTad, arasrulwlovani piri miaRwevs srulwlovnebas) pirebs, ro-
orive meqorwinis
melTa qorwineba gamocxadda baTilad, SeuZliaT xelaxla iqorwinon.
gardacvalebis
Semdgom?
12.3.  meuRleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi

meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobani

piradi qonebrivi saxelSekrulebo

saxelis arCevis qonebrivi

individualuri
Tavisufleba, urTierTobebi,
da
ganaTlebis, gamomdinare saqorwino
Tanaziari sakuTreba
samsaxuris da a.S. xelSekrulebidan

174
piradi, qonebrivi, saxelSekrulebo. qorwineba meuRleTa Soris mra­
valmxriv da rTul urTierTobebs warmoSobs. maTi garkveuli nawili
tradiciebiTa da zneobrivi normebiT regulirdeba, xolo fundamentur
principebs ki kanonmdebloba amyarebs. bunebrivia, kanonmdebloba uZluria
saojaxo urTierTobebis yvela sakiTxi daareguliros da moagvaros
sakanonmdeb­lo normebiT, magram maTi umTavresi bazisi aucileblad unda
5
Seqmnas.
imisaTvis, rom meuRleebs Soris warmoiSvas kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalis-
winebuli ufleba-movaleobebi, saWiroa qorwineba gaformdes da registra­
ciaSi gatardes kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT. am wesis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve
visaubreT. mxolod kanonis Sesabamisad registrirebuli qorwineba iZle-
va iuridiul safuZvlebs, daareguliros meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobe-
bi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom qorwinebis kanonSesabamisi registracia mniSv­
nelovnad zrdis da amaRlebs meuRleTa pasuxismgeblobas ojaxis Seqmnisa
da simtkicis SenarCunebaSi.
saojaxo urTierTobebSi meuRleebi sargebloben Tanabari piradi da
qoneb­rivi ufleba-movaleobebiT. jer kidev SoTa rusTaveli miiCnevda,
rom “lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia.” bunebrivia, qarTuli
kanonmdeb­loba gverds ver auvlida Tanamedrove civiluri samarTlis am
mniSvnelovan danawess, meuRleTa Tanasworobis princips. amasTan, meuR-
leebi Tanasworni arian rogorc pirad, aseve qonebriv urTierTobebSi.
nebismieri diskriminacia sqesis, warmoSobis, socialuri da qonebrivi mdgo­
mareobis, rasobrivi da erovnuli kuTvnilebis da sxva garemoebaTa mixed-
viT, akrZaluli da dauSvebelia.
pirad urTierTobaTa Tanasworobis magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT saxelis
(gvaris), ganaTlebis, samsaxuris, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis Tavisuf­
leba, saojaxo sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyvetis ufleba da sxv. qonebriv
urTierTobaTa TanasworobaSi ki, orive meuRlis uflebaa iqonios sakuTre-
baSi nebismieri uZravi Tu moZravi nivTi, materialuri Tu aramaterialuri
sikeTe, romelic ar aris samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli.
qonebriv urTierTobaSi aucileblad unda ganvasxvaoT meuRleTa sakuTre-
ba, romelic iyofa or nawilad: individualur, anu gancalkevebul da saer-
To Tanaziar sakuTrebad, anu TanasakuTrebad.
individualuria iseTi qoneba, romelic erT-erT meuRles ekuTvnis da
TviTonve gankargavs mas. aseTia qorwinebamdeli, agreTve qorwinebis
periodSi memkvidreobiT an CuqebiT miRebuli qoneba, piradi moxmarebisaTvis
SeZenili nivTebi da sxv.
meuRleTa TanasakuTreba (Tanaziari qoneba) maT mier
qorwinebis periodSi SeZenili qonebaa. maT Soris, er-
Toblivi moxmarebis sagnebi, fasiani qaRaldebi,
fuli, Zvirfaseuloba da a.S. TanasakuTreba ekuTv­
nis orive meuRles Tanabarwilad da gamoiyeneba
saerTo interesebis Sesabamisad. amasTanave, mniSv­
neloba ara aqvs, Tu romeli meuRle eweva Semo-
savlian saqmianobas da romeli - saojaxo saqmiano-
bas, zrdis Svilebs da a.S.
Tanaziari sakuTreba SesaZloa gaiyos urTi­
erTSeTanxmebiT. Tu sakiTxi exeba moZrav
nivTebs, sakmarisia maTi faqtobrivi gada­
cema. Tu saqme uZrav an specialuri brun-
vaunarianobis mqone nivTebs (mag.: iara-
Ri, avtomanqana da sxv.), maSin am nivTze
garigebis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebe-
li wesiT unda gaformdes aqti.

175
5 Tuki urTierTSeTanxmeba ver xdeba, qonebis gayofa da davis gadawyveta
sasarCelo warmoebis safuZvelze wydeba sasamarTlos mier. mosamarTle
gadawyveti­lebiT adgens, Tu romel meuRles romeli nivTi unda mia­kuTvnos.
profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis saWiro nivTebi (musikaluri instrumentebi,
saeqimo mowyobiloba) gadaecema im meuRles, romelsac es nivTebi saqmiano-
bisaTvis esaWiroeba.
garda aqtivisa (qonebisa), iyofa, aseve, pasivi (valebi). Tanaziari qonebisas
aucileblad unda gaiyos is valebi, romelic meuRleebs daedoT Tanacxov­
rebis manZilze. vali iyofa saerTo qonebaSi TiToeulis kuTvnili wilis
Sesabamisad. rogorc wesi, erT-erTi meuRlis valis dasafaravad gadax-
devinebis miqceva xdeba misi qonebidan, TanasakuTrebaSi misi wilidan, ro-
melsac is miiRebda qonebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi. arsebobs gamonaklisic.
kerZod, valis meuRleTa saerTo qonebidan gastumreba xdeba maSin, Tu sa-
samarTlos mier dadgindeba, rom vali ojaxis saerTo interesebs moxmarda.
TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gayofis moTxovnis xandazmuloba Sead-
gens sam wels ganqorwinebidan. am vadis dena iwyeba ganqorwinebis faqtis
samoqalaqo reestris saagentoSi registraciis dRidan.
urTierTrCenis movaleoba. qorwinebis registraciis Semdeg meuRleebi
valdebulni arian izrunon erTmaneTze da materialurad daexmaron erT-
maneTs. es ara marto zneobrivi, aramed iuridiuli movaleobacaa. saqarTve­
los samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir adgens meuRleTa urTierTrCenis
principsa da movaleobas. amasTan, Tu meuRleTa Soris ver xerxdeba SeTanx-
meba, davas rCenis Sesaxeb wyvets sasamarTlo. sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis
ufleba aqvs, meuRles, romelic Sromisuunaroa da materialur daxmarebas
saWiroebs, agreTve, cols orsulobis periodSi da bavSvis dabadebidan sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi.

12.4.  mSoblebis uflebebi da movaleobani Svilebis mimarT

mSoblebisa da Svilebis samarTlebriv urTierTobas sa­fuZvlad udevs bavS-
vis gaCena da Sesabamisi Canaweris arseboba samoqalaqo reestris saagen-
toSi.
Tu bavSvis gaCenamde gardaicvleba mama, maSin bavSvi qorwinebaSi gaCenilad
CaiTvleba. aseve, maSinac Tu is daibada mamis gardacvalebidan aTi Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi.
daqorwinebuli mSoblebisagan bavSvi gaCenilad CaiTvleba, Tuki isini er-
Toblivad an erT-erTi maTgani mimarTavs registraciis mwarmoebel orga-
nos da warudgens qorwinebis mowmobas.
erTmaneTTan dauqorwinebeli mSoblebisagan Svilis war-
moSoba unda dadgindes erToblivi gancxadebiTa da
bavSvis dabadebis damadasturebeli dokumentis
wardgeniT.
Tuki ar arsebobs mSobelTa erToblivi
gancxadeba an SeuZlebelia misi wardgena,
maSin bavSvis mamoba dgindeba sasamarT-
los wesiT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia mim-
arTos erT-erTma mSobelma, bav­ Svis
meurvem (mzrunvelma) an im pirma, romlis
kmayofazec imyofeba bavSvi. sasamarTlo,
saTanado genetikuri an anTropologiu-
ri eqspertizis safuZvelze, adgens mamo-
bas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi eqspertiziT
ver dgindeba mamoba, maSin sasamarTlo
sxvadasxva safuZvlebiT wyvets sakiTxs
(dedisa da mamis Tanacxovreba, saerTo
meurneobis warmarTva da sxv.)

176
qorwinebis gareSe dabadebul bavSvs aqvs iseTive uflebebi da movaleobebi,
rogoric qorwinebaSi dabadebuls.
mSoblebs aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da movaleobebi Svilebis mimarT. aravi-
Tari diskriminacia am kuTxiT ar daiSveba. mxolod sasamarTloa uflebamo-
sili SezRudos uRirsi mSobeli garkveul uflebebSi, magram ar gaaTavisuf­
los is valdebulebebisagan.
5
“alimenti”
laTinuri
sityvaa da niSnavs
kmayofas, rCenas,
sarCos, romelic
valdebulma pirma
unda gadauxados
mSoblebisa da Svilebis saalimento movaleobani. kanoniT gaTvalis- misi moTxovnis
uflebis mqone
winebulia ojaxis wevrTa mimarT materialuri daxmarebis nebayoflobi- pirs. aseTi
Ti gawevis SesaZlebloba, romlis safuZvelzec ojaxis wevrebi TviTon valdebulebebi
gansazRvra­ven alimentis odenobas, misi gadaxdis wess, formebsa da vadebs. jer kidev romis
saalimento SeTanxmebas, misi gaformebis Semdeg, savaldebulo Zala gaaCnia. samarTlisaTvis
SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi, davas sasamarTlo ganixilavs sapro- iyo cnobili.
ase magaliTad,
ceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad. iustinianes
saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, mSoblebi movaleni arian ar- digestebSi
Cinon TavianTi arasrulwlovani Svilebi, aseve srulwlovani Svilebi, gadmocemuli
romlebic arian Sromisuunaroni da saWiroeben daxmarebas. aRniSnuli iyo mosazreba,
rom mSoblebi
valdebuleba exeba rogorc qorwinebaSi myof mSoblebs, aseve qorwine- valdebulni arian
baSewyvetilebsac, agreTve, im mSoblebs, romelTa Svilebic gaCndnen qor- arCinon Svilebi
winebis gareSe. maSinac, roca isini
ar imyofebian maTi
imavdroulad, mSobels, romelic aliments uxdis arasrulwlovan Svils, xelisuflebis
aseve ekisreba monawileobis miReba im damatebiT xarjebSi, rac gamowveulia qveS da piriqiT.
gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT (Svilis avadmyofoba, swavlis gadasaxadi da aRniSnuli naTlad
a.S.). gamoxatavs
saalimento
alimentis gadaxdevinebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs sasamarTlo umokles valdebulebebis
vadebSi ganixilavs. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom bavSvis aRzrdisa da rCenis Sinaarss
movaleobebis Sesrulebis dayovneba misi interesebis sawinaaRmdegoa. praq-
tikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca vadebi subieqtur Tu obieqtur garemoebaTa
gamo mainc Wianurdeba (mxareebi sxvadasxva qalaqebSi cxovroben, droulad
ar SeaqvT sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebebi da a.S.). aseT dros kanoni sasamarT-
los SesaZleblobas aZlevs, saqmis arsebiT ganxilvamde, gamoitanos ganCine-
ba Svilis Sesanaxi sarCos gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb. kiTxva:
Tu mSobels CamorTmeuli hqonda mSoblis ufleba, is avtomaturad kargavs valdebulia Tu
ara alimentis
Svilisagan sarCos miRebis moTxovnis uflebas.
gadamxdeli mSobeli
mSoblebis rCenis movaleoba ekisreba yvela Svils, miuxedavad imisa, daexmaros Svils
sarCeli alimentis dakisrebaze mSoblebis mier wayenebul iqna erT Tu ZviradRirebuli
yvela Svilze. saswavlo wignebis
SeZenisas?
msgavsad mSoblebisa, Svilebic valdebulni arian alimentis garda
monawileoba miiRon damatebiT xarjebSi, rac warmoiSveba gansakuTre-
buli garemoebebis Sedegad.
alimentis gadamxdel pirs SeuZlia sasamarTlos mimarTos alimentis Sem-
cirebis Sesaxeb, Tuki mas mniSvnelovnad Seumcirda Semosavali da aqvs amis
damamtkicebeli sabuTebi.

12.5.  ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento movaleobani

ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento valdebulebebs safuZvlad udevs garemoe-
ba, rom vidre pirs, romelsac aqvs alimentis saWiroeba, aqvs SesaZlebloba
miiRos alimenti mSoblebisagan, meuRlisagan an Svilebisagan, ufleba ara
aqvs moiTxovos is ojaxis sxva wevrebisagan. pirs, mxolod mas Semdeg SeeZ­
leba alimentis moTxovna ojaxis sxva wevrebisagan, Tu sxvadasxva mizezTa
gamo is ver iTxovs aliments mSoblebis, meuRlis an Svilisagan. ojaxis sxva
wevrebis saalimento valdebulebas safuZvlad udevs axlo naTesaoba an
mWidro ojaxuri kavSiri. maT saalimento valdebulebas gaaCnia damatebiTi,
subsidialuri xasiaTi, im ZiriTad valdebulebebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac
asruleben ojaxis pirveli rigis wevrebi – meuRle, mSoblebi da Svilebi.

177
5 13. memkvidreobis samarTali
memkvidreoba metad mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi institutia. Sesabam-
isad, misi safuZvlebis ganmtkiceba qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo aq-
tiT - konstituciiT xdeba. detalurad ki memkvidreobiT samarTlebriv
urTier­Tobebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs. memkvidreobis
meSveobiT gardacvlilis qoneba gadadis memkvidreze da Sesabamisad, subieq­
tebad fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebi gvevlinebian. amasTan, iuridiuli
piri, samemkvidreo kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba, rogorc mxolod memkvidre.
obieqtebad ki nebismieri materialuri da/an aramaterialuri sikeTe iTv-
leba. magaliTad: saxli, miwis nakveTi, fuli, avtomanqana, samewarmeo iuri­
diuli piris wili/aqcia da a.S.
cneba. samarTlis normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven gardacvlili piris
qonebis memkvidreebze gadasvlis wessa da farglebs, memkvidreobis samar-
Tali ewodeba. piris memkvidred mowveva da samkvidros miRebis ufleba aris
memkvidreobis ufleba, romelic Tavisi bunebiT konstituciuri uflebaa.
sakuTrebis memkvidreobiT miRebis uflebis gauqmeba dauSvebelia.
aucilebeli saWiroebisaTvis dasaSvebia memkvidreobis uflebis SezRudva
kanoniT dadgenili wesiTa da kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi. aRniSnuli
fundamenturi da zogadi principebi ki safuZvlad udevs saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis im Tavs, romelic memkvidreobis samarTals awesrigebs.
memkvidreebi (kanoniT, anderZiT), uRirsi memkvidreebi, memkvidreobis
uflebis CamorTmeva.

memkvidreoba

kanoniT anderZiT

memkvidre is piria, romelzedac gadadis mamkvidreblis qoneba. saqarTve-

los samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad memkvidreebi SeiZleba iyvnen:
a. kanoniT memkvidreebi – pirebi, romlebic cocxlebi iyvnen mamkvid­
reblis sikvdilis momentisaTvis da agreTve, mamkvidreblis Svili, ro-
melic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg cocxali daibadeba (meuRle, Svili,
mSobeli, SviliSvili da a.S.) maT rigiTobas (anu upiratesobas) adgens
samoqalaqo kodeqsi.
b. anderZiT memkvidreebi – pirebi, romlebic cocxlebi iyvnen
mamkvid­
reblis sikvdilis momentisaTvis, agreTve isini, romlebic
Caisaxnen mis sicocxleSi da daibadnen misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, miuxe-
davad imisa, misi Svilebi arian Tu ara. anderZiT memkvidreebi, agreTve,
SeiZleba iyvnen iuridiuli pirebi. iuridiuli piris memkvidreobis
SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad unda iyos saTanado wesiT registrirebuli
samkvidros gaxsnis momentisaTvis.

178
uRirsi memkvidre. piri verc anderZiT, verc kanoniT ver iqneba memkvidre,
Tu is ganzrax uSlida xels mamkvidrebels misi ukanaskneli nebis ganxor-
cielebaSi da amiT xels uwyobda Tavisi an Tavisi axlobeli pirebis mowvevas
memkvidreebad an samkvidroSi maTi wilebis gazrdas. aseve, Tu man Caidina
ganzraxi danaSauli an sxva amoraluri qmedeba, moanderZis mier anderZSi
5
gamoTqmuli ukanaskneli neba-survilis sawinaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli gare-
moebani dadasturebuli iqneba sasamarTlos mier. magaliTad, xels uSlida
mamkvidrebels anderZis SedgenaSi, umalavda iseT faqtebs, romelTa codnis
SemTxvevaSi is sxvagvarad gadawyvetda memkvidreobis sakiTxs.
uRirsad cnobili memkvidre ar kargavs uflebas iyos sxva mamkvidreblis
qonebis memkvidre.
kidev erTi sayuradRebo samarTlebrivi garemoeba: Tu piri mxilebulia
im qmedebaTa CadenaSi, romelic iwvevs memkvidreobis uflebis dakargvas
da mamkvidrebeli mas apatiebs Tavis anderZSi aSkarad gamoxatuli formiT,
is mainc miiRebs Tavis samkvidro wils. patiebaze Semdgomi uaris Tqma aRar
daiSveba.

13.1.  samkvidros gaxsna, dro da adgili

mamkvidreblis (anu gardacvlili piris) aqtivebisa (fuli, wili, aveji,
saxli, miwis nakveTi da a.S.) da pasivebis (valis, davalianebis) gadasvlas
memkvid­reze, samkvidros gaxsna ewodeba. magaliTad, mamis gardacvalebis
Semdeg Svilze gaixsna samkvidro, anu qoneba da vali gadavida mamidan Svil-
ze. samkvidro ixsneba piris gardacvalebis an sasamarTlos mier misi gar-
dacvlilad gamocxadebis Sedegad. gaxsnis drod ki iTvleba mamkvidreblis
gardacvalebis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRe.
samkvidros gaxsnis adgilad iTvleba mamkvidreblis sacxovrebeli adgili,
xolo Tu is ar aris cnobili, maSin Tavad samkvidro qonebis adgilsamyofeli.
sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva is adgili, sadac piri cxovrobs mudmivad,
an upiratesad. is moicavs garkveul qalaqs, sofels, dabas. samkvidros
gaxsnis adgili, sacxovrebeli adgili da gardacvalebis adgili, SesaZloa
ar daemTxvas erTmaneTs. piri SeiZleba gardaicvalos mgzavrobis dros,
patimrobaSi da ase Semdeg. Tu ver dgindeba sacxovrebeli adgili ( ucnobia
an SeuZlebelia dadgindes), maSin samkvidro ixsneba samkvidro qonebis
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT.

samkvidro qoneba

aqtivebi
pasivebi
(fuli, Zvirfaseuloba,
(sxvadasxva valdebulebani)
uZravi qoneba da a.S.)

179
 5
pirveli rigis memkvidreebad
gardacvlilis Svilebi, gardacvlilis Svili,
iTvlebian

romelic misi sikvdilis Semdeg daibada, meuRle

(registrirebuli
(mSvileblebi);
qorwinebidan), mSoblebi

naSvilebi da misi STamomavlebi, rogorc mSvileblis

samkvidro qoneba – samkvidro qoneba Seicavs
mamkvidreb­lis rogorc qonebrivi uflebis (sam-
kvidro aqtivi), ise movaleobebis (pasivi) er-
Tobliobas, romelic mas hqonda sikvdilis momen-
tisaTvis.
aqtivi moicavs mamkvidreblis qonebriv uflebebs,
an misi naTesavebis memkvidreebi, gaTanabrebulni
arian mSvileblis SvilebTan da maT STamomavlebTan. romelic Tavis mxriv, moicavs sakuTrebis ufle-
SviliSvilebi, SviliSvilis Svilebisa da am bas, aRnagobis uflebas, aramaterialur qonebriv
ukanasknelTa Svilebi kanoniT memkvidreebad
sikeTes (magaliTad: wili, aqciebi, pai da sxv.) magram
CaiTvlebian, Tu samkvidros gaxsnis droisaTvis
cocxali aRar aris maTi mSobeli, romelic memkvidres marto qoneba ar gadaecema. aucilebe-
mamkvidreblis memkvidre unda yofiliyo da lia, pasivze (valdebulebebze) pasuxismgeblobac
Tanasworad iReben im wils, romelic kanoniT itvirTos memkvidrem. sxva SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo
memkvidreobis dros maT gardacvlil mSobels brunva, ndoba da keTilsindisiereba dadgeboda
ergeboda.
eWvqveS. amitom kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom
SviliSvilebi, SviliSvilis Svilebisa da am
ukanasknelTa Svilebi ver gaxdebian memkvidreebi, Tu memkvidre aqtivis miRebasTan erTad pasuxismgebe-
maTma mSoblebma uari Tqves samkvidros miRebaze. lia pasivzec da unda Seasrulos valdebulebebic.
meore rigis memkvidreebi arian gardacvlilis debi
da Zmebi. diswulebi da Zmiswulebi memkvidreebad mamkvidrebels SeuZlia anderZiT gaiTvaliswinos
gamodian maSin, Tuki maTi mSobeli gardacvlilia. iseTi qoneba, romelic anderZis Sedgenisas, mar-
aseT dros diswulebi da Zmiswulebi iReben im wils, Talia, misi sakuTreba ar aris, magram samkvidros
romelic ekuTvnoda maT mSobels. gaxsni­sas is misi sakuTreba iqneba.
mesame rigis memkvidreebs warmoadgenen bebia da
babua. bebiis ded-mama da babuis ded-mama, rogorc 13.2.  memkvidreoba kanoniT
dedis, ise mamis mxridan. bebiis ded-mama da babuis
ded-mama memkvidreebad iTvlebian, Tu samkvidros
kanoniT memkvidreoba dafuZnebulia pirTa axlo
gaxsnis droisaTvis bebia da babua cocxlebi aRar naTesaobaze. kanoni ganasxva­vebs memkvidreebs ri-
arian. gis mixedviT. arian pirveli, meore, mesame, meoTxe
da mexuTe rigis memkvidreebi.
meoTxe rigis memkvidreebia biZebi (dedis Zma da mamis
Zma), deidebi da mamidebi.
mexuTe rigis memkvidreebi memkvidreTa rigiToba mkacrad gansazRvrulia
arian biZaSvilebi,
deidaSvilebi da mamidaSvilebi, xolo Tu es kanoniT da wina rigis memkvid­ris, Tundac erTi war-
ukanasknelni ar arian, maSin maTi Svilebi. momadgenlis arseboba, momdevno rigis yvela mem-
kvidres arTmevs uflebas iyos kanoniT memkvidre
da miiRos samkvidro.
Tu ar arsebobs arc kanoniT, arc anderZiT memkvidre an arc erTma memkvid­
rem ar miiRo samkvidro, anda Tu yvela memkvidres CamoerTva memkvidreobis
ufleba, umkvidro qoneba gadadis saxelmwifoze da misi mesakuTre ekono-
mikis saministro xdeba. xolo Tu mamkvidrebeli moxucTa, invalidTa, sam-
kurnalo, aRmzrdelobiT da socialuri dacvis sxva dawesebulebaTa rCe-
naze imyofeba, maSin - maT sakuTrebaSi.

13.3.  memkvidreoba anderZiT

fizikur pirs SeuZlia sikvdilis SemTxvevisaTvis Tavisi qoneba an misi nawi-
li anderZiT dautovos erT an ramdenime pirs rogorc memkvidreTa wridan,
ise gareSe pirebsac.
anderZi kanoniT dadgenili formiT mamkvidreblis mier Sedgenili calmx-
rivi garigebaa. masSi mxolod moanderZis nebaa gamoxatuli. anderZis Sesad­
genad memkvidris Tanxmoba saWiro ar aris. anderZis Sedgena ar zRudavs
moanderZes misi Sedgenis Semdeg Secvalos igi, gaauqmos an sxvagvarad gan-
kargos Tavisi kuTvnili qoneba.
moanderZe, anu piri vinc anderZs adgens, SeiZleba iyos fizikuri, srulwlo­
vani, qmedunariani piri, romelsac anderZis Sedgenis momentSi SeuZlia go-
nivrulad gansajos sakuTari moqmedeba da naTlad gamoxatos neba.
anderZis Sedgenis Semdeg qmedunarianobis dakargva ar iwvevs anderZis ba-
Tilobas. qmedunariani piri ar unda moqmedebdes iseT mdgomareobaSi, rome-
lic xels uSlis mas gonivrulad gansajos Tavisi qmedeba.
moanderZem anderZi piradad unda Seadginos, warmomadgenloba ar daiSveba.

180
 anderZis forma 5
Sinauruli anderZi sanotaro
Sinauruli
mibarebuli Sesanaxad wesiT
anderZi
notariusTan damowmebuli

anderZis forma. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens, rom ander-

Zi forma­savaldebulo garigebaa. kerZod, anderZis namdvilobisaTvis, is
aucileblad unda iyos Sedgenili werilobiTi formiT. amasTan, werilobi-
Ti anderZi fakultatiurad, moanderZis nebisamebr, SesaZloa dadasturdes
notariusis mier. iq, sadac notariusi ar aris, anderZi SesaZloa dadas-
turdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier.
Tu anderZi ar aris dadasturebuli sanotaro wesiT, mas adgens da xels
awers moanderZe. aseT anderZs Sinaurul anderZs uwodeben. moanderZem
is aucileblad Tavisi xeliT unda daweros da moaweros xeli. martivi
werilobiTi formiT Sedgenil anderZs sruli iuridiuli Zala aqvs. aseTi
anderZi, rogorc wesi, inaxeba moanderZesTan, Tumca moanderZes SeuZlia is
daluquli konvertiTac gadasces Sesanaxad notariuss.
savaldebulo wili. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis Tanaxmad, damkvidrebulia anderZis Tavisufleba da mamkvidrebeli
Tavi­sufalia gankargos Tavisi qoneba, kanoni mainc icavs pirTa garkveul
wils da adgens savaldebulo wilis instituts.
kerZod, mamkvidreblis Svilebs, mSoblebsa da meuRles anderZis Sinaarsis
miuxedavad ekuTvniT savaldebulo wili, romelic unda iyos im wilis nax-
evari, rac TiToeul maTgans kanoniT memkvidreobisas ergebodaT. magali­
Tad, Tu mamkvidrebels gardacvalebis Semdgom darCa mxolod meuRle da
1200 laris aqtivi, romelic man srulad dautova anderZiT Tavis moswavles,
meuRle miiRebs 600 lars, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogorc erTaderT
kanoniT memkvidres 1200 lari mTlianad ergeboda.
saanderZo danakisri (legati). moanderZes SeuZlia anderZiT daakisros
memkvidres, erTi an ramdenime piris sasargeblod, garkveuli valdebulebis
Sesruleba (magaliTad: qonebis gadacema, qmedebis Sesruleba da a.S.). aseT
gankargulebas saanderZo danakisri (legati) ewodeba. is samkvidros xarjze
unda Sesruldes.
anderZis Secvla an moSla. moanderZis sicocxleSi anderZiT memkvidreebs
moanderZis qonebis mimarT araviTari uflebebi ar warmoeSobaT. moanderZe
sicocxleSi SeuzRudavi uflebebiT sargeblobs anderZTan mimarTebiT. mas
yovelTvis SeuZlia Secvalos, moSalos an gaauqmos anderZi. es xorciel­
deba Semdegi iuridiuli qmedebebiT:
• axali anderZis SedgeniT, romelic pirdapir auqmebs wina anderZs
an mis im nawils, romelic axal anderZs ewinaaRmdegeba. am SemTxve­
vaSi moanderZem unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom Tu wina anderZi sano-
taro wesiT aris dadasturebuli, axalic igive wesiT unda dadas-
turdes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Sedgenis TariRis miuxedavad, sa-
notaro wesiT dadasturebuli anderZi imoqmedebs.
• sanotaro organoSi gancxadebis SetaniT. moanderZes Seaqvs gancxa-
deba notariusTan anderZis Secvlis an gauqmebis Sesaxeb. es
ukanaskneli adasturebs saTanado sanotaro aqts, anderZis moSlis
an Secvlis Sesaxeb da ugzavnis mas notariusTa palatas.

181
5 • anderZis yvela egzemplaris mospobiT moanderZis mier an nota­
riusis mier, moanderZis gankargulebiT. Tumca, es ukanaskneli
SeuZlebelia gansaxorcieleblad imdenad, ramdenadac sanotaro
aqtis mospobis ufleba aravis aqvs. is erT egzemplarad mainc unda
inaxebodes sanotaro arqivSi. amitom praqtikaSi wina ori punqti
gamoiyeneba.
gauqmebuli anderZis aRdgena aRar daiSveba.
anderZis Zaladakargulad cnoba. anderZi SesaZloa Seicvalos an moiSa-
los mxolod moanderZis nebiT, magram anderZi SeiZleba gamocxaddes Zala-
dakargulad Tu dadgeba romelime qvemoT moyvanili garemoeba:
• piri, romlis sasargeblod Sedga anderZi (memkvidre), gardaicvle-
ba mamkvidrebelze adre;
• naanderZevi qoneba daikarga moanderZis sicocxleSi an moander-
Zem gaasxvisa is;
• arsebobs anderZiT erTaderTi memkvidre, romelic uars ityvis
samkvidros miRebaze.
anderZis baTiloba. imdenad, ramdenadac anderZi calmxrivi samoqalaqo
samarTlebrivi garigebaa, kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs misi baTilobis
SemTxvevebs.
• anderZi baTilia im pirobebis arsebobisas, romelic iwvevs garige-
bis baTilobas saerTod (aRniSnuli Cven viswavleT TavSi “garigebe-
bi”);
• baTilia is saanderZo gankargulebebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian
kanons an sazogadoebriv wesrigs;
• sasamarTlos SeuZlia anderZi baTilad gamoacxados im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu is Sedgenilia kanonis wesebis dacviT
(formadaculi garigeba), aseve maSin, roca moanderZem anderZi
Seadgina im periodSi, rodesac ar SeeZlo Tavisi moqmedebis mniSvne­
loba Seegno da waremarTa is (mag. grZnobda Zlier fizikur tkivils,
ra drosac ver akontrolebda Tavs).
anderZis baTilobis SemTxvevaSi araviTari samarTlebrivi Sedegi misgan ar
dadgeba.
anderZis baTilad gamocxadeba mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia.
xandazmulobis vada. anderZis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sarCelisaTvis
kanoni xandazmulobis specialur vadas uTiTebs. es vada or wels Seadgens,
romelic samkvidros gaxsnis dRidan gamoiTvleba.
samkvidros miReba. samkvidros miRebis wesi erTnairia rogorc kanoniT,
ise anderZiT memkvidreobis dros. samkvidro unda miiRos memkvidrem, iqne-
ba is kanoniT, Tu anderZiT memkvidre. samkvidros miReba iseTi iuridiuli
qmedebaa, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs imisaTvis, rom memkvidreoba
mamkvidreblis sakuTrebidan memkvidris sakuTrebaSi gadavides. samkvidros
miRebiT memkvidre iZens sakuTrebas memkvidreobaze. mis Semdgom qmedebebs,
romelic ukavSirdeba samkvidros, memkvidreobis miRebaze gavlena aRar
aqvs. magaliTad, Tu memkvidre miiRebs samkvidro saxls da Semdgom ar cxov-
robs masSi, amas iuridiulad araviTari mniSvneloba sakuTrebis uflebaze
ar eqneba.
samkvidro memkvidris mier miRebulad iTvleba maSin, roca is Sei­ tans
samkvid­
ros miRebaze gancxadebas sanotaro biuroSi an faqtobrivad
Seudgeba samkvidros flobas an marTvas, rac udavod mowmobs, rom man miiRo
samkvidro. amasTan, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romel sanotaro biuroSi, romel
notariusTan Seitans piri gancxadebas. mTavaria, rom man es gancxadeba gaake-
Tos. Tu memkvidre daeufleba da faqtobriv mflobelobas ganaxorcielebs
samkvidros nawilzec, iTvleba, rom is srulad daeufla samkvidros, raSic

182
unda gamoixatebodes da sadac unda iyos is. magaliTad, samkvidro moicavs
nivTebs, romlebic sxvadasxva adgilas aris. erT adgilas samkvidro nivTis
daufleba niSnavs mTlianad samkvidros dauflebas.
qmeduunaro an SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone pirebi, samkvidros iReben
maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlis meSveobiT (mSobeli, meurve, mzrunveli).
5
samkvidros miRebaze uaris Tqma. rogorc kanoniT, ise anderZiT memkvidres
ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas samkvidroze da ar miiRos is. samkvidros miReba-
ze uaris Tqma iseve, rogorc misi miReba, calmxrivi garigebaa. uaris Tqmis
ufleba memkvidres aqvs sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi im dRidan, roca man Seityo an
unda Seetyo Tavisi mowvevis Sesaxeb samkvidros misaRebad. sapatio mizezis
arsebobisas, es vada sasamarTlos mier SesaZloa gagrZeldes damatebiT ori
TviT. uaris Tqma unda dadasturdes sanotaro organoSi da unda Sedges sa-
Tanado sanotaro aqti.
samkvidroze uaris Tqma xdeba srulad. dauSvebelia memkvidrem uari ga-
nacxados samkvidroze nawilobriv an miiRos samkvidro raime pirobis
daTqmiT an vadiT. samkvidro memkvidrem unda miiRos srulad, aqtiviTa da
pasiviT (qonebiTa da valdebulebebiT). samkvidros raime nawilze uaris
Tqma mTlianad samkvidroze uaris Tqmad iTvleba.
Tu uaris mTqmeli memkvidre erTaderTia am rigis memkvidreTa Soris, maSin
mis mier samkvidros miRebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro gadadis sxva mom-
devno rigis memkvidreebze.
umkvidro qoneba gadadis saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi. saxelmwifo ufleba-
mosili ar aris uari Tqvas samkvidros miRebaze. is valdebulia, miiRos is
samkvidro, romelic umkvidroa an romlis miRebazec uari ganacxada yvela
memkvidrem.
samkvidros miRebaze uaris Tqma ar daiSveba mas Semdeg, rac memkvidrem sano-
taro organoSi Seitana gancxadeba samkvidros miRebis Sesaxeb.
samkvidro mowmoba. samkvidro mowmoba aris dokumenti, romelic adgens
masSi moxseniebuli piris mier samkvidros miRebis faqts. umetes SemTxve­
vaSi samkvidros miReba memkvidris uflebaa da ara valdebuleba. mxolod
kanoniT pirdapir gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi memkvidre valdebulia, miiRos
samkvidro mowmoba.
memkvidred mowveuli pirebis werilobiTi gancxadebis safuZvelze, sanota-
ro biuros notariusi gascems memkvidreobis uflebis mowmobas (samkvidro
mowmoba). memkvidred mowveulad iTvleba anderZismieri, an Sesabamisi rigis
kanonismieri memkvidre, romelmac dadgenil vadaSi miiRo memkvidreoba.
memkvidre uflebamosilia, gancxadeba memkvidreobis uflebis mowmobis
miRebis Sesaxeb Seitanos sanotaro biuroSi, sanotaro biuros adgilmde-
bareobisa da samkvidros gaxsnis adgilis miuxedavad.
samkvidro mowmoba gaicema samkvidros gaxsnidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg nebis­
mier dros. eqvsi Tvis gasvlamde notariusi gascems samkvidro mowmobas, Tu
moepoveba utyuari cnobebi masze, rom mowmobis mTxovnel pirTa garda sxva
memkvidreebi ar arian.

183
5 14. samoqalaqo procesi (sarCeli, mxareebi, sasamarTlo
procesi)

sasamarTloebis ierarqia

sakasacio instancia (uzenaesi sasamarTlo)

saapelacio instancia
(Tbilisisa da quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTloebi)

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

(saqalaqo, raionuli sasamarTloebi)

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, gamoyenebis dro, ZiriTadi debulebe-

bi. samoqalaqo samarTali iqneboda praqtikulobasa da mdgradobas mokle-
buli, Tuki kanonmdebeli gansazRvravda mxolod samarTlebriv regulacias
(magaliTad, garigebis dadebis wess, mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebs da a.S.) da
ar izrunebda, iZulebisa da samoqalaqo urTierTobebis darRvevis SemTxve­
vaSi, samarTlianobis dadgenisa da gansazRvris wesebze. Tuki ar daadgen-
da vis, rodis, rogor da ra normebiT unda moexdina reagireba samoqalaqo
urTier­Tobis monawileTa Soris warmoSobil davebze da am davebis gadawyve­
taze. amitomac samarTlis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli
gaxda saproceso normaTa Camoyalibeba da samarTlebrivi ganmtkiceba. mag-
aliTad: maRaziaSi produqciis SeZena (nasyidobis xelSekruleba), megob­
risaTvis wignisa da Jurnalis Txoveba (Txovebis xelSekruleba), uZravi
qonebis gaqiraveba (qiravnoba), colis moyvana an gaTxoveba (qorwineba) da a.S.,
materialuri samarTalia, magram ama Tu im samarTlebrivi urTierTobiT na-
kisri valdebulebebis SeusruleblobisaTvis uflebadarRveuli piri (anu
piri, romlis mimarTac ar Sesrulda valdebuleba) Tu mimarTavs sasamarT-
los, iq saproceso kanonmdeblobiT moxdeba saqmis ganxilva, gadawyve­ta da
Sesabamisad saqme saproceso kanonmdeblobasTan gveqneba.

14.1.  samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali im saproceso-samarTlebrivi normebis

sistemaa, romelic samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis
dros warmoSobil sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs awesrigebs.

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo procesis subieqtebs, aq unda ganvixiloT Tavad sa-

samarTlo (saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTle, mosamarTleTa kolegia), mxa­

184
reebi (fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebi), mowmeebi (pirebi, romelTaTvisac
cnobilia raime saqmis garemoeba), eqspertebi (pirebi, romelTac gaaCniaT
raime teqnikuri sakiTxis specialuri codna, romlis garkvevac sasa­marTlos
Tavisi ZalebiT ar SeuZlia), Tarjimnebi (pirebi, romlebic uTargmnian pro-
5
cesis monawileebs sxva enaze procesis mimdinareobas, Tu maTTvis ucnobia
qarTuli ena), warmomadgenlebi (pirebi, romlebic kanonis an specialuri
mindobilobis safuZvelze warmoadgenen sxvebs). aRniSnuli pirebi Tavad
monawileoben saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi.

sasamarTloebSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva da gadawyveta mimdina­reobs

swored samoqalaqo samarTlis procesiT dadgenili wesiTa da vadebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo saproce-
so samarTali es aris procesualurad ganmtkiceba da dacva materialuri
samarTlidan gamomdinare samarTalurTierTobebisa.

rac Seexeba gamoyenebis dros, aq unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadad samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTalSi kanons ukuqceviTi Zala ara aqvs. Sesabamisad, kanoni
vrceldeba im faqtebsa da urTierTobebze, romlebic am kanonis miRebis
(ZalaSi Sesvlis) Semdgom warmoiSva. es niSnavs, rom gamoyenebul unda iqnes
is kanoni, romelic moqmedebda materialur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
warmoSobis momentSi, Tundac sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis dros es
kanoni ukve gauqmebuli an Secvlili iyos.

saproceso samarTlis normebis moqmedeba sivrceSi niSnavs, rom saqarT-

velos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos mTel
teri­toriaze.

rac Seexeba moqmedebas pirTa wris mimarT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sapro-

ceso samarTali moqmedebs:

1. kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis principidan ga-

momdinare, saqarTvelos yvela fizikur da iuridiul pirze;

2. agreTve, ucxoelebze, maT organizaciebze, moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebze. ucxoelebi saproceso uflebebSi izRudebian mxolod maSin,
Tu im qveyanaSi, romelsac isini warmoadgenen, izRudebian saqarTve-
los moqalaqeebi kanonis pirdapiri danawesiT.

ZiriTadi principebi. sityva “principi” laTinuri warmoSobisaa da sxva­

dasxva mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod, niSnavs “safuZvels”, “sawyiss”, zogad
debulebas, ganyenebul cnebas, romelime Teoriis, moZRvrebis, mecnierebis
ZiriTad amosaval debulebas, saxelmZRvanelo ideas. principebis Seswavla
gviadvilebs samoqalaqo procesis aRqmas.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis principebi is debulebebia, romleb-

zec mTeli samoqalaqo procesia agebuli.

uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva. aRniSnuli exmianeba saerTaSori-

so sivrceSi damkvidrebul standartebs, saqarTvelos konstitucias da
uTiTebs, rom yvela pirs SeuZlia, Tavis darRveul uflebaTa da Tavisufle-
baTa dasacavad, mimarTos sasamarTlos. dauSvebelia aRniSnuli uflebis
SezRudva garigebiT an sxvagvari xelSeSla.

185
5 1. disporziciurobis principi– sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis
gamoyenebaSi piri SeuzRudavia. is Tavisufalia nebis gamovlenasa da am
uflebis gamoyenebaSi. sasamarTlo mxolod piris mimarTvis safuZvel-
ze daiwyebs saproceso moqmedebebis Sesrulebas. mimarTva xorciel­
deba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sarCelis an gancxadebis safuZvelze.
2. SejibrebiTobis principi – samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT
mxareebi (mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame piri damoukidebeli sasar­Celo
moTxovniT) Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobiT sargebloben.
kerZod, maT Tanabrad SeuZliaT Camoayalibon da daasabuTon TavianTi
moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi da uaryon mowinaaRmdege mxaris argumente-
bi, moTxovnebi, mtkicebulebani. mxareebi Tavad wyveten Tu ra faqtebi
unda daurTon TavianT moTxovnas safuZvlad.
3. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod sasamarTlos mier mo-
qalaqeTa Tanasworobis sawyisebze – marTlmsajuleba xorcield-
eba mxolod sasamarTloebis mier. arc erTi sxva fizikuri Tu iurid-
iuli piri ar aris uflebamosili ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba
da gamoita­nos gadawyvetileba. mxolod sasamarTloa uflebamosili
gansajos mxa­reebi da daasrulos saqmis warmoeba gadawyvetilebis ga-
motaniT. amitomac sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ara mxolod Tavisi,
aramed saqarTvelos saxeliT gamoaqvs.
4. mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba da maTi kanonisadmi damorCileba –
mosamarTleebi TavianT saqmianobaSi damoukidebelni arian da mxolod
kanonsa da konstitucias emorCilebian. kanonmdeblobiT ikrZaleba da
isjeba yovelgvari Careva maT saqmianobasa da maT gadawyvetilebebSi.
5. kanonisa da samarTlis analogia – praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi, ro-
melTa momwesrigebeli kanonic ar arsebobs. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia
sabazro ekonomikuri brunvis siswrafisa da ganviTarebis tempebidan
bunebrivia, aseTi SemTxveva ver gaxdeba mxarisaTvis davis ganxilvaze
uaris Tqmis safuZveli sasamarTlos mxridan. am SemTxvevaSi gamoi-
yeneba kanoni, romelic msgavs urTierTobas awesrigebs. Tuki ar arse-
bobs konkretuli norma sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, sasamarTlo emyareba
normas, romelic msgavs urTierTobas awesrigebs. aseTis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi ki sasamarTlo samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis zogad
principebs eyrdnoba.
6. samoqalaqo procesis saqveynooba da samarTalwarmoebis ena – saqme-
Ta ganxilva mimdinareobs Ria sxdomebze da masze daswreba yvela msur-
vels SeuZlia. gamonaklisia kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli SemTxveve-
bi (magaliTad, saxelmwifo saidumloebis dacvis mizniT), roca saqmis
ganxilva daxurul sxdomaze mimdinareobs.
7. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebSi samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba
saxelmwifo enaze (qarTul enaze, afxazeTSi agreTve afxazurze). pirs,
romelmac ar icis saxelmwifo ena, mieCineba Tarjimani.
8. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis savaldebulooba – kanonier Zala-
Si Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebani (ganCinebebi, dadgenilebebi),
agreTve, sasamarTlos nebismieri moTxovnisa da gankargulebis Ses-
ruleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze nebismieri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli
pirisaTvis savaldebuloa. maTi Seusrulebloba iwvevs kanoniT dadge-
nil pasuxismgeblobas.
uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba. samarTlebrivi cneba “uwyebrivi
qvemdebareoba”, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi, niSnavs sasa­marTloebis,
kerZo arbitraJis, notariatisa da saxelmwifos im organoebis sagnobriv
kompetencias, romelTac ufleba aqvT ganixilon da gadawyviton calkeuli
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi.

186
sasamarTloebTan mimarTebaSi, uwyebriv qvemdebareobaSi igulisxmeba is
samoqalaqo saqmeebi, romelTa ganxilvisa da arsebiTad gadawyvetis ufle-
bac (uflebamosileba anu kompetencia) aqvT am sasamarTloebs.
rac Seexeba kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv davebs, aRniSnuli mxareTa urTierT­
SeTanxmebiT, SesaZloa gadaeces kerZo arbitraJs, romlis Seqmnas, war­moebis
wess, saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis wess, agreTve, sxva samarTlebriv as-
5
magaliTad,
sasamarTloebs
uwyebrivad
eqvemdebareba
samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebi, romelic
gamomdinareobs:
peqtebs awesrigebs specialuri kanoni “arbitraJis Sesaxeb”. samoqalaqo,
gansjadoba. procesis instituti (normebis sistema) awesrigebs sasamarT- saojaxo, Sromis,
saadgilmamulo,
loebisadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqmeebis konkretuli sasamarTlos bunebrivi
gamgeblobisadmi mikuTvnebis sakiTxs. sxvagvarad, es aris sasamarTlosadmi resursebis
uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqmis konkretuli sasamarTlos gamgeblobisadmi gamoyenebisa da
mikuTvneba. garemos dacvis
urTierTobebidan
aq SeiZleba gamoiyos gansjadoba teritoriuli da sagnobrivi. terito­ moqalaqeebsa da
riuli gansjadoba gulisxmobs: Tu romeli raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarT- iuridiul pirebs,
loa uflebamosili ganixilos konkretuli dava da romeli saapelacio sa- agreTve iuridiul
samarTlo (quTaisis Tu Tbilisis), xolo gvarovnulSi SeiZleba gamovyoT pirebs Soris
davidan;
sasamarTloebi ierarqiuli safexurebis mxriv. kerZod, saqme gansaxilvelia
sazogadoebriv
raionuli (saqalaqo sasamarTlos), saapelacio Tu sakasacio sasamarTlos da religiur
mier. organizaciebs
sarCeli da sasarCelo warmoeba. uflebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi nebis­ Soris
urTierTobidan;
mier pirs SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavis darRveul uflebaTa da udavo warmoebis
Tavisuf­lebaTa dasacavad da SeuZlia sadavod qceuli sakiTxis gadawyve- saqmeebi;
ta mas miandos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu pirs miaCnia, rom sxva pirma kanoniT
misi uflebebi daarRvia (magaliTad, ar Seasrula nakisri valdebuleba, gansazRvruli sxva
miaye­na materialu­ri ziani da sxv.) SeuZlia mas sasamarTloSi uCivlos da sakiTxebi, maT Soris
iseTi saqmeebis,
valdebulebis Sesruleba an zianis anazRaureba mosTxovos. saproceso romelTa ganxilva
kanonmdeb­ loba ki sasamarTlos mier saqmeTa ganxilvis saTanado proce- kanonis Tanaxmad
durebs awesrigebs. sxva organoebis
kompetenciaSi ar
sarCeli werilobiTi, saTanado formis dacviT Sedgenili dokumentia,
Sedis.
romelic asaxavs dainteresebuli piris, anu mosarCelis mimarTvas sasa­
marTlosadmi piris uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis mizniT.
sarCeli saTanado formis dacviT unda Sedges. misi forma da Sevsebis
instruq­cia mkacradaa gansazRvruli.
gancxadeba, udavo warmoeba – sasarCelo warmoe-
bisagan gansxvavdeba udavo warmoebis wesi. udavo sarCeli moicavs Semdeg aspeqtebs:
warmoebis wesiT ganixileba samoqalaqo saqmeebi, 1. sasamarTlos dasaxelebas (magaliTad, Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlo);
romlebzec dasturdeba im iuridiuli faqtebis
2. mxareTa dasaxelebas da maT sakontaqto
(moqmedebebis, cdomilebebis, mdgomareobis) ar- monacemebs (pirebis dasaxeleba, saxeli, gvari,
seboba an ararseboba, romlebzec damokidebulia piradi/saidentifikacio nomeri, telefonis nomeri,
pirTa piradi an qonebrivi uflebebis warmoSoba, eleqtronuli fosta da a.S.);
Secvla an Sewyveta an dasturdeba udavo uflebis 3. sasamarTloSi dasabarebel pirTa sias (mowme,
Tarjimani);
arseboba an ararseboba, agreTve, ganisazRvreba
4. davis arsis mokle mimoxilvas;
fizikuri piris samarTlebrivi statusi. 5. davis faqtobriv garemoebebs;
kerZod, aseTi saqmeebiT xdeba teqnikuri uzus­ 6. moTxovnasa da mis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs
tobebis Casworeba piris dokumentaciaSi (magali­ (miTiTebas konkretulad ras iTxovs mosarCele,
saidan gamomdinare iTxovs da romel normebs
Tad, pasportSi, dabadebis mowmobaSi) an ama Tu emyareba misi moTxovna);
im momxdari faqtis dadastureba (magaliTad, 7. mtkicebiTi da sxva saxis Suamdgomlobebs
samkvid­ros miRebis dadastureba mowmeebis, komu- (magaliTad, xom ar iTxovs mosarCele mtkicebulebis
naluri gadasaxadebis qviTrebisa da sxva mtkice- gamoTxovas an mis dacvas an raime sarCelis
bulebebis safuZvelze). uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gatarebas da a.S.);
8. sarCelis fassa da baJis odenobas;
udavo warmoebis wesiT sasamarTlo ganixilavs 9. TandarTuli sabuTebis nusxas. TandarTuli
im saqmeebs, romelTa CamonaTvali zustad da mka­ sabuTebi unda dainomros da ise Cabardes
kancelarias.
fiodaa CamoTvlili samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqs-
Si.

187
 5 14.2.  mxareebi
mxareebi (mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame pirebi). sasamarTloSi sasarCelo
warmoeba yovelTvis gulisxmobs romelime piris mier sxva piris mimarT da-
vis aRZvras da yovelTvis mimarTulia vinmes winaaRmdeg. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, imisTvis, rom sasamarTlom sasarCelo samarTalwarmoeba daiwyos
aucilebelia, arsebobdes dava pirebs Soris.
mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi ewodebaT im pirebs, romelTa Soris
wamoWrili dava uflebis Sesaxeb (materialur-samarTlebrivi dava) unda
gadawyvitos sasamarTlom. mxare aris piri, romlis saxeliTac warmoebs
saqme sasamarTloSi da romelic dainteresebulia saqmis bediT. amitom
mxared ar iTvleba mosamarTle, mowme, specialisti, Tarjimani an eqsperti.
mxare sasarCelo warmoebis ZiriTadi monawilea. mxare oria procesSi, ra-
meTu dava uflebis Sesaxeb usaTuod gulisxmobs or mxares: erTi - vinc daiw­
yo saqme, vinc aRZra moTxovna, meorea - vis winaaRmdegac aris wamo yenebuli
moTxovna, vinc pasuxi unda agos sarCelze. pirvels ewodeba mosarCele,
meores – mopasuxe. orive erTad moixseneba, rogorc mxareebi (modaveebi).
mosarCele procesis monawilea, romelic moiTxovs raimes mikuTvnebas,
raime uflebis cnobas, mopasuxisaTvis raime qmedebis akrZalvas. sasarCelo
warmoeba ver aRiZvreba, Tu mosarCele sasarCelo gancxadebaSi ar daasa­
xelebs mopasuxesac. samoqalaqo procesSi mosarCele unda miviCnioT aq­
kiTxva :
tiur mxared imdenad, ramdenadac swored is aRZravs saqmes Tavisi ufle-
vin aris mosarCele?
bebis (kanonieri interesebis) dasacavad.
mopasuxe es aris piri, romelic samoqalaqo sasarCelo warmoebisas icavs
Tavs mosarCelisagan da pasuxs scems sarCelsa da masSi gamoTqmul mosaz­
rebebs. sarCelis aRZvris mizezi xSirad Tavad mopasuxis moqmedeba an umoqme-
dobaa (magaliTad, mopasuxem ar daufara mosarCeles droulad vali). arse-
bobs calkeuli SemTxvevebi, roca mopasuxem SesaZloa Tavad arc daarRvios
Tavisi qmedebiT mosarCelis uflebebi da interesebi, magram obieqturad
gaxdes sadavo materialuri samarTalurTierTobis subieqti (magaliTad,
kiTxva : mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mesakuTre). samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi
vin aris mopasuxe? mopasuxe SesaZloa miviCnioT pasiur mxared.
sasarCelo warmoebisas gvxvdebian pirebi, romlebic, aseve, dainteresebul-
ni arian saqmis warmoebiT da saqmis Sedegi maT uflebebsa da movaleobeb­ze
arsebiT gavlenas axdens an romlebic Tavad acxadeben moTxovnas davis sa-
ganze an mis nawilze. aseTi pirebi mesame pirebad iwodebian.

188
 5

Sesagebeli, Segebebuli sarCeli. mopasuxis pasuxs, mosarCelis sarCels

TandarTul dokumentaciaze, wardgenils kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi, Sepa-
suxeba, anu Sesagebeli ewodeba. Sesagebeli dgeba kanoniT gansazRvruli
formis dacviT.
sarCelSi moyvanil yvela faqtobriv garemoebasa da samarTlebriv argumen­
tacias mopasuxem srulyofilad da TanmimdevrobiT unda upasuxos.
Segebebuli sarCeli aRiZvreba sarCelis wardgenis Sesaxeb arsebuli wesebis
dacviT. maT Soris, saTanado formis dacviT da sarCelisaTvis aucilebeli
yvela rekvizitiT. misi wardgena SesaZlebelia Tuki:
1. Segebebuli sarCelis moTxovna mimarTulia pirvandeli moTxov­
nis CasaTvlelad (magaliTad, mosarCelis mimarT mopasuxes aqvs
davalianeba, magram imavdroulad mosarCelis mamkvidrebels mo-
pasuxis vali gaaCnda, romelic axla mosarCelem unda daufaros
mopasuxes);
2. Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofileba mTlianad an nawilobriv gamo-
ricxavs pirvandeli sarCelis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas;
3. Segebebul sarCelsa da pirvandel sarCels Soris aris urTierTkav­
Siri da maTi erTad ganxilvis Sedegad aRZruli dava ufro swrafad
da sworad gadawydeba.
sarCelisa da Segebebuli sarCelis erTad ganxilvis Sedegad sasamarTlos
erToblivi gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs.
saqmiswarmoeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi (mosamzadebeli da
mTavari sxdoma). sasarCelo warmoebis dros, sasamarTlo saqmes Tavdapir-
velad ganixilavs pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. sarCelis kanonis nor-
maTa Sesabamisad miRebis Semdgom, kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi, mosarCele (an
rig SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlo) valdebulia, sarCeli da masze TandarTuli
dokumentacia mopasuxes an mis uflebamosil warmomadgenels Caabaros.
Sesageblisa da masze TandarTuli saqmis masalebis mopasuxis mier ward-
genis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo daniSnavs mosamzadebel sxdomas, sadac mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT morigdnen, waradginon axali mtkicebulebani, mosazrebebi,
faqtebi, Secvalon sarCelis (Segebebuli sarCelis) safuZveli, gazardon an
Seamciron sasarCelo moTxovna da a.S.
Tu mxareebi ver morigdebian, dainiSneba mTavari sxdoma. swored mTavar
sxdo­maze ganixileba saqme arsebiTad da cxaddeba gadawyvetileba.

189
 5
samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsi
sasamarTlo
dadgenilebebs
mTavar sxdomaze mxareebi aZleven sasamarTlos axsna-ganmartebebs. svamen
da pasuxoben kiTxvebs, aqvT ufleba gamoTqvan TavianTi SeniSvnebi da mo-
sazrebebi. aseve, sakmaod aqtiurad monawileobs procesSi mosamarTle. mas
SeuZ­lia nebismier dros dausvas mxareebs kiTxvebi, mosTxovos maT damatebi-
Ti mtkicebulebebi, mouwodos wesrigis dacvisaken da a.S. yoveli mxare cdi-
lobs mosamarTle Tavisi poziciis simarTleSi daarwmunos.
or saxed hyofs: gadawyvetilebis miReba (gamotana) da misi gamocxadeba. sasamarTlos
1. sasamarTlos
gada­wyvetileba saqarTvelos saxeliT gamoaqvs. is miiReba kanoniT dadgeni-
gadawyvetileba
– sasamarTlos li wesiT da cxaddeba sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, Ria sxdomaze.
dadgenileba,
gadawyvetilebas procesis yvela monawile da damswre sazogadoeba ismens
romliTac saqme
arsebiTad wydeba fexze wamomdgari.
da 2. ganCineba sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlos dadgenileba werilobiTi sax-
– sasamarTlos iT gaformebuli sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) samoqalaqo-saproceso aqti
dadgenileba,
romliTac saqme
-dokumentia, romelic Seicavs saxelmwifo-mbrZaneblur, individualur-
arsebiTad ar wydeba. konkre­tul miTiTebas (msjelobas) sasamarTlos mier dadgenili faqtebisa
da samarTalurTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
apelacia. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba mxareTa uflebaa da
is damoukidebeli, miukerZoebeli da samarTliani samarTalwarmoebis
Sinaarsobrivad fundamenti da bazisia.
sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba oTxi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi qarTuli saproceso kanonmdebloba ic-
nawilisagan Sedgeba, nobs sasamarTloTa Semdgom ierarqias: raionuli (saqalaqo), saapelacio da
romlebic mkacri sakasacio sasamarTloebi.
TanmimdevrobiT
aris Camoyalibebuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxareebma, maTma warmo-
saproceso kodeqsSi. madgenelma an mesame pirebma damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, kanoniT
esenia: Sesavali, dadgenil vadebSi, SeiZleba gaasaCivron saapelacio sasamarTloSi.
aRwerilobiTi,
samotivacio da saapelacio sasamarTloebs saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdebloba yofs
sarezolucio dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saapelacio sasamarTloebad. amitom,
nawilebi
dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi moqmedi raionuli
(saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi saCivrdeba saapelacio wesiT,
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiaSi, xolo aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelosa da Tbilisis raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis
gadawyvetilebebi – Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa
kolegiaSi. saapelacio sasamarTloSi gamoiyeneba samarTalwarmoebis zo­
gadi wesebi, Tuki konkretulad saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis ar aris raime
specialurad dawesebuli moTxovnebi. magaliTad: iseve, rogorc pirveli
instanciis sasamarTloSi, aqac kanoniT dadgenili formiTa da wesebiT ivse-
ba saapelacio saCivrisa da saapelacio Sesageblis formebi.
kasacia. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi mxareebma da mesame
pirebma, damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, SeiZleba kanoniT dadgenil
vadaSi gaasaCivron sakasacio sasamarTloSi.
sakasacio sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis vada Seadgens ocdaerT dRes, mxari-
saTvis dasabuTebuli saapelacio gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan.
gansxvavebiT saapelacio sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebisagan, sakasacio sa-
samarTloSi sakasacio saCivris Setana kanoniT garkveulwilad garTulebu-
li da gamkacrebulia.
sakasacio sasamarTloSi saqme ganixileba kolegiuri SemadgenlobiT sami
mosamarTlis monawileobiT.
saqmis ganxilva sakasacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, rom-
lebic dadgenilia saapelacio sasamarTloSi samarTalwarmoebisaTvis gar-
da specialuri gamonaklisebisa.

190
baJi. samoqalaqo saqmeebze mosarCeles, nebismieri instanciis sasa­
marTloSi saqmis aRZvrisas, Seaqvs kanoniT gansazRvruli odenobis Tanxa
(baJi), romlis odenoba da gadaxdis wesi ganisazRvreba specialuri kanoniT
“saxelmwifo baJis Sesaxeb”.

15. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba

5
zogadi debulebani (kanonis gamoyenebis sfero, aRsrulebis qvem­debare
aqti). imisTvis, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas hqondes Zala da man Sein-
arCunos moqalaqeTa ndoba, aucilebelia arsebobdes sas­marTlos gadawyve­
tilebis aRsrulebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi. Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblo-
biT regulirebuli da ganmtkicebulia aRsrulebis meqanizmebi, organoebi,
romlebsac aqvT ufleba ganaxorcielon aRsruleba da sxva sakiTxebi.
gadawyveti­lebaTa aRsruleba ar SeiZleba iyos TviTnebobaze miSvebuli da
is aucileblad kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad unda warimarTos.
aRsrulebis organoebi (aRsrulebis policia, kerZo aRmasrulebeli).
bunebrivia, Tu mxare samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi nebayof­
lobiT ar asrulebs sasamarTlo aqts, meore mxares SeuZlia mimarTos sa-
samarTlos da moiTxovos iZulebiT aRsruleba. iZulebiT aRsruleba ar
unda agverios TviTnebobaSi. gansxvavebiT TviTnebobisagan, iZulebiT
aRsru­leba reglamentirebulia sakanonmdeblo doneze da is ar warmoad-
gens marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas.
iZulebiTi aRsruleba – es aris kanoniT dadgenili wesebis dacviT mxa­

ris iZuleba, Seasrulos aRsrulebas daqvemdebarebuli aqti. am process

aucileblad esaWiroeba Tanamdebobis piri, romelic ganaxorcielebs iZu-
lebiT aRsrulebas.

191
 5

aRsrulebis erovnul biuros xelmZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare, romelsac Tanamdebobaze

niSnavs da aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos iusticiis ministri. agreTve, iusticiis ministri
amtkicebs am organos debulebas da gansazRvravs misi saqmianobis konkretizaciasa da
miznebis ganxorcielebis wess.
aRsrulebis erovnul biuros gaaCnia struqturuli erTeulebi da teritoriuli
organoebi – saaRsrulebo biuroebi. maT sistemasa da struqturuli erTeulebis sistemas
gansazRvravs biuros Tavmjdomare, iusticiis ministrTan SeTanxmebiT.
aRsrulebis policia – es aris aRsrulebis erovnuli biuros struqturuli erTeuli,
romlis Tavmjdomares Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da aTavisuflebs aRsrulebis erovnuli
biuros Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos iusticiis ministrTan SeTanxmebiT.
aRsrulebis policieli - es aris Tanamdebobis piri, romelic sargeblobs Sesabamisi
socialuri SeRavaTebiT, valdebulia ataros Sesabamisi forma, atributika da
uflebamosilia kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos sxvadasxva iaraRi (maT Soris
cecxlsasroli) da orTabrZolis wesebi.

amitomac kanoni iTvaliswinebs aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebel sajaro samar-

Tlis iuridiul pirs - “aRsrulebis erovnul biuros”, romelic saqarTve-
los iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobaSi Sedis.
kerZo aRmasrulebeli. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, agreTve, iTvalis-
es aris winebs kerZo aRmasruleblis instituts.
fizikuri piri,
romelic sajaro saaRsrulebo warmoebaSi monawile pirebi. saaRsrulebo warmoebaSi
uflebamosilebas monawileoben:
– saaRsrulebo
saqmianobas a. kreditori da movale. kreditori - piri, romlis mimarTac unda Ses-
axorcielebs, ruldes valdebuleba. movale - piri, romelmac es valdebuleba unda
aRsrulebis
erovnuli biuros
Seasrulos. isini SesaZloa iyvnen rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli
mier gacemuli pirebi;
saaRsrulebo
saqmianobis
b. aRmasrulebeli;
licenziis c. kerZo aRmasrulebeli;
safuZvelze,
saqarTvelos mTel d. sxva pirebi, romlebic monawileoben saaRsrulebo warmoebis procesSi.
teritoriaze. kerZo
aRmasrulebeli aRsruleba (saaRsruleblo furceli, rekvizitebi, aRsrulebis dawye-
ganxorcielebuli ba, etapebi). imisTvis, rom daiwyos saaRsrulebo procesi, aucilebelia
momsaxurebisaTvis arsebobdes saaRsrulebo furceli. igi gaicema im gadawyvetilebaTa aRsas-
iRebs sazRaurs.
ruleblad, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT eqvemdebareba aRsrule-
bas. waredgineba saaRsrulebo biuros (kerZo aRmasrulebels) aucileblad
originali dokumentis saxiT, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebisa.

192
aRsrulebis dawyeba. aRsruleba iwyeba kreditoris werilobiTi gancxa-
debis safuZvelze, romelic waradgens saaRsrulebo furcels. saaRsrule-
bo furceli da/an aRsasrulebeli gadawyvetileba, aRsrulebis erovnul
biuros waredgineba movalis an misi qonebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT.
aRniSnuli gancxadebis safuZvelze aRmasrulebeli movales mimarTavs da
moiTxovs informacias misi kuTvnili qonebis CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb da aseve,
5
SesTavazebs aRasrulos valdebuleba sakuTari nebiT. es dazogavs drosa
da xarjebs (romelTa anazRaurebac iZulebis SemTxvevaSi movales mouwevs).
paralelurad, aRmasrulebeli sakuTari ZalebiT cdilobs movalis qonebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebas da Tu gairkveva, rom movales raime qoneba
gaaCnia, mas aucileblad daayadaRebs. dayadaRebuli qoneba gaiyideba auq­
cionze, Tu movale ar moaxdens davalianebis nebayoflobiT dafarvas.
kanoni adgens ara marto fuladi gadaxdevinebis aRsrulebis wess, aramed
sxva nebismier aRsrulebas daqvemdebarebuli moTxovnis Sesrulebis wes-
sac. magaliTad, moZravi nivTis gadacemis valdebulebis, ukanono mSeneblo-
bis SeCerebis, demontaJisa da sxva samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis Sesrulebis
wesebsa da regulaciebs.

193
5

194
 6

SromiTi urTierTobebi

1. cneba da kanonis moqmedebis sfero (saqarTvelos "Sromis

kodeqsi")
SromiT da misgan warmoSobil samarTalurTierTobebs Sromis kanonmdeb­
loba aregulirebs. is Seexeba da moicavs rogorc damsaqmeblis, aseve,
dasaqmebulis ZiriTad uflebebsa da movaleobebs, SromiTi urTierTobebis
sxva ZiriTad samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. subieqtebad gvevlinebian fizikuri
da iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic pirobiTad dasaqmebulebad da damsaqmeb­
lebad SeiZleba davyoT. obieqti ki SromiTi movaleobis Sesrulebaa SeTan­
xmebuli gasamrjelos sanacvlod.
saqarTveloSi SromiTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi maregulirebeli aqti
“saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsia”. samarTalurTierTobani, romlebic ar
regulir­ debian am kanoniT, magram gamomdinareobs SromiTi samarTal-
urTierTobidan, unda daregulirdes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT,
konstituciiT an saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT. imavdroulad, Tu raime ti-
pis SromiT xelSekrulebas specialuri kanoni awesrigebs, mis debulebebs
Sromis kodeqsTan SedarebiT upiratesi iuridiuli Zala gaaCnia (magaliTad,
SromiTi urTierTobani sajaro samsaxurSi regulirdeba kanoniT “sajaro
samsaxuris Sesaxeb~).
SromiTi urTierToba. es aris dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesruleba anaz-
Raurebis sanacvlod. SromiTi urTierTobebisas dasaqmebuli samuSaos as-
rulebs damsaqmeblis mier dadgenili da uzrunvelyofili Sromis organi-
zaciuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi. kerZod, hyavs xelmZRvaneli, vis uSualo
miTiTebebsac asrulebs, aqvs dawesebuli savaldebulo samuSao dro, SeuZ­
lia isargeblos SvebulebiTa da dasvenebis dReebiT, valdebulia, daicvas
Sinaganawesi da a.S. dasaqmebuls anazRaureba miecema miuxedavad saboloo
produqtis xarisxisa.

195
6 saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli da ganmtkicebulia SromiTi saq­
mianobisa da profesiis arCevis Tavisufleba da akrZalulia iZulebiTi
Sroma.
SromiT urTierTobaSi mxareebi sargebloben TanabaruflebianobiT. dam-
saqmebelsac da dasaqmebulsac kanoni Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs. isini
Tanabrad arian valdebulni, daicvan xelSekrulebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili normebi, Tanabrad arian pasuxismgebelni TavianT qmedebebze.
SromiT urTierTobebSi dauSvebelia yovelgvari diskriminacia. dauSve-
belia piris SezRudva rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri
kuTvni­lebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis,
sacxovrebeli adgilis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZ­
leblobis, religiuri an raime gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri
mdgo­mareobis, politikuri an sxva raime Sexedulebebis gamo.
imavdroulad, pirTa gansxvaveba, romelic xorcieldeba samuSaos arsisa
da specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve, Tu is emsaxureba kanonieri miznis
miRwevas, ar CaiTvleba diskriminaciad da miiCneva kanonSesabamis qmedebad.
magaliTad, Tuki damsaqmebeli upiratesobas mianiWebs meti gamocdilebis,
ukeTesi kvalifikaciisa da codnis mqone pirs, SedarebiT naklebi gamoc-
dilebisa da kvalifikaciis mqonesTan es diskriminaciad ar CaiTvleba.

obieqturi Sefasebis
diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi
kriteriumebi

kanis feri ganaTleba

religiuri Sexedulebani staJi

politikuri Sexedulebani disciplina

sqesi kompetenturoba

unar-Cvevebi (komunikabeluroba,
socialuri kuTvnileba
Tavazianoba da a.S.)

kuTxuri warmomavloba Sromis nayofiereba

subieqtebi. iseve, rogorc yvela samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, SromiT

samarTalurTierTobebsac Tavisi subieqtebi hyavs. esenia: damsaqmebeli,
dasaqmebuli da dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba (magaliTad, profkavSiri).

damsaqmebeli aris nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, anda pirTa gaer-

Tianeba, romelic SesaZloa ar arsebobdes registrirebuli iuridiuli
piris saxiT da romlisTvisac SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze srul-
deba garkveuli samuSao.

dasaqmebuli SeiZleba iyos nebismieri fizikuri piri, romelic SromiTi xel­

Sekrulebis safuZvelze damsaqmeblisaTvis asrulebs garkveul samuSaos.

koleqtiuri SromiTi urTierTobis subieqtebi ki arian dasaqmebulTa gaer-

Tianeba da damsaqmebeli.

asaki. SromiTi qmedunarianoba fizikuri pirisaTvis warmoiSoba 16 wlis

asakidan. 16 wlamde pirs SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba SeuZlia mxolod

196
misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis (mSobeli, mzrunveli) TanxmobiT. garda
amisa, calkeuli tipis SromiT xelSekrulebebze dawesebulia SezRudvebi.
kerZod, SromiTi urTierToba:
•• ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes arasrulwlovnis interesebs;
•• ar unda ayenebdes zians arasrulwlovnis zneobriv, gonebriv da
fizikur ganviTarebas;
6
•• ar unda uzRudavdes arasrulwlovans savaldebulo dawyebiT
da sabazo ganaTlebis miRebis uflebasa da SesaZleblobas.
Sromis xelSekruleba, SesaZloa, daidos 14 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovan-
Tanac. am SemTxvevaSi ki SezRudvaTa kategoria izrdeba da damatebiT Sez-
Rudvad gansazRvrulia, rom 14 wlamde arasrulwlovani samuSaod SeiZleba
ayvanil iqnes mxolod sportul, saxelovnebo da kulturis sferoSi dasa-
saqmeblad, aseve, sareklamo samuSaos Sesasruleblad.

2. winasaxelSekrulebo urTierToba da informaciis gacv-

la.
garkveuli valdebulebani kontrahentebs Soris (damsaqmebeli da dasaqme-
buli) iCens Tavs, rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebis, aseve winasaxelSekrule-
bo (anu dasasaqmeblis SerCevis) stadiaze. aRniSnuli valdebulebani moq­
medebs miuxedavad imisa, daido Tu ara saboloo SromiTi xelSekruleba.
aseT valdebulebebs ganekuTvnebian:
•• diskriminaciis akrZalva (ukve ganvixileT),
•• informaciis urTierTgacvlisa da
•• miRebuli informaciis dafarvis valdebuleba.
informaciis urTierTgacvlis farglebSi, damsaqmebeli uflebamosilia
moiTxovos kandidatisagan yvela saWiro informacia, is dasaqmebis Taoba-
ze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. maT Soris kandidatis kvalifikaciis, gamoc-
dilebis, ganaTlebis, asakis Sesa­xeb, muSaobs Tu ara is paralelurad sxva
samuSao adgilas da a.S., kandidati ki valdebulia, miawodos damsaqmebels
sruli da obieqturi informacia. is valdebulia, acnobos damsaqmebels
yvela im garemoebis Sesaxeb, ramac Sei-
Zleba xeli SeuSalos mas samuSaos
SesrulebaSi, agreTve, safrTxe
Seuqmnas damsaqmeblis an mesame
piris interesebs. damsaqmebe-
li uflebamosilia ara mx-
olod miiRos kandidatisagan
zemoaRniSnuli informacia,
aramed gadaamowmos miRebuli
cnobebis siswore.
Tavis mxriv, kandidatsac
gaaCnia igive uflebamosile-
bani. kerZod, mas SeuZlia
miiRos sruli informacia Ses-
asrulebeli samuSaos, Sromis
pirobebis, SromiTi urTierTo-
bisas misi uflebrivi mdgomare-
obis, Tanamdebobis, Sromis anaz-
Raurebis, samuSaos adgilis da
sxva garemoebaTa Sesaxeb.

197
6 rac Seexeba informaciis dacvis valdebulebas, aqac qarTuli kanonmdeb­
loba SesabamisobaSi modis saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobasTan da aRniSnul
sferoSi moqmed normatiul aqtebTan. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ganvmartavT,
rom damsaqmebels ufleba ara aqvs kandidatis Sesaxeb miRebuli informacia,
maT Soris Tavad kandidatis mier misTvis gadacemuli faqtebi, cnobili da
xelmisawvdomi gaxados sxva pirTaTvis, Tavad kandidatis Tanxmobis gareSe.
mxolod kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebi aTavisuflebs
damsaqmebels am valdebulebebisagan. aseTi SemTxvevebia sagamoZiebo, sasa­
marTlo, sagadasaxado da sxva uflebamosili organoebis mimarTva infor-
maciis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb.
damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, kandidats ufleba
aqvs, gamoiTxovos wardgenili dokumentacia ukan, xolo damsaqmebeli val-
debuli ar aris daasabuTos sakuTari uari dasaqmebaze.

3. Sromis xelSekruleba
Sromis xelSekruleba. es aris valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi SeTanxme-
ba damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris SromiTi urTierTobis dawyebisa
da mis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebze. misi forma kanoniT gansazRvruli ar
aris. is SeiZleba daidos rogorc werilobiT, aseve - zepirad. rac Seexe-
ba mis Sinaarsobriv mxares, SromiT urTierTobad moiazreba momsaxurebis
gaweva garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi meore mxarisaTvis, am ukanasknelis
daqvemdebarebaSi garkveuli gasamrjelos safasurad. Tu mxareTa Soris
xelSekruleba werilobiTi saxiT gaformda, aucilebelia, is daidos orive
mxarisaTvis gasageb enaze. imavdroulad, Tuki Sromis xelSekruleba ram-
denime enazea dadebuli, aucilebelia miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel enaze
dadebul SeTanxmebas eniWeba upiratesi Zala gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi.
dasaqmebulis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebeli valdebulia, gasces
cnoba dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, romelic unda moicavdes monacemebs Sesrulebu-
li samuSaos, Sromis anazRaurebis da SromiTi xelSekrulebis xangrZlivo-
bis Sesaxeb. imdenad, ramdenadac moqmedi kanoni ar cnobs Sromis wignaks,
romelic warmoadgenda dasaqmebulis erTgvar arqivs mis mier saqmianobis
ganxor­cielebis, staJisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb, amitom axali kanoniT
ganisazRvra cnobis gacemis valdebuleba. aseTi cnoba SesaZloa dasaqme-
buls mosTxovos nebismierma axalma damsaqmebelma.

4. samuSaos Sesruleba
samuSaos Sesruleba (piradad Sesrulebis movaleoba, damsaqmeblis mi-
TiTebis ufleba, mivlineba, Sinaganawesi). Sromis xelSekrulebis erT-er-
Ti umTavresi gansxvaveba sxva valdebulebiT samarTlebrivi garigebebisagan
gaxlavT is, rom samuSaos piradad Sesrulebis valldebuleba erT-erTi um-
niSvnelovanesia aRniSnul samarTalurTierTobaSi. damsaqmeblis yvelaze
didi motivatori Sromis xelSekrulebis gaformebisas, dasaqmebulis pi-
radi Tvisebebia. misi kvalifikacia da profesionalizmi gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs. amitomac kanonmdeblobiT pirdapir da upirobod ganisazRvra,
rom dasaqmebuli valdebulia, piradad Seasrulos samuSao. mxolod ga-
monaklis SemTxvevebSi (magaliTad, dasaqmebulis SvebulebaSi gasvla an
droebiT Sromisuunaroba) daiSveba gansazRvruli vadiT mesame piris ayva-
na samuSaoze da isic maSin, roca orive mxare (dasaqmebuli da damsaqmebeli)
amaze Tanaxmaa.
dasaqmebuls SeuZlia uari Tqvas damsaqmeblis moTxovnaze Seasrulos
qmedebani, romelic:
• ewinaaRmdegeba kanons;
• aSkara da arsebiT safrTxes uqmnis mis an sxva piris sicoc­
xles, janmrTelobasa da sakuTrebas an bunebrivi garemos
usafrTxo­ebas.

198
uaris SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebulma unda acnobos damsaqmebels im mizezTa
Sesaxeb, ris gamoc acxadebs uars muSaobaze.
Sromis Sinaganawesi. es aris werilobiTi dokumenti, romliTac SeiZleba
detalurad da dawvrilebiT ganisazRvros rigi sakiTxebisa.
samuSaos, Sesvenebisa da dasvenebis dro. Tu xelSekrulebiT an Sinaga-
6
Sromis
SinaganawesiT
SesaZlebelia
ganisazRvros:
samuSao kviris
xangrZlivoba,
yoveldRiuri
nawesiT aRniSnuli sakiTxi sxvagvarad ar aris mowesrigebuli, dasaqmebulis samuSaos dawyebisa
mier kviris ganmavlobaSi namuSevari saaTebi ar unda aRematebodes 40 saaTs. da dasrulebis dro;
samuSao dReebs Soris Sualedi ar unda iyos 12 saaTze naklebi. 16 wlidan dasvenebis
18 wlamde asakis mozardebis samuSao dro ganisazRvreba kviraSi 36 saaTiT, xangrZlivoba;
anazRaurebis
xolo 14 wlidan 16 wlamde asakis ki - 24 saaTiT. gacemis dro, wesi da
dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesruleba, SinaganawesiT dawesebuli samuSao adgili;
anazRaurebadi
drois (an kviraSi 40 saaTis) gadametebiT, agreTve, uqme dReebSi, iTvleba ze- Svebulebis
ganakveTur samuSaod. dasaqmebuli valdebulia, Seasrulos zeganakveTuri xangrZlivoba da
samuSao mxolod stiqiuri ubedurebis an sawarmoo avariis SemTxvevaSi da micemis wesi;
maTi Sedegebis likvidaciisas. amasTan, zeganakveTuri samuSaos Sesruleba anazRaurebis
anazRaurebis gareSe dasaqmebuls stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi evale- gareSe Svebulebis
xangrZlivoba da
ba. kanoni ar adgens zeganakveTuri samuSaos anazRaurebis minimalur stan­ micemis wesi;
darts – mxareebma amis Sesaxeb Tavad unda moilaparakon. Sromis pirobebis
dacvis wesebi. maT
Svebuleba. muSaobis 11 Tvis Semdeg, dasaqmebuls warmoeSoba Svebulebis Soris dasaqmebulis
moTxovnis ufleba. kerZod, mas aqvs ufleba isargeblos weliwadSi, sul uSualo
cota, 24 samuSao dRis toli anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT da 15 kalendaruli xelmZRvaneli;
dRis toli anazRaurebis gareSe SvebulebiT. gancxadebis/
saCivris ganxilvis
amas garda, dasaqmebuls aqvs damatebiTi Svebulebis moTxovnis ufleba wesi.
kanoniT da/an Sromis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil sxva SemTxvevebSic. damatebiTi
specialuri wesebi.
koleqtiuri SromiTi urTierToba. koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekruleba
ideba or an met dasaqmebuls anu dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebas Soris. aseTi
tipis xelSekruleba efuZneba igive principebs, romlebsac individualu-
ri xelSekruleba efuZneba. dauSvebelia misi dadebis an pirobebis Secvlis
dros saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis Careva.
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebisas, moSlis an pirobebis Secvlisas,
dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebas, werilobiTi mindobilobis safuZvelze, icavs
da warmoadgens warmomadgeneli. warmomadgeneli SeiZleba iyos nebismieri
qmedunariani fizikuri piri, romelic misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis
farglebSi moqmedebs dasaqmebulTa saxeliTa da maTi interesebis Sesabami-
sad.

199
6 koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekrulebisaTvis, kanoni iTvaliswinebs saval-
debulo formas. kerZod, is unda daidos mxolod werilobiTi formiT.
amasTan, arc dasaqmebuli da arc damsaqmebeli ar izRudebian dadon indi-
vidualuri da/an ramdenime koleqtiuri xelSekruleba. Tu koleqtiuri
xelSekruleba romelime mxaris mier uqmdeba, SromiTi urTierToba Sewyve-
tilad iTvleba. Tuki koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis xelmomweri romelime
dasaqmebuli Sewyvets SromiT samarTalurTierTobas damsaqmebelTan, es ar
gamoiwvevs sxva dasaqmebulebTan Sromis urTierTobis avtomatur Sewyve-
tas.
pasuxismgebloba da dava. SromiTi urTierTobisas erTi mxaris mier
kontrahen­tisaTvis miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba saerTo wesiT, gamom-
dinare valdebulebiTi samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi danawesebidan.
Tu dasaqmebuls miaCnia, rom SromiT urTierTobaSi irRveva misi uflebebi
an Tavisuflebebi an ar sruldeba SromiTi urTierTobis pirobebi, davis
gadasawyvetad mas SeuZlia awarmoos individualuri molaparakeba dam-
saqmebelTan. aseve mas SeuZlia gamoiyenos Sida SemaTanxmebeli procedura
(werilobiTi mimowera dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris, romlis Sede-
gad miRweuli SeTanxmeba SromiTi xelSekrulebis nawili xdeba) an mimarTos
sasamarTlos an arbitraJs.
Tavisi interesebis dasacavad dasaqmebuls aqvs, agreTve, gaficvis ufleba,
Tumca misi ganxorcielebisas unda daicvas kanoniT dadgenili wesebi.
Tu gaficva kanoniT dadgenili wesebis dacviT ganxorcieldeba, damsaqme-
beli ver gaaTavisuflebs gaficuls (Tumca SeuZlia umuSevari dReebi ar
aanazRauros). wesebis darRveviT Catarebuli gaficva ukanono gaficvad
iTvleba da damsaqmebels uflebas aZlevs gawyvitos SromiTi xelSekruleba
gaficulebTan.
Tavis mxriv, damsaqmebels gaaCnia lokautis ufleba. (lokauti davis
SemTxvevaSi, damsaqmeblis droebiTi nebayoflobiTi uaria SromiTi xel­
SekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis mTlianad an nawilobriv
Sesrulebaze).

200
 samewarmeo da arasamewarmeo
iuridiuli pirebi
7
1. iuridiuli piris cneba, saxeebi
gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnil sakuTari qonebis mqone organize-
bul warmonaqmns iuridiuli piri ewodeba. is Tavisi qonebiT damoukideblad
agebs pasuxs da Tavisi saxeliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs garige-
bebs da gamodis sasamarTloSi mosarCeled an mopasuxed. is SeiZleba iyos
wevrTa mdgomareobaze damokidebuli an misgan damoukidebeli da misdevdes
an ar misdevdes samewarmeo saqmianobas. iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianoba
da qmedunarianoba warmoiSoba misi kanonis Sesabamisi registraciis momen-
tidan da wydeba misi likvidaciis dasrulebis registraciisTanave. iuri­
diuli piris iuridiul misamarTad (adgilsamyofelad) iTvleba misi
administraciis mdebareobis adgili. iuridiul pirs SeiZleba gaaCndes
mxolod erTi adgilsamyofeli (iuridiuli misamarTi). sxva nebismieri
adgilsamyofeli ki filialis adgilsamyoflad CaiTvleba.
kanoni icnobs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. kerZo samarT-
lis iuridiuli pirebi iyofa arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) da samewarmeo
iuridiul pirebad. maTi registraciisa da saqmianobis samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebi gansxvavebulad regulirdeba, razec visaubrebT mogvianebiT.
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri, romlis mizania samewarmeo saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba, registrirdeba da misi saqmianoba, agreTve, filialebis
Seqmnas­Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, unda mowesrigdes saqarTvelos kano-
niT “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb”. xolo iuridiuli piri, romelic ar misdevs same-
warmeo saqmianobas, registrirdeba da wesrigdeba saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsiT da iwodeba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirad
(a.(a).i.p.). kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi (samewarmeoc da arasame-
warmeoc) uflebamosilni arian ganaxorcielon kanoniT pirdapir aukrZala-
vi nebismieri saqmianoba, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara is wesdebiT pirdapir
gansazRvruli.

samewarmeo arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)

S.p.s.; s.s.: sps.: ks.; kooperativi arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iu-

ridiuli piri

misdevs samewarmeo saqmianobas, mTa- ar misdevs samewarmeo saqmianobas

vari mizania mogebis miReba (es SesaZloa iyos mxolod damxmare
saqmianoba) da mTavari mizania sazo-
gadoebrivi aqtivoba
registrirdeba kanoniT dadgenili registrirdeba kanoniT dadgenili
wesiT wesiT
likvidaciisas darCenili qoneba iy- likvidaciisas darCenili qoneba
ofa damfuZneblebze xmardeba an sawesdebo miznebs an im
arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirebs ga-
daecemaT, visac msgavsi sawesdebo
miznebi gaaCniaT

wili SesaZloa gasxvisdes wevroba ar SeiZleba gasxvisdes

201
7 imavdroulad, zogierTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, romelTa CamonaTvals
gansazRvravs kanoni, kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirs SeuZlia mxolod spe-
cialuri licenziis/nebarTvis an avtorizaciis safuZvelze. aseT SemTxve­
vaSi kerZo samarTlis iuridiulma pirma jer unda gaiaros registracia
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, Semdeg ki moipovos licenzia/nebarTva an
avtorizacia specialuri iuridiuli procedurebis dacviT.

2. arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri (regis-

tracia, cvlilebis registracia)
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis Seqmnis, registraciisa da saqmianobis
ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi baza aris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi. 2006
wlis cvlilebebis Semdeg im iuridiul pirebs, romlebic arasamewarmeo
saqmianobas ewevian, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebi
ewodaT. gauqmda am pirebis dayofa kavSirebad da fondebad, rogorc es
cvlilebebamde xdeboda. aikrZala erTi da imave saxelwodebis arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis registracia. amrigad, pasuxismgebloba
daekisreba im pirs, romelic sxvisi saxeliT isargeblebs.
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri ar aris mogebaze ori-
entirebuli organizacia da eweva arasamewarmeo saqmianobas. magram unda
aRiniS­nos, rom mas ufleba aqvs, eweodes mxolod damxmare xasiaTis same-
warmeo saqmianobas, romelic exmareba wesdebiT gansazRvruli miznebis
ganxorcielebaSi da romlisganac miRebuli mogebis ganawileba dauSve-
belia damfuZneblebs, xelmZRvanelebsa da Semomwirvelebs Soris. aseTi
mogeba unda moxmardes arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris miznebsa da maT
realizacias. Tu arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piri damxmare samewarmeo saqmi-
anobidan arsebiTad gadava samewarmeo saqmianobaze, anu misi mizani gaxdeba
mogebis miReba da misi gayofa, maSin registraciaSi gamtarebeli organos
(sajaro reestris)an nebismieri dainteresebuli piris mimarTvis safuZvel-
ze, sasamarTlo miiRebs gadawyvetilebas arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris
saqmianobis SeCerebis an misi akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirs SeiZleba hqondes filiali (warmomadgenlo-
ba), romelic ar aris damoukidebeli iuridiuli piri, aramed warmoadgens
iuridiuli piris adgilsamyoflis gareT arsebuli warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis mqone piris gancalkevebul qvedanayofs da aris (srulad
an nawilobriv) arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri da/an axor-
cielebs mis funqciebs.
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris xelmZRvaneli da warmomadgeneli mesame
pirebTan SesaZloa iyos erTi, ori an ramdenime piri. amasTan, ori an meti
piris xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb, aucileblad unda
mieTiTos, isini moqmedeben erToblivad, Tu TiToeuli maTgani organizacias
warmoadgens srulad da SeuzRudavad.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi, aseve, awesrigebs aseTi iuridiuli piris sakuTreba-
Si arsebuli qonebis gasxvisebis wessa da SesaZleblobas. kerZod, aseT iu-
ridiul pirs SeuZlia Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gasxviseba, Tu
gasxviseba emsaxureba arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris saqmianobas, mis or-
ganizaciul ganviTarebas, xels uwyobs misi miznebis ganxorcielebas, an em-
saxureba saqvelmoqmedo miznebs.

202
 3. araregistrirebuli kavSiri (gaerTianeba)
es aris gaerTianeba, romelic damokidebulia wevrTa urTierTSeTanxmeba-
sa da monawileobaze da mas SeiZleba gaaCndes sakuTari qoneba da samoqa-
laqo samarTalurTierTobaSi monawileobdes sakuTari saxeliT. agreTve,
mis valdebulebebze pasuxs ageben is pirebic, romlebic personalurad moq-
medebdnen araregistrirebuli kavSiris (gaerTianebis) saxeliT. magaliTad,
7
binaTmSeneblobisa da/an binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebi, studenturi kav-
Sirebi da sxv., SesaZloa arsebobdnen araregistrirebuli kavSiris saxiT.

4. samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi

samewarmeo iuridiul pirTa registracias, saqmianobas, saxeebs, reorgani-
zaciisa da likvidaciis sakiTxebs da sxva samarTlebriv aspeqtebs awesri-
gebs da gansazRvravs saqarTvelos kanoni “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb”.
sanam konkretulad aRniSnul kanons ganvixilavT, gadavavloT Tvali im
sakiTxebs, razec mogvianebiT visaubrebT da rac ZiriTadad or sakiTxad
iyo­fa: 1. es aris sakiTxebi, romlebic saerToa yvela samewarmeo iuridiuli
pirisaTvis da wesebi, romlebic unda daicvas yvela saxis samewarmeo iuri­
diulma pirma; maTi registraciis saerTo principebi da 2. yvela im iuridi-
uli piris konkretuli ganxilva da mokle daxasiaTeba, romelTa saxeebsac kiTxva:
da muSaobis principebs awesrigebs zemoaRniSnuli kanoni. romel wels iqna
maS ase, daviwyoT samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis saerTo principebis ganxil­ miRebuli kanoni
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“?
va:
samewarmeo saqmianoba. samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da
araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic mogebis miRebis mizniT damoukideb­
lad da organizebulad xorcieldeba.
samewarmeo saqmianobis marTlzomierebaSi igulisxmeba, rom qmedeba ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes moqmedi samarTlis normebs. rogorc wesi, am SemTxveva-
Si igulisxmeba iseTi saqmianoba, romelic pirdapir kanoniT aris akrZalu-
li (magaliTad, narkotikuli nivTierebebiT an iaraRiT vaWroba) an aseTi
saqmianobisaTvis saWiroa saxelmwifos nebarTva (magaliTad, licenzia wia-
Riseulis mopovebaze).
samewarmeo saqmianobis araerTjeradoba niSnavs, rom moqmedebebi unda xor-
cieldebodes sistematurad, gegmazomierad da araerTjeradad. is unda
xorcieldebodes periodulad. magaliTad: piri awarmoebs fanqrebs gasayi­
dad, mewarme eweva kvebis produqtebis imports da a.S.
imisTvis, rom qmedeba CaiTvalos samewarmeo saqmianobad, aucilebelia masSi
figurirebdes mogebis miRebis mizani da survili. sxva saqmea, miiRo pirma
mogeba Tu izarala. umTavresi aq subieqturi ganzraxvaa mogebis misaRebad
warmoebuli garkveuli samuSaoebisa. anu mewarmes unda surdes mogebis
miReba da is miiRebs mas realurad Tu ara, amas samarTlebrivi Tvalsazri­
siT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom sawarmo (misi warmomadgeneli, damfuZnebeli,
aqcioneri) Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs saqmianobaze da warmarTavs mas
sakuTari ganzraxvisamebr, ra Tqma unda, kanonis normaTa dacviT.
organizebuloba moicavs Semdeg elementebs:
1. mewarme mowyobili unda iyos erT-erTi im organizaciul-samarTleb­
rivi formiT, romelsac icnobs zemoaRniSnuli kanoni;
2. samewarmeo iuridiul pirs unda gaaCndes mmarTvelobis organoebi;
3. nebismieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis mqone samewarmeo
iuridiuli piri registrirebuli unda iyos saqarTvelos iusticiis
saministros daqvemdebarebaSi myofi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piris sajaro reestris mier. miniWebuli unda hqondes saidentifika-
cio nomeri da gaaCndes Sesabamisi saregistracio amonaweri.

203
 7
samewarmeo subieqtebad aRniSnuli kanoni
miiCnevs:
individualur mewarmes;
solidaruli
sazogadoebas (sps);
pasuxismgeblobis
komanditur sazogadoebas (ks);
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
sazogadoebas (Sps);
saaqcio sazogadoebas (ss, korporacia);
kooperativs;
radgan Cven gansaxilvel Temas
warmoadgens samewarmeo iuridiuli
pirebi, individualuri mewarmis
dawvrilebiT ganxilvas ar daviwyebT.
davZenT mxolod imas, rom es aris
fizikuri piri, romelic samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas am
formiT registrirdeba sajaro
reestrSi (kerZod ki arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis
reestrSi), iRebs Sesabamis saregistracio
mowmobas da ufleba aqvs amis Semdgom
eweodes samewarmeo saqmianobas, ixdis
gadasaxadebs da a.S.
saregistraciod dainteresebulma pirma
(samewarmeo iuridiuli piris partniorma,
direqtorma an mindobilma pirma) sajaro
reestrs unda warudginos Semdegi
dokumentacia:
saregistracio ganacxadi (wesdeba),
romelic werilobiTi formiT unda iyos
Sedgenili da SeiZleba dadasturdes
saTanado wesiT notariusis an sajaro
reestris uflebamosili moxelis mier.
masSi unda aRiniSnos:
samewarmeo iuridiuli piris forma;
iuridiuli piris dasaxeleba;
partniorebi, maTi vinaoba, rekvizitebi;
sawesdebo kapitali (Sesabamisi formis
iuridiuli pirebisaTvis, magaliTad, Sps
ss kooperativi);
iuridiuli adgilsamyofeli. uZravi
qonebis mesakuTris saTanado wesiT
damowmebuli Tanxmoba;
mmarTveli organo da misi gadawyvetileba
- unarianoba;
xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamosili piri
(pirebi). Tu aseTi piri ramdenimea,
mieTiTeba TiToeulis uflebamosilebis
Sesaxeb;
saregistracio mosakreblis gadaxdis
damadasturebeli dokumenti (qviTari).
mosakrebeli Seadgens 100 (asi) lars.
registraciis vada Seadgens erT samuSao
dRes.
www.reestri.gov.ge
204
4.1.  samewarmeo subieqtebi:
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar cnobs da registraciaSi
ar atarebs samewarmeo subieqts, romelic gansxvavebu-
lia CamoTvlili formebisagan.
samewarmeo iuridiul pirs aucileblad unda gaaCndes wes-
deba. agreTve, aucilebelia sawarmos registraciisaT-
vis wesdebis garkveuli nawilis Seqmna da xelmowera (mag-
aliTad: saxelwodeba, iuridiuli misamarTi, partniorebi,
mmarTvelobis organo, gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi da a.S.).
xolo rigi samarTlebrivi punqtebi partniorebs SeuZliaT
gaweron an uari Tqvan maT wesdebiT mowesrigebaze da maTi
registracia savaldebulo araa. partniorTa SeTanxmeba,
romlis registracia ar aris savaldebulo, SeiZleba Sed­
ges nebismier, mxareTaTvis cnobil enaze.
samewarmeo sazogadoebis partniorebs Tanabari ufle-
ba-movaleobebi aqvT, Tuki wesdebiT ufleba-movaleobaTa
sakiTxi sxvagvarad ar wesrigdeba.
samewarmeo iuridiuli piris mier miRebuli mogeba gana­
wildeba partniorebs Soris, gamomdinare maTi wilobrivi
monawileobidan, wliuri da/an Sualeduri dividendebis
saxiT. wesdebiT, SeiZleba, aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad
mowesrigeba.
rac Seexeba xelmZRvanelobasa da mesame pirebTan warmomad-
genlobas, es regulirdeba Semdegnairad:
• solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba-
Si xelmZRvanelobis ufleba aqvs, yvela part-
niors;
• komanditur sazogadoebaSi – srul part-
niorebs (komplementarebs);
• SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba-
Si, saaqcio sazogadoebasa da kooperativSi –
direqtorebs.
sazogadoebis wesdebiT SesaZloa aRniSnuli sakiTxis
sxvagvarad mowesrigeba.
partniorTa saerTo krebaze s.p.s._is TiToeul
partnior­sa da k.s-is TiToeul srul partniors (kom-
plementars) aqvs TiTo xma. k.s-is SezRudul partniors
(komandits) xmis ufleba ara aqvs. Sps-is partniorTa
xmebi ganisazRvreba wilebis proporciulad.
samewarmeo iuridiuli piris registracia. rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, samewarmeo samarTlis iuridiuli piris
warmoSoba xdeba mas Semdeg, rac is gaivlis registra-
cias Sesabamisi wesiT, saqarTvelos iusticiis saminis-
tros mmarTvelobis sferoSi moqmedi sajaro reestris
erovnul saagentoSi. registraciis arseboba dgindeba
reestridan amonaweriT da moicavs rogorc saxelmwi­
fo, ise sagadasaxado registracias. amonaweri yvela
dainteresebuli pirisaTvis xelmisawvdomia da is gan-
Tavsebulia reestris oficialur internetgverdze.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli kanonmdebloba ic-
nobs samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis konkretul
CamonaT­vals. mokled davaxasiaTebT TiToeul maTgans.
 7

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris samewarmeo iurid-

iuli piri, sadac ori an meti piri erToblivad eweva samewarmeo saqmi-
anobas erTi saerTo safirmo saxelwodebiT. TiToeuli damfuZnebeli
(partniori) sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis pasuxs agebs pirdapir
da mTeli Tavisi qonebiT uSualod.
s.p.s. partniorobaze damyarebuli damokidebuli iuridiuli piria da
amitom misi romelime wevris gasvla iwvevs sawarmos gadaxdisuunarobas,
Tu axali partniori ar Semova. axali partnioris SemTxvevaSi daiwyeba
sawarmos reorganizaciis procesi. gasuli partnioris wili sxva danar-
Cen partniorebze nawildeba, xolo sxva danarCeni partniorebi ki, Tavis
mxriv, valdebulni arian gaaTavisuflon is sazogadoebis valebisagan
da gadauxadon is Tanxa, rasac igi likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda.
magali­Tad, saadvokato biuro “gobroniZe da partniorebi”.
komandituri sazogadoeba solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis, modifi-
cirebuli, nairsaxeobis mqone samewarmeo iuridiuli piria, romelSic
ramdenime piri erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmi-
anobas. amasTan erTi an ramdenime maTganis pasuxismgebloba garkveuli
sagarantio TanxiT SemoisazRvreba (komanditebi) da sxva partniorebis
pasuxismgebloba ki SezRuduli ar aris (komplementarebi).
SezRuduli partnioris (komanditis) wili SeiZleba gasxvisdes an gaices
memkvidreobiT. aRniSnuls esaWiroeba notariuli wesiT damowmebuli
garigeba. gansxvavebuli wesi SeiZleba daadginos wesdebam. magaliTad,
saaudito kompania “iakobiZe da partniorebi”.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba samewarmeo iuridiuli
piria, romelic Seqmnilia damfuZnebelTa kapitalis gaerTianebis Sede-
gad da romlis pasuxismgebloba mesame pirTa winaSe Semoifargleba mTe-
li Tavisi qonebiT. misi daarseba SeuZlia erT pirsac. damfuZnebeli Sei-
Zleba iyos rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri. kapitali dayo­filia
wilebad da is mimoqcevadi uflebaa. igi SeiZleba gasxvisdes, gaices
memkvidreobiT, gaicvalos an sxvagvarad ganikargos. misi mmarTve­
lobis umaRles organos warmoadgens partniorTa saerTo kreba. mesa­
me pirebTan am iuridiul pirs warmoadgens direqtori (direqtorebi),
romelic iniSneba da Tavisufldeba saerTo krebis mier. magaliTad: Sps
“garantia luqsi”, Sps “imperiali” da a.S.

205
7 saaqcio sazogadoeba aris samewarmeo iuridiuli piri, romlis kapi-
tali dayofilia wesdebiT gansazRvruli klasisa da raodenobis aqcie-
bad. aqcia aramaterializebuli saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldi romel-
ic adasturebs sazogadoebis valdebulebebs partnioris (aqcioneris)
mimarT. iseve, rogorc Sps-is, ise ss-is sawesdebo kapitali SeiZleba
gani­sazRvros nebismieri odenobiT.
sazogadoebas mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi warmoadgens direqto-
ri (direqtorebi).mogeba nawildeba wliuri angariSisa da sameurneo
mdgoma­reobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad: s.s. “Telasi”, s.s. “Ti- bi- si
banki”.
kooperativi aris samewarmeo iuridiuli piri, romelic wevrTa SromiT
saqmianobazea dafuZnebuli an wevrTa meurneobis ganviTarebisa da Se-
mosavlis gadidebis mizniT Seiqmna. misi mTavari mizania wevrTa intere­
sebis dakmayofileba da ara mogebis miReba. magaliTad kooperativis
saxeebia: nedleulis mompovebeli, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis
mwarmoebeli, masobrivi moxmarebis saqonlis sabiTumo wesiT SemZeni da
sacalo vaWrobiT maTi sarealizacio kooperativebi. kooperativi Tavi­
si valdebulebebis gamo kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs mxolod Tavi­
si qonebiT.
kooperativis wevris minimalur Senatans pai ewodeba da mis odenobas
gansazRvraven damfuZneblebi. yovel wevrs aqvs ufleba kooperati­
vidan gavides, rac ganisazRvreba wesdebiT. kooperativis wevris gar-
dacvalebis SemTxvevaSi wevroba memkvidreebze gadadis.
kooperativis mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organo wevrTa saerTo krebaa.
kooperativs mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi warmoadgenen direqtorebi.
mogeba da zarali unawildebaT kooperativis wevrebs wliuri angariSis
damtkicebisas. magaliTad, meTevzeTa gaerTianeba - kooperativi “me-
baduri”.

206
 8

sagadasaxado samarTali
1. gadasaxadis cneba da sistema
samarTliani da ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli sagadasaxado sistema,
saxelmwifos saSualebas aZlevs daafinansos umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwi-
foebrivi saWiroebani. gadasaxadebi, romelsac misi gadamxdelebi ixdian,
xmardeba uamrav saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis proeqts. magaliTad, ga-
dasaxadebis Sedegad ivseba biujeti, romelic afinansebs policias, raTa
daicvas wesrigi da usafrTxoeba quCebSi; jars, raTa dagvicvas sagareo
mtrisagan; maswavleblebs, raTa gvaswavlon da gvaziaron samyaros; pensio-
nerebs, raTa davafasoT adamianebi, vinc gvemsaxura; gzebisa da infrastruq­
turis mowesrigeba da a.S.
saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ganisazRvreba
saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da Se-
TanxmebebiT, ZiriTadad ki saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, ro-
melic moicavs ara marto materialur, aramed procesualur normebs.
agreTve, sagadasaxado kodeqsis regulirebis sfero moicavs sa-
dasaxado kontrolTan dakavSirebul formebs, meTodebsa da wesebs.

gadasaxadebi

savaldebuloa diferencirebulia
gadasaxdelad saerTo
saxelmwifoebriv
da adgilobriv
gadasaxadebad
diferencirebulia
procentulobisa
da gadamxdelebis emsaxureba saxelmwifos
mixedviT socialur-ekonomikur miznebs

iTvaliswinebs socialuri
Tanasworobis principebs

207
8 gadasaxadi aris saxelmwifo, avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilob­
riv biujetebSi savaldebulo, upirobo fuladi Senatani, romelsac ix-
dis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli, araekvivalenturi
da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs saer-
To-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi. saerTo-saxelmwi-
foebriv gadasaxadebs ganekuTvneba: saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis
gadasaxadi, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg), aqcizi. adgi-
lobriv gadasaxadebs ki ganekuTvneba qonebisa da saTamaSo biznesis ga-
dasaxadebi (detalurad qvemoT visaubrebT).
biujeti aris saxelmwifos, avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobebis organoebis Semosaval-gasavlis xarjTaR­
ricxva drois garkveuli monakveTisaTvis. aseve, saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis organoebis funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro
fuladi saxsrebis mobilizaciisa da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi finansuri
gegma. qveynis biujetSi Tavs iyris fuladi saxsrebi, romlebic xmar-
deba saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis ekonomikuri, socialu­
ri, sagareo-ekonomikuri, qveynis Tavdacvisa da suverenuli qveynis
valdebulebaTa SesrulebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebs, agreTve, saer-
To-saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis miznobrivi programebis dafinansebas.
saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema aris qveynis biujetebis (cent­
raluri, avtonomiuri, adgilobrivi) erTianoba, romelic efuZneba
saqarTve­
los administraciul-teritoriul mowyobas, ekonomikur
urTierTobebsa da iuridiul normebs.
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sistema. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis sistema sxvadasxva donis normatiuli aqtebis urTierT­
dakavSirebuli erTobliobaa. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis aqtebi, Ta-
vis mxriv, Seicaven sagadasaxado normebs, anu formalurad dadgenil
qcevis wesebs, romelic aregulirebs sagadasaxado sferoSi warmoSobil
samarTlebriv urTierTobebs.
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sistema Sedgeba oTxi donisagan, romlic
aregulirebs saqarTveloSi gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sferoSi ZiriTad
samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. esenia:

208
 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia;
2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi;
3. sagadasaxado kodeqsi;
4. kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi (magaliTad: finansTa ministris
brZanebebi, Semosavlebis samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis brZanebebi da a.S.)
8
2. gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, sagadasaxado agenti
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aris nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, ro-
melsac “saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT” aqvs gadasaxadis gadaxdis
valdebuleba. xolo sagadasaxado agenti aris piri (fizikuri an iuridi-
uli), romelmac saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenil SemTxvevaSi
da dadgenili wesiT unda Seasrulos gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sagadasaxa-
do valdebuleba. magaliTad, samewarmeo iuridiuli piri xelfass uxdis
daqiravebul muSaks. xelfasidan garkveuli gadasaxadi (saSemosavlo) unda
gadaixados muSakma, magram yvela daqiravebuli muSakis mier individualu-
rad gadasaxadebis gadaxda, procentebis gamoangariSeba da sxva qmedebani
SeuZlebels gaxdida gadasaxadis efeqturad amoRebas. amitom kanonmdebel-
ma gadasaxadis gadamxdelis, am SemTxvevaSi, daqiravebuli muSakis kuTvnili
gadasaxadis gadaxdis (xelfasidan dakavebis) valdebuleba sagadasaxado
agents, anu Cven SemTxvevaSi, samewarmeo iuridiul pirs daakisra.
sagadasaxado kodeqsis miznebisaTvis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli da sagadasaxa-
do agenti gaTanabrebulni arian. magaliTad, sagadasaxado valdebulebis
darRvevisaTvis orive maTgani isjeba da a.S. nebismieri piri, maT Soris, ro-
gorc gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, aseve, sagadasaxado agenti valdebulia, ga-
daixados kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
daekisreba kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis zomebi,
maT Soris, Tavisuflebis aRkveTac ki.

3. gadasaxadis gadamxdelis samarTlebrivi dacva

sagadasaxado samarTalurTierTobaSi Tavisi interesebis dasacavad ga-
dasaxadis gadamxdels gaaCnia kanoniT gansazRvruli uflebebi. magaliTad:
gadasaxadis gadamxdels SeuZlia moiTxovos informacia sagadasaxado orga-
nosagan, maT Soris, dausvas werilobiTi SekiTxva da miiRos werilobiTi re-
komendacia gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, aseT pasuxs rekomendaciis
xasiaTi eqneba, magram kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi uflebamosili orga-
nos mier (finansTa saministro) gaicema sajaro gadawyvetileba, romelic
ukve ara mxolod sarekomendacio, aramed savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs da
mis mier ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado qmedebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamxdels
araviTari pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba.
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli sargeblobs uflebiT mosTxovos sagadasaxado uw-
yebebs samewarmeo saidumloebis dacva. aseve, isargeblos kanoniT dadge-
nili sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiTa da zedmetad gadaxdili gadasaxadis ukan
dabrunebis uflebiT. aris SemTxvevebi, roca didi brunvis mqone mewarme
uSvebs meqanikur Secdomas da ixdis gadasaxadis saxiT met Tanxas, vidre
ekuTvnis. aseTi Secdomis SemTxvevaSi is uflebamosilia, werilobiT mimar­
Tos Sesabamis organos (Semosavlebis samsaxuri) da moiTxovos zedmetad
gadaxdili Tanxis ukan dabruneba. agreTve, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli sargeb­
lobs Tavisi interesebis kanonieri dacvis uflebiT da SeuZlia sagadasaxa-
do uwyebis gadawyvetileba gaasaCivros kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, zemdgom
administraciul organoSi (davebis ganmxilveli sabWo) da/an sasamarTloSi.
agreTve, is sargeblobs misTvis miniWebuli sxva uflebebiTac.

209
 8 4. sagadasaxado valdebuleba da misi Sesruleba
sagadasaxado valdebuleba da misi Sesruleba. sagadasaxado valdebule-
bad iTvleba piris valdebuleba gadaixados saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilob­
rivi gadasaxadebi.
sagadasaxado valdebuleba da misi Sesruleba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis
yvelaze ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani iuridiuli valdebulebaa. sagadasaxa-
do kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, sagadasaxado val-
debuleba SeiZleba daekisros, aseve, sagadasaxado agents an sxva valdebul
pirs.
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia gadasaxadis gadaxdis
vadebi, wesebi, regulaciebi da a.S.

5. sagadasaxado angariSgeba
sagadasaxado
deklaraciis sagadasaxado deklaraciis saTanado formiTa da wesiT wardgena aris ga-
wardgena pirs dasaxadis gadamxdelis angariSgeba sagadasaxado samsaxurebis mimarT.
SeuZlia piradad deklaraciis SedgeniTa da wardgeniT piri saxelmwifos acnobs im Tanxebis
(anu piradad saxeebsa da odenobas, romelic ekuTvnis saxelmwifos gadasaxadebis saxiT
gadasces
am pirisagan, rogorc konkretuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelisagan. es moq-
sagadasaxado
organos medeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis valdebulebaa. Tu piri sagadasaxado agen-
TanamSromels), tia (zemoT ukve visaubreT), maSin misi valdebulebaa im deklaraciebisa da
aseve, dazRveuli gaangariSebis Sedgena da wardgena, romelSic aisaxeba sxva pirebis kuTvni-
fostiTa da li gadasaxadebi.
eleqtronuli
fostiT.
6. gadasaxadebi

6.1.  saSemosavlo gadasaxadi

saSemosavlo gadasaxadi aris saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadi,
romelsac ixdis saqarTvelos moqalaqe an sxva qveynis moqalaqe an mo-
qalaqeobis armqone piri, romelsac Semosavali aqvs saqarTveloSi. anu
saqarTveloSi am gadasaxadis gadamxdels warmoadgens mxolod fizikuri piri. imavdrou-
dRes moqmedi lad, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis cneba, aseve, moicavs pirebsac, romlebsac
kanonmdeblobiT, uSualod ar akisriaT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda. magaliTad, rode-
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi 20%- sac daqiravebuli piris kuTvnili saSemosavlo gadasaxadi gadaixdeba
s Seadgens. is damqiraveblis (sagadasaxado agentis) meSveobiT, gadasaxadis gadamxdels
gamoiangariSeba kvlav daqiravebuli piri warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gadasax-
mTeli wlis deli Tanxa daqiravebulis (fizikuri piri) jibidan gadis.
ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli
Semosavlidan, 6.2.  mogebis gadasaxadi
romelsac akldeba
sagadasaxado saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdis sawarmo da ara
kanonmdeblobiT fizikuri piri, angariSdeba miRebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi
gamoqviTvebis Semosav­lidan, rasac akldeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamosaqviTi Tan­
Tanxebi.
xebi (xarjebi). gadasaxadis gadamxdelisa da sagadasaxado agentis sawarmod
kvalifikaciis mizniT ar aris aucilebeli is registrirebuli iuridiuli
piri iyos. is am miznebisaTvis SesaZloa iyos rogorc araregistrirebuli
kavSiri, amxanagoba da a.S. amasTan, sawarmo SeiZleba iyos rogorc reziden-
mogebis gadasaxadis ti (saqarTveloSi registrirebuli) ise, ararezidenti (ucxo qveynis sawar-
odenoba 2008 wlis mo).
1-li ianvris Semdgom
Seadgens 15%-s. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg)
saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadi, romlis gadaxdac evaleba saqarTve-
loSi ekonomikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul nebismier pirs (fizkuri Tu iuri­
diuli), romelic:

210
 •

•
eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas da nebismieri uwyveti 12 kalen-
daruli Tvis ganmavlobaSi mis mier ganxorcielebuli dRg-iT
dasabegri operaciebis saerTo Tanxa aRemateba asi aTas lars;
ekonomikuri saqmianobis farglebSi axorcielebs aqcizuri
saqonlis warmoebas an/da imports (magaliTad, alkoholuri
sasmelebis, sigaretebis);
8
• ganaxorcielebs ekonomikur saqmianobas, romlis farglebSi
dRg-s ganakveTi
mosalodneli erTjeradi operaciis Sedegad an/da erT dReSi Seadgens dasabegri
dRg-iT dasabegri operaciis Tanxa aRemateba asi aTas lars. brunvis an dasabegri
importis Tanxis
6.3.  aqcizi 18%-s.

saerTo saxelmwifoebriv gadasaxads- aqcizs ixdis nebismieri piri (fiziku-

ri Tu iuridiuli), romelic:
• awarmoebs aqcizur saqonels saqarTveloSi – Tavis mier war-
moebul saqonelze (maT Soris, damkveTis nedleuliT warmoebu­
lze);
• axorcielebs bunebrivi airovani kondensatis an/da buneb­
rivi airis miwodebas avtosatransporto saSualebebisaTvis
(magaliTad, gazis avtogasamarTi sadgurebi);
• axorcielebs aqcizuri saqonlis imports saqarTveloSi
(magali­Tad: Semoaqvs sigareti, alkoholuri sasmelebi da a.S.);
• axorcielebs aqcizuri saqonlis eqsports (aseT SemTxvevebSi
eqsporti, garda Savi da feradi liTonebisa, ibegreba nulovani
ganakveTiT. magaliTad, alkoholuri sasmeli, romelic war­
moebul iqna saqarTveloSi da gadis eqsportze, nulovani saaq-
cizo ganakveTiT ibegreba).
saaqcizo dabegvrisagan Tavisufldeba piri, romelic Tavis moxmarebisaT-
vis awarmoebs alkoholur sasmelebs (magaliTad, glexi, romelic wuravs
Rvinos, xdis arays), aseve, romelic ori litri alkoholuri sasmelisa da
orasi Reri sigaretis imports axorcielebs (magaliTad: TviTmfrinavis
mgzav­ri, romelic Camoitans saqarTveloSi Sotlandiidan viskis or litrs
an a.S.S.-dan sigaretis oras Rers). ufro did odenobaze ibegreba saerTo re-
JimiT.
aqcizuri saqonlis saxeobebi detalurad ganisazRvreba sagadasaxado
kodeq­siT.
aqcizuri saqonlisaTvis mwarmoebeli an importiori valdebulia, SeiZinos
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT aqcizuri markebi.

6.4.  importis gadasaxadi

saerTo saxelmwifo gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdis nebismieri fizikuri Tu sabaJo gadasaxadis
daricxva
iuridiuli piri, romelic saqarTvelos sazRvarze gadaaadgilebs saqo- (gamoTvla) xdeba
nels garda eqsportisa. saqonlis sabaJo
Rirebulebidan
amrigad, Cven viswavleT umTavresi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi, romlebic da is Seadgens am
dagvexmareba warmatebiT gavikvlioT gza samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTier- Rirebulebis 12%-s.
TobebSi. aseve dagvexmareba davdoT garigebani, davafuZnoT kerZo samarT-
lis iuridiuli pirebi, gamovideT sasamarTloSi mosarCeled an mopasuxed,
gvqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobani, gadavixadoT gadasaxadebi
da a.S. Cven vcxovrobT globalur samyaroSi, sadac Cveni codna da erudicia
erTaderTi gzaa warmatebisaken. am codnis bazisebs, samoqalaqo samarTleb­
rivi kuTxiT, Cvens winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi gavecaniT.

211
8

212
 sisxlis samarTali
1. ra aris marTlwesrigi?
warmoidgineT Tanamedrove didi qalaqis quCa dRis saaTebSi, rodesac quCa­
Si dadis uamravi avtomobili da fexiT mosiarule. erTi wuTiT davuSvaT,
9
rom ar arsebobs avtomobilebisa da fexiT mosiaruleebis moZraobis wesebi:
aravis daudgenia, rom avtomobilebi quCis marjvena mxares unda moZraobd­
nen, rom ar SeiZleba moZraoba quCis sapirispiro mxares da a.S. warmoid­gineT,
rom Cemi avtomobiliT gadavedi moZraobis sapirispiro mxares da Sevejaxe
Semxvedr avtomobils, ris Sedegadac mZimed daSavda meore avtomobilis
mZRo­li.
warmoidgineT, rom Zalian momwons Cemi mezoblis saaTi da, amave dros, ar
arsebobs kanoni, romelic amikrZalavs movparo an wavarTva mas es saaTi. me
mas saaTi wavarTvi, ris Semdegac man Tavisi megobrebi damaxvedra, romlebic
fizikurad gamiswordnen.
dasasrul, warmovidginoT, rom ar arsebobs aravin, romelic zemoT aRwe­
ril SemTxvevebs gamoiZiebs da damnaSaves pasuxs agebinebs.
zemoT aRwerili magaliTebi metyvelebs, rom adamianebs Soris urTierTo­
bebSi garkveuli wesrigi unda arsebobdes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sazoga­
doeba qaosis mdgomareobaSi iqneba. marTlac, ra iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi,
TiToeul adamians rom hqondes Tavisufleba, ise imoZraos quCaSi, rogorc
moisurvebs? an ise moeqces meore adamians, rogorc unda. cxadia, rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba iqneboda mudmivi konfliqtis mdgomareobaSi.

213
 9 wesrigi sazogadoebis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa. wesrigi qmnis stabi­
lurobisa da usafrTxoebis gancdas. sazogadoeba ver ganviTardeba iseT
pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebs quCaSi gamosvlis eSiniaT, rodesac ar arse­
bobs garantiebi maTi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis dacvisa da mSvidobiani cxov­
rebisaTvis.
wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad, sul mcire, sami ram aris saWiro: 1. garkveuli
wesebis - samarTlis normebis arseboba 2. wesebis aRsruleba saxelmwifos
mier da 3. wesebisadmi sazogadoebis morCileba.

1.1. pirveli moTxovna: wesebi unda arsebobdes. pirvel rigSi saWiroa,

rom arsebobdes wesebi samarTlis normebis saxiT. magaliTad, imisaT­
vis, rom Tavidan aviciloT am gakveTilis Sesaval nawilSi aRwerili
magaliTebi, saWiroa davadginoT wesebi, rom ar gadavideT moZrao­
bis sapirispiro mxares, ar moviparoT sxvisi nivTi, ar mivayenoT meo­
re adamians ziani da sxva. sainteresoa is, rom zogierTi wesi ubra­
lod aregulirebs ama Tu im sakiTxs. magaliTad, yvela SevTanxmdiT,
rom manqaniT unda vimoZraoT gzis marjvena mxares. msoflios
mraval qveyanaSi, romelTa Soris aris iaponia da inglisic, piriqiT,
savali nawilis marcxena mxares moZraobaa dadgenili. amisgan
gansxva­vebiT, zogierTi wesi asaxavs sazogadoebaSi saukuneebis gan­
mavlobaSi damkvidrebul Sexedulebebs samarTlianobasa da
usamarTloba­ze (mag. wesebi: damnaSave unda daisajos, gamsesxebels
vali unda daubrundes, zianis mimyenebelma ziani unda aanazRauros
da sxv.);

1.2. meore moTxovna: wesebi unda aRsruldes. meore sakiTxia, rom wese­
bi unda aRsruldes. magaliTad, Tu davarRvie wesi da gadavedi moZ­
raobis sapirispiro mxares, rasac Sedegad mohyva avtoavaria da
Semxvedri avtomobilis mZRolis dazianeba, me amisTvis pasuxi unda
vago. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu aravin dazianda, mainc unda vago pasuxi,
vinaidan me gadavaadgildi moZraobis sapirispiro mxares, rac
akrZalulia kanoniT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi SeiZle­
ba dausjelobis grZnoba gaCndes. mec da sxvebmac unda icodnen, rom
daisjebian kanonis darRvevisaTvis. kanoni, romelic ar sruldeba,
kargavs sazogadoebis pativiscemas da, aqedan gamomdinare, unars,
uzrunvelyos wesrigi sazogadoebaSi;

kiTxva: eTanxmebiT 1.3. mesame moTxovna: wesebi sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi unda iyos.
Tu ara aRniSnuls?
ratom? sazogadoeba unda emorCilebodes kanonebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxve­
vaSi wesrigi ar iqneba. sazogadoebas unda hqondes gancda, rom
kanoni ara mxolod aucilebeli, aramed samarTlianicaa.
ubralo SiSi kanonis mimarT ar uzrunvelyofs wesrigs. adamianebi
kanons pativsac unda scemdnen, unda sjerodeT, rom misi darRveva
sazogadoebisTvis mavnebelia;

1.4. marTlwesrigis ganmarteba. wesrigs, romelic uzrunvelyofs moq­

medi kanonebis aRsrulebas da maT mimarT sazogadoebis morCil
damokidebulebas, marTlwesrigi ewodeba. es aris wesrigi, romlis
safuZvelSic devs samarTali da samarTlianoba, romelsac sazoga­
doebis udidesi nawili eTanxmeba da aRiarebs, rogorc sazogadoe­
bis arsebobisa da ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel pirobas.

214
 2. ra aris sisxlis samarTali?
xSirad gvsmenia: `daekisra sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba~,
`qmedeba gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ama da am muxliT~.
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am sakiTxebSi, ganvixiloT sisxlis samarTali.
9
termini sisxlis
samarTali SesaZloa
ukavSirdebodes
gvian Sua
saukuneebis
saqarTvelos
samarTlis TiToeuli dargi adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis romelime
samarTlebriv
sferos awesrigebs: samoqalaqo samarTali awesrigebs adamianebs Soris tradicias, rodesac
kerZo, samoqalaqo urTierTobebs, xolo administraciuli samarTali - damnaSaves arcTu
pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobas, aseve, saxelmwifo or­ iSviaTad uwevda
ganoTa saqmianobas. sisxlis samarTali aris mTlianad damsjelobiTi samar­ fuladi jarimis
gadaxda, romelsac
Tali. is gansazRvravs ra saxis qmedeba CaiTvleba danaSaulad da ra sasje­
`sisxlis fasi~
lia dawesebuli masze. ewodeboda.

3. ra aris danaSauli?
iuristis pasuxi am SekiTxvaze aris aseTi: “danaSauli aris sisxlis samar­
Tlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli, marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli
qmedeba”.
es terminebi araiuristisTvis SeiZleba sakmaod gaugebari iyos. Tumca,
Cveulebriv sasaubro enaze am yvelafris gadmocema mainc SesaZlebelia.
pirvel rigSi unda vicodeT, rom danaSauli aris adamianis qceva, romelsac
ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis an qmnis zianis dadgomis safrTxes. aq ismis
meore SekiTxva- ramdenad saziano unda iyos qceva, rom is gaxdes dana­Sauli?
rogorc viciT, samoqalaqo da administraciuli samarTaldarRveva, aseve,
sazianoa, magram aq mTavaria zianis xarisxi: dana­
Sauli aris mometebuli saSiSroebis mqone qceva
da amdenad, is imsaxurebs saxelmwifos mxridan
gansakuTrebul reaqcias - piris damnaSaved cno­
bas da misTvis sasjelis dakisrebas.
ras niSnavs danaSaulis pirveli niSani - `sisxlis
samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~?.
es imas niSnavs, rom yvela danaSauli aRwerilia
sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi - anu sisxlis samarT­
lis kodeqsSi (ssk). albaT, sainteresoa imis aR­
niSvna, rom dRevandeli mdgomareobiT sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi sul 359 danaSaulia CamoT­

215
 9
Tqveni azriT,
sisxlis
rodis,
lis
samarT-
an ratom
kodeqsidan
SeiZleba sisxlis
danaSaulis

ewodeba.
amoRebas
samarTlis kodeqsSi
dekriminalizacia
gaCndes axali
amdenad
danaSauli?
fraza, rom moxda
vlili. am danaSaulebs Soris aris yvelasTvis cnobili da gavrcelebuli
danaSaulebi (magaliTad: qurdoba, yaCaRoba, TaRliToba, qrTamis aReba),
aseve, iseTi danaSaulebic, romelTa Sesaxeb SeiZleba araferi gvsmenia: (ra­
dioaqtiuri narCenisadmi ukanono mopyroba, magistraluri milsadenis
mSeneblobis wesis darRveva). CamoTvlil danaSaulTa ricxvi zogjer izr­
deba da zogjer mcirdeba, anu SeiZleba maT daematos axali danaSauli an
raRac qmedebis SeiZleba moakldes. Tu CavidineT iseTi qmedeba, romelic mocemul dros
dekriminalizacia,
niSnavs imas, rom
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ar aris aRwerili, is ar CaiTvleba danaSaulad.
igi aRar CaiTvleba danaSaulis am pirvel niSans, aseve, danaSaulis Semadgenlobas uwodeben.
danaSaulad.
ras niSnavs niSani: marTlsawinaaRmdego?
`marTlsawinaaRmdego~ niSnavs imas, rom adamia­nis mier Cadenili qmedeba ew­
inaaRmdegeba samarTlis
normebs. rogorc wesi,
sisxlis samarTlis kode­
qsSi aRwerili dana­
kiTxva: ra
SemTxvevaSi xdeba,
Saulebidan erT - erTis
Tqveni azriT, Cadena amave dros aris
dekriminalizacia? marTlsawinaaRmdegoc,
magram aris SemTxvevebi,
roca es SeiZleba iyos
marTlzomieri. mag. Tu
mezoblis saxlSi gaCnda
xanZari da me misi Caqro­
bis mizniT kari gavtexe,
formalurad Cavdivar
qmedebas gaTvalis­
winebuls sisxlis samar­
Tlis kodeqsis 187 -e mux­
liT, rac gulisxmobs niv­
Tis dazianebas an ganad­
gurebas, magram vinaidan
Cemi qmedeba miznad
isaxavs ufro didi
qonebis gadarCenas, is
aRar aris saziano an
sazogadoebisTvis saSiSi.
am SemTxvevaSi me vmoq­
medeb marTlzomierad,
anu Cemi qmedeba aris gamarTlebuli.
ras niSnavs danaSaulis mesame niSani: `braleuli~.
brali niSnavs qmedebis Camdeni piris gasakicxaobas. gaikicxeba is, vinc dana­
Sauls Cadis Segnebulad da Tavisufali nebiT. Tu adamians ar SeuZlia Seig­
nos sakuTari qmedebis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi an mas warTmeuli aqvs nebis
Tavisufleba (mag. fsiqikuri daavadebis, mcirewlovnebis, iZulebis an sapa­
tio Secdomis gamo), is ver gaikicxeba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven vambobT, rom is
moqmedebs arabraleulad da mas epatieba is, rac Caidina.
maSasadame, imisTvis, rom esa Tu is adamianuri qmedeba CaiTvalos danaSau­
lad, is unda iyos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli, marTlsa­
winaaRmdego da braleuli. TiToeul am niSans mogvianebiT ufro detalu­
rad SevexebiT.

216
 4. sisxlis samarTlis ramdenime mTavari principi
sisxlis samarTlis codnis mizniT, mniSvnelovania vicodeT misi ramdenime
ZiriTadi principi:
a. kanonierebis principi:
kanonierebis principi gveubneba, rom ar arsebobs danaSauli kanonis ga­
9
adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli
samarTlis mixedviT
kanonierebis prin­
cipi erT-erTi
reSe, iseve, rogorc ar arsebobs sasjeli kanonis gareSe. martivad rom absoluturi
vTqvaT, is, rac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT, ar uflebaa. (ix.
CaiTvleba danaSaulad. aseve, dauSvebelia iseTi sasjelis gamoyeneba, Tavi adamianis
rac ar aris gawerili kanoniT. uflebebis Sesaxeb,
absoluturi
kanonierebis principi ukavSirdeba, aseve, sisxlis samarTlis kanonis da SezRuduli
ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalvis princips. es principi gamoixateba SemdegSi: uflebebi).
Tu parlamentma miiRo axali kanoni, romelic konkretul qmedebas dana­
Saulad acxadebs da awesebs sasjels, mas ukuqceviTi Zala ar aqvs. sama­
gierod, ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs kanons, romelic auqmebs qmedebis
danaSauleb­riobas da amsubuqebs sasjels.
ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi:
a. dRes ciliswameba ar aris danaSauli da ar isjeba sisxlis samarTlis
wesiT. davuSvaT, me davwame cili Cems mezobels. yvelas vuTxari, rom
is aris TaRliTi da vals arasodes istumrebs. sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda,
rom Cems mezobels vali arasodes hqonia aRebuli. mas SeuZlia, miCiv­
los Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi wesiT. sa­
samarTlom, SeiZleba, damakisros sajarod bodiSis moxda da zianis
anazRaureba. magram, Tu xval miRebuli iqneba kanoni, romelic
ciliswamebas sisxlis samarTlebrivad dasjadad xdis, me am kanoniT
ver davisjebi. am kanons ver miecema ukuqceviTi Zala;
b. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, 21 wlis asaks miuRweveli piris mier
civi iaraRis tareba danaSaulia da isjeba jarimiT. davuSvaT, me var 21
moiyvaneT bralis
wlis asaks miuRweveli, guSin quCaSi gamaCera policiam da Cxrekis Se­
gareSe Cadenili
degad amoiRo civi iaraRi - dana. dRes ZalaSi Sevida kanoni, romelic qmedebis magaliTi?
auqmebs civi iaraRis tarebisTvis sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismgeb­ magaliTad,
lobas. me gavTavisufldebi pasuxismgeblobisgan, vinaidan am kanons fsiqikurad
miecema ukuqceviTi Zala. avadmyofi, romelic
ver acnobierebs
b. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi: sakuTari qmedebis
danaSaulebriv
es principi niSnavs imas, rom me SeiZleba, pasuxi vago mxolod im qmede­ xasiaTs, mas
bisTvis, rasac braleulad Cavdivar. Tu qmedeba bralis gareSea Cadenili, ubralod ar esmis,
maSin me pasuxismgebloba ver damekisreba; ras akeTebs.

c. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi:

am principis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pira­
dad mas, vinc Caidina danaSauli;
d. samarTlianobis principi: gamonaklisi
SemTxvevis saxiT, Tu
samarTlianobis principi gulisxmobs imas, rom sasjeli unda iyos sa­ arasrulwlovans
marTliani: marTalia, ”nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi, orive qurdia”, magram ar aqvs sakuTari
maT ar SeiZleba erTnairi sasjeli daekisros, aseve, ar SeiZleba erTnairad Semosavali, mis
mier Cadenili
daisajos narkotikebis momxmarebeli da gamsaRebeli, danaSaulis organiza­
qmedebisTvis
tori da ubralo damxmare, recidivisti da danaSaulis pirvelad Camdeni materialuri
piri, daqiravebuli mkvleli da afeqtis mdgomareobaSi sxvisi sicocxlis pasuxismgebloba
xelmyofi da a.S. SeiZleba daekisros
mSobels.

217
9 5. danaSaulis elementebi
ukve viciT, rom danaSauli Sedgeba sami elementisagan - Semadgenloba,
marTlwinaaRmdegoba, brali. imisTvis, rom dadgindes, Caidina Tu ara pir­
ma danaSauli, pirvel rigSi unda gavarkvioT, man Caidina Tu ara sisxlis
samarTlis kanonSi aRwerili qmedeba (qmedebis Semadgenloba); xom ar arse­
bobs marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi garemoebebi da xom ar arsebobs
bralis gamomricxavi garemoebebi? ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
5.1.  qmedebis Semadgenloba
danaSaulis Semadgenloba aris danaSaulis im niSnebis erTianoba, romelic
aRwerilia sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi. magaliTad, kanonis mixedviT qurdoba
aris sxvisi moZravi nivTis faruli daufleba marTlsawinaaRmdego
misakuTrebis mizniT. Tu am niSnebidan romelime ar gvaqvs saxeze, es ar iqne­
ba qurdoba, SeiZleba iyos sxva romelime danaSauli an saerTod ar warmoad­
gendes danaSauls.
nebismier adamianur qcevaSi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT: qcevis
Sinagani da garegani mxare. Sinagani mxare aris is, rac adamianis fsiqikaSi
xdeba, xolo garegnuli - is, rac gare samyaroSi gamovlindeba. radgan dana­
Saulic aris adamianis qceva, masac aqvs ori mxare da maT ewodebaT- qmedebis
subieqturi da obieqturi Semadgenloba. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

subieqturi Semadgenloba
adamianis fsiqika mravalmxrivia (ganwyoba, emociebi, survilebi, fiqrebi da
a.S.) da danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxilvisas gvainteresebs mxolod mo­
tivi, mizani, ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba. ganvixiloT TiToeuli.

motivi
motivi aris is, rac adamians ubiZgebs danaSaulis Casadenad. kanoni zog­
jer specialurad iTxovs motivis arsebobas. magaliTad, falsifikacia,
(warmoebuli nivTis Tvisebis Secvla motyuebiT) SeiZleba, Cadenil iqnes
mxo­lod angarebis motiviT.

mizani
mizani aris is, riskenac miiswrafvis piri danaSaulis Cadenis dros.
kanoni zogjer iTxovs specialuri miznis arsebobas. magaliTad, yalbi
fulis damzadeba mxolod maSin CaiTvleba danaSaulad, rodesac damnaSaves
aqvs gasaRebis mizani. Tu piri yalb fuls daxatavs sakuTari mxatvruli ni­
Wis gamosavlenad, is falsifikatorad ar CaiTvleba.
5.2.  ganzraxva, gaufrTxilebloba.
warmovidginoT aseTi SemTxveva: giorgi, romelic aris Zalian frTxili, ga­
mocdili mZRoli, gamovida saxlidan da Cajda sakuTar avtomanqanaSi da
adgilidan daZra. uceb Semoesma ucnauri xma manqanis qveda mxridan. man
manqana gaaCera, gadmovida da naxa, rom manqanis qveS SemZvrali yofila me­
zoblis sayvareli ZaRli, romelsac tkbilad eZina, igi daiRupa avtomanqanis
gadaadgilebis Sedegad. giorgi pasuxs ver agebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi
wesiT, erTi mxriv, imis gamo, rom mis qmedebaSi ar aris ganzraxva an
gaufrTxileb­loba, meore mxriv, imis gamo, rom misi qmedeba ar aris gasa­
kicxi, anu is ar moqmedebs braleulad.
maSasadame, danaSauli unda iqnes Cadenili an ganzraxviT, an gaufrTxi­leb­
lobiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saxeze ar gvaqvs danaSauli.
ganzraxva arsebobs ori formiT - pirdapiri da arapirdapiri ganzraxva.
pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs is, visac gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom mis

218
 9

qmedebas mohyveba danaSaulebrivi Sedegi da surs es Sedegi an iTvaliswinebs

am Sedegis gardauvalobas. ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva:
1. pavlem sacxovrebeli korpusis me-5 sarTulidan ezoSi gadmoagdo tele­
vizori, rom moekla ezoSi mdgomi petre. 2. pavlem sacxovrebeli korpusis
me-5 sarTulidan gadmoagdo televizori, vinaidan mas undoda, rom ezoSi
Sekrebili xalxi gaefanta (maT Soris nemsi ar Cavardeboda), romelic mas
daZinebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs mkvlelobis
ganzraxvas pavles mxridan, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi pavles aqvs ada­
mianis mokvlis survili, meore SemTxvevaSi egueba adamianis daRupvis gar­
dauvalobas.
rac Seexeba arapirdapir ganzraxvas, am dros damnaSaves ar surs mavne Sede­
gi, magram egueba misi
dadgomis SesaZleblobas.
magaliTad, Tu pavle
televizoris gadmo­g­
debisas xedavs, rom ezoSi
Sekrebilia mcirericxo­
vani jgufi, mas ar surs
aravis mokvla, magram Tu
vinme mokvdeba, is amaze
Ta­naxmaa. maSin is moq­
medebs eventualuri
ganzraxviT.
gaufrTxileblobac ar­
sebobs ori saxis: TviT­
imedovneba da daudev­
roba. TviTimedovnebis
dros piri acnobierebs
windaxedulobis normiT
akrZalul qmedebas da
iTvaliswinebs mavne Se­
degs, mas ar surs am Sede­

219
9 gis dadgoma da usafuZvlod imedovnebs, rom mis Sedegs Tavidan aicilebs.
magaliTad, pavlem dainaxa, rom ezoSi idga mxolod erTi adamiani da tele­
vizoris gadmogdebis dros Seecada, rom is misgan Sors gadaegdo, magram
televizori xelidan gaucurda da TavSi moxvda am adamians. televizoris
fanjridan gadagdeba akrZalulia windaxedulobis normiT. am SemTxvevaSi
adgili eqneba sicocxlis mospobas TviTimedovnebiT.
daudevrobis dros piri ar acnobierebs windaxedulobis normiT akrZalul
qmedebas, ar iTvaliswinebs mavne Sedegis SesaZleblobas, Tumca, unda gaeT­
valiswinebina da SeeZlo kidec. magaliTad, oTaxSi CarTuli maqvs eleqtro­
Rumeli, magram SabaT - kviras sofelSi wasvlis win damaviwyda misi ga­morTva.
Rumeli CarTuli iyo ori dRe da Rame, ris Sedegadac SemaerTebel kabels
cecxli gauCnda. daiwva Cemi saxli da cecxli moedo mezoblis saxlsac. am
SemTxvevaSi me vmoqmedeb daudevrobiT.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moqmedebs mravali windaxedulobis norma, ro­
melTagan zogi dawerilia da zogi dauwereli. magaliTad, sagzao moZraobis
usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb kanonSi weria, rom ikrZaleba dasaxlebul adgilas
avtomanqaniT 60 km/sT-ze meti siCqariT moZraoba; ikrZaleba avtomanqanis
tarebis dros mobilurze saubari (yursasmenebis gareSe) da a. S. dauwereli
normaa, magaliTad, is, rom ar SeiZleba televizoris fanjridan gadagdeba,
eleqtrosaxurebeli xelsawyos didi xniT CarTuli datoveba da a. S.
5.3.  obieqturi Semadgenloba
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, danaSauli mxolod piris fsiqikaSi ar mwif­
deba, is garesamyaroSi povebs Tavis gamovlinebas. iseve rogorc subieqturi
Semadgenlobis, aseve, obieqturi Semadgenlobisas Cven danaSaulis yvela
garegnuli niSani ar gvainteresebs. magaliTad, Cven ar gvainteresebs qurdi,
SemTxvevis adgilas manqaniT mivida Tu cxeniT, saxlSi fanjridan gadaZvra
Tu karidan, iq didi xani dahyo Tu male gamovida, naqurdali qoneba gayida
Tu Tavad moixmara. es yvelaferi, rasakvirvelia, sainteresoa saqmis ga­
moZiebis da sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros, vinaidan danaSaulis sruli su­
raTis dadgenis saSaulebas iZleva. magram qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifi­
kaciis dros Cven gvainteresebs mxolod danaSaulis garegnuli gamovlinebis
niSnebi - qmedeba, Sedegi, mizezobrivi kavSiri, dro, adgili, viTareba da sa­
Sualeba, xerxi a. S. mokled davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani.
5.4.  qmedeba
qmedeba adamianis nebelobiTi qcevaa, romelic gamoixateba moqmedebis an
umoqmedobis saxiT. danaSaulis Cadena, rogorc wesi, xdeba moqmedebiT. moq­
medebis dros damnaSave aqtiurad ereva gare samyaroSi da zians ayenebs (an
safrTxes uqmnis) samarTlebrivad dacul sikeTes. magaliTad, pavlem es­
rola petres cecxlsasroli iaraRidan da miayena sxeulis msubuqi daziane­
ba. danaSauli Cadenilia moqmedebiT. pavles moqmedeba gamoixateba Caxmaxze
xelis gamokvraSi, ramac gamoiwvia iaraRidan gasrola da adamianis janmrTe­
lobis dazianeba.
Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac danaSaulis Cadena xdeba umoqmedobiT. es
is SemTxvevaa, roca adamians ekisreba kanoniT dadgenili valdebuleba da is
am valdebulebas ar asrulebs. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT ”wminda” da
”Sereuli umoqmedoba”. ”wminda” umoqmedobis dros sakmarisia valdebulebis
Seusrulebloba. mag.: alimentis gadaxdisaTvis jiutad Tavis arideba, si­
cocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi myofi piris dauxmarebloba, didi ode­
nobiT gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis arideba da a. S. am dros piri ar asrulebs
kanoniT dakisrebul valdebulebas da amisTvis is isjeba sisxlis­
samarTlebrivi wesiT.

220
rac Seexeba e.w. ”Sereul umoqmedobas”, aq mxolod umoqmedoba sakmarisi ar
aris, aucilebelia Sedegis dadgomac. magaliTad, dedam ar gamokveba bavSvi,
romelic sakvebis naklebobis gamo gardaicvala. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
umoqmedobiT Cadenil mkvlelobas.

5.5.  Sedegi
9
kiTxva: SegiZliaT
moiyvanoT qmedebiT
da umoqmedobiT
Cadenili danaSaulis
magaliTebi?
zog SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlis kanoni sjis mxolod qmedebas da Sedegis
dadgomas ar iTxovs. magaliTad, mowmis mier cru Cvenebis micema isjeba imis
miuxedavad, Tu ra Sedegi gamoiwvia misma moqmedebam. zog SemTxvevaSi ki,
kanoni iTxovs Sedegis dadgomas. magaliTad: mkvleloba, nivTis ganzrax da­
zianeba, ukanono aborti Sedegiani danaSaulebia.
5.6.  mizezobrivi kavSiri
rodesac kanoni iTxovs
danaSaulebrivi Sedegis
dadgomas, aucilebelia,
davadginoT mizezobrivi
kavSiri piris qmedebasa da
damdgar Sedegs Soris. amis
gasarkvevad gamoiyeneba
e.w. hipoteturi
eliminaciis (gamoricxvis
meTodi). anu, Tu
gamovricxavT mizezs,
maSin unda gamoiricxos
Sedegic. magaliTad,
davuSvaT rezom waukida
cecxli Tivis zvins.
Zlierma qarma cecxli
gaaZliera da beRels
moedo. beRlidan cecxli
gadaedo saxls, romelic
mTlianad daiwva. aris Tu
ara rezos moqmedeba
mizezobriv kavSirSi
saxlis dawvasTan? diax,
vinaidan rezos rom cecxli ar gaeCina, saxli ar daiwveboda.
mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena ufro rTulia, roca saqme exeba piris umoqme­
dobas.
ismis kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba umoqmedobiT danaSaulebrivi Sedegis gamowve­
va, an, saerTod, rogor SeiZleba umoqmedobiT raimes gamowveva?
umoqmedobiT rom Sedegis gamowveva SeiZleba, erTi martivi magaliTis sa­
fuZvelze SegviZlia davinaxoT. davuSvaT, fizikis maswavlebeli ar wavida
skolaSi da amis Sedegad fizikis gakveTili gacda. TavisTavad cxadia, rom
”fizikis gakveTilis gacdena”, gamowveulia maswavleblis umoqmedobiT, anu
skolaSi arwasvliT.
sisxlis samarTalSi aris bevri magaliTi, rodesac umoqmedoba iwvevs dana­
Saulebriv Sedegs, aviRoT Tundac aseTi - dedam saWmeli ar aWama bavSvs da
Sedegad is gardaicvala; saSvelad gamoZaxebulma mexanZrem ar Caaqro cec­
xli da Sedegad saxli daiwva; axalgazrdebis jgufma tyeSi daanTo koconi
mwvadis Sesawvavad, magram Semdeg ar Caaqro da tye daiwva. yvela am magaliT­
Si piri pasuxs agebs umoqmedobiT damdgari SedegisTvis.

221
9 imisTvis, rom umoqmedoba CaiTvalos Sedegis dadgomis mizezad, aucilebe­
lia, sami pirobis arseboba: pirs unda hqondes moqmedebis specialuri
valdebuleba, rom imoqmedos. mas unda hqondes moqmedebis SesaZlebloba
da unda arsebobdes am moqmedebiT Sedegis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba.
specialuri valdebuleba adamians SeiZleba gaaCndes Tavisi profesiidan
(mag. eqimi, mexanZre, policieli), naTesauri urTierTobidan (mag. deda, Svi­
li, SviliSvili), winamdebare moqmedebidan (mag. tyeSi koconis danTeba war­
moSobs misi Caqrobis valdebulebas) gamomdinare.
5.7.  dro, viTareba, saSualeba, xerxi
zogjer kanoni iTxovs, rom dadgindes qmedeba, Cadenili garkveul dros,
garkveul adgilas, garkveul viTarebaSi an garkveuli xerxiT (mag. danaSau­
lis Cadena ”arCevnebis dros”, ”farulad” an ”aSkarad”, ”gansakuTrebuli si­
sastikiT”, ”saomar” viTarebaSi a. S. ).

6. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi garemoebebi

qmedebis Semadgenlobis garkvevis Semdeg, unda gavarkvioT, xom ar arsebobs
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi raime garemoeba. Tu erT - erTi maTgani
saxezea, maSin danaSauli saxeze ar gvaqvs.
qmedeba SeiZleba Cadenili iyos aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi.
aucilebeli mogerieba gulisxmobs marTlsawinaaRmdego Tavdasxmis mo­
geriebas, romlis drosac ziani adgeba Tavdamsxmels. magaliTad, pavles
Tavs daesxa yaCaRi, romelmac fulis warTmeva da misi mokvla daapira. pav­
lem daaswro da Tavad mokla is. am SemTxvevaSi pavle gamarTldeba, vinaidan
moqmedebs aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi. imisTvis, rom aucilebe­
li mogerieba CaiTvalos marTlzomierad, Tavdasxma unda iyos realuri,
marTlsawinaaRmdego da imwuTieri; xolo Tavdacva unda iyos Tavdasxmis
proporciuli; aseve, aucilebelia, rom pirs amoZravebdes mogeriebis sur­
vili. Tu es pirobebi ar aris daculi, momgeriebeli ver gamarTldeba. Tum­
ca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba ufro msu­
buqi xasiaTis danaSaulis CadenisTvis (mag. mkvleloba aucilebeli mo­
geriebis farglebs gadacilebiT, gaufrTxilebeli mkvleloba da a.S).
qmedeba SeiZleba, Cadenili iyos ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobaSi,
magram am dros ziani adgeba ara im pirs, visganac safrTxe momdinareobs
(SesaZ­lebelia safrTxe saerTod adamianisgan ar modiodes), aramed sxvas.
magaliTad, Cems saxlSi gaCnda cec­
xli. me vici, rom Cems mezobels aqvs
cecxlmaqri, magram is saxlSi ar
imyo­feba. me gavtexe Cemi mezoblis
saxlis kari, gamovitane cecxlmaqri
da cecxli Cavaqre. am SemTxvevaSi me
formalurad vaxorcieleb kanonSi
aRwerili danaSaulis niSnebs (sxvisi
nivTis dazianeba), magram Cemi qmede­
ba aris gamarTlebuli, vinaidan
Cade­nilia ukiduresi aucileblobis
mdgomareobaSi. aucilebeli moge­ri­
ebis dros dacul unda iqnes ori
mniSvnelovani winapiroba: gadarCe­
nili sikeTe unda aRematebodes da­
zianebul sikeTes da safrTxis
Tavi­dan acilebis sxva xerxi ar
unda arsebobdes.

222
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi kidev erTi garemoeba marTlzomieri
riskia. magaliTad, Tu mamam Svili moZravi manqanidan gadaagdo, radgan xe­
davda, rogor vardeboda manqana ufskrulSi, Tumca manqana sabolood ar ga­
davarda ufskrulSi, xolo manqanidan gadagdebuli bavSvi daiRupa, mama ar
agebs pasuxs damdgari Sedegis gamo, radgan mis mier gaweuli riski marTlzo­
mieria.
9
7. bralis gamomricxavi garemoebebi imsjeleT bralisa
da marTlwinaaRmde­
danaSaulis arsebobisTvis saWiroa mesame elementis - bralis arsebobac. gobis gamomricxav
davuSvaT, rom petrem ganzrax esrola pavles, ris Sedegadac pavle gardaic­ garemoebebze.
vala. petre ar imyofeboda aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi da ar ar­ kiTxva: eTanxmebiT
sebobda marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi raime sxva garemoebac. magram Tu ara maT?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
petre aris sulierad avadmyofi da angariSs ver uwevs sakuTar moqmedebas.
Caidina Tu ara petrem danaSauli? pasuxi uaryofiTia, radgan petres fsiqi­
kuri mdgomareoba gamoricxavs mis qmedebaSi bralis arsebobas. am SemTxve­
vaSi saxeze gvaqvs fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo Seuracxadoba.
bralis ararsebobis kidev erTi piroba SeiZleba iyos Seuracxadoba asakis
gamo. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ama Tu im pirma sisxlis sa­
marTlis wesiT pasuxi SeiZleba agos 14 wlis asakidan. maSasadame, Tu petrem
Caidina qmedeba, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda darqmeoda qurdoba
(anu, ganzrax, marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT, farulad daeuf­
la pavles mobilur telefons), igi ar agebs pasuxs am qmedebisaTvis, Tu is,
qmedebis Cadenis droisTvis, 14 welze mcire asakis iyo.

8. daumTavrebeli danaSauli
zogjer SesaZlebelia damnaSavem Tavisi ganzraxva bolomde ver miiyvanos da
mas xeli SeeSalos danaSaulis CadenaSi. unda agos Tu ara man pasuxi am
SemTxve­vaSi? ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
pirveli SemTxveva: rezos xangrZlivi mtroba hqonda gelasTan da gadawyvi­
ta misi Tavidan mocileba. man Ta­
vis megobar giorgis miswera we­
rili da uTxra, rom apirebda ge­
las mokvlas. daisjeba Tu ara
rezo da risTvis ?
meore SemTxveva: guramma
gadawyvi­ta gaequrda Tavisi me­
zoblis, giorgis saxli. amisTvis
man moipova misi saxlis gasaRebi
da daamzada asli. misi gegmis
Sesa­
xeb Seityo policiam da is
daakava. daisjeba Tu ara gurami
da risTvis ?
mesame SemTxveva: rezom gadawyvi­
ta moekla gela. amisTvis man
megobars gamoarTva sanadiro
Tofi da saxlTan Causafrda ge­
las. rezom esrola gelas, magram
aacila. daisjeba Tu ara is da
risTvis?
daviwyoT imiT, rom adamianis nebismieri mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba
garkveul stadiebad mimdinareobs. davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT kvercxis Sewva.
ra unda gavakeToT amisTvis? pirvel rigSi unda gadavwyvitoT, rom Cveni mi­

223
9 zania kvercxis Sewva; meore etapze aucilebelia, rom SeviZinoT saWiro ma­
salebi- kvercxi da zeTi, marili, aseve, gvqondes gazqura da tafa; mesame
etapze saWiroa, rom avanToT cecxli, gavaxuroT tafa, masze davasxaT zeTi,
davayaroT marili da davasxaT kvercxi. bolos, rodesac kvercxi Seiwveba, is
unda gadmoviRoT tafidan da mivirTvaT.
es martivi magaliTi, aseve, asaxavs danaSaulis ganviTarebis etapebsac.
ra etapebs moicavs danaSauli:
pirvel etapze xdeba danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis formireba; am dros adami­
ani fiqrobs, Caidinos Tu ara danaSauli, ramdenad aqvs amis SesaZlebloba,
ra Sedegs miiRebs misgan da sxva. sabolood is iRebs gadawyvetilebas;
meore etapze, SesaZlebelia, damnaSavem es gadawyvetileba gamoavlinos
sityvie­ri an sxva formiT (Tumca es yovelTvis ar xdeba), magaliTad, gauzia­
ros megobars an Seadginos werilobiTi gegma;
mesame etapze xdeba momzadeba danaSaulis Casadenad. momzadeba, rogorc
wesi, gulisxmobs pirobebis Seqmnas, iaraRisa da sxva saSualebebis SeZenas da
a.S.;
meoTxe etapze adgili aqvs danaSaulis Cadenis mcdelobas, anu es aris ukve
moqmedeba, romlic uSualod mimarTulia danaSaulis Casadenad;
mexuTe etapze gvaqvs dasrulebuli danaSauli.
danaSaulis momzadebas da mcdelobas kanoni ganmartavs Semdegnairad:
• `danaSaulis momzadebad iTvleba danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pirobebis
ganzrax Seqmna~.
• danaSaulis mcdelobad iTvleba ganzraxi qmedeba, romelic, Tumca,
uSualod mimarTuli iyo danaSaulis Casadenad, magram bolomde ar
iqna miyvanili.
ismis kiTxva, danaSaulebrivi qcevis ganviTarebis ra etapidan SeiZleba
daisajos piri?
logika da yoveldRiuri gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom ganzraxvis formire­
bis an ganzraxvis gamovlenis etapze, albaT, aravin unda daisajos. Tavisu­
fal sazogadoebaSi azris gamoTqma, rogori sazianoc ar unda iyos is, zoga­
dad ar isjeba.
danaSaulis momzadeba an mcdelobis dasjadoba. saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT isjeba mxolod mZime da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis
momzadeba (naklebad mZime danaSaulis momzadeba ar isjeba). xolo, rac See­
xeba mcdelobas, is yvela SemTxvevaSi isjeba. Cvens moyvanil magaliTebs Tu
gadavxedavT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqmed pirs ver davsjiT, vinaidan misi
moq­medeba ar gascdenia ganzraxvis gamovlinebis stadias. meore da mesame
SemTxvevaSi ki daisjeba, vinaidan meore SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs mZime (qur­
doba binaSi SeRweviT) danaSaulis momzadeba, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi - gan­
sakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis (mkvleloba) mcdeloba.
rogorc vxedavT, adamiani, rac ufro uaxlovdeba danaSaulis damTavrebas,
miT ufro mkacrad eqceva mas kanoni.
sainteresoa, aseve, imis aRniSvna, rom danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis
sityvie­ri gamovlineba, romelic erTi SexedviT ”uwyinaria”, zog SemTxve­
vaSi SesaZlebelia daisajos kidec. magaliTad, Tu petre waaqezebs pavles
qurdobis Casadenad, es iqneba ara ubralod azris gamoxatva, aramed waqeze­
ba, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba, rac kanoniT isjeba (ix. qvemoT). aseve, Tu me

224
movuwodeb sazogadoebas, rom quCaSi iaraRiT gamovides da daamxos xelisuf­
leba, es iqneba ara ganzraxvis ubralo gamovlineba, aramed mowodeba
saxelmwi­
fo xelisuflebis damxobisken (romelic isjeba kanoniT), aseve,
kanoniT dasjadia sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an qonebis ganadgurebis muqa­
ra, rodesac dazaralebuls uCndeba muqaris ganxorcielebis safuZvliani
SiSi.
9
Cndeba kiTxva, ratom unda isjebodes daumTavrebeli danaSauli, romelic
saziano ar iyo sazogadoebisaTvis?
Cven Tu SevxedavT sasjelis miznebs (ix. qvemoT) gavixsenebT sasjelis
miznebs, vnaxavT, rom samarTlianobis aRdgenis mizani am SemTxvevaSi nakle­
bad gamogvadgeba, vinaidan sazogadoebas ziani ar miuRia. samagierod, sasje­
li gamarTlebulia axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa da damnaSavis ga­
mosworebis mizniT. daumTavrebeli danaSauli rom ar isjebodes kanoniT,
policia ver SeZlebda Carevasa da danaSaulis Sewyvetas, xolo damnaSaves
eqneboda ganmeorebiTi mcdelobis da warmatebiT dagvirgvinebis SesaZ­
lebloba. amitom daumTavrebeli danaSaulis dasjadoba srul Sesabamisoba­
Sia sasjelis miznebTan.
aris erTi SemTxveva, rodesac adamiani danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcde­
lobisTvis pasuxs ar agebs, Tuki Tavisi umecrebisa an sxva pirovnuli
naklis gamo, danaSaulis Casadenad iyenebs iseT saSualebas, romliTac
ar SeiZleboda miR­
weuliyo Sesabamisi
marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegi. magaliTad, Tu
petres surs miwis zeda­
piridan 2000 metr­ ze
mfrinavi TviTmfrina­
vis Camogdeba Surdu­
liT, radgan hgonia
(gonebrivi naklis gamo),
rom SurduliT SeiZle­
ba miznis miRweva, an Tu
petre pavles mosakla­
vad WiqaSi uyris Tavis
tkivilis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebas, radgan hgo­
nia, rom amiT SeiZleba
mokla kaci, aseT
SemTxve­vaSi petres pa­
suxismgebloba ar
daekisreba.
gansxvavebuli SemTxveva iqneba, Tu petre TviTmfrinavs raketas daumiznebs
da gamSveb Rilaks TiTs daaWers, magram raketa ar gavardeba xarvezis gamo,
romlis Sesaxebac petrem araferi icoda. aseve, gansxvavebuli SemTxveva
iqneba, Tu petres sawamlaviani da Cveulebrivi wyliT savse sasmisi erTma­
neTSi aereva da pavles sawamlavis magivrad Cveulebriv wyals daalevinebs.
orive SemTxvevaSi is daisjeboda danaSaulis mcdelobisaTvis, radgan aseT
SemTxvevaSi mizani mxolod misi Secdomis gamo ver aris miRweuli da ara misi
umecrebis an sxva pirovnuli naklis gamo.
mas Semdeg, rac piris saqmianoba gadaizrdeba danaSaulis momzadebasa da
mcdelobaSi, kanoni mainc utovebs mas Sanss, rom Tavidan airidos sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgebloba. kerZod, piri gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblo­
bisgan, Tu man danaSaulis damTavrebamde ”nebayoflobiT da sabolood”

225
 9 aiRo xeli. Tu adamiani danaSaulis damTavrebis Semdeg Seecdeba misi Sede­
gebis gamosworebas, es iqneba ara pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi, aramed
Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.

9. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba
danaSauli adamianma SeiZleba Caidinos, rogorc martom, aseve sxva pirebTan
erTad. rodesac danaSauls ramdenime adamiani erTad Cadis, qmedebis saSiS­
roeba izrdeba, rogorc amboben ”Zala erTobaSia” (samwuxarod, es gamoTqma
danaSaulis Cadenis drosac amarTlebs). amitom zog SemTxvevaSi kanoni dana­
Saulis Cadenas pirTa jgufis mier ufro mkacrad sjis, vidre erTi piris
mier.
ramdenime piris mier danaSaulis erToblivad ganxorcielebis dros
kiTxva: Tqveni
SeiZleba yvela erTad, uSualod Cadiodes kanonSi aRweril qmedebas an
azriT, ratom
aris aseTi tipis adgili hqondes garkveuli rolebis danawilebas, magaliTad, erTma
danaSauli ufro waaqeza meore binis qurdobis Casadenad, meorem moitana kibe da miadga
saSiSi, vidre erTi sacxovrebel saxls, mesame idga sadarajoze, rom moulodnelad saxlis
piris mier Cadenili? patroni ar gamoCeniliyo, xolo meoTxe - uSualod avida kibeze da gaqur­
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
da saxli. aq SeiZleba iyos mexuTe, romelmac organizeba gauwia yve­
lafers.
rodesac yvela moqmedi piri erToblivad axorcielebs danaSaulebriv
qmedebas, adgili aqvs Tanaamsruleblobas. xolo, rodesac maT Soris
rolebi danawilebulia, zemoT aRwerili magaliTis mixedviT, saxeze gvaqvs
Tanamonawileoba.

sainteresoa is, rom danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba mxolod dana­

Saulis damTavrebamde. magaliTad, Tu zemoT aRweril magaliTSi vinme dau­
kavSirdeba damnaSaveebs da maTgan SeiZens moparul nivTebs (icis ra, rom
nivTebi moparulia), an droebiT gadamalavs am nivTebs sakuTar saxlSi, is ar
iqneba qurdobis Tanamonawile (radganac qurdoba ukve dasrulebulia), ara­
med pasuxs agebs damoukidebeli danaSaulisTvis.

226
aq umTavresia gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom Tanamonawile Tavisi qmedebiT xels
unda uwyobdes danaSaulis ganxorcielebas. SeuZlebelia imis xelis Sewyo­
ba, rac ukve ganxorcielda. amitom winaswar Seupirebeli dafarva ar iTvle­
ba Tanamonawileobad.
Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod kanonSi miTiTebuli sax­
iT. nebismieri saxis kavSiri danaSaulTan ar iqneba Tanamonawileoba. magali­
9
Tad, televizorSi vnaxe, rom SeiaraRebul pirTa jgufma gaZarcva romeli­
Rac bankis filiali. es ambavi Zalian momewona da taSic davukari. aris Tu
ara es Tanamonawileoba? rasakvirvelia, ara, vinaidan mxolod fsiqolo­
giuri kavSiri danaSaulTan ver CaiTvleba Tanamonawileobad.
arc mxolod faqtobrivi an fizikuri kavSiri CaiTvleba danaSaulSi Tana­
monawileobad. magaliTad, me mezobels mivaqirave bina, romelmac is gamoiye­
na narkotikuli saSualebebis dasamzadeblad, megobars vaTxove sanadiro
Tofi, romelic gamoiyena kacis mosaklavad, biZaSvils vasesxe fuli, rome­
lic man gamoiyena narkotikebis SesaZenad da a. S. Tu me ar maqvs Sesabamisi
danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxva, ver CaviTvlebi danaSaulis Tanamonawiled.
maSasadame, imisTvis, rom piri vcnoT danaSaulSi Tanamonawiled, aucilebe­
lia saxeze gvqondes minimum ori piroba: is danaSaulSi unda monawileobdes
kanoniT dadgenili formiT (waqezeba, daxmareba, organizatoroba) da mas
unda hqondes danaSaulSi monawileobis ganzraxva.
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba sul sami formiT: wamqezeblis,
amsru­leblis an organizatoris saxiT.
• wamqezebelia is, vinc sxvas daiyoliebs danaSaulis Casadenad;
• damxmarea is, vinc xels Seuwyobs danaSaulis Cadenas;
• organizatoria is, vinc moawyobs danaSaulis Cadenas an xelmZRvane­
lobs mis ganxorcielebas.
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben fizikur da inteleqtualur damxmares.
fizikuri damxmare amsrulebels exmareba fizikurad, iaraRisa da saSualebe­
bis miwodebiT da a.S. xolo inteleqtualuri damxmare amsrulebels exmare­
ba fsiqikurad, is aZlevs mas rCevebs da ganamtkicebs mis ganzraxvas.
mniSvnelovania, aseve, erTmaneTisgan gavarCioT Tanamonawile da amsru­
lebeli. amsrulebelia is, vinc uSualod Cadis danaSauls, xolo Tanamo­
nawilea is, vinc wamqezeblis, damxmaris an organizatoris saxiT monawi­
leobs danaSaulis CadenaSi.
Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli amsru­
leblis pasuxismgeblobaze. rogorc wesi, Tanamonawile da amsrulebeli
erTi da imave danaSaulisTvis isjeba, magram arsebobs gamonaklisebic.
magali­Tad, Tu me wavaqezeb adamians, rom Caidinos danaSauli, magram is ar
Caidens, me davisjebi am danaSaulis momzadebisTvis, Tu is Caidens sxva,
ufro mZime danaSauls, is daisjeba am mZime danaSaulisTvis, xolo me davis­
jebi kvlav im danaSaulis momzadebisTvis, risTvisac wavaqeze.
bolos, sainteresoa, rogor SeiZleba, Tanamonawilem xeli aiRos dana­Saulis
Cadenaze. kanonis mixedviT, Tanamonawilem Tavisi aqtiuri qmedebiT Tavidan
unda aicilos danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgoma (magaliTad, gadaarwmunos
amsrulebeli, Seatyobinos Sesabamis organoebs, xeli SeuSalos amsru­
lebels da sxv). am wesidan gamonaklisia fizikuri damxmare, romelsac aseve
ar daekisreba pasuxismgebloba, Tu amsrulebelma danaSaulis dawyebamde
uari Tqva, Seesrulebina Sepirebuli qmedeba, an ukan daibruna danaSaulis
Casadenad gacemuli iaraRi an saSualeba.

227
 9 10. sasjeli
10.1.  ra aris sasjeli?
sasjeli aris saxelmwifos mier gamoyenebuli iZulebis RonisZieba, ro­
melic Seefardeba damnaSaves. Cven, albaT, xSirad gagvigonia gamoTqma:
`cnobili iqna damnaSaved da sasjelis saxiT Seefarda Tavisuflebis aRkve­
Ta . . . vadiT~.
sasjeli zogadad gulisxmobs damnaSavisTvis usiamovnebis miyenebas. Tu
damnaSaves Cadenili saqcielisTvis sasiamovno Sedegebs davakisrebT, maSin
is sasjelad ar CaiTvleba. magaliTad, davuSvaT pavlem mezobels mohpara
100 lari. Tu Cven mas mivcemT 1000 lars, raTa momavalSi aRar moiparos, pav­
lem SesaZlebelia momavalSi, marTlac, aRar moiparos fuli (Tumca nakle­
bad savaraudoa), magram Cveni pasuxi pavles qmedebaze sasjelad ar CaiTvle­
ba.
sasjels, Cveulebriv, sayofacxovrebo urTierTobebSic iyeneben. magali­
Tad: mSobeli sjis bavSvs, maswavlebeli - moswavles da a. S. magram sasjels,
kiTxva: Tqveni rogorc sisxlis samarTlebriv RonisZiebas, mxolod saxelmwifo iyenebs da
azriT, ratom adamianis ama Tu im uflebis CamorTmevasTan/SezRudvasTan aris dakavSire­
aqvs sisxlis buli.
samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis sasjelis arseboba aucileblad raime mizniT unda iyos gamarTlebuli. wi­
dakisrebis naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba ormagad dazaraldeba: dazaraldeba
eqskluziuri
ufleba mxolod
Cade­nili danaSaulis Sedegad da aseve, sasjelis gamo gaweuli xarjis Sede­
saxelmwifos? gad (warmoidgineT, ramden xarjTan aris dakavSirebuli cixeSi patimrebis
Senaxva).
uZvelesi droidan sasjelis arsebobas ori mTavari mizani hqonda:
samarTliano­bis aRdgeniTa da axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebiT. gan­
aqedan gamomdinare,
vixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
sasjeli ar unda
gavigoT, rogorc saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ambobs, rom sasjelis erT - erTi
SurisZiebis an
mizani samarTlianobis aRdgenaa.
samagieros gadaxdis
iaraRi. sasjeli aris ras niSnavs samarTlianobis aRdgena?
saxelmwifos xelSi
arsebuli erT- davuSvaT, pavlem moipara petres avtomanqana, xolo Semdeg daudevari marT­
erTi instrumenti, vis Sedegad daaziana da gamousadegari gaxada. gasagebia, rom petrem pavles
romliTac manqanis safasuri unda gadauxados, magram ramdenad aucilebelia, rom pet­
xels uwyobs
marTlwesrigis re daisajos sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, anu daekisros jarima an sulac
uzrunvelyofas. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa?
rogorc Zveli drois moazrovneebi, aseve, XVI I I - XIX saukuneebis ganmanaT­
leblebi fiqrobdnen, rom sasjeli aRadgens im moralur wonasworobas, ro­
melsac arRvevs danaSauli. sasjeli aris is, rasac imsaxurebs damnaSave.
sazogadoebaSi gamjdari warmodgenebis mixedviT, sasjeli gulisxmobs
samarTlianobis aRdgenas. gavixsenoT qarTuli xalxuri zRapari `komble~.
komblem Tavisi warTmeuli Zroxa ara mxolod daibruna, aramed Zroxis
wamrTme­vi dasaja kidec1. amis Semdeg zRapari dasrulda sityvebiT - `samar­
Talma puri Wama~.
sasjelis es dasabuTeba uZveles principSi - `talionis principSic~ povebs
Tavis gamoZaxils. `Tvali Tvalis wil - kbili kbilis wil~ - ambobdnen winap­
rebi. “talionis principis” mixedviT, damnaSavem Tavis Tavze unda ganica­
dos is ziani, rac miayena sazogadoebas. Sesabamisad, sasjelis simkacre unda
iyos Cadenili danaSaulis proporciuli.
sasjelis meore mizani sargeblianobis princips efuZneba. misTvis mniSvne­
lovania, rom sasjeli iyos sazogadoebisTvis sargeblis momtani RonisZie­
ba. sasjelis am miznebs `utilitarul~ miznebsac uwodeben (laTinuri si­
tyvidan utile - sasargeblo).
1 Tumca, es ar aris ”sasjeli” samarTlebrivi gagebiT
228
rogor SeiZleba sasjeli sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo iyos? pasuxi Se­
darebiT martivia: danaSauli aris sazogadoebisTvis zianis momtani, xolo
sasjeli Tavidan gvacilebs danaSauls. es xdeba Semdegnairad:
cnobilia, rom adamianebi gaurbian usiamovnebas, Sesabamisad, Tu dana­Saulis
Cadena aucileblad iwvevs sasjelis dakisrebas, damnaSave aRar Seecdeba,
rom momavalSi danaSauli gaimeoros da aseve, gafrTxildeba sxvac, rome­
9
lic dainaxavs, Tu ra Sedegi mohyva danaSaulis Cadenas.
sasjeli, aseve, miznad isaxavs damnaSavis gamosworebasac. jer erTi, is Ta­
vad damnaSaves aZlevs dafiqrebis saSualebas, rom mixvdes, Tu ra ziani miaye­
na sazogadoebas. meorec, sasjelis moxdis dros saxelmwifo unda Seecados,
rom pirovnebaSi aRmofxvras danaSaulisken swrafva (sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleb­lo programiT, profesiis dauflebiT, dasaqmebis programe­
biT da a.S.)
maSasadame, Tu samarTlianobis aRdgenis mizani warsulisken aris mimarTu­
li da `gamrudebulis gasworebas~ gulisxmobs, sargeblianobis mizani mo­
mavlisken ixedeba da gulisxmobs axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebas.
10.2.  sasjelTa saxeebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasjelis gamoyeneba miznad isaxavs samarTliano­
bis aRdgenas, axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebasa da damnaSavis
resocializa­cias. sasjeli aucileblad gulisxmobs damnaSavisTvis
garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvas. magaliTad, zogi sasjeli zRudavs msjavr­
debulis pirad Tavisuflebas (magaliTad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, Tavisuf­
lebis SezRudva), zogi zRudavs qonebriv uflebebs (magaliTad: jarima,
qonebis CamorTmeva, gamasworebeli samuSao), zogi arTmevs specialur
uflebebs (magaliTad: Tanamdebobis dakavebis uflebis CamorTmeva).
kanonierebis principi gveubneba, rom damnaSaves ar SeiZleba Seefardos ise­
Ti sasjeli, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeq­
siT.
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis saxeebia:
a. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa aris msjavrdebulis izolacia sazogadoebisgan
da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebaSi moTavseba. is SeiZleba iyos

229
9 rogorc vadiani, aseve, uvado. vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iniSneba
6-Tvidan 20 wlamde. danaSaulTa an ganaCenTa erTobliobis dros, SeiZleba,
dainiSnos 30-40 wlamde vadiT. uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iniSneba mxo­
lod gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisTvis. uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
mainc ar niSnavs, rom msjavrdebuli mTel Tavis sicocxles aucileblad
cixeSi gaatarebs. sasjelis moxdis dawyebidan 25 wlis gasvlis Semdeg, kargi
yofaqcevis SemTxvevaSi, is SeiZleba gaTavisufldes sasjelis moxdisgan;
b. Tavisuflebis SezRudva
Tavisuflebis SezRudva, Tavisuflebis aRkveTisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
gulisxmobs msjavrdebulis sazogadoebisgan izolacias, aramed is moTavse­
bulia Tavisuflebis SezRudvis dawesebulebaSi da garkveuli drois
monakveT­Si SezRuduli aqvs Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba, Tavisuf­
lebis SezRudva SeiZleba ganisazRvros 5 wlis vadiT;
c. jarima
jarima aris fuladi Tanxa, romelsac ixdis braldebuli saxelmwifo biuje­
tis sasargeblod. jarimis minimaluri odenoba 500 laria. jarimis daniSvnis
dros sasamarTlo, danaSaulis simZimesTan erTad, aseve iTvaliswinebs
msjavr­debulis qonebriv mdgomareobas;
d. sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma
es sasjeli moiTxovs msjavrdebulisgan usasyidlo Sromas, romlis saxesac
gansazRvravs probaciis biuro. is iniSneba ormocidan rvaas saaTamde vadiT.
yoveldRiurad aseTi Sromis xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes rva saaTs.
Tu msjavrdebuli uars acxadebs Sromaze an jiutad Tavs aridebs mas, SeiZ­
leba, sasjeli Seecvalos Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkve­
TiT;
e. gamasworebeli samuSao
gamasworebel samuSaos msjavrdebuli asrulebs sakuTar samuSao adgilas.
mas yovelTviurad eqviTeba xelfasi xuTidan oc procentamde da iricxeba
saxelmwifos biujetSi. gamasworebeli samuSao iniSneba erTi Tvidan or
wlamde vadiT;

f. qonebis CamorTmeva
qonebis CamorTmeva niSnavs danaSaulis Casadenad gamoyenebuli nivTis an
danaSaulis Sedegad mopovebuli qonebis usasyidlo CamorTmevas saxelmwi­
fos sasargeblod;

230
 g. Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva
xSiria SemTxveva, roca piri Tavis Tanamdebobas an saqmianobas (magaliTad,
samedicino saqmianobas) iyenebs danaSaulis Casadenad. sasjelis es saxe
miznad isaxavs aRukveTos msjavrdebuls amis SesaZlebloba an moaxdinos
misi uflebrivi SezRudva, romelic emsaxureba sasjelis miznebs. sasjelis
es saxe iniSneba erTidan xuT wlamde vadiT;
9
h. samxedro piris samsaxurebrivi SezRudva
sasjelis es saxe gamoiyeneba mxolod samxedro mosamsaxureTa mimarT. am
sasjelis moxdis dros msjavrdebuls eqviTeba xelfasi saxelmwifo biuje­
tis sasargeblod ara umetes 20 procentisa. aseve, ar SeiZleba misi dawin­
aureba da samxedro wodebis momateba.

11. calkeuli danaSaulebi

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Sedgeba zogadi da gansakuTrebuli nawilis­
gan. zogad nawilSi gawerilia zogadi debulebebi da principebi, romlebic
saerToa yvela danaSaulisTvis (magaliTad: danaSaulis momzadeba, mcdelo­
ba, Tanamonawileoba, sasjelis saxeebi da sxv.), xolo gansakuTrebul nawil­
Si gadmocemulia calkeuli danaSaulebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sul 359
saxis danaSauli. imis mixedviT, Tu ras xelyofs esa Tu is danaSauli, isini
dajgufebulia karebad: magaliTad, meSvide karia danaSauli adamianis wi­
naaRmdeg; merve kari - danaSauli sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg; mecxre kari dana­
Sauli sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg. TiToeuli kari,
aseve, Sedgeba Tavebisgan. magaliTad, adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana­
Sauli moicavs Semdeg Tavebs: danaSauli sicocxlis winaaRmdeg; danaSauli
janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg; adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis sa­
frTxis Seqmna; danaSauli sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis wi­
naaRmdeg; danaSauli adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg;
danaSauli ojaxisa da arasrulwlovnis winaaRmdeg.
TiToeuli danaSauli SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos, rogorc tipuri formiT,
aseve, damamZimebeli (kvalificiuri Semadgenloba) an Semamsubuqebeli
(privilegirebuli Semadgenloba) garemoebebis TanxlebiT. magaliTad,
ganzrax mkvleloba tipuri Semadgenlobis saxiT gaTvaliswinebulia sis­
qurdoba isjeba
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 108-e muxliT da isjeba Svididan TxuTmet wlamde; jarimiT an
xolo ganzrax mkvleloba, Cadenili damamZimebel garemoebebSi (magaliTad: Tavisuflebis
ganzrax mkvleloba, Cadenili sxva danaSaulis dafarvis, an misi Cadenis SezRudviT vadiT
gaadvilebis mizniT an Cadenili iseTi saSualebiT, romelic ganzrax uqmnis erTidan sam wlamde,
anda Tavisuflebis
safrTxes sxvaTa sicocxles an janmrTelobas), isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT imave
aRkveTiT TerTmetidan ToTxmet wlamde. ganzrax mkvleloba, Cadenili vadiT. damamZimebel
uecari sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi (privilegirebuli Semadgenloba), garemoebebSi
isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT or wlamde, Cadenili qurdoba
an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT sam wlamde, anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT isjeba xuT, Svid
vadiT erTidan sam wlamde. da aT wlamde
Tavisuflebis
ganvixiloT ramdenime gavrcelebuli saxis danaSauli, rogoricaa: qurdo­ aRkveTiT.
ba, sxeulis ganzrax dazianebis Semadgenlobebi da narkotikuli danaSaule­ damamZimebeli
garemoebebia,
bi. magaliTad, qurdoba
11.1.  qurdoba Cadenili sadgomSi
an sacavSi, an binaSi
qurdoba kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rogorc sxvisi moZravi nivTis faruli SeRweviT, winaswari
daufleba marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT. qurdoba unda gan­ SeTanxmebiT pirTa
jgufis mier,
vasxvaoT Zarcvisgan, romelic aris sxvisi qonebis `aSkara~ daufleba. anu, qurdoba, ramac
Tu nivTis daufleba xdeba dazaralebulis an sxva adamianebis Tvalwin, ma­ mniSvnelovani ziani
Sin gveqneba ara qurdoba, aramed Zarcva. Zarcvis dros SesaZlebelia, aseve, gamoiwvia, Cadenili
gvqondes Zaladoba, romelic saSiSi ar aris sicocxlis an janmrTelo­ didi odenobiT, a. S.

231
 9
magaliTad,
bisTvis an aseTi Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara. Tu gamoyenebulia sicocxli­
sa da janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi Zaladoba an aseTi Zaladobis muqara, maSin
gveqneba ara Zarcva, aramed yaCaRoba. maSasadame, qurdobis, Zarcvisa da
yaCaRo­bis dros damnaSaves erTi da igive mizani amoZravebs - qonebis dauf­
leba. magram isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba gamoyenebuli meTodiT. qur­
dobis dros gvaqvs nivTis faruli, xolo Zarcvis dros - aSkara daufleba,
janmrTelobis yaCaRobis dros ki gamoyenebulia Zaladoba, romelic saSiSia sicocxlis an
ganzrax mZime janmrTelobisTvis.
dazianeba, Cadenili
gansakuTrebuli 11.2.  janmrTelobis dazianeba
sisastikiT, isjeba
cxridan Tormet dazianebis xarisxis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben janmrTelobis
wlamde, xolo sami sxvadasxva xarisxis dazianebas: mZime, naklebad mZime an msubuq daziane­
gaufrTxilebeli bas.
dazianeba isjeba
jarimiT an janmrTelobis dazianeba SeiZleba rogorc ganzrax, aseve gaufrTxileblo­
gamasworebeli biT. amasTan unda vicodeT, rom gaufrTxileblobiT janmrTelobis nakle­
samuSaoTi vadiT or bad mZime dazianeba ar isjeba, isjeba mxolod mZime da naklebad mZime da­
wlamde.
zianeba. janmrTelobis dazianeba SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc kvalificiu­
ri, aseve privilegirebuli Semadgenlobebis saxiT. sasjelis simZime
damokide­bulia imaze, dazianeba Cadenilia ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblobiT,
damamZimebeli garemoebiT Tu maT gareSe.
11.3.  narkotikuli danaSauli
narkomania aris saSineli seni, romelic ganadgurebiT emuqreba yvelaze
Zvirfas adamianur Rirebulebebs - sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas, aseve,
am qmedebebi­­sTvis morals, zneobas da mTlianad sazogadoebas. saxelmwifom gansakuTrebu­
gaTvalis­winebulia
Tavisuflebis
li yuradReba unda miaqcios am danaSaulTa aRmofxvras. amitom sisxlis
aRkveTa vadiT samarTlis kodeqsSi narkotikul danaSauls calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili.
TerTmet wlamde. dasjadad aris gamocxadebuli narkotikuli saSualebis cirkulaciis yve­
gansakuTrebiT la rgoli, misi warmoebidan moxmarebamde. kerZod, kodeqsi dasjadad acxa­
didi odenobiT debs narkotikuli saSualebis ukanono warmoebas, Senaxvas, gadazidvas,
narkotikuli
nivTierebis
gasaRebas, moxmarebas da aseve, narkotikuli saSualebis moxmarebisTvis bi­
damzadeba, Senaxva, nis an sxva sadgomis daTmobas. gansakuTrebiT mkacrad isjeba narkotikuli
gadazidva an saSualebis damzadeba, Senaxva, gadazidva an gasaReba.
gasaReba isjeba
Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT vadiT
rvidan oc wlamde
an uvadod. kanoni
naklebad mkacrad
eqceva narkotikebis
momxmarebels.
kerZod, mcire
odenobis
narkotikebis
pirveladi
moxmarebisTvis pirs
ekisreba mxolod
administraciuli
pasuxismgebloba,
xolo ganmeorebiTi
moxmarebisTvis
sisxlis
samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba
- jarima,
sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo Sroma
an Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa erT wlamde
vadiT.

232
 sisxlis samarTlis procesi
1. ra aris sisxlis samarTlis procesi?
sasjelis muqara azrs dakargavs, Tu is ar Sesrulda. warmovidginoT, rom
parlamentma miiRo sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, sadac aRwerilia yvela
10
danaSau­li da sasjeli. sazogadoebis did nawils Segnebuli aqvs, rom dana­
Sauli aris cudi da ar unda Caidinos, magram aris sazogadoebis mcire nawi­
li, romelsac aqvs danaSaulis Cadenis cduneba. Tu saxelmwifom ar gamoav­
lina da ar dasaja danaSaulis Camdeni pirebi, maTi raodenoba TandaTan
gaizrdeba da sabolood SeiZleba, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebsac gauCndeT
imis gancda, rom danaSaulis Cadena arcTu ise cudia da saWiroebis SemTxve­
vaSi, es SeiZleba.
es magaliTebi adasturebs imas, rom sisxlis samarTlis normebis arseboba
azrs dakargavs, Tu ar moxda maTi Sesruleba, rac sisxlis samarTlis proce­
sis meSveobiT xdeba.
danaSauli aris movlena, romelic Tavis kvals tovebs samyaroSi da amitom
SesaZlebelia misi gaxsna, danaSaulis Camdeni piris gamovlena. zogierTi
kategoriis danaSaulis gaxsna SedarebiT rTulia, xolo zogis ki - Sedare­
biT advili. danaSaulis gaxsnis meTodebs kriminalistika Seiswavlis,
xolo sisxlis samarTlis procesi, am (da sxva) sakiTxebis samarTlebrivi
mxa­riT aris dainteresebuli.
sisxlis samarTlis procesi aregulirebs saqmis mimdinareobas ga­
moZiebis dawyebidan sasamarTlos mier ganaCenis gamotanamde,
misi gasaCivrebis da ganaCenis aRsrulebis calkeuli sakiT­
xebis CaTvliT.
sanam ganvixilavT procesis konkretul stadiebs, aucilebelia vi­
codeT ramdenime ZiriTadi sakiTxi, rogoricaa: adamianis ufle­
bebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, sisxlis samarTlis procesis
mTavari principebi, sisxlis samarTlis procesSi monawile pirebi,
mtkicebulebebi da aRkveTis RonisZiebebi.

2. adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi

warmovidginoT aseTi SemTxveva: Tbilisis centralur
quCaze moxda yaCaRoba, romlis drosac niRbiani
borotmoqmedebi SeiWrnen bankSi da gaitaces erTi
milioni lari. policiis ufrosma gadawyvita, rom, ra­
dac ar unda daujdes, swrafad gamoiZios saqme da
miagnos damnaSaveebs. am mizniT, policiam Caatara
satelefono mosmena da mousmina Tbilisis fargleb­
Si yvela satelefono saubars. mosmenis Sedegad
linda ori ucnobi mamakacis saubari, sadac
gamov­
naxsenebi iyo, rom yaCaRobis Sedegad mopovebuli
Tanxa inaxeba varkeTilSi mdebare sacxovrebeli
saxlis sxvenSi. Tanxis amosaRebad, policiam
gaCxri­ka varkeTilis mikroraionSi arsebuli yve­
la sacxovrebeli saxli. am RonisZiebebis Sede­
gad, erT - erTi saxlidan amoiRes Tanxa da
daakaves erTi eWvmitanili. policiam is dakiTxa,
magram man uari ganacxada Tanamonawileebis
dasaxelebaze. amis Semdeg policiam mis mimarT ga­
moiyena iZuleba - mimarTa wamebis sxvadasxva xerxs. bral­
debulma wamebas ver gauZlo da Tanamonawileebi daasaxela.

233
10 misi Cvenebis safuZvelze, policiam daakava Svidi Tanamonawile, romlebmac
nebayoflobiT aRiares danaSauli. danaSauli warmatebiT iqna gaxsnili.
es ucnauri magaliTi Cven gvaCvenebs imas, rom sisxlis samarTlis procesSi
arsebobs ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesi - danaSaulis gaxsnis intere­
si da adamianis uflebebis dacvis interesi (Tumca es ori interesi yo­
velTvis ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs). mocemul magaliTSi vxedavT, rom
danaSauli gaixsna, magram masobrivad dairRva adamianis uflebebi.

marTalia, kanoni adgens, rom samarTaldamcav organoebs evalebaT dana­

Saulis gaxsna, damnaSavis gamovlena da gasamarTleba, magram am procesSi
ixileT Tavi
dauSvebelia adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa. aris uflebebi, romelTa Sez­
adamianis uflebebis Rudva saerTod ar SeiZleba. magaliTad, adamianis wameba akrZalulia yvela
Sesaxeb. absoluturi SemTxvevaSi. aris uflebebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeizRudos gamoZiebis
da SezRuduli interesebidan gamomdinare, magram uflebebis SezRudvaze gadawyve­
ufleba. tilebas iRebs sasamarTlo. magaliTad, adamianis dapatimreba, Cxreka,
satelefono saubrebis mosmena SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyve­
tilebiT. sasamarTlo aris garanti imisa, rom ar moxdes adamianis Tavisuf­
lebis, piradi cxovrebis uflebis da sxva uflebebis SezRudva usafuZvlod
da kanonis darRveviT. sasamarTlo sanqcias gascems mxolod kanoniT gaT­
valiswinebul SemTxvevebSi, dasabuTebuli varaudis safuZvelze, konkre­
tul pirTa mimarT da ara pirTa ganusazRvreli wris mimarT, rogorc wina
magaliTSi iyo aRniSnuli.
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi daculi adamianis uflebaTa nawili exeba yve­
las, Tavisi statusis miuxedavad. xolo nawili aris e.w. procesualuri
uflebebi. magaliTad, braldebuls aqvs ufleba, rom icodes, raSi edeba
brali, iyolios advokati, gaecnos saqmis masalebs, gamoiZaxos da dakiTxos
sakuTari mowmeebi, warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi.
fundamentur saproceso uflebebs iTvaliswinebs evropis adamianis ufle­
baTa konvencia. maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi pirs ufleba aqvs, mimarTos ev­
ropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos da moiTxovos saxelmwifosgan zi­
anis anazRaureba.

234
 3. sisxlis samarTlis procesis ramdenime mTavari principi
3.1.  udanaSaulobis prezumfcia
xSirad gvsmenia udanaSaulobis prezumfciis Sesaxeb, magram bevrma ar icis,
zustad ras gulisxmobs is. kanonis ganmartebiT, piri udanaSaulod iTvleba
sanam mas damnaSaved ar cnobs sasamarTlo. anu, gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis
10
dadgomamde aravis aqvs ufleba adamiani damnaSaved moixsenios, sanam mas
aseTad cnobs sasamarTlo.
piris damnaSaveobas amtkicebs braldebis mxare - prokurori da gamomZiebe­
li. Tavad braldebuls ar evaleba, amtkicos, rom is udanaSauloa, vinaidan
isedac udanaSaulod iTvleba. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan procesi Sejibre­
biTia (rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT), sasurvelia, rom braldebulma (advoka­
tis daxmarebiT) amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
SesaZ­lebelia, rom udanaSaulo piri damnaSaved iqnes cnobili da adgili
hqondes marTlmsajulebis xarvezs. arsebobs garkveuli
gadaxvevebi mxareTa
3.2.  mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrobiToba Tanasworobis
principidan:
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gvyavs ori mxare: braldeba da dacva. orive magaliTad, mxolod
mxare cdilobs, daamtkicos Tavisi simarTle: prokurori cdilobs, prokurors
daamtkicos, rom braldebulma danaSauli Caidina, xolo braldebuli da aqvs ufleba
misi damcveli cdilobs, daamtkicos, rom braldebuls danaSauli ar Caude­ ganaxorcielos
iZulebiTi
nia an Caidina Semamsubuqebel garemoebebSi da imsaxurebs msubuq sasjels an
RonisZiebebi,
sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas. procesi SejibrebiTia da orive mxares, met- rogoricaa:
naklebad, Tanabari uflebebi gaaCnia. maT SeuZliaT, warmoadginon mtkice­ -braldebulis
bulebebi, gaecnon mowinaaRmdege mxaris masalebs, gamoiZaxon da dakiTxon dakaveba, Cxreka,
mowmeebi, daniSnon eqspertiza, daayenon Suamdgomlobebi sasamarTlos wi­ amoReba. es gasagebia,
gamomdinare iqidan,
naSe.
rom braldebis
mtkicebis tvirTi
mxolod prokurors
ekisreba da
meore mxriv, is
axorcielebs sajaro
Zalauflebas.
gamoZiebis
saWiroebidan
gamomdinare,
prokurors kanoni
aZlevs uflebas,
Caerios adamianis
individualur
uflebebSi da
TavisuflebebSi,
oRond mxolod
sasamarTlos
nebarTviT da
sasamarTlos
kontrolqveS.
3.3.  sasamarTlo sxdomis sajarooba da zepiroba
warmoidgineT, rom adamiani gaasamarTles, gamoucxades ganaCeni da sasjeli
miusajes sazogadoebis daswrebis gareSe. sainteresoa, magram faqtia, rom
Sua saukuneebis msoflioSi, ZiriTadad, swored aseTi procesebi iyo
gavrcelebuli. sajaro saqmis ganxilvis principis farTo gavrceleba mxo
lod XV I I I -XIX saukuneebs ekuTvnis da dReisTvis is marTlmsajulebis erT -
erT ZiriTad principad aris aRiarebuli.
saqmis ganxilvis sajarooba da zepiroba dadgenilia saqarTvelos kanonmdeb­
lobiT. sxdomaze sazogadoebis daswreba mxolod maSin SeiZleba aikrZalos,
Tu misi sajaroobiT ziani adgeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul mniSvnelovan

235
10 interess. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT es interesia: saxelmwifo saidum­
loeba, aseve, piradi da komerciuli saidumloeba, piradi cxovrebis saidum­
loeba da a. S. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba yvela SemTxvevaSi cxaddeba sa­
jarod.
mowmem Cveneba uSualod da zepirad unda misces sasamarTlos. misi Cvenebis
Canaweris warmodgena dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, Tu igi gardaicvala an imyo
feba sazRvargareT, an misi adgilsamyofeli ucnobia da amowurulia misi sa­
kiTxva: Tqveni
samarTloSi wardgenis yvela SesaZlebloba.
azriT, ratom aris
mniSvnelovani
sasamarTlo sxdomis
4. sisxlis samarTlis procesSi monawile pirebi
sajarod Catareba da sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mravali piri monawileobs: braldebuli,
zepiri gamosvlebi
prokurori, dazaralebuli, mowme, eqsperti da a.S, magram mTavar rols
sasamarTlo
procesze? mxareebi asruleben.
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gvyavs sul ori mxare, braldebis da dacvis
mxa­re: braldebis mxares warmoadgens prokurori da gamomZiebeli, xolo
mniSvnelovania
erTmaneTisgan dacvis mxares warmoadgens braldebuli da misi advokati.
gavarCioT aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009 wlis oqtombramde (anu axali saproceso kodeqsis
braldebuli da miRebamde) dazaralebuli mxares warmoadgenda da mas hqonda braldebulis
msjavrdebuli /
gamarTlebuli.
msgavsi uflebebi (magaliTad, SeeZlo Suamdgomlobis dayeneba,
ganaCenis mtkicebulebaTa wardgena, prokurorisa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis
gamotanamde piri gasaCivreba). Tumca, axali kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg is procesis mxares aRar
braldebulia, warmoadgens, is mxolod mowmis uflebebiT sargeblobs da aseve, SeuZlia
xolo ganaCenis moiTxovos Semajamebeli informacia saqmis mimdinareobis Taobaze.
gamotanis Semdeg is
an msjavrdebulad sisxlis samarTlis procesis mxareebs sakuTari interesebi amoZravebT.
an gamarTlebulad dacvis mxaris interesi aris, miaRwios mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saqmis
iqceva.
Sewyvetas, braldebulis gamarTlebas an sasjelis Semsubuqebas. xolo
braldebis mxaris interesia saqmeze gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis dadgena da
braldebulis dasja kanonis Sesabamisad. amis miuxedavad, Tu braldebis mxa­
re saqmis gamokvlevis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom braldebuli udana­
kiTxva: Sauloa, is valdebulia, Tavad Sewyvitos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.
eTanxmebiT, Tu ara
dazaralebulis amis garda, saqmeSi monawileoben pirebi, romelsac raime interesi ar aqvT.
statusis amgvar isini mxareebs ar warmoadgenen. magaliTad, mowmeebi, eqspertebi, Tarjimne­
gansazRvras? pasuxi bi da a. S.
daasabuTeT.
aucilebelia, calke aRvniSnoT sasamarTlos roli sisxlis samarTlis
proces­ Si. mxolod sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaa braldebulis
gasamarTleba da damnaSaved cnoba. aseve, aucilebelia sasamarTlos Tanx­
moba iseTi saxis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebisas, romelic zRudavs
adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs (dapatimreba, Cxreka, amoRe­
ba, satelefono mosmena, a. S.).
sasamarTlo ar aris sisxlis samarTlis procesis mxare, is miukerZoebe­
li arbitria, romelic akontrolebs mxareebis mier `TamaSis wesebis~
dacvas da gadawyvetilebebs iRebs orive mxaris argumentebis mosmenis
Semdeg.
sisxlis samarTlis saqmes pirveli instanciiT erTi mosamarTle ixilavs
(gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba sami mosamarTlis monawileobac),
nafic msajulTa monawileobis SemTxvevaSi ki erTi mosamarTle da 12 nafici
msajuli. saapelacio da sakasacio instanciebSi saqmes arsebiTad ixilavs
kolegia 3 mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT, xolo sakasacio sasamarTlos did
palataSi - 9 mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT.

236
 5. aRkveTi RonisZiebebi
sainformacio saSualebebSi xSirad gvesmis, braldebuls aRkveTi
RonisZiebis saxiT Seefarda patimroba, Seefarda girao. ras niSnavs aRkveTis
RonisZieba da risTvis gamoiyeneba is?
rogorc Tavad termini gviCvenebs, es niSnavs raRacis aRkveTas, raRacis Ta­
10
vidan acilebas.
aRkveTi RonisZieba aris iZulebiTi RonisZieba, romelic gamoiyeneba bral­
debulis mimarT, raTa man gamoZiebis procesSi da sasamarTlo ganxilvisas
xeli ar SeuSalos gamoZiebas, ar miimalos an ar Caidinos axali danaSauli.
aq, albaT, gaCndeba SekiTxva, Tuki braldebuli udanaSaulod miiCneva gana­
Cenis gamotanamde, maSin ra safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom is xels SeuS­
lis gamoZiebas, gaiqceva an Caidens `axal~ danaSauls?
aucilebelia, gavixsenoT, rom aRkveTi RonisZieba gamoiyeneba `braldebulis
mimarT~. xolo braldebulia `piri, romlis mimarTac arsebobs dasabuTebuli
varaudi, rom man Caidina saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
gaTvalis­winebuli danaSauli~ .
maSasadame, erTi mxriv, sazogadod miiCneva, rom braldebuls ar Caudenia
danaSauli, magram, meore mxriv, gamoZiebis procesSi braldebis mxares aqvs
dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom man Caidina danaSauli da rom is Seecdeba
gaqcevas, axali danaSaulis Cadenas an gamoZiebis xelis SeSlas. Tumca, (ro­
gorc qvemoT vnaxavT), mxolod braldebis mxaris varaudi ar kmara, es
varaudi sasamarTlomac unda gaiziaros.
aRkveTi RonisZiebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeebia -patimroba da
girao, SeTanxmeba gausvlelobisa da saTanado qcevis Taobaze, piradi
Tavdeboba. aRkveT RonisZiebas mxolod sasamarTlo ufardebs prokuroris
moTxovnis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo prokuroris moTxovnas aRkveTi
RonisZiebis Sefardebis Taobaze ar daakmayofilebs, Tu ar arsebobs zemoT
miTiTebuli safuZvlebi. amasTan, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, braldebuls
patimroba Seufardos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRkveTi RonisZiebis
miznebi ver dakmayofildeba ufro naklebad mkacri RonisZiebiT.

237
10
am gagebiT
mniSvnelovania
patimroba da girao
(aRkveTi RonisZieba)
gavarCioT
Tavisuflebis
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas, magaliTad, patimrobis gamo­
yenebaze da braldebuli gaaTavisuflos giraos an piradi Tavdebobis qveS,
an, saerTod, braldebuli datovos aRkveTi RonisZiebis gareSe.
ramdenadac patimroba warmoadgens adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuf­
lebebis yvelaze mkacr SezRudvas, kanoniT misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia
mkac­ri vadebiT. braldebulis patimroba winasasamarTlo sxdomamde ar
aRkveTisa da
jarimisgan unda aRematebodes 60 dRes, xolo ganaCenis gamotanamde - 9 Tves. am vadis
(sasjeli). xSiria gasvlis Semdeg, braldebuli patimrobidan dauyovneblad unda gaTa­
SemTxvevebi, roca visufldes.
gaucnobiereblad
xdeba maTi rac Seexeba giraos, es aris fuladi Tanxa, romelic braldebuls an sxva pirs
erTmaneTSi aRreva. (braldebulis sasargeblod) Seaqvs saxelmwifos angariSze. Tu braldebul­
giraos gadaxdiT, ma daarRvia aRkveTi RonisZiebis pirobebi (magaliTad: xeli SeuSala ga­
piris sxdomis moZiebas, miimala, Caidina axali danaSauli), is dakargavs giraos saxiT Seta­
darbazidan
gaTavisufleba nil qonebas da SeiZleba, mas Seefardos ufro mkacri aRkveTi RonisZieba,
ar niSnavs mis anu patimroba.
gamarTlebas, iseve
rogorc patimrobis mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT aRkveTi RonisZieba da sas­
Sefardeba ar niSnavs jeli. sasjeli aris ukve Cadenili danaSaulisTvis adamianis dasja da am
mis dasjas. gagebiT is warsulSi Cadenil danaSaulze reagirebis formaa. aRkveTi
RonisZieba ki aris mimarTuli mxolod momavlisken. is gamoiyeneba mxolod
braldebulis mimarT im varaudiT, rom man, SeiZleba, xeli SeuSalos
magaliTad, pavles
marTlmsajulebas.
saxlSi Catarda
Cxreka da policiam
amoiRo avtomaturi
cecxlsasroli
6. mtkiceba, mtkicebulebebi
iaraRi. policiam sisxlis samarTlis procesSi orive mxare amtkicebs faqtebis sakuTar ver­
Cxreka Caatara
sias: braldebis mxare amtkicebs, rom Cadenil iqna danaSauli da is Caidina
ise, rom araviTari
winaswari safuZveli braldebulma, aseve, arsebobs garemoebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen pa­
ar gaaCnda. man suxismgeblobaze. dacvis mxare amtkicebs, rom danaSauls adgili ar hqonia,
ubralod gaCxrika an braldebuls is ar Caudenia, an man Caidina ufro msubuqi danaSauli, vidre
misi saxli im mas braldeba umtkicebs, an arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa gamoc bral­
varaudiT, rom debuli unda gaTavisufldes sasjelisgan, an mas daeniSnos msubuqi sasje­
`ipovida raime
sainteresos~. li.
kanonis moTxovna
aris, rom orive mxare Tavis versias amyarebs mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT. mtkice­
Cxreka tardeba buleba aris informacia, romelic waredgineba sasamarTlos, magram es
`dasabuTebuli ar aris nebismieri informacia, mopovebuli nebismieri wyarodan. maga­liTad,
varaudis arsebobis mkiTxavisgan mopovebuli informacia danaSaulis Camdeni piris Taobaze ver
SemTxvevaSi.
im mizniT, rom
CaiTvleba mtkicebulebad. aseve, ar warmoadgens mtkicebulebas anonimuri
aRmoCenili satelefono Setyobineba. mtkicebuleba unda iqnes miRebuli kanonSi mi­
da amoRebuli TiTebuli wyarodan da kanonSi miTiTebuli formiT.
iqnes saqmisTvis
mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebebia, magaliTad, braldebulis da mowmis Cveneba, nivTieri
sagani, dokumenti, mtkicebuleba, dokumentebi, sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi da sxv.
nivTiereba an unda vicodeT, rom arc erT mtkicebulebas ar aqvs
informaciis
Semcveli sxva
winaswar dadgenili Zala.
obieqti~. vinaidan
policias aseTi braldebulis mier bralis
varaudi winaswar aRiarebac ki, Tu is ar das­
ar hqonda, Cxrekis turdeba misi braleu­lobis
Sedegi dauSvebel damadasturebeli sxva
mtkicebulebad
mtki­cebulebiT, sakma­ri­si
unda iqnes cnobili
da is ver iqneba ar aris mis mimarT gamamtyu­
gamoyenebuli nebeli ganaCenis gamosatanad.
sasamarTloSi
pavles bralis
dasamtkiceblad.

238
procesis mimdinareobis yvela stadiaze mxareebs aqvT mtkicebulebaTa
urTierTgacvlis valdebuleba. kerZod, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (da winasa­
samarTlo sxdomis gamarTvamde 5 dRiT adre) erTmaneTs unda gadascen yve­
la is mtkicebuleba, ris wardgenasac apireben sasamarTloSi. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi gadaucemeli mtkicebuleba CaiTvleba dauSveblad.
10
7. sisxlis samarTlis procesis stadiebi
sisxlis samarTlis saqme gamoZiebis dawyebidan mis CadenaSi pasuxismgebeli
piris gamovlenamde da mis gasamarTlebamde, sakmaod rTul gzas gadis. es
gza pirobiTad SeiZleba or did safexurad - gamoZiebad da sasamarTloSi
saqmis ganxilvad davyoT. gamoZiebis stadiaze mxareebi moiZieben informa­
cias, agroveben mtkicebulebebs, xolo sasamarloSi saqmis ganxilvis sta­
diaze am mtkicebulebebs waradgenen sasamarTloSi da maTi gamokvlevis Se­
degad sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas. gamoZiebis stadia, rogorc wesi,
daxurulia da masze sazogadoebis wvdoma SezRudulia (Tu ar CavTvliT
saqmis arsebiT ganxilvamde gamarTul sasamarTlo sxdomebs), xolo sa­
samarTloSi saqmis ganxilva Riaa da masze daswreba yvelas SeuZlia (garda
daxuruli sxdomebisa). ganvixiloT TiToeuli es stadia cal- calke. kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ratom ar
7.1.  gamoZiebis stadia aris sakmarisi
a. sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba: braldebulis
mier bralis
kanonis mixedviT, danaSaulis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebisas gamomZiebeli aRiareba mis mimarT
valdebulia, daiwyos gamoZieba. gamamtyunebeli
ganaCenis
maRaziidan gamosulma pavlem SeamCnia, rom misi avtomanqanis gverdiTi SuSa gamosatanad?
Camsxvreuli iyo, xolo manqanidan waRebuli iyo tyavis CanTaSi moTavsebu­
li personaluri kompiuteri. pavle telefoniT daukavSirda policias, ro­
melic male movida SemTxvevis adgilas da am faqtis gamoZieba daiwyo.

gamoZiebis etapze, mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis mizniT, tardeba sxvadasxva

sagamoZiebo moqmedeba, magaliTad, SemTxvevis adgilis daTvaliereba,
gamokiTxva, Cxreka- amoReba, amosacnobad wardgena da sxv. amasTan erTad,
policias SeuZlia, Caataros operatiuli samZebro RonisZiebebi, magaliTad:
cnobebis Segroveba, vizualuri kontroli, faruli miyuradeba, faruli
video-audio gadaReba, korespondenciis cenzura da sxv. iseTi sagamoZiebo

239
10
kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ratom ar
moqmedebebis Catareba, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli adamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa SezRudvasTan, SeuZlia dacvis mxaresac. magaliTad:
dacvis mxares SeuZlia Caataros adgilis daTvaliereba, gamokiTxva,
sagamoZiebo eqsperimenti da a. S. xolo iseTi RonisZiebebis Catareba, rom­
lebic ukavSirdeba adamianis ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvas (magali­
Tad: Cxreka, amoReba), SeuZlia mxolod gamomZiebels, mosamarTlis
SeuZlia dacvis brZanebiT. gadaudebeli aucileblobisas, rodesac dayovnebam SeiZleba
mxares gamomZieblis gaarTulos saqmisTvis mniSvnelovani monacemebis mopoveba, es RonisZiebe­
msgavsad bi, aseve, SeiZleba Catardes mosamarTlis brZanebis gareSec, magram
ganaxorcielos RonisZiebis dawyebidan maqsimum 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli
sagamoZiebo
RonisZiebis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos mosamarTles da gadaeces saqmis masalebi.
moqmedebebi?
mosamarTlem SeiZleba kanonierad cnos Catarebuli sagamoZiebo an opera­
tiul-samZebro RonisZieba an ukanonod, xolo miRebuli informacia -
dauSveblad.
mosamarTlis savaldebulo monawileoba da kontroli aseTi xasiaTis
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi aris garantia imisa, rom ar moxdeba ada­
mianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudva dausabuTeblad da ukano­
nod.
dazaralebuli pavles saCivris safuZvelze gamomZiebelma daiwyo saqmis ga­
moZieba. man gamohkiTxa gazeTebis jixuris gamyidveli, romelmac aRniSna,
rom Semoesma SuSis msxvrevis xma, xolo ramdenime wamis Semdeg dai­naxa maRa­
li, qeraTmiani, Sav tansacmelSi Cacmuli axalgazrda, rome­lic garboda
tyavis CanTiT xelSi. gamomZiebel­
ma, aseve, Caatara SemTxvevis adgi­
lis daTvaliereba da amoiRo gluvi
riyis qva, rome­ lic, savaraudod,
gamoyenebul iqna avtomanqanis Su­
Sis Casamsxvrevad. gamomZiebelma
gamoiTxova axlomdebare bankis
videokameris Cana­ weri, romelSic
Cans, danaSaulis SemTxvevidan 2 wu­
Tis Semdeg maRali, qeraTmiani ax­
algazrda, rome­lic Cqari nabijeb­
iT miemarTeba da xelSi uWiravs
kompiuteris Casadebi tyavis CanTa.
gamoZiebam daadgina, rom videoze
gamosaxuli pirovneba aris rezo g.,
aseve, daadgina misi sacxovrebeli
saxlis misamarTi. prokurorma
mimarTa sasamarTlos Suamdgomlo­
biT rezo g.-s saxlSi Cxrekis
Catarebis Taobaze. Cxrekis Sedegad
amoRebul iqna tyavis CanTa da mas­
Si arsebuli kompiuteri. amis Sem­
deg Catarda sagamoZiebo moqmedeba - obieqtis amocnoba, romlis drosac
dazaralebulma amoicno sakuTari tyavis CanTa da sakuTari kompiuteri.
b. sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyeba, braldebulis dakaveba
cxadia, rom termini `sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna~ ar niSnavs vinmes fizikur
`devnas~. es aris samarTlebrivi termini, romelic niSnavs saqmis warmarTvas
konkretuli braldebulis winaaRmdeg. sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna iwyeba
piris dakavebiT an mis mimarT bralis wardgeniT da grZeldeba saboloo ga­
naCenis gamotanamde. aseve, SesaZlebelia procesis nebismier etapze sisxlis­
samarTlebrivi devna da gamoZieba ganaCenis gamotanamdec Sewydes, magali­
Tad, Tu gairkva, rom danaSauli ar momxdara an is ar Caudenia konkretul
braldebuls; miRebulia amnistiis aqti, romelic pirs aTavisuflebs sis­

240
xlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisagan ZalaSi Sevida axali kanoni, romelic
am konkretuli qmedebis danaSaulebriobas auqmebs da a. S.
Tu gamoZiebis stadiaze Segrovda mtkicebulebebi, romlebic sakmarisia
dasabuTebuli varaudisTvis, rom konkretulma pirma danaSauli Caidi­
na, prokurors aqvs ufleba, gamoitanos dadgenileba piris braldebis
Sesaxeb. es dadgenileba, 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi prokurorma unda gaac­
10
nos braldebuls. dadgenileba Seicavs informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
danaSaulSi edeba brali am pirs da ra mtkicebulebebiT aris gamyarebu­
li braldeba.
gamoZiebis msvlelobisas SesaZlebelia saWiro gaxdes braldebulis dakave­
ba. kanonis mixedviT braldebulis dakaveba SeiZleba, Tu arsebobs
dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom man Caidina danaSauli, romlisTvisac sasjelis
saxiT gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, amasTan Tu is miimaleba an
ar gamocxaddeba sasamarTloSi, gaanadgurebs saqmisTvis mniSvnelovan in­
formacias an Caidens axal danaSauls. braldebulis dakaveba, rogorc wesi,
xdeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe braldebulis dakaveba, aseve, SeiZ­
leba e.w. `cxel kvalze~, anu Tu mas waaswres danaSaulis Cadenisas an ar­
sebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobis SemTxve­
va. am dros mosamarTlis Tanxmoba saWiro aRar aris.
damkavebeli moxele valdebulia, dakavebuls gasagebi formiT Seatyobinos
dakavebis safuZveli, ganumartos, ra danaSaulis CadenaSia is braldebuli
da acnobos, rom mas aqvs advokatis ayvanis, dumilisa da kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemisagan Tavis Sekavebis ufleba, aseve - ufleba, ar daibralos danaSau­
li da rom yvelaferi, rasac igi ityvis, SesaZlebelia mis winaaRmdeg iqnes
gamoyenebuli sasamarTloSi. dakavebul pirs dakavebidan 48 saaTSi unda ga­
daeces dadgenileba braldebis Sesaxeb.
rezo g. daakava policiam. dakavebisas mas, aseve, Cautarda piradi Cxreka,
Tumca saqmisTvis mniSvnelovani raime nivTi amoRebuli ar yofila. dakave­
bis meore dRes mas gadaeca braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba, romlis mixedvi­
Tac mas brali daedo qurdobaSi (sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 177-e muxlis
pirveli nawili) da sxvisi nivTis ganzrax dazianebaSi (sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 187-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
magistrati
7.2.  braldebulis pirveli wardgena sasamarTloSi mosamarTle
aris raionuli
dakaveba aris xanmokle Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. dakavebuli piri 48 saaTSi an saqalaqo
unda waredginos magistrat mosamarTles an unda ganTavisufldes. sasamarTlos
mosamarTle,
magistrati mosamarTle arkvevs braldebulis vinaobas, ganumartavs mas romelic ixilavs
braldebis arss da mis uflebebs, acnobebs braldebiT gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebebis
sasjelis saxes da zomas, arkvevs, xom ar aqvs braldebuls raime saCivari, SezRudvasTan
ixilavs aRkveTis RonisZiebis Suamdgomlobas da aseve, arkvevs saproceso da iZulebis
RonisZiebebTan
SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobas. dakavSirebul
sasamarTloSi pirveli wardgenis dros rezo g.-m ganacxada, rom is ar cnobda sakiTxebs, saCivrebs
prokuroris ukanono
Tavs damnaSaved da arc saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebaze iyo Tanaxma. moqmedebebze da a. S.
prokurorma aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT moiTxova mis mimarT patimroba.
prokurorma miuTiTa, rom braldebuli SesaZlebelia gaiqces da daemalos
gamoZiebas an Caidinos axali danaSauli. braldebulis advokatma miuTiTa,
rom braldebuls hyavs ojaxi, aqvs mudmivi samuSao adgili, is xasiaTdeba
dadebiTad da mis mimarT patimrobis gamoyeneba aucilebeli ar aris. sa­
samarTlom dacvis mxaris argumentebi gaiTvaliswina, Suamdgomloba daak­
mayofila da misi qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlom
braldebuli 5 000 lari giraos gadaxdiT gaaTavisufla.

241
10 7.3.  saproceso SeTanxmeba
saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis Sesaxeb albaT bevri gvsmenia. saproceso
SeTanxmeba aris SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris, riTac isini maT Soris arsebul
davas agvareben saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis gareSe. saproceso SeTanxmebiT,
rogorc wesi, TiToeuli mxare raRacas Tmobs, magram samagierod, raRac
upi­ratesobas iRebs. braldebuli saproceso SeTanxmebis Sedegad iRebs pa­
suxismgeblobis Semsubuqebas, xolo braldebis mxare nawilobriv Ta­
visufldeba damatebiTi samuSaosgan da xarjisgan, aseve, saproceso
SeTanxme­bis dadebisas braldebulma unda daasaxelos Tanamonawileebi an
xeli Seuwyos sxva danaSaulTa gaxsnas.
saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebisTvis mxolod mxareTa Tanxmoba sakmarisi ar
aris, is unda daamtkicos sasamarTlom. sasamarTlo valdebulia darwmun­
des, rom saproceso SeTanxmeba dadebulia braldebulze yovelgvari ukano­
no zemoqmedebis gareSe, braldebuli srulad acnobierebs sakuTar ufle­
bebs, mis mier Cadenili danaSaulis xasiaTs da mosalodnel sasjels.
Tu sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom warmodgenilia utyuari mtkicebulebani piris
bralis dasadastureblad, xolo moTxovnili sasjeli aris kanonieri da
samarTliani, mas gamoaqvs gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni saqmis arsebiTi ganxil­
vis gareSe.
saproceso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba daidos rogorc gamoZiebis etapze, aseve
saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvisas. saproceso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba
daidos, rogorc bralze, ise sasjelze. bralze SeTanxmebis dros bral­
debuli aRiarebs danaSauls, xolo sasjelze SeTanxmebis dros ar aRi­
arebs, magram arc ewinaaRmdegeba braldebas. samagierod, is eTanxmeba
konkretul sasjels.

242
 7.4.  winasasamarTlo sxdoma
sasamarTloSi saqmis arsebiT ganxilvamde imarTeba winasasamarTlo sxdoma,
romelic garkveuli mosamzadebeli etapia saqmis arsebiT ganxilvaze gada­
sasvlelad. winasasamarTlo sxdomaze mosamarTle amowmebs braldebis mxa-
ris mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebi albaTobis maRali xarisxiT iZleva Tu
ara safuZvels varaudisaTvis, rom danaSauli am pirma Caidina (rogorc vxe­
10
davT, aq ukve gonivruli varaudi aRar kmara, saWiroa albaTobis maRali
xarisxi). Tu aseTi safuZveli ar arsebobs, mosamarTle wyvets sisxlis
samarTlebriv devnas. mosamarTle, aseve, arkvevs, xom ar cnobs braldebuli
Tavs damnaSaved, ganixilavs saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobas,
mxareTa Suamdgomlobebs mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis, aRkveTi
RonisZiebis gauqmebis an Secvlis Taobaze. Tu winasasamarTlo sxdomaze
saqme saproceso SeTanxmebis damtkicebiT an sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis
SewyvetiT ar dasrulda, mosamarTle niSnavs saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis
sxdo­mis dawyebis TariRs.
winasasamarTlo sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvisas braldebulma rezo g. - m
Tavi damnaSaved ar cno. dacvis advokatma daayena Suamdgomloba saqmis
arsebiTi ganxilvis dros braldebulis megobris, giorgi z.- s dakiTxvis
Taobaze.
7.5.  sasamarTloSi saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis stadia
gamoZiebis etapisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad daxurul kars miRma
mimdinareobs, saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilva sajaroa da yvelas aqvs masze
daswrebis ufleba. sxdoma SeiZleba daxurulad gamocxaddes mxolod
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (sxdomis sajaroobis Sesaxeb, ix.
zemoT).
saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva unda daiwyos winasasamarTlo sxdomis das­
rulebidan araugvianes 14 dReSi (garda kanonSi miTiTebuli gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebisa). saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva aris saqmis warmoebis gadamwyveti
etapi, romlis drosac wydeba braldebulis damnaSaveobis Tu udanaSaulo­
bis sakiTxi da misi msjavrdebis SemTxvevaSi mas sasjeli ekisreba.
arsebiTad saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba moxdes nafic msajulTa monawileobiT
an maT gareSe. Tu wardgenili braldeba sasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs Tavi­ dReisTvis
suflebis aRkveTas, saqmes ixilavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, garda im nafic msajulTa
SemTxvevisa, roca braldebuli (da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlo
ixilavs mxolod
prokurori) moiTxovs saqmis ganxilvas nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ga­
damamZimebel
reSe. garemoebebSi
Cadenili ganzrax
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Taviseburebebs momdevno TavSi ganvixilavT.
mkvlelobis
am etapze ganvixiloT saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis stadiebi zogadad. saqmeebs. 2014 wlis
1 oqtombridan
saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva SeiZleba Semdeg etapebad davyoT:
nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos
a. sxdomis gaxsna da masSi monawile pirebis gamocxadebis Semowmeba. am instituti srulad
etapze mosamarTle, aseve, braldebuls ganumartavs sakuTar ufle­ amoqmeddeba.
ba-movaleobebs. mxareebs ki SeuZliaT daayenon mosamarTlis (aseve, pro­
cesis zogierTi sxva monawilis) acilebis sakiTxi. acilebis Suamdgomlo­
ba niSnavs imas, rom mxare moiTxovs mosamarTlis (an sxva piris) Camocile­
bas saqmidan misi mikerZoebulobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva sa­
fuZvlis gamo. Tu acilebis Suamdgomloba dakmayofilda, procesis Sesa­
bamisi monawile Camoscildeba saqmis ganxilvas. am etapze mosamarTle,
aseve, ikvlevs, xom ar aqvT mxareebs Suamdgomloba damatebiTi mtkice­
bulebis warmodgenis Taobaze;

243
10 b. mxareTa Sesavali sityvebi. sxdomis Tavmjdomare braldebis da dacvis
mxa­
reebs aZlevs uflebas, warmoadginon Sesavali sityvebi. Sesaval
sityveb­Si mxareebi, rogorc wesi, warmoadgenen faqtebis sakuTar versias
da moixsenieben im mtkicebulebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac apireben saku­
Tari argumentebis damtkicebas;

c. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva. es sxdomis erT - erTi yvelaze mniSvnelo­

vani etapia. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva jer iwyeba braldebis mtkice­
bulebaTa gamokvleviT, xolo Semdeg xdeba dacvis mxaris mtkicebuleba­
Ta gamokvleva. mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenas, gamokvlevas (aseve, mow­
meebis dakiTxvas) ZiriTadad mxareebi axdenen. mosamarTle am procesSi
aqtiurad ar ereva. mas neitraluri arbitris roli akisria, romlis mTa­
vari funqciaa am procesualuri wesebis dacva. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
mosamarTles ekrZaleba, rom daexmaros braldebis an dacvis mxares. man
mxareebs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi unda Seuqmnas mtkicebulebaTa war­
modgenis da gamokvlevis procesSi;

d. mxareTa daskvniTi sityvebi, braldebulis saboloo sityva. daskvniT

sityvebs pirvelad waradgens braldebis, Semdeg dacvis mxare. daskvniT
sityvaSi mxareebi ajameben ganxilul mtkicebulebebs da moiTxoven maTT­
vis sasurveli ganaCenis gamotanas. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom
ganixileT kazusi daskvniT sityvaSi mxareebs ekrZalebaT, daimowmon is mtkicebuleba, ro­
rezo g-s Sesaxeb melic sasamarTloSi gamokvleuli ar yofila.
Tavidan bolomde,
gamijneT sisxlis mxareTa daskvniTi sityvebis Semdeg braldebuls ufleba aqvs, sasa­
samarTlis procesis marTlos mimarTos saboloo sityviT;
etapebi. aRwereT
isini. imsjeleT, iyo e. sasamarTlos TaTbiri da gadawyvetilebis gamocxadeba braldebulis
Tu ara sasamarTlos saboloo sityvis mosmenis Semdeg sasamarTlo gadis saTaTbiro oTaxSi. sa­
gadawyvetileba samarTlos, aseve, ufleba aqvs gadawyvetileba miiRos adgilze TaTbiriT.
samarTliani, sasamarTlos ganaCeni SeiZleba iyos ori saxis - gamamarTlebeli an ga­
saWiro iyo Tu
mamtyunebeli. sasamarTlos ganaCeni, aseve, SeiZleba braldebis zog epi­
ara damatebiTi
mtkicebulebis zodSi gamamtyunebeli iyos, xolo zog epizodSi - gamamarTlebeli.
Seswavla. dadebiTi sasamarTlos ganaCeni unda iyos dasabuTebuli, kanonieri da samarTliani.
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi
daasabuTeT, ra Tu is am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, SesaZlebelia, is mxaris gasaCivrebis
informaciis moZieba Sedegad Secvalos an gaauqmos zemdgomma sasamarTlo instanciam.
iyo saWiro ganaCenis
gamosatanad. rezo g.s saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas braldebulma Tavi ar cno damnaSaved.
man miuTiTa, rom misi saxlidan amoRebuli kompiuteri SeiZina ucnobi
pirisgan, romlis saxeli da gvari aRar axsovs. dacvis mxaris Suamdgomlo­
biT, aseve, daikiTxa mowme giorgi z. romelmac miuTiTa, rom danaSaulis
Cadenis dRed dasaxelebul ricxvSi is braldebulTan erTad saTevzaod
imyofeboda ramdenime saaTiT, Tumca, zustad ver gaixsena, dRis romel
monakveTSi imyofeboda saTevzaod. braldebis mxaris SuamdgomlobiT
mowmis saxiT gamoZaxebulma jixuris gamyidvelma giorgi g.- m sasamarTlo
procesze daadastura, rom SemTxvevis adgilidan Soriaxlos tyavis Can­
TiT xelSi SeniSna rezo g. romelic swrafi nabijebiT miemarTeboda. sa­
samarTlo sxdomaze braldebis mxaris mier, aseve, warmodgenil iqna bankis
videokameris Canaweri, romelSi asaxuli pirovnebac Zalian waagavs bral­
debuls. sasamarTloze, aseve, warmodgenili iqna Cxrekis oqmi da Cxrekis
Sedegad amoRebuli kompiuteri da tyavis CanTa.
Semajamebel sityvaSi prokurorma moiTxova rezo g.- s damnaSaved cnoba
da misi dasja. rezo g. -s damcvelma mimoixila saqmeSi arsebuli mtkice­
bulebebi da moiTxova braldebulis gamarTleba, xolo gamamtyunebeli
verdiqtis SemTxvevaSi- misi msubuqad dasja, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
braldebuli manamde nasamarTlevi ar yofila, hyavs mcirewlovani Svile­
bi, meuRle da xasiaTdeba dadebiTad.

244
 10
nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos
warmoSobas
istoriulad me-12
saukunis ingliss
miakuTvneben.
inglisuri sityva
jury - momdinareobs
laTinuri sityvidan
jurare - rac
daficebas niSnavs.
Turme danaSaulis
ganxilvis dros
sasamarTlom rezo g. damnaSaved cno qurdobasa da qonebis ganzrax da­ mosamarTleebi
zianebaSi. man gaiTvaliswina pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoe­ Sekrebdnen
bebi, aseve, msjavrdebulis qonebrivi mdgomareoba da rezo g. -s Seufarda adgilobriv
mosaxleobas da
jarima 3000 laris odenobiT. daaficebdnen, rom
eTqvaT simarTle.
SemdgomSi
8. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo TandaTanobiT,
Tu pirisTvis wardgenili braldeba sasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs Tavisuf­ moqalaqeebi ukve
Tavad iRebdnen
lebis aRkveTas, saqmes ixilavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo. nafici msaju­ gadawyvetilebas
lebis gareSe saqmis ganxilva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amas moiTxovs piris damnaSaveobis
braldebuli, an prokuroris moTxovnis safuZvelze sasamarTlo imsjelebs Tu udanaSaulobis
da daadgens, rom nafici msajulebis mier saqmis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZ­ Taobaze. zustad
leba safrTxe Seeqmnas nafic msajulebs an procesis samarTlianobas da aravin icis, Tu
saidan gaCnda
obieqturobas. dReisTvis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo ixilavs mxolod da­
cifri 12. erT-
mamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenil ganzrax mkvlelobis saqmeebs. 2014 wlis erTi mosazrebiT,
oqtombridan nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo srulad amoqmeddeba. is qristes
12 mowafidan
momdinareobs.
nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlo
SemdgomSi farTod
gavrcelda evropasa
da inglisis yofil
koloniebSi, maT
Soris, amerikis
SeerTebul
StatebSi.

245
10
msoflioSi arsebobs
ori saxis - saerTo
samarTlis da e.
w. Sereuli saxis
nafic msajulTa
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo ori saxis mniSvnelovan garantias asaxavs. jer
erTi, is braldebuls aZlevs garantias, rom misi saqme gadawydes misive Ta­
nasworTa (da ara saxelmwifos mier daniSnuli moxelis) mier da meorec, is
sazogadoebas aZlevs uflebas, monawileoba miiRos marTlmsajulebis gan­
xorcielebaSi.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gacnobisaTvis aucilebelia vicodeT Tu mi­
sasamarTlo.
saerTo samarTlis nimum: a. rogor airCeva is. b. ra uflebebi da movaleobebi aqvT msajulebs
nafic msajulTa da g. rogor miiReba nafic msajulTa verdiqti.
sasamarTloSi
funqciebi
a. nafic msajulTa korpusis formireba
dayofilia nafic msajulTa korpusis formireba sam etapad xorcieldeba -pirvel
mosamarTlesa da
msajulebs Soris.
etapze mosamarTle SemTxveviTi wesiT SearCevs nafici msajulobis kandi­
msajulebi wyveten datTa sias ara umetes 100 kacis SemadgenlobiT da moiwvevs maT sasa­
piris damnaSaveobis marTloSi msajulTa SerCevis sxdomaze. aucilebelia vicodeT, rom
sakiTxs, xolo garkveuli Tanamdebobis (gamomZiebeli, policieli, samxedro mosamsaxure,
mosamarTle sasuliero piri), aseve, garkveuli profesiis (iuristi, fsiqiatri, fsiqolo­
ufardebs sasjels.
Sereul modelSi
gi) warmomadgenlebs ar aqvT ufleba, imsaxuron nafic msajulad.
mosamarTleebi da kandidats, aseve, SeuZlia uari Tqvas nafici msajulis movaleobis Ses­
msajulebi erTad
wyveten rogorc
rulebaze, Tu is ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve iyo nafici msajuli.
damnaSaveobis, aseve SeuZlia uari Tqvas, aseve, samsaxurebrivi valdebulebidan gamomdinare,
sasjelis sakiTxebs. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT xangrZlivi
saqarTveloSi miv­linebis an xandazmuli asakis gamo.
moqmedebs saerTo
samarTlis nafic meore etapze imarTeba nafic msajulTa SerCevis sxdoma, romelzec mxa­
msajulTa sistema, reeebs SeuZliaT aicilon (saqmes Camoacilon) maTTvis arasasurveli msaju­
romelsac Tavisi lebi. msajulis Camocileba xdeba dasabuTebuli an dausabuTebeli acile­
analogi hyavs
inglisSi, amerikis
bebis meSveobiT. saqmis kategoriidan gamomdinare mxares aqvs ufleba,
SeerTebul Statebsa daaye­nos maqsimum 12 da minimum 3 dausabuTebeli acileba, xolo dasabuTebu­
da msoflios mraval li acilebebis ricxvi SeuzRudavia (Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, mxarem unda daasa­
sxva qveyanaSi. buTos acilebis safuZveli).
mesame etapze acilebis Sedegad darCenili kandidatebidan Tormets sxdo­
mis Tavmjdomare niSnavs nafic msajulad, xolo ors - saTadarigo msaju­
lad. saTadarigo msajuli eswreba sasamarTlos sxdomas da sasamarTlos
TaTbirs. Tu saqmis ganxilvis dros gamovlinda, rom romelime msajuls ar
SeuZlia Seasrulos Tavis funqcia, is Secvlis am msajuls;
b. nafic msajulTa uflebebi da movaleobebi
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTul sasamarTloSi nafic msajulTa da mo­
samarTlis funqciebi mkacrad gayofilia. mosamarTle aris sxdomis
warmmarT­veli da is ufardebs sasjels, xolo nafic msajulebs gamoaqvT
verdiqti, romliTac braldebuls cnoben damnaSaved an udanaSaulod;

nafic msajulebs ufleba aqvT, mosamarTlisgan miiRon in­

formacia gamosayenebeli kanonis Taobaze, mosamarTlis ne­
barTviT mowmes werilobiT dausvan SekiTxvebi, miiRon sa­
samarTlo sxdomis oqmi, awarmoon Canawerebi; amave dros,
nafic msajulebs ekrZalebaT - sxdomis mimdinareobisas sx­
domis darbazis datoveba, verdiqtis gamotanamde sakuTari
azris gamoTqma saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, informaciis moZie­
ba sxdomis farglebs gareT, TaTbiris da kenWisyris saidum­
loebis darRveva da a. S.

246
 10

c. nafic msajulTa verdiqti

mxareTa daskvniTi sityvebis da braldebulis saboloo sityvebis mosmenis
Semdeg nafici msajulebi gadian verdiqtis gamosatanad.
naficma msajulebma verdiqti erTsulovnad unda miiRon. maSin isini gada­
wyvetilebas iReben xmaTa umravlesobiT (verdiqtis misaRebad saWiroa
aranakleb 8 xma, Tu TaTbirSi monawileobs minimum 11 msajuli, Tu maTi
raode­noba naklebia, Sesabamisad, 7, 6, 5 an 4 xma). Tu umravlesoba ver Se­
Tanxmda, mosamarTle daiTxovs nafic msajulebs da daniSnavs axal sxdomas
msajulTa axali SemadgenlobiT.
nafic msajulTa verdiqti aris ori saxis: gamamarTlebeli da gamamtyunebe­
li. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, verdiqti gamamarTlebeli iyos erT braldebaSi,
magram gamamtyunebeli - meore braldebaSi.
nafic msajulTa verdiqtis Taviseburebaa, rom is ar aris dasabuTebuli,
anu nafici msajulebi Tavis gadawyvetilebas werilobiT ar ganmartaven.
nafic msajulTa mier gamotanili gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni ar saCivrdeba,
xolo gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gasaCivreba SeiZleba mxolod SezRudul
SemTxvevebSi.

9. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli ganaCenis gasaCivreba

sasamarTlos mier miRebuli ganaCeni saCivrdeba saapelacio sasa­
marTloSi, xolo mis mier miRebuli ganaCeni saCivrdeba uzenaes sa­
samarTloSi - sakasacio wesiT. saqmis ganxilva saapelacio da sakasacio
sasamarTloSi ar niSnavs, rom sruli sasamarTlo procesi - mowmeebis da­
kiTxva da mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva ganmeorebiT Catardeba. rogorc
saapelacio, aseve, sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs saqmis samarTlebriv as­
peqtebs, anu ramdenad sworad iqna gamoyenebuli sisxlis samarTlis mate­
rialuri da saproceso kanonmdebloba. saapelacio sasamarTlo saqmis faq­
tobriv garemoebebs amowmebs da mtkicebulebebs ikvlevs SezRudul
SemTxve­vebSi.
rogorc saapelacio, aseve, sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ZalaSi dato­
vos, Secvalos an gaauqmos pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli
ganaCeni da daadginos axali - gamamarTlebeli an gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni.

247
10
termini policia,
rogorc
samarTaldamcavi
institutis
10. moqalaqis roli danaSaulTan brZolaSi
danaSaulTan brZolaSi CarTulia samarTaldamcavi organoebis mTeli
sistema: policia, romelic iZiebs danaSauls da adgens mis Camden pirs;
prokuratura, romelic axorcielebs sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas da war­
moadgens braldebis mxares; sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs saqmes da ga­
moaqvs saboloo ganaCeni da sasjelaRsrulebis saministro, romelic
aRmniSvneli,
pirvelad inglisSi pasuxis­mgebelia am ganaCenis aRsrulebaze.
gamoiyenes 1530 wels.
danaSaulTan brZolas saxelmwifo ar axorcielebs mxolod danaSaulTa ga­
moZiebiT da dasjiT, ufro mniSvnelovani amocanaa danaSaulis Tavidan
acile­ba. amas saxelmwifo axorcielebs iseTi sferoebis xelSewyobiTa da
ganviTarebiT, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, jandacva, kultura, socialuri
uzrun­velyofa da sxv. danaSaulis Tavidan acilebaSi mxolod saxelmwifo
verafers gaxdeba, Tu mas ar eqneba sazogadoebis mxardaWera. am mxriv, did
rols asrulebs ojaxi, skola, sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi, arasamTavro­
bo organizaciebi.
aseve, saxelmwifo uZluri iqneba, gamoiZios da dasajos damnaSaveTa didi
nawili Tu mas ar eqneba mxardaWera moqalaqeTa mxridan. zog SemTxvevaSi ga­
moZiebis daxmareba moqalaqis samarTlebrivi valdebulebaa. magaliTad, Tu
vinmem icis, rom Cadenilia an mzaddeba mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime dana­
Sauli, is valdebulia, amis Sesaxeb acnobos samarTaldamcav organoebs.
mowme valdebulia, gamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi da
misces Cveneba. am valdebulebaTa Seusrulebloba isjeba kanoniT.
Tundac rom ar arsebobdes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, dana­
Sauli azianebs ara mxolod saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas da TiToeul
Cvengans. amitom TiToeuli Cvenganis interesia, rom yvela danaSauli iqnes
gamoZiebuli da dasjili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gaizrdeba danaSaulTa
ricxvi da cota xanSi danaSauli ”Cvens karebzec moakakunebs” .

248
 GAganaTlebis samarTali
1. ganaTlebis samarTlis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciiT garantirebul iqna ganaTlebis uf-
leba, mecnierebisa da swavlis Tavisufleba, swavla-ganaTlebis saerTo xa-
11
siaTi, religiuri organizaciebisgan damoukidebloba. amave konstituciiT kiTxva: romel
SesaZlebeli gaxda kerZo skolis dafuZnebis Tavisuflebac, magram 1921 wels wels moipova
saqarTvelom
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg saqarTvelos konsti- damoukidebloba
tuciam Sewyvita moqmedeba, xolo 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSirisagan gaTavi- pirvelad?
suflebisa da damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelom 1995 wels
miiRo konstitucia, romelic eyrdnoba saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitu-
ciis ZiriTad principebs, romliTac garantirebulia ganaTlebis miRebisa
da misi formis arCevis ufleba. skolamdeli aRzrdis uzrunvelyofis val-
debuleba daekisra saxelmwifos. dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTleba gamocxadda
savaldebulod. saxelmwifom sakuTar Tavze aiRo zogadi ganaTlebis sru-
lad dafinansebis valdebuleba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs miecaT ufleba,
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, saxelmwifos dafinansebiT miiRon profesiuli
da umaRlesi ganaTleba. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis waxalisebisa da
swavlis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT, konstituciiT deklarirebul iqna
saxelmwifos valdebuleba, xeli Seuwyos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs.
ZiriTadi kanonis miRebam ganapiroba sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemuSa- kiTxva: imsjeleT,
ra funqcia SeiZleba
veba, agreTve axali normatiuli bazis Seqmna, romelic exeboda reformebs
hqondes saxelmwifos
yvela sferoSi. reformis ZiriTadi mizani iyo evrokavSirTan da dasavle- ganaTlebis sferoSi.
Tis saxelmwifoebTan daaxloeba. am mizans emsaxureboda 1997 wels miRe-
buli kanoni ,,ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘. Tumca, rigi xarvezebis gamo, saWiro
gaxda ganaTlebis sferoSi radikaluri reformis gatareba. miiRes kano-
nebi ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘ (2005), ,,umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘
(2004), ,,profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘ (2007), ,,ganaTlebis xarisxis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb‘‘ (2010) da ,,specialuri profesiuli ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb‘‘ saqarTvelos kanoni. zemoaRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi,
agreTve mravali kanonqvemdebare aqti, safuZvlad daedo ganaTlebis sa-
marTlis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.
ganaTlebis samarTali sajaro samarTlis nawilia, igi administraciuli
samarTlis erT-erTi dargia.

249
11 2. ganaTlebis ufleba
ganaTlebis ufleba pirvelad aRiares ,,adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-
Tao deklaraciiT’’ (muxli 26) da mas mohyva sxva mravali saerTaSoriso
samarTleb­rivi aqti, romelTagan SegviZlia, davasaxeloT: saerTaSoriso
paqti ,,ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb’’ (me-13
muxli), bavSvTa uflebaTa konvencia (29-e muxli), qalTa diskriminaciis yve-
la formis aRmofxvris konvencia (me-10 muxli), saerTaSoriso konvencia ra-
sobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb (me-7 muxli).

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikuri da socialuri

komitetis ganmartebiT, ganaTlebis ufleba gulisxmobs Semdegs:
a. ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebelia
saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes saTanado raodenobis saganmanaTleblo
dawesebuleba da saganmanaTleblo programa. amave dros, saxelmwifos
ufleba aqvs, daadginos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saqmianobisa da
programebis ganxorcielebis pirobebi. magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebis saqmianobisa da programis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebelia: Se-
noba-nagebobani, sabiblioTeko da kompiuteruli resursi da a.S.
b. ganaTlebis miReba xelmisawvdomia
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi da programebi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
yvelasTvis. ganaTlebis uflebis es elementi, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs:
a) diskriminaciis akrZalvas – ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebeli
unda iyos yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe;
b) fizikur xelmisawvdomobas – ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebeli
unda iyos sacxovrebel adgilTan axlos, gonivruli daSorebiT an
Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT, e.w. distanciuri swavlebiT;
c) finansur xelmisawvdomobas – ganaTleba unda iyos xel­
misawvdomi finansuri TvalsazrisiT. dawyebiTi ganaTleba unda
iyos ufaso. saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon ufaso saSualo da
umaRlesi ganaTlebis TandaTan SemoReba.
c. ganaTlebis Sinaarsi misaRebia
ganaTlebis forma da Sinaarsi, rac gulisxmobs swavlebis meTodebsac, unda
iyos saTanado, konkretuli kulturuli garemos Sesabamisi da xarisxiani.
kiTxva: Tqveni
d. ganaTlebis sistema moqnilia
azriT, ras
gulisxmobs ganaTlebis sistema unda iyos moqnili da unda moergos mudmivad cvalebad
xarisxiani sazogadoebriv saWiroebas. ganaTleba unda Seesabamebodes moswavlisa da
ganaTleba? studentis interesebs, maTi socialuri da kulturuli garemos gaTvalis-
winebiT.

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis uflebis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia konstitu­

ciis 35-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi
formis arCevis ufleba. Tumca es ufleba ar gulisxmobs, rom ganaTlebis
miRebis ufleba upiroboa. saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, daadginos ganaTlebis
miRebis winapirobebi. kerZod, zogadi ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebelia, Tu
pirs ukve Seusrulda 6 weli, profesiuli ganaTlebis miReba - Tu pirma
warmatebiT daZlia sabazo ganaTlebis safexuri (9 klasi), xolo umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miReba - Tu piri warmatebiT daZlevs erTian erovnul gamocdebs
(bakalavriatis safexurze), saerTo samagistro gamocdebsa da umaRlesi sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mier dadgenil gamocdebs (magistraturis
safexurze) da daakmayofilebs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
mier dadgenil pirobebs doqtoranturis safexurze.

250
 11

ganaTlebis uflebis Ses-

axeb msjelobs ada­mianis
uflebaTa evropuli sa-
samarTlo saqmeSi “lei-
la sahini TurqeTis wi-
naaRmdeg”. TurqeTis
respublikis erT-erT
universitetSi gamoc-
debze ar dauSves stu-
denti imis gamo, rom mas,
saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebis mier dadgeni-
li wesebis sawinaaRmde­
kiTxva: Tqveni
leila sahini god, ekeTa islamuri
azriT, ramdenad
Tavsaburavi. studenti samarTliania
universitetidan garicxes. man TurqeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg sarCeliT strasburgis
mimarTa adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos da sarCelSi erT-erT sasamarTlos
safuZvlad miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifom mis mimarT daarRvia ganaTlebis gadawyvetileba?
ufleba. studentis mosazreba ar gaiziara sasamarTlom da gadawyvetileba-
Si miuTiTa, rom miuxedavad ganaTlebis uflebis mniSvnelobisa, es ufleba
ar aris absoluturi da SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros SezRudvebs. Tumca arc im-
denad, rom mTlianad dakargos efeqturoba. SezRudva Sesabamisi iqneba, Tu
gamoyenebul saSualebasa da misaRwev mizans Soris arsebobs proporciulo-
bis gonivruli damokidebuleba. ganaTlebis ufleba ar gamoricxavs discip­
linur RonisZiebebs saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi swavlis SeCerebis
Tu garicxvis CaTvliT, misi Sida wesebisadmi damorCilebis uzrunvelyofis termini
sekularizmi
mizniT. disciplinuri sasjelis dakisreba im procesis Semadgeneli nawilia, gulisxmobs
romliTac skola cdilobs Tavisi miznis miRwevas, moswavleTa xasiaTisa da saxelmwifosa
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da Camoyalibebas. sasamarTlom da religiuri
daadgina, rom SezRudvebi gamWvirvale iyo da emsaxureboda sxvaTa ufle- organizaciebis
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da sajaro wesrigis SenarCunebis kanoni- saqmianobis
gamijvnas.
er mizans. SezRudvis aSkara mizani ki saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa
sekularuli xasiaTis SenarCunebaa.

251
11 3. zogadi ganaTlebis samarTali

kazusi
sajaro skolis direqtorma qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswav-
leblad SearCia batoni k. da masTan gaaforma SromiTi xelSekruleba.
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, maswavlebels daekisra valdebuleba, saqmia-
noba waremarTa ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonisa da
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad.
axlad daniSnuli maswavlebeli enTuziazmiT Seudga saswavlo process.
is guldasmiT gaecno ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanons.
gaaanaliza kanonis me-14 muxlis me-5 punqti, romlis mixedviTac maswav-
lebels aqvs swavlebis Tavisufleba da gadawyvita, rom qarTuli enisa
da literaturis sagnis swavleba waremarTa mxolod mis mier Sedgenili
saswavlo masaliT. man moswavleebs mosTxova saswavlo masalis SeZena.
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, zemoaRniSnuli faqtis gamo, sajaro skolis di-
reqtorma gaaTavisufla maswavlebeli.
batonma k.-m mimarTa sasamarTlos. sasamarTlom sarCeli cno dasaSve-
bad da Seudga saqmis ganxilvas.
rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara, sarCeli dakmayofildes?

3.1.  zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi

saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebas sa-
fuZvlad daedo zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi. es dokumenti gan-
sazRvravs zogadi ganaTlebis politikas saqarTveloSi, romelic miznad
isaxavs erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis mqone, Tavisufali
pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnas. ganaTlebis
sistema unda uviTarebdes mozards gonebriv da fizikur unar-Cvevebs,
aZlevdes saWiro codnas, amkvidrebdes jansaRi cxovrebis wess, moswav-
leebs uyalibebdes liberalur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze damyare-
bul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmarebodes maT ojaxis, sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebis gacnobierebaSi.
zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze mo­
zardma unda SeZlos:
a. qveynis interesebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT sa-
kuTari pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba:
saskolo ganaTlebam unda ganuviTaros mozards unari, rom sworad gan­
sazRvros sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturuli, ekonomikuri da
politikuri interesebi da misces mas sasikeTo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa
da aqtiuri moqmedebis SesaZlebloba;
b. bunebrivi garemo pirobebis SenarCuneba da dacva:
mozardma unda icodes, rogor bunebriv garemoSi cxovrobs, ra ziani SeiZ-
leba miayenos garemos adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebam, rogor SeinarCunos da
daicvas bunebrivi garemo;
c. teqnologiuri Tu sxva inteleqtualuri miRwevebis efeqtianad
gamoyeneba, informaciis mopoveba, damuSaveba da analizi:

252
adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovania didi moculobisa da sxvadasxva Sinaarsis
informaciis efeqtianad gamoyenebis unari. mozards unda SeeZlos ara mxo-
lod informaciis mopoveba, aramed misi Sefaseba Sinaarsis, daniSnulebisa
da xarisxis mixedviT, dasaxuli miznebisaTvis misi gamoyenebis formebis
gansazRvra, teqnologiuri miRwevebis efeqturad gamoyeneba yovel­dRiuri
cxovrebis, muSaobis, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri moRvaweobis pirobebis
11
gasaumjobeseblad;
d. damoukideblad cxovreba, gadawyvetilebis miReba:
saskolo ganaTlebam mozards pirad, ojaxur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unar-Cvevebi unda ganuviTaros;
e. iyos Semoqmedi, Tavad Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar icxovros mxo­
lod arsebulis xarjze:
saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos mozardis im unar-Cvevebis ganvi-
Tareba, romlebic miscems mas saSualebas, ukve arsebuli gamocdileba da
miRwevebi gamoiyenos axali materialuri, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri Ri-
rebulebebis Sesaqmnelad;
f. sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyveti ganviTareba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi maqsimaluri realizeba ro-
gorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT:
saskolo ganaTlebam unda Camouyalibos mozards mTeli cxovrebis ganmav-
lobaSi uwyveti ganviTarebis, axali codnisa da Cvevebis damoukideblad
SeZenis unari im mizniT, rom sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da sulieri midre-
kilebebis adekvaturad gansazRvra da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi damkvid­
reba SeZlos. mozardi mzad unda iyos arCevani gaakeTos momaval ganaTleba-
sa da SromiT saqmianobaSi;
g. komunikacia individebTan da jgufebTan:
saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis momavali wevrebis
zogadi sakomunikacio unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba (wera, kiTxva, metyveleba,
mosmena), saorganizacio da jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebi, maT Soris, imaTTvis,
visTvisac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena mSobliuri ar aris;
h. iyos kanonmorCili, toleranti moqalaqe:
dRevandel dinamikur, eTnikurad da kulturulad mravalferovan sam-
yaroSi, sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTpativis-
cemis, urTierTgagebisa da
urTierTSemecnebis Cveve-
bi. skolam unda gamou-
muSaos mozards ada-
mianis uflebebis
dacvisadapirovnebis
pativis­cemis una­
ri. mozards unda
SeeZlos adamianis
ZiriTadi ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuf­
lebebis Sesaxeb
miRebuli Teori-
uli codnis ganx-
orcieleba da
am principebiT
cxov­reba.

253
11
kiTxva: ramdenad
asrulebs
qveyanaSi arsebuli
ganaTlebis sistema
mocemul miznebs?
zogadi ganaTlebis miznebis Sesaxeb erovnuli dokumentis miRebiT,
saxelmwi­fom miznad daisaxa iseTi saskolo sistemis Seqmna, romelic Ti-
Toeul moswavles miscems aRniSnuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis Tanabar
SesaZleblobas. saxelmwifo valdebulia, ar dauSvas moswavlis diskrim-
inacia socialuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an politikuri Sexe­
dulebis, fizikuri SesaZleblobebisa an sxva niSnis mixedviT.
3.2.  skolis samarTlebrivi forma da misi funqcionirebis wina
skolis, pirobebi
rogorc sajaro
saganmanaTleblo
saqarTveloSi SeiZleba arsebobdes kerZo (kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
dawesebulebis, piri) an sajaro (sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri) skola. kerZo skola,
istoria saTaves SesaZlebelia, iyos samewarmeo (mogebaze) an arasamewarmeo miznebze orien-
uZvelesi tirebuli. sajaro skolas ar aqvs samewarmeo miznebi.
droidan iRebs.
pirveli skolebi kerZo skolis dafuZnebis ufleba aqvs nebismier pirs, xolo sajaro skolas
SuamdinareTSi afuZnebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro. Tumca, sko-
Seiqmna. sajaro la uflebamosilia, saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba ganaxorcielos mxolod
saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi
avtorizaciis proceduris gavlis Semdeg.
arsebobda antikur 3.3.  zogadi ganaTlebis sistemis marTva
saberZneTSi, romSi,
egvipteSi, Zvel zogadi ganaTlebis sistemis marTvaSi CarTulia saqarTvelos parlamen-
CineTsa da indoeTSi. ti, saqarTvelos mTavroba, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sa­
ministro, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis ganaTlebis
saministroebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, agreTve sxva
organoebi.
saqarTvelos parlamenti gansazRvravs zogadi ganaTlebis politikas da
iRebs sakanonmdeblo aqtebs zogadi ganaTlebis sferoSi. saqarTvelos
mTav­roba axorcielebs zogadi ganaTlebis politikas. saqarTvelos ganaT-
lebisa da mecnierebis saministros aqvs zogadi ganaTlebis marTvis ZiriTa-
di funqciebi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo xels uwyobs zogad-
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saqmianobas Tavis teritoriaze.
3.4.  zogadi ganaTlebis safexurebi da moswavlis dafinanseba
saxelmwifos mier
saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTleba grZeldeba 12 weli da moicavs 3 safexurs:
dawyebiTi (6 weli), sabazo (3 weli) da saSualo (3 weli).
saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens, rom zogad ganaTlebas, kanoniT dadgeni-
li wesiT, srulad afinansebs saxelmwifo.
,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, agreTve, adgens dafinan-
sebis pirobebsa da wess. saqarTveloSi saxelwifo afinansebs ara uSualod
skolas, aramed moswavles. dafinanseba gaTvlilia TiToeul moswavleze.
imisaTvis, rom moswavle daafinansos saxelmwifom, aucilebelia, is swav­
lobdes avtorizebul skolaSi.
dafinanseba grZeldeba 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu moswavle 12 wlis Semdeg
ver daZlevs sabazo safexurs, an 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi ver daZlevs saSualo
safexurs, kanoni iZleva damatebiTi dafinansebis gamoyofis SesaZleb­lobas.
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi kanoni adgens skolis
dafinansebis SesaZleblobas specialuri saxelmwifo programiT.

254
 4. skolis marTva
4.1.  skolis saqmianobis safuZvlebi da struqtura
,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ kanoni sajaro skolis marTvis principebsa da
marTvis organoebs adgens. kerZo skola Tavisufalia da mas SeuZlia, da-
moukideblad gansazRvros marTvis organoebi, skolis struqtura, magram
11
struqtura unda iyos gonivruli da emsaxurebodes zogadi ganaTlebis miz-
nebis miRwevas.
sajaro skola saqmianobas warmarTavs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZ-
velze. skola xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sa-
ministros mier damtkicebuli erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT, romlis Sesru-
lebis valdebuleba ekisreba kerZo skolasac.
sajaro skolis struqtura moicavs pedagogiur sabWos, sameurveo sabWos,
direqcias, moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobasa da sadisciplino komitets.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sadisciplino komitetis gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebis
mizniT SeiZleba Seiqmnas saapelacio komiteti.
sajaro skolas ekisreba valdebuleba, marTva ganaxorcielos sajaroobisa
da gamWvirvalobis principis safuZvelze.
4.2.  marTvis organoebis dakompleqtebis wesi da ZiriTadi kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ras niSnavs
funqciebi
sajarooba da
a. sameurveo sabWo gamWvirvaloba?

sameurveo sabWo Sedgeba mSoblebisa da pedagogiuri sabWos mier Tanaba-

ri raodenobiT arCeuli aranakleb 6 da araumetes 12 warmomadgenlisa da
saSualo safexuris moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobis mier arCeuli 1 war-
momadgenlisagan. sameurveo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi, Sedis, aseve saqarT-
velos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier daniSnuli 1 wevri. Tu
zogad­saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba axorcielebs samxedro momzadebasa
da ganaTlebas, sameurveo sabWoSi Sedis saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saminist-
ros mier daniSnuli 1 wevri. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi TviT­
mmarTvelobis organos ufleba aqvs, sameurveo sabWoSi daniSnos 1 wevri.
sameurveo sabWo airCeva 3 wlis vadiT.
sameurveo sabWo aris sajaro skolis marT-
vis umniSvnelovanesi organo, vinaidan mas
miniWebuli aqvs direqtoris arCevisa da
misi gaTavisuflebis uflebamosile-
ba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu direqtori ar-
Rvevs SromiTi xelSekrulebiTa da
saqarTve­los kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenil moT­xovnebs. sameurveo
sabWo amtki­cebs skolis Sinaga-
nawess, biujets, gascems Tanx-
mobas peda­ gogiuri sabWos
mier SemuSavebuli saskolo
saswavlo gegmis, saswavlo
masalis, maT Soris, saswav-
lo wlis ganmavlobaSi ga-
mosayenebeli saxelmZRva­
neloebis nusxis Taobaze.
sameurveo sabWo akon-
trolebs skolis di-
reqciis mier finanse-
bis xarjvasa da qonebis
gankargvas. skolis wes-
debis proeqti Tanxmdeba
sameurveo sabWosTan;

255
11 b. direqtori

sajaro skolis direqtoris kandidaturis SerCevis proceduras, gamWvir-

valobis, Tanasworobisa da samarTliani konkurenciis principebis dacviT,
Ria konkursis safuZvelze axorcielebs ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis samin-
istro.
konkursis Sedegebis safuZvelze ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sa­
ministro direqtorobis kandidaturebs warudgens sajaro sko-
lis sameurveo sabWos, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Tavisufali da Ta-
naswori arCevnebis safuZvelze irCevs direqtors. direqtori
irCeva 6 wlis vadiT. misi arCeva zedized SesaZlebelia mxo­
lod orjer.
direqtori axorcielebs skolis marTvas da warmoadgens
skolas mesame pirTan urTierTobaSi. direqtori afor-
mebs SromiT xelSekrulebas maswavlebelTan da ufle-
bamosilia, SromiTi xelSekruleba Seuwyvitos mas
saaRmzrdelo saqmianobisTvis Seuferebeli qmedebis
Cadenis an kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT,
arakvalificiurobis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi. aR-
saniSnavia, rom sameurveo sabWos wevr maswavlebels
SromiTi xelSekruleba SeiZleba Seuwydes mxolod
sameurveo sabWos Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. sajaro sko-
lis direqtori zedamxedvelobs skolaSi mimdinare
saswavlo – saaRmzrdelo process.
direqtors uflebamosileba uwydeba uflebamosi-
li organos mier, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT an xe-
lSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. ufleba-
mosilebis Sewyvetis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,
sapensio asakis miRweva, SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebis an
kanonmdeblobis darRveva;
c. pedagogiuri sabWo
sityva pedagogi
berZnuli pedagogiuri sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
warmoSobisaa (pais,
skolis yvela maswavlebeli, agreTve, maswav-
ago) da pirdapir
TargmanSi `bavSvis leblobis maZieblebi. maT aqvT Tanabari xmis
moZRvars~ niSnavs. ufleba.
pedagogiuri sabWos ZiriTadi uflebamo-
sileba aris, direqtoris monawi­leobiT,
saskolo saswavlo gegmebis SemuSave-
ba, romelsac igi amtkicebs sameurveo
sabWosTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg. pedago-
giuri sabWo sameurveo sabWosTan Se-
TanxmebiT amtkicebs saswavlo masalas,
maT Soris, saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi
gamosayenebeli saxelmZRvaneloebis nusxas;

d. moswavleTa TviTmmarTveloba
moswavleTa TviTmmarTveloba skolis struqturuli erTeulia. sakuTar
TviTmmarTvelobebs irCeven sabazo da saSualo safexuris moswavleebi.
moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi tardeba Tanasworobis safuZ-
velze, faruli kenWisyriT, gamWvirvalobisa da klasebis mixedviT moswav-
leTa Tanabari warmomadgenlobis principebis dacviT. TviTmmarTvelobas
kiTxva: ra
saqmianobas eweva
xelmZRvane­lobs arCeuli Tavmjdomare.
Tqveni skolis moswavleTa TviTmmarTveloba SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs skolis Sina-
TviTmmarTveloba?
ganawesis Sesaxeb, warudgens winadadebebs sameurveo sabWos skolisaT-

256
vis mniSvne­
lovan sakiTxebze, irCevs warmomadgenels sameurveo sabWoSi,
agreTve, uflebamosilia, monawileoba miiRos mopovebuli grantis gan-
kargvaSi. moswavleTa TviTmmarTveloba uflebamosilia Seqmnas saskolo
klubebi.
11
kiTxva: arsebobs
Tu ara Tqvens
skolaSi sxvadasxva
klubi?

5. maswavleblis profesiis regulireba saqarTveloSi

5.1.  maswavleblobis uflebis mopoveba

saqarTveloSi maswavleblis uflebis mosapoveblad saWiroa ori winapiro-
ba:
a. kvalifikaciis miReba
zogadi ganaTlebis dawyebiT safexurze swavlebis uflebis mosapoveblad
saWiroa ganaTlebis bakalavris kvalifikacia, xolo sabazo da saSualo
safexurebze swavlebisTvis pirs unda hqondes Sesabamisi (sagnis) bakalav­
ris kvalifikacia. rac Seexeba saxelovnebo, sasporto da samxedro sagnis
maswavleblebs, maT mimarT specialuri sakvalifikacio moTxovnebia dad-
genili. kerZod, srul zogad ganaTlebasTan erTad unda miiRon Sesabamisi
saxelovnebo, sasporto da samxedro ganaTleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblis garda, yve-
la maswavlebels gavlili unda hqondes maswavleblis
momzadebis saganmanaTleblo programa, romelic baka-
lavriatis Semadgeneli nawilia. amasTan, kanon-
mdeblobiT daSvebulia aRniSnuli program-
is gavla bakalavriatisgan damoukideblad.
Tumca, kvalifikaciis miReba ar aris sakmari-
si winapiroba maswavleblis uflebis mo-
sapoveblad.
kvalifikaciis mopovebis Semdeg maswavleblobis
msurvels SeuZlia, gaiaros maZieblobis periodi,
romlis mizania profesiuli codnis gaRrmaveba,
pedagogiuri unarebis SeZena, ganviTareba da sasko-
lo gare­mosTan adaptacia. maswavleblobis maZiebe-
li, skolaSi swavlebis periodSi, sargeblobs yvela
im uflebiT, rasac kanoni aniWebs maswavlebels, garda
Sromis anazRaurebisa da sajaro skolis sameurveo sabWos
arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebebisa;

257
11 b. sasertifikacio gamocdebis Cabareba
kvalifikaciis mopovebis Semdeg piri uflebamosilia gavides sasertifika-
cio gamocdaze. sasertifikacio gamocdis Sedegad irkveva, aqvs Tu ara mas-
wavleblobis msurvels maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT gaTvalis-
winebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi.
sasertifikacio gamocdis warmatebiT daZlevis SemTxvevaSi pirs 8 wlis
vadiT eniWeba skolaSi swavlebis ufleba. am uflebis ganaxlebisaTvis ki
aucilebelia, maswavlebelma izrunos profesiul ganviTarebaze.
5.2.  maswavleblis uflebebi da valdebulebebi
maswavlebels aqvs Rirseuli mopyrobis ufleba. dauSvebelia mis mimarT
Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba. ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘ saqarTvelos
kanoni krZalavs maswavleblis mimarT iseTi disciplinuri saxdelis
gamoyenebas, romelic laxavs mis Rirsebas. Rirsebis Selaxvad ki miiCneva,
magaliTad, damcireba, devna, upativcemuloba.
maswavlebels aqvs Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba. Tumca, amiT ar unda
Seilaxos sxva adamianis uflebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom profesiul ganviTare-
baze mudmivi zrunva maswavleblisTvis ara mxolod ufleba, aramed kanoniT
dadgenili valdebulebac kia.
maswavleblis piradi cxovreba xelSeuxebelia. maswavlebels ar SeiZle-
ba, skolam an saswavlo procesis monawile pirma mosTxovos informaciis
gamJRav­neba pirad cxovrebaze. skola ar aris uflebamosili gasces infor-
macia maswavleblis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavleblis piradi cxovre-
bis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba ar gamoricxavs skolis uflebamosilebas,
mosTxovos maswavlebels samedicino Semowmeba daavadebebze, alkoholsa da
narkotikebze.
maswavlebels ufleba aqvs, skolas mosTxovos sicocxlisa da janmrTelo-
bisaTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna. kanoni adgens, rom skola valdebulia,
maswavlebels Seuqmnas muSaobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi. janmrTelobi-
saTvis usafrTxo garemoSi igulisxmeba iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, sadac dacu-
lia adamianis janmrTeloba, rogorc biologiur-fiziologiuri, aseve,
fsiqikuri TvalsazrisiT.

258
saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebulia kanonis winaSe Tanasworo-
bis ufleba. akrZalulia piris kanonieri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis,
kanonieri interesis SezRudva an maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelis SeSla,
agreTve, misTvis kanonmdeblobiT gauTvaliswinebeli raime upiratesobis
miniWeba. dauSvebelia romelime mxaris mimarT diskriminaciuli zomebis
miReba, vinaidan kanonis winaSe yvela adamiani Tanasworia ganurCevlad ra-
11
sis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva Sexedulebebis,
erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi
da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT, yvelas aqvs aRmsareblobisa da rwme­
nis Tavisufleba. dauSvebelia adamianis devna aRmsareblobis an rwmenis
gamo, aseve, misi iZuleba, gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb. am Tavi-
suflebis SezRudva dasaSvebia, Tu maTi gamovlineba ar laxavs sxvaTa ufle- indoqtrinacia
bebs. ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb‘‘ saqarTvelos kanoni adgens, rom skola ar niSnavs saxelmwifos
aris uflebamosili, maswavlebels daakisros iseTi valdebulebis Sesrule- an politikuri
organizaciis
ba, rac arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeba mis rwmenas, aRmsareblobas an sindiss.
mier kompleqsuri
Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs skolis uflebas, daakisros maswavlebels msgavsi reklamisa da
valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tu maswavleblis mier aseTi valdebulebis Seus- propagandis
rulebloba laxavs sxvis uflebebs an xels uSlis erovnuli saswavlo geg- meSveobiT
miT dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. amasTan, sajaro skolaSi akrZalulia saswav- mosaxleobis
cnobierebaSi
lo procesis religiuri indoqtrinaciis an prozelitizmis miznebisTvis
SexedulebaTa
gamoyeneba. garkveuli sistemis,
,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb’’ saqarTvelos kanoni adgens, rom maswavle­ stereotipebis
Canergvasa da
bels aqvs swavlis, swavlebisa da kvlevis Tavisufleba. pedagogiuri (akade- Camoyalibebas.
miuri) Tavisufleba gamomdinareobs azris Tavisuflebis konstituciuri
principidan. pedagogiuri Tavisufleba gulisxmobs maswavleblis uflebas,
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili SezRudvebis farglebSi piradi pasuxismge- prozelitizmi
blobiT dagegmos da ganaxorcielos saswavlo procesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom niSnavs sakuTari
religiuri mrwamsis
pedagogiu­ri Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba, gaxdes TviTnebobis, indoqtri­naciis
propagandis
an umoqmedobis safuZveli. amitomac aucilebelia garkveuli kontro­lis Sedegad sxva
meqanizmis arseboba, romlis mizani iqneba ganaTlebis xarisxis SenarCuneba religiis mimdevarTa
da ganviTareba. pedagogiuri Tavisufleba ar aTavisuflebs maswav­lebels sakuTar samwysoSi
kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis dacvis valdebulebisagan. pedagogiuri gadmoyvanas.
(akade­miuri) Tavisufleba unda emsaxurebodes erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas.
kiTxva: Tqveni
maswavleblebs, winaswari Setyobinebis safuZvelze, aqvT skolis terito­ azriT, ratom aris
riaze Sekrebis Tavisufleba. aRiarebulia, agreTve, gaerTianebis Tavisuf­ dauSvebeli skolaSi
leba, skolas ki ekrZaleba maswavlebelTa gaerTianebis saqmianobaSi Careva. indoqtrinacia da
prozelitizmi?
maswavlebels ufleba aqvs, monawileoba miiRos skolis marTvaSi. sajaro
skolaSi uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis CarTuloba pedagogiuri sabWosa
da sameurveo sabWos saqmianobaSi. maswavlebels aqvs ufleba, flobdes in-
formacias Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb. mas SeuZlia, skolis direqcias mosTxo­
vos informacia, romelic ar aris saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli saidumlo.
,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, maswavlebeli
uflebamosilia, miiRos Sromis anazRaureba saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros mier dadgenili normativebis Sesabamisad. sajaro
skolis maswavleblis xelfasisa da saxelfaso danamatis gaangariSeba xdeba
maswavleblis kvalifikaciis, samuSao staJisa da samuSao specifikis Sesa-
bamisad.
maswavlebels ufleba aqvs, gaasaCivros skolis ukanono gadawyvetileba da
moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. am uflebis uzrunvelsayofad,
skola valdebulia, Seqmnas saCivrebis damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli
ganxilvis saSualeba.

259
11 maswavlebeli valdebulia, kompetenturad warmarTos saswavlo procesi,
daicvas profesiuli eTikis kodeqsiT dadgenili normebi moswavleebTan,
mSoblebTan, kolegebTan da skolis administraciasTan urTierTobaSi.

zogadi ganaTlebis sferos samarTlebrivi aqtebis analizis sa-

fuZvelze maswavleblis valdebulebebi SeiZleba, Camoyalibdes
kiTxva: xom ar
daumatebdiT an Semdegi formiT:
moaklebdiT raimes • miukerZoebloba;
maswavleblis
valdebulebebs? • samarTlianoba;
ratom? • erTguleba konstituciuri Rirebulebebisadmi;
• politikuri da religiuri (sajaro skolaSi) neitraluroba sas-
wavlo procesis ganxorcielebis dros;
• kanonis uzenaesobis principis dacva;
• korufciuli garigebebisaTvis Tavis arideba;
• privilegiebis piradi miznebisaTvis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma;
• saidumlo informaciis gamJRavnebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.

6. moswavlis uflebebi da movaleobebi

moswavles ufleba aqvs, Tanabar pirobebSi, diskriminaciis gareSe, saskolo
dros an skolis teritoriaze isargeblos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili yve-
la uflebiT. skolas aqvs ufleba, daadginos moswavlis uflebebis ara­
diskriminaciuli da neitraluri SezRudvis wesebi kanonmdeblobiT gaT-
valiswinebul SemTxvevaSi. moswavlis uflebebis nebismieri SezRudva unda
iyos gonivruli, proporciuli, minimaluri da unda ganxorcieldes mxo­
lod dadgenili wesis safuZvelze. dauSvebelia moswavlis uflebebis imgva­
ri SezRudva, romelic arsebiTad maTi gauqmebis tolfasia.
moswavlis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli uflebebidan gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia:

260
 11

a. zogadi ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba

yvelas aqvs sruli zogadi ganaTlebis miRebis Tanabari ufleba im mizniT,
rom srulad ganaviTaros Tavisi pirovneba, SeiZinos is codna da unar-Cveve-
bi, romlebic aucilebelia cxovrebaSi warmatebis miRwevis Tanabari SesaZ­
leblobebisTvis.
am mizniT, saxelmwifo valdebulia, Seqmnas zogadi ganaTlebis sistema da
saTanado socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi.
gansakuTrebuli regulirebaa gaTvaliswinebuli specialuri saWi­ kiTxva: ra
roebebis mqone moswavleTaTvis. maTTvis iqmneba erovnul saswavlo geg- RonisZiebebs
maze dafuZnebuli individualuri saswavlo gegma, aseve, SeiZleba Seiqmnas unda mimarTos
damatebiTi saswavlo programa, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeba swav- skolam imisaTvis,
rom specialuri
leba, socialuri adaptacia da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi integracia. am saWiroebebis mqone
SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis dafinansebas uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo. moswavleebma
SeZlon xarisxiani
ganaTlebis miReba?
pirs ufleba aqvs, zogadi ganaTleba miiRos eqsternatis formiT.
eqsterns SeuZlia, miiRos atestati, Tu is daZlevs erovnuli saswav-
lo gegmis miRwevis dones da warmatebiT Caabarebs skolis gamosaSveb
gamocdebs.
skolas ekisreba valdebuleba uzrunvelyos moswavlis codnis samar-
Tliani Sefaseba. mniSvnelovania, rom kanoniT akrZalulia, moswav-
lis akademiuri Sefasebis ganpirobeba misi discipliniT;

261
11 skolas, aseve, ekisreba valdebuleba, Seqmnas janmrTelobisaTvis,
sicocxlisa da sakuTrebisaTvis usafrTxo garemo.
zogadi ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba uzrunvelyofilia im SemTxveva-
Sic, Tu moswavle gairicxeba skolidan. mas aqvs ufleba, swavla ga-
nagrZos sxva skolaSi.
moswavle uflebamosilia, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesa-
bamisad gadavides sxva skolaSi.

b. sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb codnis ufleba

skola valdebulia, yovel axal moswavles da mis mSobels gaacnos Tavisi
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. moswavles aqvs ufleba, miiRos informacia Ta-
visi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, agreTve, maTi SezRudvis safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb. skolas ekisreba valdebuleba moswavles da mis mSobels ganumar-
tos uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvis safuZvlebi;
c. skolis marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba
moswavles ufleba aqvs, piradad an arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT mii­
Ros monawileoba skolis marTvaSi;
d. gasaCivrebis ufleba
moswavles ufleba aqvs, Tavisi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad
gaasaCivros maswavleblisa da skolis ukanono gadawyvetilebebi an qmedebe-
bi da miiRos miyenebuli zianis sruli anazRaureba.
am uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT skolas ekisreba valdebuleba, Seqmnas
saCivrebis damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli ganxilvis saSualeba;
e. neitralurobis principi da diskriminaciis dauSvebloba
skolaSi dauSvebelia saswavlo procesis politizeba. akrZalulia saswa-
vlo procesis religiuri indoqtrinaciis, prozelitizmis an iZulebiTi
asimi­laciis miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. Tumca, es ar zRudavs sajaro skola-
Si saxelmwifo dResaswaulebisa da istoriuli TariRebis aRniSvnas, agreT-
ve iseTi RonisZiebis Catarebas, romelic mimarTulia erovnuli da zogad­
sakacobrio Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisken.
skolaSi ar daiSveba raime saxis diskriminacia. dauSvebelia skolis mier
sakuTari uflebebisa da resursebis imgvarad gamoyeneba, ramac SeiZleba,
pirdapir an iribad gamoiwvios moswavlis raime saxiT diskriminacia. dis-
kriminaciad CaiTvleba nebismieri ganmasxvavebeli qmedeba an gamonaklisis
daSveba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac aseTi qmedeba an gamonaklisi sa­
marTliani da gonivrulia da emsaxureba TiToeuli piris an jgufis Tavi­
sufali ganviTarebisa da Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofas.
skola valdebulia, daicvas da xeli Seuwyos moswavleebs Soris Semwyna-
reblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis damkvidrebas. skolam unda daicvas
umciresobebis wevrebis ufleba, Tavisuflad isargeblon mSobliuri eniT,
Seinar­Cunon da gamoxaton TavianTi kulturuli kuTvnileba;
f. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
moswavles aqvs ufleba, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT moiZios, miiRos,
Seqmnas, Seinaxos, daamuSaos an gaavrcelos nebismieri informacia da idea,
agreTve, gamoiyenos skolis resursebi. moswavles ufleba aqvs, gamoxatos
sakuTari azri. dauSvebelia saskolo gamocemaTa saredaqcio damoukideb-
lobis xelyofa da saskolo biblioTekaSi cenzura. Tumca, es ar zRudavs
skolis uflebas, daawesos aradiskriminaciuli da neitraluri SezRudvebi
im mizniT, rom uzrunvelyos arasrulwlovanTa dacva asakis Seusabamo li-
teraturisagan.

262
 11

skolas aqvs ufleba, SemoiRos saskolo forma. Tumca, amiT ar unda SeizRu-
dos moswavlis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. moswavles aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas
saskolo formis tarebaze. uari unda iyos dasabuTebuli. skolas ekisreba
valdebuleba, gaiTvaliswinos moswavlis finansuri SesaZlebloba da Tu mas
ar SeuZlia formis SeZena, skolam unda uzrunvelyos igi saskolo formiT;
g. Sekrebis Tavisufleba
moswavleebs ufleba aqvT, winaswari Setyobinebis safuZvelze Seikribon
skolis teritoriaze. skolas ar aqvs ufleba, akontrolos moswavleTa Sek­
rebis msvleloba maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. Tumca, skolis warmomad-
genlebs ufleba aqvT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daeswron moswavleTa Sekre-
bas;
h. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba
moswavleebs aqvT gaerTianebis Tavisufleba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. sko-
las ar aqvs ufleba, Caerios moswavleTa gaerTianebis saqmianobaSi, garda
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. akrZalulia gareSe piris mier
moswavleTa gaerTianebis saqmianobis warmarTva da misi kontroli;
i. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba
moswavlis piradi cxovreba xelSeuxebelia. mas ar unda moTxovon, gaamJRav­
nos informacia Tavis pirad cxovrebaze. dauSvebelia moswavlis piradi
cxovrebis, kerZo komunikaciis, agreTve, moswavlis pirad sargeblobaSi
gadacemuli, skolis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis xelSeuxeblobis ufle-
bis TviTneburi SezRudva;

263
11 j. rwmenis Tavisufleba
moswavles aqvs rwmenis, aRmsareblobisa da sindisis Tavisufleba. dauS-
vebelia, moswavles daekisros iseTi valdebulebebis Sesruleba, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegeba mis rwmenas, aRmsareblobas an sindiss, Tu es ar laxavs sxvis
uflebebs, an xels ar SeuSlis erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
miRwevis donis daZlevas.
sajaro skolis teritoriaze religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba ar unda
emsaxurebodes araakademiur miznebs. amasTan, sajaro skolis moswavleebs
ufleba aqvT, skolis Semdeg Tavisufal dros nebayoflobiT Seiswavlon re-
ligia an Caataron religiuri rituali, Tu igi emsaxureba religiuri ganaT-
lebis miRebas;
k. disciplina
saskolo disciplina daculia im meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic efuZne-
ba moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis pativiscemas. is moTxovnebi, rom-
lebic gaTvaliswinebulia skolis SinaganawesiT, agreTve, disciplinuri
devna da saxdeli unda iyos gonivruli, dasabuTebuli da zomieri.
disciplinuri devna SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod skolis SinaganawesiT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT. disciplinuri devnis
procedura unda iyos samarTliani. disciplinuri devnis ganxorcielebis
dros, skola valdebulia, ganumartos moswavles mis mier Cadenili discip-
linuri gadacdomis arsi. disciplinuri devnis dawyebis Sesaxeb informacia
skolam dauyovneblad unda miawodos moswavlis mSobels. amasTan, mniSvne-
lovania, rom disciplinurma saxdelma ar gamoiwvios moswavlis arsebiTi
CamorCena saswavlo procesisagan. am mizniT, skola valdebulia, miiRos sa-
Tanado zomebi.
kanoniT akrZalulia sastiki an iseTi disciplinuri saxdelis gamoyeneba,
romelic laxavs moswavlis pativsa da Rirsebas. dauSvebelia moswavlis pi-
radi gasinjva. Tumca, Tu mtkicebulebebi miuTiTebs konkretul pirze da
arsebobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom piradi gasinjvis Semdeg gamovlin-
deba gadacdoma, mandaturs an skolis mier daniSnul uflebamosil pirs
direq­toris an direqciis warmomadgenlis nebarTviT an zedamxedvelobiT
SeuZlia moswavlis piradi gasinjva.
ikrZaleba skolidan zogadi ganaTlebis dawyebiTi an sabazo safexuris mos-
wavlis garicxva;
m. Zaladobis akrZalva
dauSvebelia Zaladoba skolaSi moswavlis mimarT. fizikuri an sityvieri
Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi, skola valdebulia, moaxdinos saTanado reagi-
reba.
skolebSi Zaladobis aRmosafxvrelad, Seqmnilia sajaro samarTlis iuri-
diuli piri – saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mandaturis samsaxuri. misi
ZiriTadi mizania zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvis uzrunvelyofa.
amasTan, skolaSi usafrTxoebis mizniT, SesaZlebelia, Sesabamisi moqmedebe-
bi ganxorcieldes samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier. maTi saqmianoba regu-
lirdeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.

264
 kazusis amoxsna
gaTavisuflebuli maswavleblis, batoni k.-s sarCels warmatebis
perspeqtiva aqvs, Tu sarCeli dasabuTebulia. sarCeli dasabuTebu-
lia, Tu sajaro skolis direqtoris gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdege-
11
ba kanons. SevamowmoT gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba etapobrivad:
sajaro skolis direqtori, ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos
kanonis 43-e muxlis pirveli punqtis ,,z“ qvepunqtis safuZvelze, ufle-
bamosilia, vadamde Seuwyvitos maswavlebels SromiTi xel­Sekruleba
,,xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevis, saaRmzrdelo saqmianobisaT­
vis Seuferebeli qmedebis Cadenis, an kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalis-
winebuli wesiT arakvalificiurobis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi.“
am etapze unda gavarkvioT, daarRvia Tu ara xelSekrulebis pirobe-
bi maswavlebelma, ufro konkretulad, SeuZlia Tu ara maswav-
lebels, saswavlo procesi ganaxorcielos mxolod Tavis mier
Seqmnili saswavlo masalis safuZvelze, romelic ar aris grifire-
buli (nebadarTuli) uflebamosili organos mier? aqvs Tu ara mas
ufleba, moswavleebs mosTxovos msgavsi saswavlo masalis SeZena?
,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-14 mux-
lis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, maswavlebels swavlebis Tavi­
sufleba aqvs im farglebSi, ,,romelic ar ewinaaRmdege-
ba erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas.“
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis1 me-10 muxlis me-10 punqtis Tanaxmad, mas-
wavlebels ufleba aqvs, swavlebisas mxolod damxmare/damatebi-
Ti masalis saxiT gamoiyenos saswavlo masala, romelic SerCeuli
da damtkicebulia dadgenili proceduris dacviT. maswavlebels
ekrZaleba, mosTxovos moswavles aragrifirebuli saxelmZRva­
neloebis SeZena. garda amisa, kanonis 33-e muxlis pirveli punqtis
,,d“ qvepunqti skolas akisrebs valdebulebas, zogadsaganmanaTleb-
lo saqmianoba warmarTos grifminiWebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavlebeli saswavlo procesSi ar iyenebda ufleba-
mosili organos mier grifirebul saxelmZRvanelos. is aswavlida mxo­
lod Tavisi Seqmnili saswavlo masaliT, romelic , aseve, ar iyo damt-
kicebuli skolis uflebamosili organos mier. maswavlebels ar hqonda
ufleba, moswavleebisTvis moeTxova saswavlo masalis SeZena. amde-
nad, maswavleblis saqmianoba ewinaaRmdegeboda ,,zogadi ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonsa da erovnul saswavlo gegmas. Sesabami-
sad, is arRvevda xelSekrulebis pirobebs. xelSekrulebis pirobebis
darRvevis gamo ki direqtori uflebamosili iyo, gaeTavisuflebi-
na maswavlebeli. amdenad, direqtoris gadawyvetileba kanonieria.
vinaidan direqtoris gadawyvetileba kanonieria, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom batoni k.-s sarCels ar aqvs warmatebis perspeqtiva.

1 damtkicebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2011 wlis 11 martis

#36/n brZanebiT

265
11 7. profesiuli ganaTlebis samarTali

kazusi
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri - sazogadoebrivi kolejis di-
reqtorma SeimuSava biujetis proeqti da igi dasamtkiceblad warud-
gina sameTvalyureo sabWos. sameTvalyureo sabWom ganxilvis Sem-
deg daamtkica biujetis proeqti. mogvianebiT biujetidan gamoiyo
Tanxa sazogadoebrivi kolejis saswavlo inventariT aRWurvis mizniT.
direqtors da sameTvalyureo sabWos mimarTa kritikulad ganwyo-
bilma maswavlebelma, qalbatonma a.-m moiTxova informacia saswav-
lo inventaris SeZenisTvis gamoyofili Tanxebis Sesaxeb. man miiRo
werilobiTi uari, Semdegi dasabuTebiT: ,,maswavlebeli ufleba-
mosilia, gaecnos mxolod damtkicebul biujets. is ar aris ufle-
bamosili, moiTxovos kolejis mier gaweuli xarjebis gacnoba.”
maswavlebels miaCnia, rom es gadawyvetileba ukanonoa.
qalbatonma a.-m, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, mimarTa sasamarT-
los da moiTxova direqtoris gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnoba (gauqme-
ba). sasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno sarCeli da daiwyo saqmis ganxilva.
rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara, sarCeli dakmayofildes?

7.1.  profesiuli ganaTlebis mizani, saxeebi da safexurebi

profesiul ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifo miznad isaxavs erTiani profesiul-sa-
ganmanaTleblo sivrcis Seqmnas, profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyobas,
Sromis bazarze orientirebuli, konkurentunariani da kvalificiuri kad-
rebis momzadebis uzrunvelyofas, dasaqmebis, maT Soris, sakuTari biznesis
wamowyebisa Tu TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyobas, agreTve, saswavlo-samewarmeo
partniorobis sistemis Seqmnas, saganmanaTleblo programebis dagegmvi-
sa da ganxorcielebis procesSi Sesabamisi dargis damsaqmeblebis monawi­
leobis xelSewyobas.
profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba aqvs pirs, romelmac daZlia zogadi
ganaTlebis sabazo safexuri.
saqarTveloSi profesiuli ganaTleba iyofa formalur da araformalur
profesiul ganaTlebad. formaluri profesiuli ganaTlebis miReba xde-
ba profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi. profesiuli saganma-
naTleblo programa moicavs Teoriul swavlebas da Sesabamis praqtikas.
saganmanaT­leblo programis warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi gaicema
profesiuli diplomi. araformaluri profesiuli ganaTleba gulisxmobs
-piris mier profesiuli saganmanaTleblo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli

266
codnis aTvisebas. gaTvaliswinebulia araformaluri profesiuli ganaT-
lebis saxelmwi­fo aRiarebis SesaZleblobac. araformaluri profesiuli
ganaTlebis saxelmwifo aRiarebis dros mowmdeba araformaluri ganaTle-
bis mqone piris codna, unarebi da Rirebulebebi.
saqarTveloSi profesiuli ganaTleba moicavs xuT safexurs da TiToeu-
li safexuris dasrulebis Semdeg gaicema Sesabamisi profesiuli diplomi.
11
profesiuli kvalifikaciebia, magaliTad, sadazRvevo agenti, sabaJo war-
momadgeneli, ofisis menejeri, teleradioprodiuseri, bankis operatori,
informaciuli teqnologi da a.S. maRali riskis Semcvel profesiebs, rom-
lebic Seexeba adamianis janmrTelobas, pirovnebis ganviTarebasa da maRal kiTxva: Tqveni
sazogadoebriv interess, saxelmwifo gamoyofs regulirebadi profesiebis azriT, romelia
e.w. maRali
saxiT. riskis Semcveli
7.2.  profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis organoebi profesiebi?
profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis marTvas saqarTvelos parlamentis mier
miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze axorcielebs saqarTvelos
mTavroba, romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifo politikas profesiuli ga-
naTlebis sferoSi. warmoadgens regulirebad profesiebs da regulirebadi
profesiiT saqmianobis uflebis mopovebisTvis aucilebel pirobebs. mTav-
roba profesiuli ganaTlebis dafinansebis wessac warmoadgens da sajaro
samarTlis iuridiul pirebSi profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
bebSi swavlis safasuris odenobas amtkicebs.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro axorcielebs sa-
xelmwifo politikas profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi. saministro aris
profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis ZiriTadi organo da is asru-
lebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul mraval, mniSvnelovan funqcias.
profesiuli ganaTlebis marTvaSi CarTulia, aseve, saqarTvelos kulturi-
sa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro da saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdo-
bis saqmeTa saministro, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis
ganaTlebis sferoSi uflebamosili Sesabamisi saministroebi, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi da sxva administraciuli organoebi.
profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis organoebi TanamSromloben
damsaqmeblebTan, profesiul asociaciebTan da saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebTan, profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mizniT.

7.3.  profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saxeebi da

samarTlebrivi forma

saqarTveloSi arsebobs ori saxis profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawese-

buleba:
a. profesiuli koleji;
b. sazogadoebrivi koleji.

267
11 profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba SeiZleba iyos sajaro samarT-
lis iuridiuli piri an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri. sajaro samarT-
lis iuridiul pirs, profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, afuZnebs
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro, xolo kerZo samarTlis samewarmeo
an arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirs – nebismieri piri kanonmdeblobiT dad-
genili wesiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros
ufleba aqvs, daafuZnos arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri –
profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba.
profesiuli koleji uflebamosilia, ganaxorcielos profesiuli ganaTle-
bis mxolod sami safexuris saganmanaTleblo programa, xolo sazogadoeb­
rivi koleji axorcielebs profesiuli ganaTlebis xuTive safexuris sagan­
manaTleblo programas. amasTan, sazogadoebrivi koleji uflebamosilia,
damatebiT ganaxorcielos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva pro-
gramebi, magaliTad, liberaluri ganaTlebis saganmanaTleblo programa,
romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva dargobrivi codnis, Sesabamisi unarebisa
da Rirebulebebis ganviTarebisken. es programa aucileblad xorcieldeba
umaR­les saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebasTan erTad.
garda zemoaRniSnuli dawesebulebebisa, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo
programebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba aqvs zogadsaganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebulebas da umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas. zogad­
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas ufleba aqvs, ganaxorcielos profesiuli
ganaTlebis mxolod pirveli, meore da mesame safexuris saganmanaTleb-
lo programebi, umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas ki ufleba aqvs,
ganaxorcielos profesiuli ganaTlebis xuTive safexuris saganmanaTleb-
lo programebi.

7.4.  profesiuli ganaTlebis maswavlebeli

profesiuli ganaTlebis maswavlebels unda hqondes umaRlesi ganaTlebis
damadasturebeli diplomi, an unda flobdes profesiuli ganaTlebis meoT-
xe an mexuTe safexuris kvalifikacias. amasTan, mas aucileblad unda hqon-
des Sesabamisi profesiiT muSaobis aranakleb 3 wlis gamocdileba. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia, rom meoTxe safexuris kvalifikaciis mflobel profesiuli
ganaTlebis maswavlebels ufleba ar aqvs, aswavlos mexuTe safexuris sagan-
manaTleblo programis farglebSi.
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba dadgindes damatebiTi
moTxovnebi profesiuli ganaTlebis maswavleblis mimarT.

7.5.  profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis

principebi da organoebi
profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba gadawyvetilebebs iRebs sa-
jaroobisa da gamWvirvalobis principebis dacviT, uzrunvelyofs profe­
siul studentTa mimarT Tanaswor mopyrobas. profesiul saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis marTvis organoebma gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi unda
CarTon profesiuli studentebi da maswavleblebi, unda gaiTvaliswinon
potenciuri damsaqmeblebis moTxovnebi.
profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi unda arsebobdes janmrTelo-
bisaTvis, sicocxlisa da sakuTrebisaTvis usafrTxo garemo. am mizniT, pro-
fesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas SeuZlia, momsaxurebis xelSekru-
leba gaaformos sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirTan – saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis mandaturis samsaxurTan.
rogorc sajaro, aseve, kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri - profesiuli
saganma­naTleblo dawesebuleba saqmianobas axorcielebs avtonomiis prin-
cipis safuZvelze, kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli SezRudvebis gaTvalis-
winebiT.

268
kanoni adgens mxolod sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris – profesiuli
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis organoebs:
a) sameTvalyureo sabWo – marTvis umaRlesi organo. mis Se-
madgenlobaSi SeiZleba Sevidnen damsaqmeblebis, adgilobrivi
TviT­mmarTvelobis organoebisa da sazogadoebrivi organiza-
ciebis warmomadgenlebi, agreTve, profesiuli studentebis mSo-
11
belTa da profesiuli ganaTlebis maswavlebelTa warmomadgenlebi.
sameTval­yureo sabWos wevrTa raodenoba, sabWos dakompleqtebis,
uflebamosilebaTa warmoSobisa da Sewyvetis wesebi ganisazRvreba
profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis wesdebiT.
sameTvalyureo sabWo amtkicebs profesiuli saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis biujets, Sinaganawess, akontrolebs profesiu-
li saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis direqtoris mier profesi-
uli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Tanxebis xarjvasa da qone-
bis gankargvas. sameTvalyureo sabWo axorcielebs saqarTvelos
kanonmdeb­lobiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebamosilebebs;
b) direqtori marTavs profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas
da warmoadgens mas mesame pirebTan urTierTobebSi. mas Tanamdebo-
baze niSnavs da aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnie-
rebis saministro. saxelovnebo-SemoqmedebiTi da sasporto profe-
siuli ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebul profesiul saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaSi direqtors niSnavs da aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos
kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro, an saqarTvelos sporti-
sa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa saminis-
tro.
direqtori sameTvalyureo
sabWos dasamtkiceblad
warudgens profesiu-
li saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis Sina­
ganawessa da biujets,
uzrunvelyofs mas-
wavleblebTan da
sxva TanamSrom­
lebTan Sro-
miTi xelSek­
rulebebis
dadebas,
uflebamo­
silia, Sewyvi­
tos maT­Tan
SromiTi
urTierTo-
ba. direqtori
warmarTavs da ze-
damxedvelobs profe-
siul saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaSi mimdinare
saganmanaTleblo process,
saswavlo praqtikas da axor-
cielebs kanonmdeblobiT gan-
sazRvrul sxva funqciebs.

269
11 • profesiuli ganaTlebis dafinanseba
profesiuli ganaTlebis dafinansebas axorcieleben saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis organoebi, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis Sesaba-
misi organoebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. profesiuli
ganaTleba SeiZleba, agreTve, daafinanson kerZo pirebma.

• profesiul - saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi studentis miReba

profesiul - saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi piris miReba xdeba kanonmdeb­
lobiT dadgenili wesis safuZvelze. Caricxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas
iRebs profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba.
profesiuli ganaTlebis me-4 da me-5 safexurebze dainteresebuli piris mi-
Reba xdeba erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis (mxolod zogadi unarebis testis
Sedegebis) safuZvelze.

kazusis amoxsna
maswavleblis sarCels warmatebis perspeqtiva aqvs, Tu igi dasabuTebu-
lia. sarCeli dasabuTebulia, Tu sadavo gadawyvetileba ukanonoa.
gadawyve­tileba ukanonoa, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba ,,profesiuli ganaT-
lebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanons da kanonmdeblobis sxva normebs.
SevamowmoT gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba etapobrivad:
,,profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 31-e muxlis
pirveli punqtis ,,a“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, profesiul - saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebulebas evaleba uzrunvelyos gadawyvetilebis sajaroobis,
gamWvirvalobisa da dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis
principebis dacva. amdenad, dawesebulebis uariT irRveva saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebis saqmianobis gamWvirvaled warmarTvis principi.
,,profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 31-e muxlis
pirveli punqtis ,,g“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, dawesebulebis valdebule-
baa, uzrunvelyos gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi profesiuli ga-
naTlebis maswavlebelTa monawileoba. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi
kolejis gadawyvetilebiT, ar sruldeba dawesebulebis marTvaSi mas-
wavlebelTa CarTvis valdebuleba.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeq­
si adgens, rom sajaro informacia aris sajaro dawesebulebaSi dacu-
li, agreTve, sajaro dawesebulebis an mosamsaxuris mier samsaxurebriv
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli, damuSavebuli, Seqmnili an gag-
zavnili informacia. sazogadoebrivi kolejis biujetidan gamoyofi-
li Tanxebis Sesaxeb informacia aris sajaro da is SeiZleba, moiTxovos
ara mxolod maswavlebelma, aramed nebismierma pirma.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vinaidan gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmde­
geba ,,profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanons da
kanonmdeb­lobis sxva normebs, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sarCels aqvs
warmatebis perspeqtiva.

270
 8. umaRlesi ganaTlebis samarTali

kazusi
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri – universite-
ti axor­cielebs samecniero kvlevas molekulur fizikaSi. kvlevis
11
mniSvne­lobidan gamomdinare, masSi CarTulia ucxo qveynebis cnobili
universitetebi.
kvlevis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb Seityo saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministrom, romelmac gamosca brZaneba kvlevis ganxor­
cielebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. saministros mosazrebiT, dauSvebelia,
umaRlesma saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebam, saministros Tanxmobis ga-
reSe, ganaxorcielos msgavsi masStabis kvleviTi saqmianoba.
umaRlesma saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebam sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra
saministros gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno sarCeli.
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mosazrebiT, mas ufleba
aqvs, saministrosTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, ganaxorcielos nebismieri sa-
xis samecniero kvleva.
rogor fiqrobT, aqvs Tu ara sarCels warmatebis perspeqtiva?

8.1.  umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebia:
• qarTuli da msoflio kulturis Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis xel­
Sewyoba, demokratiisa da humanizmis idealebze orientacia, rom-
lebic aucilebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganvi-
TarebisaTvis;
• piris interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesatyvisi umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis miRebis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da gadamzadebis uzrunvel­
yofa;
• pirovnuli potencialis realizeba, SemoqmedebiTi unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi kompetenciis
mqone pirebis momzadeba, Sida da sagareo Sromis bazarze umaRlesi
ganaTlebis mqone pirTa konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa,
studen­tTa da sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi maRali xarisxis
umaRlesi ganaTlebis SeTavazeba dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis;

271
11 •

•
saxelmwifos ganviTarebisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis si-
cocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad axali samecniero perso­
nalis momzadeba da gadamzadeba, samecniero kvlevis pirobebis Seq­
mna, uzrunvelyofa da ganviTareba;
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis studentTa da akade­
miuri personalis mobilobis waxaliseba.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis misaRwevad saxelmwifo uzrun­
velyofs:
• umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobasa da Ria xasiaTs; swavlis,
swavlebisa da samecniero kvlevis Tavisuflebas;
• umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas mTeli sicocxlis gan-
mavlobaSi;
msoflioSi • umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis integracias;
pirveli umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo • xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sistemebis ganviTarebas, rac gulisxmobs
dawesebulebaa avtorizaciis sistemis, akreditaciis sistemisa da umaRles sagan-
boloniis (italia) manaTleblo dawesebulebebSi xarisxis marTvis (uzrunvelyofis)
universiteti,
romelic 1088 wels meqanizmebis funqcionirebas;
Seiqmna. • swavlis, swavlebisa da samecniero kvlevis erTian evropul sagan-
uZveles
universitetebs
manaTleblo da kvleviT sivrceSi, agreTve, TanamSromlobis sxva
ganekuTvneba 1150 saerTaSoriso sistemebSi sruluflebian monawileobas;
wels daarsebuli
parizis, 1167
• umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis avtonomias;
wels daarsebuli • umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi akademiuri personalisa
oqsfordis, 1209
wels daarsebuli
da studentTa monawileobas gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da maTi Ses-
kembrijis da 1218 rulebis kontrolis procesSi;
wels daarsebuli
salamankas
• umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi diskriminaciis akrZalvas;
universitetebi. • umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvisa da am dawese-
bulebaSi konkursebis sajaroobasa da gamWvirvalobas.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, Seqmnas, agreTve, sxva iseTi pirobebi, romle-
kiTxva-davaleba:
moiZieT informacia bic xels Seuwyobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis miRwevas.
msoflioSi
arsebuli uZvelesi 8.2.  umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis organoebi
universitetebis
Sesaxeb. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis ZiriTadi organoebia - saqarT-
Tqveni azriT, ra velos parlamenti, saqarTvelos mTavroba, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
iyo mizezi imisa, mec­nierebis saministro. umaRlesi ganaTlebis marTvaSi CarTulni arian,
rom pirveli agreTve, sxva organoebi.
universitetebi
evropis saqarTvelos parlamenti gansazRvravs umaRlesi ganaTlebis politikisa da
teritoriaze marTvis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs da iRebs Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo aqtebs.
Camoyalibda?
igi periodulad ismens saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris
angariSs umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis,
finansuri saqmianobisa da saxelmwifo programebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos mTavroba axorcielebs saxelmwifo politikas umaRlesi ga-
naTlebis sferoSi. igi amtkicebs saxelmwifo saswavlo grantisa da sa­
xelmwifo saswavlo samagistro grantis wliur moculobebsa da odenobebs.
saqarTvelos mTavroba afuZnebs umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas,
rogorc sajaro, aseve, kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris formiT. kerZo sa-
marTlis iuridiuli piris formiT dafuZnebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebas ar SeiZleba hqondes samewarmeo mizani. saqarTvelos mTav­
roba axorcielebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sxva funqciebs.

272
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro aris umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis sistemis marTvis ZiriTadi organo. igi atarebs erTian politikas
umaR­lesi ganaTlebis sferoSi, amtkicebs mraval normatiul, kanonqvem­
debare aqts, axorcielebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul funqciebs.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis marTvaSi CarTulia saqarTvelos kulturisa
da ZeglTa dacvis saministro da saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis
11
saqmeTa saministro. maTi kompetenciebi Semoifargleba saxelovnebo-Semoq­
medebiTi da sasporto umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferos regulirebaSi monawi-
leobis miRebiT.
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro, kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul saqarTveloSi
arsebuli
farglebSi, sakuTar uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs samxedro umaRlesi
umaRlesi samxedro
ganaTlebis sferoSi. saswavlebeli
gaxlavT
saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro da sajaro
saqarTvelos
samarTlis iuridiuli piris sazRvao transportis saagento, kanonmdeblo- Tavdacvis erovnuli
biT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebebs axorcieleben sazRvao umaR­ akademia.
lesi ganaTlebis sferoSi. http://eta.mod.gov.ge/

8.3.  umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexurebi da

umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
saxeebi
saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba samsafexuriania. saqarTveloSi
pirveli safexuri (bakalavriati) moicavs aranakleb 240 pirveli umaRlesi
kredits, meore safexuri (magistratura) - aranakleb saganmanaTleblo
dawesebuleba,
120 kredits (kanonmdebloba, gamonaklisis saxiT, iT- 1106 wels daviT
valiswinebs, aseve, magistraturis 60-kreditian sa- aRmaSeneblis mier
ganmanaTleblo programas), xolo mesame safexuri daarsebuli gelaTis
(doqtorantura) –aranakleb 180 kredits. akademiaa, me-11-me-12
saukuneebSi iqmneba
bakalavriatSi swavlis ufleba aqvs mxolod sruli kidev erTi umaRlesi
zogadi ganaTlebis mqone pirs. miReba xdeba erTiani saganmanaTleblo
erovnuli gamocdebis safuZvelze. bakalav­ riatSi dawesebuleba,
iyalTos akademiis
swavlis mizania, srul zogad ganaTlebaze ufro saxiT.
maRali donis profesiul momzadebasTan erTad, sas-
wavlo disciplinebis Teoriuli aspeqtebis SedarebiT
Rrma aTviseba. bakalavriatis saganmanaTleblo prog­
rama amzadebs pirs magistraturaSi Semdgomi swavlisa
da muSaobisaTvis.
magistraturaSi swavlis ufleba aqvs aranakleb bakalav­
ris kvalifikaciis mqone pirs. Caricxva xdeba saerTo sa-
magistro gamocdebisa da umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis mier dadgenili gamocdebis safuZvelze.
magistraturaSi swavla miznad isaxavs piris momzade-
bas samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobisa da umaRles sagan-
manaTleblo dawesebulebaSi pedagogiuri moRvaweobi-
saTvis. magistraturis mizani SeiZleba iyos, agreTve,
specialobis Secvla da kvalifikaciis amaRleba.
doqtoranturaSi swavlis ufleba aqvs aranakleb
magistris kvalifikaciis mqone pirs. doqtoran­
tisTvis umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba-
Si unda arsebobdes pirobebi samecniero kvlevaze
orien­tirebuli samuSaos Casatareblad.
saqarTveloSi arsebobs sami saxis umaRlesi saganma-
naTleblo dawesebuleba:

273
11 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

a. universiteti – axorcielebs bakalavriatis, magistraturisa da doq­

kiTxva: fiqrobT, toranturis saganmanaTleblo programebs;
Tu ara skolis
dasrulebis b. saswavlo universiteti – axorcielebs bakalavriatisa da magistra-
Semdeg ganaTlebis turis saganmanaTleblo programebs;
gagrZelebas
c. koleji – axorcielebs mxolod bakalavriatis saganmanaTleblo prog­
umaRles an
profesiul ramebs.
saganmanaTleblo samive saxis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba uflebamosilia, ga-
dawesebulebaSi? naxorcielos profesiuli saganmanaTleblo programebi.
dadebiTi pasuxis
SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba fuZndeba sajaro an kerZo samar-
isaubreT Tqvens Tlis iuridiuli piris formiT. umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
momaval profesiaze.
statusis mopoveba da Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis ganxor-
cieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod avtorizaciis gavlis SemTxvevaSi.
8.4.  umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis
pirveli organoebi
universiteti kanoni gansazRvravs mxolod sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris- umaRlesi
saqarTveloSi 1918
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis struqturasa da marTvis organoebs. ker-
wels daarsda da
mas Tavdapirvelad Zo samarTlis iuridiuli piri uflebamosilia, damoukideblad gansazRv-
mxolod erTi, ros struqtura da marTvis organoebi. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos mier da-
sibrZnismetyvelebis fuZnebul kerZo samarTlis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
fakulteti piris struqturasa da marTvis organoebs, igi ganisazRvreba dawesebulebis
hqonda. Tbilisis
wesdebiT.
universiteti
iyo pirveli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris- umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawese-
universiteti mTels
bulebis marTvis organoebia:
kavkasiaSi.
www.tsu.edu.ge a. akademiuri sabWo
akademiuri sabWo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis umaRlesi
warmomadgenlobiTi organoa. misi wevrebi airCevian akademiuri person-
alis yvela wevrisa da ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo erTeulis (fakulteti)
universiteti
laTinuri
sabWos wevr studentTa TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebis mier pirda-
warmoSobis sityvaa piri, Tavi­sufali da Tanaswori arCevnebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT.
(universus), akade­miuri sabWos wevris arCevis vada emTxveva ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo
rac mTlians, safexuris (rogorc wesi, 4 weli) xangrZlivobas. akademiuri sabWos Semadgen-
ganuyofels, loba unda ganaxldes erTi mesamediT ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo safexuris
sayovelTaos niSnavs.
dadgenili xangrZlivobis naxevris gasvlis Semdeg (rogorc wesi 2 weli).
akademiuri sabWo SeimuSavebs da amtkicebs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebis ganviTarebis strategiul gegmas, amtkicebs saganmanaTleblo da
samecniero-kvleviT programebs, xels uwyobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis evro­

274
pul sivrceSi integracias, saswavlo gegmebisa da programebis umaRles sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs Soris TanamSromlobis, mobilobisa da in-
tegrirebuli swavlebis, samecniero kvlevebis programebis Seqmnas.
akademiuri sabWo irCevs akademiuri sabWos Tavmjdomares – reqtors da
uflebamosilia, vadamde Seuwyvitos mas uflebamosileba. akademiuri sabWo
axorcielebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRrul sxva funqciebs;
11
b. warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo
warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo airCeva umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebis studentebisa da akademiuri personalis mier. warmomadgenlo-
biTi sabWos arCeva xdeba umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis far-
glebSi sayovelTao, pirdapiri, Tanaswori arCevnebis safuZvelze faruli
ken­
WisyriT. warmomadgenlobiTi sabWos uflebamosilebis vada emTxveva
swavlebis ZiriTadi safexuris (bakalavriati) dadgenil xangrZlivobas (ro-
gorc wesi, 4 weli) da mieTiTeba dawesebulebis wesdebaSi. profesorisa da
studentisTvis warmomadgenlobiTi sabWos wevris statusis Sewyvetis sa-
fuZvelia am umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebasTan misi Sesabamisi
akademiuri an SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta.
warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo SeimuSavebs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebis wesdebas akademiuri sabWos monawileobiT da dasamtkiceblad
warudgens saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros, Sei-
muSavebs da amtkicebs dawesebulebis Sinaganawess, umaRlesi saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebis eTikis kodeqssa da disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis
normebs, amtkicebs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis biujetis
Sedgenis wessa da struqturuli erTeulebis debulebebs.
warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo axorcielebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sxva
funqciebsac;
c. reqtori
1918 wels
reqtori warmoadgens umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, qveynis daarsebuli
universitetis
SigniT da gareT, akademiur da samecniero sferoebSi. igi uflebamosilia,
pirveli reqtori
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saxeliT dados garigebebi da iyo petre
SeTanxmebebi. reqtoris Tanamdebobaze piri SeiZleba arCeul iqnes zedized meliqiSvili.
mxolod orjer;
d. administraciis xelmZRvaneli
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebis administraciis xelmZRvanels warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo amtkicebs
akademiuri sabWos wardginebiT, faruli kenWisyriT.
administraciis xelmZRvaneli umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas
warmoadgens safinanso-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. igi xelmZRvanelobs
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis administracias. administraciis
xelmZRvaneli uflebamosilia, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
saxeliT dados finansuri da ekonomikuri garigebebi.
administraciis xelmZRvaneli axorcielebs kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalis-
winebul sxva funqciebsac;
e. xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuri
saswavlo da samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba, agreTve, misi personalis pro-
fesiuli ganviTarebis xarisxi eqvemdebareba sistematur Sefasebas. masSi
monawileobas iReben am dawesebulebis studentebi. Sefasebis Sedegebi sa-
jaro da xelmisawvdomia yvela dainteresebuli pirisTvis.

275
11 umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba uzrunvelyofs swavlebis xaris­
xis maRal dones swavlis, swavlebisa da Sefasebis Tanamedrove danergvis
gziT. am mizniT dawesebulebaSi arsebobs xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsa­
xuri. mis xelmZRvanels amtkicebs warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo akademiuri
sabWos wardginebiT.
f. saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
piris marTvis Taviseburebani
saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mier ganxorcielebul
saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis mizniT saqarTvelos mTavroba qmnis re­gent­
Ta sabWos.
regentTa sabWo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas dasamtkiceblad
warudgens administraciis xelmZRvanelis kandidaturas da amtkicebs umaR­
lesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis biujets.
regentTa sabWo axorcielebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva ufleba­
mosilebebs, magram aman ar unda gamoiwvios umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis avtonomiis SezRudva.
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvis dros uzrunvelyofil
unda iqnes umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis gadawyvetilebebis,
marTvis organoebis angariSebisa da samarTlebrivi aqtebis sajarooba, aka­
demiuri personalisa da studentTa akademiuri Tavisufleba, maTi mona­
wileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

• umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis akademiuri personalis

ZiriTadi uflebebi da movaleobebi
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis akademiuri personali Sedgeba
profesorebisa da asistentebisgan. profesorebi warmarTaven da monawi­
leoben saswavlo processa da kvlevebSi. asistentebi ki axorcieleben sase-
minaro da kvleviT samuSaoebs.
umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi (igulisxmeba, rogorc saja-
ro, aseve kerZo) akademiuri Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeiZleba mxolod Ria
konkursis wesiT.
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri - umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebis akademiur personals ufleba aqvs, monawileoba miiRos umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvaSi, Carevis gareSe ganaxorcie-
los swavleba, kvleva, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba da samecniero naSromebis
gamoqvey­neba, damoukideblad gansazRvros saswavlo kursis programebis
(silabusebis) Sinaarsi, swavlebis meTodebi da saSualebebi.
akademiuri personali valdebulia, daicvas umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebis wesdebis moTxovnebi, daicvas eTikis kodeqsi da discip­
linuri pasuxismgeblobis normebi, Seasrulos SromiTi xelSekrulebiT na-
kisri movaleobebi.
• studentis ZiriTadi uflebebi da movaleobebi. studenturi TviT­
mmarTveloba
students ufleba aqvs:
• miiRos xarisxiani umaRlesi ganaTleba;
• monawileoba miiRos mecnierul kvlevebSi;
• isargeblos umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mate­rialur-
teqnikuri, sabiblioTeko, sainformacio da sxva saSualebebiT;

276
 • sayovelTao, pirdapiri da Tanaswori arCevnebis safuZvelze faru-
li kenWisyriT airCios warmomadgeneli da arCeul iqnes studentur
TviTmmarTvelobaSi, aseve, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
bisa da ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo erTeulis marTvis organoebSi;
• kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT gadavides sxva umaRles
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi da gadaitanos misTvis gankuTvni-
11
li saxelmwifo dafinanseba;
• saxelmwifosgan, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisgan an
sxva wyaroebidan miiRos stipendia, finansuri an materialuri daxma-
reba, agreTve, sxva saxis SeRavaTebi;
• airCios saganmanaTleblo programa, agreTve, monawileoba miiRos
individualuri saganmanaTleblo programis SemuSavebaSi;
• periodulad Seafasos akademiuri personali.
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos
studentis codnis samarTliani Sefaseba.
studenti valdebulia:
• iswavlos saganmanaTleblo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela
savaldebulo sagani, agreTve, is, romelic sakuTari surviliT air-
Cia;
• daicvas umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis wesdeba da
Sinagana­wesi.
studenturi TviTmmarTveloba saqmianobas axorcielebs debulebis sa-
fuZvelze. studenturi TviTmmarTveloba:
• uzrunvelyofs studentTa monawileobas umaRlesi saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebulebis marTvaSi;
• xels uwyobs studentTa uflebebis dacvas;
• irCevs warmomad-
genlebs ZiriTa-
di saganmanaT-
leblo erTeu-
lis sabWoSi;
• uflebamosilia,
SeimuSaos wina-
dadebebi umaR­
lesi saganmana­T­
leblo dawese-
bulebis marTvis
sistemisa da swa­
v­­­le­­bis xarisxis
gasaumjobeseb-
lad.
studenturi TviTmmaT-
veloba damoukidebelia
da umaRlesi saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebis
administracias ufleba
ara aqvs, Caerios stu-
denturi TviTmmarT-
velobis saqmianobaSi.

277
11 kazusis amoxsna
universitetis sarCels aqvs warmatebis perspeqtiva, Tu igi dasabuTebu-
lia. sarCeli dasabuTebulia, Tu saministros gadawyvetileba ukanonoa.
saministros gadawyvetileba ukanonoa, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba ,,umaR­
lesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanons da kanonmdeblobis sxva
normebs.
SevamowmoT gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba etapobrivad:
saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwi­
fo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos qveynis saganmanaTleblo
sistemis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. es
norma saxelmwifos avaldebulebs, danergos umaRlesi ganaTlebis
sferoSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi, maT Soris, saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebis avtonomiis principi.
saqarTvelo 2005 wels SeuerTda e.w. boloniis process da iziarebs
boloniis procesis farglebSi miRebuli dokumentebiT gaTvalis-
winebul principebsa da rekomendaciebs. 1999 wlis 19 ivnisis boloniis
deklaraciaSi (evropis ganaTlebis ministrebis erToblivi deklara-
cia) aRniSnulia, rom swored universitetebis damoukidebloba da
avtonomia uzrunvelyofs umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvlevis mudmiv
Sesabamisobas cvalebad saWiroebebTan, sazogadoebis moTxovnebsa da
mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebasTan.
,,umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirve-
li punqtis ,,g” da ,,d” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi umaRlesi
ganaTlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania maRali xarisxis umaRlesi ga-
naTlebis SeTavazeba dainteresebuli pirebisTvis, aseve, samecnie-
ro kvlevis pirobebis Seqmna, uzrunvelyofa da ganviTareba. am miznis
misaR­wevad, kanonis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis ,,v’’ qvepunqtis safuZ-
velze, saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos umaRlesi saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebis avtonomia. ,,umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis ,,b” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, avtono-
mia gulisxmobs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisa da misi
ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo erTeulis (fakultetis) Tavisuflebas,
damoukideblad gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos akademiuri, safi-
nanso – ekonomikuri da administraciuli saqmianoba. kanonis me-2
muxlis ,,g” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, akademiuri Tavisufleba aris aka-
demiuri personalisa da studentebis ufleba, damoukideblad ga-
naxorcielon samecniero kvleva, swavleba da swavla.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs normas, romlis mixedviTac
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro uflebamosilia, aukrZalos
umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas samecniero kvlevis
ganxor­cieleba. samecniero kvlevebs damoukideblad axorcielebs
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba.
vinaidan saministros gadawyvetileba ar eyrdnoba konkretul
samarTlebriv normas, zemoaRniSnul gadawyvetilebas ar aqvs
samarTlebrivi safuZveli. saministros gadawyvetileba arRvevs
ganaTlebis sferoSi damkvidrebul principebs (avtonomia, akade­
miuri Tavisufleba).
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sarCels
aqvs warmatebis perspeqtiva.

278
 9. ganaTlebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba xdeba Sida da
gare meqanizmebis saSualebiT. ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis xelSewyo-
bis Sida meqanizmebi xorcieldeba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mier,
ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis gare meqanizmebs - avto­
rizaciasa da akreditacias, axorcielebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
11
kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ra
unda gakeTdes
ganaTlebis xarisxis
gasaumjobeseblad?

mecnierebis saministros mier dafuZnebuli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli

piri - ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centri.

9.1.  avtorizacia
avtorizacia aris saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis statusis mopovebis
procedura. skola, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba da umaR­
lesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebas
moipovebs mxolod avtorizaciis proceduris warmatebiT gavlis SemTxve­
vaSi. avtorizacia savaldebuloa rogorc kerZo, aseve sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli pirisTvis.
arsebobs avtorizaciis sami standarti:
b. saganmanaTleblo programebi;
c. materialuri resursi;
d. adamianuri resursi.
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas unda hqondes xarisxiani saganmanaTleblo
programebi, materialuri resursi da unda hyavdes saTanado kvalifikaciis
maswavleblebi an/da akademiuri personali.
avtorizaciis gavlis SemTxvevaSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas ufleba
aqvs, miiRos moswavleebi, profesiuli studentebi an studentebi da gasces
kvalifikaciis damadasturebeli dokumenti.
9.5.  akreditacia
akreditaciis mizania ukve avtorizebuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
konkretuli saganmanaTleblo programis xarisxis dadgena.
skolisTvis akreditacia ar aris savaldebulo da moswavle vauCers miiRebs
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu skola avtorizebulia, magram misi programebi ar aris
akreditebuli.
profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisTvis akreditacia ar aris
savaldebulo, magram, Tu profesiuli programa ar aris akreditebuli,
profesiuli studenti ver miiRebs saxelmwifo dafinansebas. saxelmwifo
afinansebs mxolod im profesiuli saganmanaTleblo programis students ,
romelsac gavlili aqvs akreditacia. gamonaklisia qarTuli enisa da libe­

279
11 raluri ganaTlebis saganmanaTleblo programebi. maTi ganxorcieleba
SesaZ­lebelia mxolod akreditaciis gavlis SemTxvevaSi.
akreditacia, aseve, ar aris savaldebulo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebisTvis. mas SeuZlia, akreditaciis gareSe ganaxorcielos programa
da gasces diplomi, magram, Tu programa ar aris akreditebuli, aseT prog­
ramaze swavlis ganmavlobaSi studenti ver miiRebs saxelmwifo dafinan­
sebas. amasTan, arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi. kerZod, regulirebadi
(iuridiuli, pedagogiuri, samedicino), maswavleblis momzadebisa da qar­
Tul enaSi momzadebis saganmanaTleblo programebis, aseve, doqtoran-
turis saganmanaTleblo programis ganxorcieleba, SesaZlebelia mxolod
akreditaciis gavlis SemTxvevaSi.
arsebobs akreditaciis xuTi standarti:
a. saganmanaTleblo programis mizani, swavlis Sedegebi da maTTan
programis Sesabamisoba;
b. swavlebis meTodologia da organizeba, programis aTvisebis Se-
fasebis adekvaturoba;
c. moswavleebis/studentebis miRwevebi, maTTan individualuri
muSaoba;
d. swavlebis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa;
e. swavlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.

280
 instituti
saarCevno samarTali

1. arCevnebi, rogorc politikuri da samarTlebrivi

12
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saubrisas mokled SevexeT adamianis samoqalaqo
da politikur uflebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am uflebaTa realiza­
ciis Sedegad monawileobs adamiani saxelmwifos marTvaSi, gansazRvravs
qveynis ganviTarebis kurss, erTi sityviT, adamiani, rogorc sazogadoebis
wevri da srulfasovani moqalaqe, mxolod samoqalaqo da politikur ufle­
baTa daculobis pirobebSi axerxebs sakuTari Tavis realizacias.
mocemuli Tavi miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvelis yuradReba gaamaxvilos samoqa­
laqo da politikur uflebaTa Soris umniSvnelovanesze- saarCevno ufle­ kiTxva: Tqveni
baze. misi roli ganuzomelia nebismieri demokratiuli saxelmwifos cxov­ azriT, ratom aris
rebaSi, sadac xelisuflebis Secvla swored arCevnebis gziT xorcieldeba. mniSvnelovani
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom demokratiuli xelisuflebis
arCevnebis gziT
saxelmwifosTvis arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenaa, xolo Secvla?
adamianisTvis - umTavresi mniSvnelobis samoqalaqo da politikuri ufle­
ba.
logikurad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ra ganapirobebs arCevnebis esoden did mniSvne­
lobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi? demokratiul qveyanaSi swored arCev­
nebi uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas xelisuflebaSi
arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. faqtobrivad, arCevnebi is meqanizmia,
romliTac amomrCeveli sazRvravs ara mxolod imas, Tu vin unda marTos
kiTxva: Tqveni
qveyana, aramed imasac, Tu rogori unda iyos qveynis ganviTarebis kursi uax­ azriT, ratom
loes momavalSi. demokratia xom `xalxis mmarTvelobas~ niSnavs, Tumca gansazRvravs
SeuZlebelia xalxma, ramdenime milionma moqalaqem, uSualod marTos arCevnebi qveynis
saxelmwifo, Sesabamisad, isini irCeven warmomadgenlebs, romlebic maTi ganviTarebis kurss?
saxeliT axorcieleben mmarTvelobas. aRniSnuls xSirad warmomad­
genlobiT demokratiasac uwodeben. bunebrivia, warmomad­
genlobiTi demokratia ar xorcieldeba qaoturad, mas ar
aqvs spontanuri an stiqiuri xasiaTi, igi kargad aris
gawe­rili uSualod saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenil saarCevno wesebSi.
arCevnebi, rogorc adamianTa mier politi­
kuri nebis gamoxatvis umTavresi saSuale­
ba da misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi ufleba,
asaxulia 1948 wlis gaeros adamianis
uflebaTa sayovel­Tao deklaraciaSi, ro­
melic ambobs:

`xalxis neba unda iyos mTavrobis xelisuflebis safuZveli: es neba

unda gamoixatos periodul da arafalsificirebul arCevnebSi,
faruli kenWisyriT an TanabarmniSvnelovani formebiT, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis Tavisuflebas~.
marTlac, Tu Cven vambobT, rom adamiani warmoadgens nebismieri saxelmwi­
fosTvis umTavres samarTlebriv sikeTes, rom saxelmwifo Seqmnilia ada­
mianTaTvis da ara piriqiT, realuria, rom adamians unda hqondes ufleba,
kiTxva: imsjeleT,
monawileoba miiRos im qveynis marTvaSi, romlis moqalaqec Tavad aris, anu ratom aris arCevnebi
moqalaqes unda SeeZlos, marTos Tavis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo. qveynis marTvaSi
monawileobis
gaxsovT, albaT, rodesac vsaubrobdiT saxelmwifos arsze, aRvniSneT, rom
forma?
erT-erTi umTavresi piroba imisTvis, rom saxelmwifo CaiTvalos Semdga­
rad, aris legitimuri xelisuflebis arseboba. legitimuria xelisufleba,
romelsac aRiarebs xalxi da mis mier dadgenil kanonebs miiCnevs saval­
debulod. maSin, rodesac xelisuflebis arsebobas ecleba kanonieri safuZ­
veli, igi kargavs legitimurobas.

281
12 istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi,
gansxvavebul qveynebSi,
xelisuf­leba sxvadasxva gziTa
da meTodebiT cdilobda saku­
Tari Tavis legitimacias.
magali­Tad, Sua saukuneebis ev­
ludoviko XIV

ropul monarqiebSi mefe RvTi­s

mier xeldasmul mmarTvelad
iTvleboda, romlis Zalauf­
lebac, arc meti arc naklebi,
TviT RmerTis nebidan gamom­
dinareobda. amdenad, adamiane­
bi valdebulni iyvnen pativi
ecaT, ara imdenad mefis xeli­
suflebisTvis, ramdenadac
misi Zalauflebis udavo da
ualternativo wyarosTvis,
RvTi­s nebisTvis. Tumca, ro­
gorc istoria gvaCvenebs, le­
gitimaciis amgvari xerxi iSvia­
Tad amarTlebda. evropisTvis
ar iyo ucxo ajanyebebi, revo­
luciebi, xelisuflebis Zalis­
mieri gziT Secvlis praqtika.
kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ra iyo Tanamedrove samyaroSi praq­
imis mizezi, rom tikulad SeuZlebelia, adami­
sazogadoebas
anebs Tavs moaxvio erTi adami­
xSirad epareboda
eWvi, monarqis anis absoluturi, SeuzRudavi
xelisuflebis Zalaufleba im motiviT, rom es
RvTiur sawyisSi? uflis nebaa da adamianebs masTan araferi esaqmebaT. xelisuflebis legit­
imaciis yvelaze martiv da ualternativo formas warmoadgens ara adamiane­
bisTvis garkveuli Sexedulebebis Tavs moxveva, aramed adamianebis CarTva
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis procesSi, anu maTTvis saarCevno uflebis mini­
Weba da misi realizacia. marTlac, moqalaqeebi aRiareben TavianT arCeul
sajaro xelisuflebas. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelisufleba ar amarTlebs
molodinsa da imedebs, sazogadoebam icis, rom momdevno arCevnebze eqneba
saSualeba xelisuflebis mSvidobiani gziT gadarCevis. amdenad, demokra­
tiul sazogadoebaSi revoluciebis, ajanyebebis, xelisuflebis damxobis
albaToba Zalze mcirea, rac, bunebrivia, gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom xal­
xis mier demokratiuli gziT arCeuli mTavroba, rogorc wesi, legitimaciis
Zalze maRali xarisxis matarebelia.
im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebis bedi, rogorc wesi, xalxis neba-survilzea
damokidebuli, maRalia mTavrobis mier sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblo­
bis gancda. aseT saxelmwifoebSi naklebad aqvs adgili adamianis uflebebis
darRvevas im martivi mizezis gamo, rom qveynis saTaveSi myofi politiku­
ri jgufi cdilobs, ar gaanawyenos amomrCeveli, raTa momdevno arCevnebze
SeinarCunos sakuTari Zalaufleba.
imisTvis, rom arCevnebma, rogorc politikurma da samarTlebrivma insti­
tutma, srulfasovnad imuSaos da moqalaqeTa politikuri neba realurad
gamoxatos, aucilebelia, rom is garkveul kriteriumebs akmayofilebdes.
aRniSnuli kriteriumebi, iseve rogorc saarCevno wesebi, sxvadasxva qvey­
nis kanonmdeblobaSi gansxvavebuladaa gawerili, Tumca arsebobs ramdenime
ZiriTadi principi, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia nebismieri qveynis mier,
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes moqalaqeTa Tavisufali arCevani. aRniSnuli
zogadi principebi sakmaod kargad aris gawerili Cven mier zemoT naxseneb
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac:

282
 `xalxis neba unda gamoixatos periodul da arafalsificirebul
arCevnebSi, faruli kenWisyriT, an TabarmniSvnelovani formebiT,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis Tavisuflebas~.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, rom arCevnebi unda atarebdes peri­

12
odul xasiaTs, raTa realurad iyos uzrunvelyofili moqalaqeTa mier sa­
kuTari politikuri nebis gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. arCevnebis periodu­
loba uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis cvalebadobas. igi, aseve, zrdis
mmarTve­li jgufis angariSvaldebulebis gancdas xalxis mimarT. swored kiTxva: imsjeleT
amitom msoflios yvela- met-naklebad demokratiul qveyanaSi, arCevnebi arCevnebis
tardeba garkveuli periodulobiT (magaliTad, oTx an xuT weliwadSi erT­ periodulobis
xel). principze.
eTanxmebiT Tu ara
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani piroba, romelsac arCevnebi unda akmayofileb­ mas? ratom?
des, gaxlavT misi namdviloba. imisaTvis, rom arCevnebma uzrunvelyos poli­
tikuri procesebis sijansaRe, dauSvebelia misi gayalbeba. aseT dros,
arCevnebi kargavs yovelgvar azrs da emsgavseba Teatralur sanaxaobas, ro­
melic ubralod politikuri procesebis fasads qmnis. riski imisa, rom
sazogadoeba ar miiRebs gayalbebuli arCevnebis Sedegad mosul xelisuf­
lebas, Zalze didia. istorias axsovs araerTi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor
gausworda sazogadoeba, arCevnebis gayalbebis Sedegad, qveynis saTaveSi

kiTxva: xom ver

gaixsenebdiT
demonstracia kairoSi, tahriris moedanze (egvipte) msgavs SemTxvevebs
mosul Zalas. msoflios uaxlesi
istoriidan?
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia arCevnebis demok­
imsjeleT maT
ratiulobis kidev erT kriteriumad asaxelebs arCevnebis farulobas. Sesaxeb.
marTlac, adamianis mier dafiqsirebuli arCevani farulia, aravis aqvs
ufleba, icodes, Tu vis misca xma konkretulma pirma. aRniSnuli, upirve­
les yovlisa, emsaxureba uSualod amomrCevlis dacvas, raTa aravin scados
masze gadawyvetilebis Sesacvlelad raime gavlenis moxdena. amomrCeveli
damoukidebeli unda iyos sakuTar arCevanSi.
aRniSnuli principebi sakmaod zogadia da warmoadgens demokratiuli arCev­
nebis CatarebisTvis saWiro ZiriTad pirobebs, romelTa dacvac aucilebe­
lia, Tumca, mxolod am principebis dacva ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, rom
realurad iqnes uzrunvelyofili moqalaqeTa mier politikuri arCevanis
Tavisufleba.

283
12 SesaZloa, arCevnebi iyos farulic, iyos peri­
odulic, ar xdebodes arCevnebis Sedegebis
gayalbeba, magram, realurad, igi saerTod ver
asaxavdes sazogadoebis ganwyobasa da xalxis
mier gakeTebul politikur arCevans. aRniSnu­
lis brwyinvale magaliTs warmoadgens sabWoTa
kavSirSi Catarebuli arCevnebi, romelic erTi
SexedviT qmnida sazogadoebis erTsulovnebis
gancdas, realurad ki, warmoadgenda dasavle­
Tis saxelmwifoTaTvis dadgmul speqtakls,
romlis meSveobiTac kremli cdilobda, msof­
liosTvis eCvenebina, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi ar­
sebuli reJimi TiTqos sazogadoebis upirobo
mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. mas araferi hqonda
saerTo imasTan, rasac Tanamedrove msoflio
saarCevno demokratias uwodebs. aRniSnuli,
upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia arCev­
anis faqtobrivi ararsebobiT. sazoga­ doebas
uwevda arCevani gaekeTebina komunisturi
partiis mier wardgenili erTaderTi kandida­
tis sasargeblod. ar arsebobda politikuri
pluralizmi, mravalpartiuloba. gansxvave­
buli azris qona ubralod akrZaluli iyo. es
iyo arCevnebi arCevanis gareSe. Sesabamisad,
SegviZlia davaskvnaT: imisTvis, rom arCevnebi
CaiTvalos demokratiulad, xolo moqalaqeTa
saarCevno ufleba realizebulad, aucilebe­
lia, arsebobdes arCevani. aucilebelia, rom
dainteresebul pirs hqondes saSualeba, war­
moadginos sakuTari kandidatura da srulad
CaerTos qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur pro­
cesebSi.
kidev erTi naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom arCev­
nebis maRal doneze Catareba ar niSnavs
saarCevno uflebis realizebas, gaxlavT Ta­
namedrove iranis islamuri respublika, sadac
xmis micemisa da daTvlis procedura tardeba
demokratiuli standartebis sruli dacviT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom unaklodac. maSin ra aris
mTava­ri? mTavaria is, rom sazogadoeba im­
TaviTve SezRudulia arCevanSi. marTalia iq,
gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSirisgan, arCevneb­
Si erTze meti kandidati monawileobs, magram
TiToeuli kandidatis SerCeva xdeba islamuri
revoluciis guSagTa sabWos mier. Sesabamisad,
arCevnebSi gamoricxulia iseTi kandidatis
monawileoba, romelic iranis umaRlesi aiaTo­
lasa da masTan arsebuli islamuri revoluci­
is guSagTa sabWos xedvas ar akmayofilebs. aR­
niSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom iranis arCevnebi, msgavsad sabWoTa kav­
Siris arCevnebisa, arc meti arc naklebi, war­
moadgens RonisZiebas, sadac realurad ar xde­
ba arCevanis gakeTeba, sadac sazogadoeba sxvis
mier gakeTebul arCevans sakuTari monawileo­
biT adasturebs.

284
amrigad, arCevnebis demokratiulobis Sesabamisad, saarCevno uflebis
reali­zaciis umTavres pirobas, garda zemoT ganxiluli sami principisa,
warmoadgens arCevnebis sayovelTaoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela dain­
teresebul pirsa da politikur Zalas saarCevno procesSi srulad CarTvis
Tanabari saSualeba unda hqondes.
12
2. saarCevno sistema
imisTvis, rom arCevnebma, rogorc politikurma da samarTlebrivma insti­
tutma, iarsebos, aucilebelia sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs arCevnebis
Sedegebis saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi praqtikul danergvas. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, aucilebelia normaTa erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs
arCevnebis Catarebisa da saarCevno organos formirebis, aRniSnul organo­
Si adgilebisa da mandatebis ganawilebis wess. aRniSnul normaTa erToblio­
ba jamSi qmnis saarCevno kanonmdeblobas.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saarCevno sistema warmoadgens
principebisa da meTodebis erTobliobas, romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba,
erTi mxri­v, saarCevno proceduris warmarTva, meore mxriv ki, miRebuli
xmebis mandatebSi gadayvana.
ufro zogadad rom visaubroT aRniSnul sakiTxze, saarCevno sistemam
unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebis
jgufTa mier sakuTari warmomadgenlis samarTliani arCeva. rogorc wesi,
arCevnebSi gamarjvebulad cxaddeba is, vinc met xmas miiRebs (maJoritaru­
li principi), an ubralod arCevnebSi miRebul xmaTa raodenoba proporci­
ulad nawildeba arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebze (proporciuli principi).
Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben ori tipis saarCevno sistemas- maJoritarulsa
da proporciuls. garda aRniSnulisa, arsebobs iseTi saarCevno sistemebi,
sadac Tanabrad gamoiyeneba, rogorc erTi, ise meore principi. aseT siste­
mebs Sereul saarCevno sistemebadac moixsenieben. msgavsi sistemebi Ziri­
Tadad axalgazrda, gardamaval etapze myofi, saxelmwifoebisTvisaa dama­
xasiaTebeli. gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa, sadac moqmedebs arCevnebis,
rogorc maJoritaruli, ise proporciuli wesi. maJoritaruli sistemiT
xdeba, magaliTad, saqarTvelos prezidentis, qalaqis meris, sakanonmdeblo
da warmomadgenlobiT organoTa deputatebis nawilis arCeva (e.w. maJori­
tari deputatebi). proporciuli sistema ki moqmedebs parlamentisa da sxva
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos arCevnebis
dros.

saarCevno sistemebi:

proporciuli sistema

maJoritaruli sistema

Sereuli sistema

285
12 3. saarCevno samarTali
3.1.  arCevnebi, rogorc konstituciiT daculi samarTlebrivi
sikeTe
saqarTvelos konstituciiT saarCevno ufleba uzrunvelyofili da da­
culi uflebaa. aRniSnuli, upirveles yovlisa, gamomdinareobs qveynis
umaR­lesi kanoniT ganmtkicebuli mmarTvelobis formis, demokratiuli
res­publikis ideidan. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis pirveli mux­
lis Tanaxmad, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyobilebis forma
aris demokratiuli respublika~. demokratiisa da respublikis principebi
ki upi­robod aRiarebs sazogadoebis monawileobas saxelmwifos marTvaSi.
ufro metic, demokratiis fundamenturi principebis Tanaxmad, xalxi aris
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis erTaderTi wyaro. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqa­
laqeebi wyveten, Tu vin iqneba saxelmwifos mmarTveli. aRniSnuli idea mka­
kiTxva: fiod aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlSic, romlis Tanaxmad:
rogor gesmiT
konstituciis
norma? Tqveni 1. “saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa
azriT, rogor xalxi. saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konsti­
SeiZleba xalxi
iyos xelisuflebis
tuciiT dadgenil farglebSi.
wyaro? 2. xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs referendumis,
uSualo demokratiis sxva formebisa da Tavisi warmo­
madgenlebis meSveobiT.
3. aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos, an ukanonod moipo­
vos xelisufleba.

ix. Tavi
4. saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis
sakonstitucio danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT.~
samarTlis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli muxliT saqarTvelos konstitucia calsaxad ambobs, rom qvey­

anaSi legitimuria mxolod is xelisufali, romelic qveynis saTaveSi xal­
xis nebis Sesabamisad movida. erTi mxriv, es aris kidev erTi dadastureba
demokratiis principebis erTgulebis, xolo, meore mxriv, aRniSnuli muxli
awesebs moqalaqis saarCevno uflebis dacvis umaRles sakanonmdeblo stan­
darts.

3.2.  saarCevno uflebis arsi

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod bevri visaubreT arCevnebis, rogorc politi­
kuri da samarTlebrivi institutis Sesaxeb, mimovixileT misi konstituci­
uri garantiebi, kvlav aqtualuria kiTxva, Tu ras warmoadgens saarCevno
ufleba Tavisi arsiT? magaliTad, Cven aRvniSneT, rom xelisuflebis wyaroa
xalxi, Sesabamisad, adamianebma arCevnebis gziT unda daafiqsiron, Tu vin
iqneba qveynis mmarTveli. aseT dros logikurad Cndeba kiTxva, xom ar xdeba
saarCevno uflebis Selaxva maSin, rodesac xdeba mTavrobis wevrebis da­
niSvna? xom ar ajobebda, rom deputatebis msgavsad, mTavrobis wevrebic
agverCia? SesaZloa, erTi mxriv, aRniSnuli savsebiT gamarTlebuli iyos,
Tumca, meore mxriv, SesaZloa, arc iyos mTavrobis wevrebis daniSvnis
aucilebloba. moqalaqeTa mier isedac xom xdeba prezidentis, rogorc
saxelmwifos umaRlesi warmomadgenlis da parlamentis, rogorc qveynis
sakanonmdeblo organos arCeva? xmis micemiT sazogadoeba aRniSnul insti­
tutebs ucxadebs ndobas da aZlevs uflebas, isaubros maTi saxeliT. Sesa­
bamisad, parlamentis da prezidentis mier mTavrobis wevrTa daniSvna niS­
navs, rom isini xalxis mier arCeulma institutebma daamtkica, ramdenadac
am institutebs aqvT legitimuri ufleba isaubros xalxis saxeliT,
igulisxme­ba, rom mTavrobis wevrTa daniSvna moxda xalxis nebis Sesabamisad.
calkeul saxelmwifoebSi gvxvdeba iseTi sistema, sadac prezidents irCevs
ara xalxi, aramed parlamenti. aseT SemTxvevaSi, logika igivea. parlamenti

286
aris xalxis mier legitimurad arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo, rome­
lic axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas da rogorc xalxis warmo­
madgeneli, uflebamosilia isaubros xalxis saxeliT. aRniSnulidan gamom­
dinare mivdivarT logikur daskvnamde, romlis Tanaxmadac, SesaZloa, rom
xelisuflebis calkeuli organoebi ar iyos arCeuli xalxis mier, Tumca
sakanonmdeblo organo aucileblad arCevnebis gziT unda dakompleqtdes,
12
kiTxva: imsjeleT
aRniSnul sakiTxze,
Tqveni azriT, ratom
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas ubralod ar eqneba saSualeba qveynis
marTvaSi monawileobis miRebisa, Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis legitimuro­ aris aucilebeli
sakanonmdeblo
bis sakiTxi dadgeba eWvqveS. organos
aRniSnuli idea aRiarebulia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarte­ arCevnebis wesiT
biTac. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli damatebiTi dakompleqteba?
oqmi, romelic 1952 wels iqna miRebuli, pirdapir moiTxovs xelmomweri
saxelmwifoebisgan, rom qveynis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
dakompleqtdes mxolod sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT. saxalxo
suvereniteti
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis arsi, zogadad, SegviZlia gavigoT,
gamoixateba xalxis mier Tavis warmomadgenelTa arCevaSi, romelTac droe­ rogorc xalxis
biT gadascems suverenul uflebaTa ganxorcielebis mandats, Tumca es ar Zalaufleba, xalxis
niSnavs imas, rom xalxi Tavis warmomadgenlebs gadascems Tavis suvereni­ suverenuli ufleba
Tavad marTos
tets, anu uflebas, monawileoba miiRos saxelmwifos marTvaSi. saxalxo su­ sakuTari qveyana.
vereniteti gausxvisebelia, arCeuli xelisufleba angariSvaldebulia aRniSnulidan
xalxis winaSe. gamomdinare
SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom xalxi ki
ar emorCileba
xelisuflebas,
aramed
xelisuflebaa
xalxis samsaxurSi.

saarCevno uflebis arsze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania, SevexoT saarCevno

uflebis xasiaTs. saarCevno ufleba SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri da pasiuri. ras
niSnavs TiToeuli maTgani?
aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba gulisxmobs uflebas airCio warmomadgeneli,
anu monawileoba miiRo saarCevno procesSi, iyo amomrCeveli, anu subieqti,
romelic arCevnebis dRes saarCevno urnasTan iRebs saxelmwifos cxovrebis
Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebas. irCevs warmomadgenels, riTac
asrulebs sakuTar moqalaqeobriv vals.

287
12 3.3.  aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba
aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba aris moqalaqis ufleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom xmis
micemis ufleba aqvs mxolod im qveynis moqalaqes, sadac arCevnebi tarde­
ba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebiT
ver isargebleben saqarTveloSi myofi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi. qarTu­
li kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba aqvs mxolod
saqarTve­los srulwlovan moqalaqes. amdenad, piri, romelsac surs arCev­
nebSi misTvis sasurvel kandidats misces xma, unda iyos saqarTvelos moqa­
laqe aranakleb 18 wlisa. es aris aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis erTaderTi Sez­
Rudva. sxva yvela SezRudva, magaliTad, qonebrivi, sqesobrivi, rasobrivi,
eTnikuri, religiuri niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciulia da ewinaaRmdegeba,
rogorc demokratiis sayovelTaod aRiarebul standartebs, ise adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebs da saxelmwifos uze­
naes kanons - konstitucias.
logikurad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba asakobrivi da moqalaqeobrivi
cenzis daweseba aqtiur saarCevno uflebaze? upirveles yovlisa iman, rom
sakuTari qveynis marTvaSi arCevnebis gziT monawileoba, garda uflebisa,
moqalaqis udides pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens. adamiani, faqtobrivad,
xdeba Semoqmedi sakuTari qveynis ganviTarebis procesisa. demokratiul
samyaroSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac erT xmasac ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs qveynis momavali xelisuflebis arCevisas da ganviTarebis savaraudo
kursis gansazRvrisas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
rom aseTi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba mxolod srulwlovan ada­
mians SeuZlia. ratom unda iyos es adamiani saqarTvelos moqalaqe? pasuxi
aRniSnul SekiTxvazec martivia, upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom saxelm­
wifo pasuxismgebelia sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaSe, ufro metic, moqalaqe
nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi Semadgeneli elementia. Sesabamisad, mxo­
lod moqalaqesa da saxelmwifos Soris SeiZleba is gansakuTrebuli mora­
kiTxva: eTanxmebiT luri, kulturuli Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTkavSiri, romelic imTaviTve
Tu ara asakobrivi gansazRvravs qveynis xasiaTs, mis saxes da rols Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
da moqalaqeobrivi amdenad, swored moqalaqe, rogorc saxelmwifos Semadgeneli umTavresi
cenzis arsebobas ele­menti, aris uflebamosili, miiRos monawileoba sakuTari qveynis marTva­
arCevnebze? pasuxi Si.
daasabuTeT.

288
 12
gadasatani yuTiT
xmis micemis
procedura

komisia, agreTve,
uzrunvelyofs im
adamianTa aqtiuri
saarCevno uflebis
ganxorcielebas,
romelTac
janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis
gamo ar SeuZliaT
3.4.  xmis micemis procedura
saarCevno ubanze
saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba mkac­ misvla da xmis
rad aris reglamentirebuli. detalurad aris gawerili kenWisyris proce­ micema. aseT dros
dura, amomrCevlis uflebebi da movaleobebi. kenWisyris procedura SegviZ­ amomrCeveli
lia Semdegnairad warmovidginoT: amomrCevlis mier xmis micema xdeba spe­ winaswar
axdens komisiis
cialurad gamoyofil saarCevno ubanze. xmis micemis proceduras koordi­
informirebas da
nacias uwevs saubno saarCevno komisia, romelic saarCevno ubnis gamarTul registrirdeba
funqcionirebaze agebs pasuxs. kerZod, uzrunvelyofs wesrigs, amomrCe­ saarCevno ubanze.
velTa registracias, darRvevebis aRmofxvras da maT dafiqsirebas Canawer­ arCevnebis dRes
Ta wignSi, erTi sityviT, komisia gansazRvravs xmis micemis proceduris komisiis wevrebs,
kanonTan SesabamisobaSi warmarTvas. saubno saarCevno komisia axorcielebs damkvirveblebTan
ubanze xmebis daTvlas da afiqsirebs Sedegebs Semajamebel oqmSi. saubno erTad,
amomrCevlisTvis
Semdeg Semajamebel oqms ugzavnis saolqo saarCevno komisias, romelic, Ta­ binaze miaqvT
vis mxriv, dajamebul Sedegebs acnobebs centralur saarCevno komisias. gadasatani saarCevno
arCevnebis TiToeul etapze, saarCevno komisia valdebulia, izrunos yuTi. Sesabamisad,
damkvir­veblebisTvis samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaze, gadasces maT Semajamebe­ xmis micema xdeba
li oqmebi, miiRos saCivrebi damkvirveblebisgan da moaxdinos maTze rea­ amomrCevlis
gireba. adgilsamyofelSi.
mas Semdeg, rac
saarCevno ubanSi Sesvlisas amomrCeveli saubno saarCevno komisiis wevrs gadasatan yuTs
warudgens saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis mowmobas an pasports, ris Sem­ miitanen yvela
degac igi gadis markirebis proceduras. kerZod, saarCevno komisiis wev­ amomrCevelTan,
ri ultraiisferi farnis danaTebiT amowmebs, aqvs Tu ara amomrCevels xdeba misi daluqva.
yuTi ixsneba
markireba. markireba niSnavs amomrCevlisTvis xelis cera TiTze TvaliT xmebis daTvlis
uxilavi, janmrTelobisTvis uvnebeli, qimiuri siTxis wasmas, romlis da­ proceduris
naxvac SesaZlebelia ultraiisferi danaTebiT. markirebis mizani gaxlavT dawyebisas.

markireba

289
12 erTi da imave amomrCevlis mier xmis mravaljeradi micemis gamoricxva. Se­
sabamisad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Semowmebisas saarCevno komisiis wevri daad­
gens piris markirebas, mas aRar miecema xmis micemis saSualeba. misi vinaoba
ki dafiqsirdeba komisiis mier. Tu amomrCevels Semowmebisas ar aRmoaCnda
markireba, komisiis wevri miuTiTebs Sesabamis saregistracio magidasTan.
amomrCeveli magidasTan mjdom registrators warudgens piradobis
mowmobas, ris Semdegac registratori gadaamowmebs amomrCevlis arse­
bobas saarCevno siaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadasturdeba amomrCevlis ar­
seboba siaSi, registratori axorcielebs amomrCevlis markirebas. Tuki es
ukanaskneli uars ityvis markirebis proceduraze, maSin mas aRar aqvs arCev­
nebSi monawileobis ufleba.

biuleteni
warmoadgens
erTgvar saarCevno
furcels, sadac
mocemulia saarCevno
subieqtebis sia.
amomrCevelma unda
Semoxazos mxolod
erTi sasurveli
markirebis proceduris Semdeg amomrCeveli siaSi xelmoweriT adasturebs
kandidati. saarCevno biuletenis miRebas, registratori biuletenis ukana mxares
dauSvebelia erT daamowmebs xelmoweriTa da beWdis dasmiT, ris Semdegac gadascems mas
biuletenSi erTze amomrCe­ vels (biuletenebis raodenoba SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes gamom­
meti kandidatis dinare arCevnebis xasiaTidan).
Semoxazva, aseve,
raime saxis
biuletenis miRebis Semdeg amomrCeveli Sedis kabinaSi, Tumca sanam amomrCe­
minaweris an naxatis veli Seva saarCevno kabinaSi, an manam, sanam biuletens moaTavsebs specia­
gakeTeba. aseT lur konvertSi, mas SesaZloa saubno saarCevno komisiis wevrebma an damkvir­
dros biuleteni veblebma mosTxovon Cveneba, Tu ra raodenobis biuleteni aqvs. amomrCeveli
CaiTvleba baTilad. valdebulia, daemorCilos aRniSnul moTxovnas. aRniSnuli qmedebis miza­
nia, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli erTi amomrCevlis mier dadgenil raodenobaze
meti biuletenis gamoyeneba.
saarCevno kabina
gaxlavT saarCevno amomrCeveli saarCevno kabinaSi Sedis marto, radgan man martom unda
ubanze specialurad Seavsos biuleteni da daafiqsiros sakuTari arCevani. saarCevno kabinaSi
gamoyofili, erTze meti piris yofna ikrZaleba, Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac
SemosazRvruli amomrCe­veli xandazmulobis, an sxva mizezis gamo ver axerxebs biuletenis
sivrce, sadac damoukideb­lad Sevsebas. aseT dros amomrCevels ufleba aqvs dasaxmareb­
amomrCeveli Sedis lad mimarTos nebismier pirs garda komisiis wevris, damkvirveblis, kandi­
marto da Semoxazavs
sasurvel kandidats.
datis an kandidatis warmomadgenlisa.
dauSvebelia roca amomrCeveli saarCevno kabinaSi daafiqsirebs Tavis arCevans, is kecavs
saarCevno kabinaSi biuletens ise, rom ar Candes, Tu vis misca xma. amis Semdeg igi midis saarCev­
saagitacio masalis no urnasTan axlos mdgar magidasTan, iRebs specialur konverts, sadac
ganTavseba. aTavsebs biuletens. komisiis wevrs xmis daTvlis proceduris dawyebamde
ekrZaleba raime formiT xmis micemis farulobis darRveva, rac SeiZleba ga­
moixatos konvertis gaxsnaSi, amomrCevlisTvis arCevanis Sesaxeb SekiTxvis
dasmaSi.
mas Semdeg rac amomrCeveli Cadebs biuletens konvertSi, igi midis saarCevno
urnasTan. rodesac komisiis wevri darwmundeba imaSi, rom amomrCevels erT
konvertze meti ar aqvs, igi xsnis saarCevno urnis Wrils, ris Semdegac amom­
rCeveli asrulebs xmis micemis process da dauyovneblad tovebs saarCevno
ubans.

290
 12

xmis daTvlis
procedura
SeiZleba aRniSnuli procedura droSi sakmaod gawelili moeCvenos
mkiTxvels, magram erTi amomrCevlis mier xmis micemis procesi, iSviaTad,
aWarbebs 3 wuTs. saarCevno ubnebi, arsebuli praqtikis mixedviT,
amomrCevelTaTvis ixsneba dilis 8 saaTze. arCevnebi mimdinareobs 12 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi, anu saRamos 8 saaTamde. saarCevno ubnis daxurva vadaze
adre CaiTvleba saarCevno wesebis darRvevad. ubnis daxurvis Semdeg xdeba
saarCevno urnis daluqva. urna ar ixsneba manam, sanam ar moxdeba mosuli
amomrCevlebis raodenobis Sedareba gacemuli biuletenebis raodenobasTan.
aRniSnuli mniSvnelovania arCevnebis gayalbebis faqtis gamosavlenad.
aRniSnuli proceduris Semdeg iwyeba xmebis daTvla, romelsac axorcielebs
saubno saarCevno komisiis 3 an 4 wevri. xmis daTvlis process akvirdebian
damkvirveblebi, romlebic uflebamosilni arian moiTxovon xmis daTvlis
procesis Semajamebeli oqmis asli, xolo komisia, rogorc es zemoT aRvniS­
neT, valdebulia, daakmayofilos damkvirveblis legitimuri moTxovna.

3.5.  pasiuri saarCevno ufleba

pasiuri saarCevno ufleba gulisxmobs moqalaqis uflebas Tavad iyos
arCeuli sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, pasiuri saarCevno ufleba aris moqalaqis ufleba, wamoayenos
sakuTari kandidatura, an gasces Tanxmoba misi kandidaturis wamoyenebaze
da arCevnebSi Tavad iyaros kenWi.
pasiuri saarCevno uflebis realizacia gacilebiT rTulia, vidre aqtiuri
saarCevno uflebisa, rac ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis in­
teresebiTa da damcavi meqanizmebiT. upirveles yovlisa, gacilebiT maRa­
lia asakobrivi cenzi. magaliTad, Tu xmis uflebis mosapoveblad sakmari­
sia, rom pirovneba iyos srulwlovani, imisTvis, rom igi airCion saqarTve­
los parlamentis wevrad, aucilebelia iyos minimum 21 wlis. saqarTvelos
prezidenti ver gaxdeba 35 wels miuRweveli pirovneba. garda aRniSnulisa,
pasiuri saarCevno uflebis realizaciis dros moqmedebs binadrobis cenzi,
rac imas gulisxmobs, rom arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakavebis msurveli,
garkveuli drois manZilze, mudmivad unda cxovrobdes saqarTveloSi. aR­
niSnuli uflebiT sargeblobisTvis, msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi, moq­
medebs moqalaqeobis cenzi, Tumca praqtikaSi gvaqvs erTob ucnauri SemTxve­
vebic, rodesac pirovnebas arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeuZlia maSinac,
rodesac is ar aris im konkretuli qveynis moqalaqe. aRniSnuli wesi, ro­
gorc aseTi, ZiriTadad vrceldeba evrokavSiris ramdenime qveyanaSi adgi­
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze, evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis moqa­
laqeTaTvis (anu, am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs moqalaqeobis cenzi, ubralod,

291
12
kiTxva: eTanxmebiT,
Tu ara aRniSnul
gadawyvetilebas?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
ufro gafarToebuli). 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze, saqarTvelos
parlamentma evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis moqalaqeebs mianiWa pasiuri da
aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba 2014 wlis pirvel ianvramde.
garda aRniSnulisa, aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba pirs SeiZleba SeezRudos im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ukve aris sajaro xelisuflebis romelime warmomadgen­
lobiTi organos wevri, magaliTad, Tu igi aris sakrebulos wevri da surs
kenWi iyaros parlamentSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas surs Tavisi kandidaturis
dayeneba, aucilebelia, rom aRniSnulma pirma moixsnas sakrebulos deputa­
tis uflebamosileba. analogiuri SezRudva vrceldeba zogierT araarCe­
viT Tanamdebobazec. magaliTad, ministrs ar aqvs ufleba iyaros kenWi da
paralelurad darCes Tanamdebobaze, imdenad, ramdenadac, arsebobs maRali
albaToba ministris mier sakuTari Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebisa.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, verc pasiuri da verc aqtiuri saarCevno uflebiT
ver sargebloben is moqalaqeebi, romlebic sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze iyvnen aRiarebuli qmeduunarod, aseve, msjavrdebulebi, ro­
melTa mimarTac ZalaSi Sevida sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni da sas­
jels ixdian saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi.

4. saarCevno samarTlis principebi

saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs im principebs, romel­
Ta dacviTac unda Catardes arCevnebi. saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsis
Tanaxmad, arCevnebisas unda iyos uzrunvelyofili monawileobis sayov­
elTao ufleba, daculi unda iyos Tanasworobis principi, arCevnebi unda
iyos pirdapiri, faruli da uzrunvelyofdes amomrCevlis nebis Tavisufal
gamov­lenas. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba gulisxmobs imas, rom TiToeuli moqala­
qisTvis, romelic akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs, Tanabrad
aris uzrunvelyofili, rogorc aqtiuri, ise pasiuri saarCevno ufleba.
Tanasworobis principi gulisxmobs imas, rom TiToeul amomrCevelsa da
garda pirdapirisa,
kandidats unda gaaCndes arCevnebSi monawileobisa da arCevnebis Sedegebze
arsebobs e.w.
iribi arCevnebis zemoqmedebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs imas, rom Ti­
praqtikac. aseT Toeul amomrCevels hqondes xmebis Tanabari raodenoba.
dros moqalaqeebi
irCeven delegats,
pirdapiri arCevnebi ewodeba iseT arCevnebs, rodesac pirovneba uSualod
xolo delegati irCevs sajaro warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrs, an Tavad airCeva uSualod
irCevs sajaro amomrCevelTa mier.
xelisuflebis
warmomadgenels.
arCevnebis farulobis principi, gulisxmobs imas, rom aravis aqvs ufleba
aseTi sistema icodes amomrCevlis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb xmebis daTvlis
moqmedebs aSS-Si. proceduramde. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, amomrCevlis dacvis
motiviT, raTa aravin ecados masze zegavlenis moxdenas, xolo, meore mxriv,
amomrCevlis mier agitacia-propagandis erTgvar prevencias emsaxureba.
amde­nad, arCevnebis faruli Catareba warmoadgens, ara mxolod amomrCevlis
uflebas, aramed es misi movaleobacaa.
nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis principi gulisxmobs imas, rom nebismieri
qmedeba, romelic zRudavs amomrCevlis mier nebis Tavisufal gamovlenas,
kiTxva: imsjeleT akrZalulia, aseve, dauSvebelia amomrCevlis nebaze kontroli.
saarCevno yovelive aRniSnuli naTlad warmoaCens arCevnebs, rogorc nebismieri
principebze. ratom
aris maTi dacva
saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanes samarTleb­
mniSvnelovani? riv, socialur da politikur institutsa da im udides pasuxismgeblobas,
romelic TiToeul moqalaqes ekisreba sakuTari qveynis marTvaSi monawi­
leobis miRebis dros.

292
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis zogadi mimoxilva

1.1.  saerTaSoriso organizaciis arsi
13
dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi saerTaSoriso organizacia arsebobs,
romelTa Sesaxebac, savaraudod, araerTxel smenia mkiTxvels. albaT
misTvis sainteresoa, Tu ras warmoadgens aRniSnuli saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciebi? ra roli da mniSvneloba ekisreba maT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos
cxovrebaSi?
saerTaSoriso organizacia, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
Seqmnil gaerTianebas warmoadgens, romelic, rogorc wesi, iqmneba
garkveuli saerTaSoriso amocanebis gadasaWrelad, an globalur
problemebTan sabrZolvelad11.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba da ganvi­
Tareba pirdapir kavSirSia saerTaSoriso sistemisa da misi umniSvnelovane­
si elementis, saxelmwifos Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebasTan. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, kacobrioba ganviTarebis manZilze aRmoCnda iseTi xasiaTis
problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe, romlebic Tanabrad uqmnis safrTxes
msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifos, xolo misi mogvareba, calke aRebuli
erTi romelime qveynisaTvis, Zalian rTuli, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebelic kiTxva: Tqveni
kia. aqedan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda saxelmwifoTa mier Zalebis gaerTiane­ azriT, ra
ba da TanamSromloba, raTa erToblivad gaumklavdnen saerTo problemebs, gamowvevebzea
saubari?
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saxelmwi­
foTa TanamSromlobis erTgvari formaa. unda aRiniSnos , rom saerTaSo­
riso organizaciebi ar gulisxmobs mxolod saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebas.
saerTaSoriso organizaciis miznebidan gamomdinare masSi, SesaZloa, gaer­
1 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291157/international-organization

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
tipebi

saxelmwifoTaSorisi arasamTavrobo
wiTeli jvris
gaero saerTaSoriso
komiteti

evrosabWo Amnesty International

evrokavSiri CARE

nato Save the Children

293
13 Tianebuli iyos, rogorc saxelmwifoebi, aseve, calkeul saxelmwifoebSi
moRvawe kompaniebi da organizaciebi. ganasxvaveben ori tipis saerTaSo­
riso organizacias: samTavrobo, anu saxelmwifoTaSoris saerTaSoriso
organizaciebs, rogoricaa: gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, evrosabWo,
evrokavSiri, nato da arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, rogo­
ricaa: wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti, Amnesty International, CARE, Save
the Children da a.S.
dRevandel msoflioSi moqmedebs gansxvavebuli iuridiuli statusis
mqone 59000 saerTaSoriso organizacia da yoveli maTgani gansxvavebul
miznebs emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba
kacobriobis progresis Sedegia, radgan saxelmwifoTa Soris diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebam, komunikaciisa da sainformacio
teqnologiebis sferoSi miRweulma progresma ara mxolod saxelmwifoTa
Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebas, aramed am saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb adamianTa
daaxloebasac Seuwyo xeli, xolo axalma globalurma problemebma da
gamowvevebma, maTi Zalebisa da saSualebebis gaerTianebis aucilebloba
ganapiroba.
winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT gansxvavebuli tipis saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebs, maTi saqmianobis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv meqanizmebs
da axlos gavicnobT yvelaze msxvil saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebs.

1.2.  saxelmwifoTaSorisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

imisTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT Tu
ras warmoadgens saxelmwifoTaSo­
risi saerTaSoriso organizacia,
mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu oriod
sityviT mimovixilavT uSualod
saerTaSoriso sistemas, romelic
warmoadgens nebismieri saerTaSo­
riso organizaciis moqmedebis mTa­
var sivrces. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Car­
Tulni arian saerTaSoriso siste­
iciT Tu ara, rom:
saxelmwifoTa maSi da isini aRniSnuli sistemis
Soris gaformebuli sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgenen.
saerTaSoriso 1648 w. vestfaliis zavis dadeba
SeTanxmebis Sedegad Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politi­
Seqmnili pirveli kur sistemas, sadac umTavresi moqmedi subieqti saxelmwifoa, safuZveli
saerTaSoriso 1648 wels vestfaliis zaviT Caeyara2 man Secvala manamde arsebuli Sua­
organizacia, saukuneebis evropuli saerTaSoriso da politikuri sistema, romelic bun­
saerTaSoriso
dovnad gansazRvrul religiur ierarqias emyareboda. swored vestfaliis
satelegrafo
kavSiria, romelic zavma daamkvidra saerTaSoriso politikursa da samarTlebriv urTierTo­
1865 wels parizSi bebSi suverenitetis cneba, rac, arsebiTad, gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwi­
miRebuli konvenciis fos mmarTveli, arc qveynis SigniT da arc qveynis farglebs gareT, ar
Sedegad dafuZnda. aRiareb­da Tavisze maRal an Tanaswor xelisufals. saxelmwifos umaRles
rigiT meore
xelisufals hqonda erTpirovnuli ufleba sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr
organizacia,
romelic ewarmeobina saSinao saqmeebi da gaetarebina is sagareo politikuri kursi,
analogiurad romelsac saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad miiC­
Seiqmna, iyo nevda. SegviZlia, Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom vestfaliis zavma daamkvidra
saerTaSoriso suvere­nuli saxelmwifos da e.w. eri-saxelmwifos gageba, romelic Tana­
safosto kavSiri,
medrove saerTaSoriso - politikuri sistemis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
romelic daarsda
1874 wels. dRes rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saerTaSoriso Se­
aRniSnuli kavSiris Tanxmebis Sedegad Seqmnili gaerTianebebia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven vsaub­
wevria msoflios 192
saxelmwifo.
2 al. rondeli `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~.

294
 13
erTa ligis asambleis pirveli sxdoma,
1920 weli

damfuZnebeli wevrebi, romlebic organizaciis erTa ligis mandati

arsebobis manZilze darCnen
damfuZnebeli wevrebi, romlebmac datoves arasdros yofilan erTa ligis
erTa liga da kvlav SeuerTdnen mas wevrebi
damfuZnebeli wevrebi, romlebmac datoves
organizacia
wevrTa koloniebi erTa liga
wevrebi, romlebic mogvianebiT SeuerTdnen da im wevrebis koloniebi, romelTac
bolomde darCnen datoves organizacia
wevrebi, romlebic gvian SeuerTdnen da
datoves erTa liga arawevri qveynebis koloniebi

robT iseTi tipis saerTaSoriso organizaciaze, rogoricaa evrosabWo da

euTo, bunebrivia, SeTanxmebis mxare - saxelmwifo, radganac aRniSnuli or­ kiTxva: mocemul
ganizaciebi sworedac, rom saxelmwifoTaSoris, e.w. samTavrobo saerTaSo­ TavSi CamoTvlili
saerTaSoriso
riso organizaciebis rigs miekuTvneba. es aris magaliTi imisa, rom msofli­
organizaciebis
os ramdenime saxelmwifo, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad, Tanxmdeba TanamSrom­ garda, romeli
lobis organizebuli formis gamonaxvaze, am SeTanxmebis Sedegad ki yalib­ saerTaSoriso
deba saerTaSoriso organizacia. organizaciebia
TqvenTvis cnobili?
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, garkveuli miznebis
misaRwevad iqmneba. es miznebi, sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,
regionSi usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobis dacva, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xel­
Sewyoba, sxvadasxva tipis saerTaSoriso gamowvevebTan brZola da a.S.
pirveli seriozuli Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifoTaSorisi saerTaSo-
riso organizacia - erTa liga, romelic 1919 -1920 wlebSi, pirveli msof-
lio omis Semdeg, versalis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze dafuZnda. mas Semdeg,
rac msofliom omis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi naxa, gadawyda, Seqmniliyo
saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba, romelic uzrunvelyofda ganiaraRebis pro­ iciT, Tu ara rom:
cess, daicavda mSvidobas da xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifoTa Soris davebis saxelmwifoTa
mSvidobian mogvarebas. miuxedavad deklarirebuli miznebisa, erTa liga pirveli
ver aRmoCnda mowodebis simaRleze, radgan ver SeZlo mTeli rigi saer­ saerTaSoriso
TaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis prevencia, maT Soris, meore msof­ kavSiri jer kidev Zv.
w. aR. me-6 saukuneSi
lio omis, romelsac mTlianad 50 milionze meti adamianis sicocxle Seewi­ Seiqmna peloponesis
ra. erTa ligam arseboba oficialurad 1946 wlis 20 aprils Sewyvita. igi naxevarkunZulze,
miiCneva msoflios udidesi saerTaSoriso organizaciis - gaeros (gaer­ berZnuli qalaq-
Tianebuli erebis organizacia) winamorbedad3. saxelmwifo spartis
garSemo, romelic
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra miznebs emsaxureba esa Tu is organizacia, ikveTeba istoriaSi cnobilia
ramdenime Tviseba, romelic yvela saxelmwifoTaSoris saerTaSoriso orga­ peloponesis
nizacias axasiaTebs: kavSiris,
peloponesis ligis
saxelwodebiT.
3 Challenges to traditional concept of sovereignty, Randall Baker, Indiana University, U.S.A. 2000

295
13 nebismieri saer-
TaSoriso organi-
zacia miznad
isaxavs xeli Seu-
wyos saxelmwifoTa
saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebi Tmo-
ben sakuTari suverenitetis nawils organizaciis sa-
sargeblod, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom nebismieri saxel-
mwifo, romelic gawevrianebulia romelime saerTaSori-
so organizaciaSi, moqmedebs ara uSualod sakuTari
SexedulebebiT, aramed saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier
TanamSromlobas,
SemuSavebuli meqanizmebis Sesabamisad1.
dasaxuli amo-
canebis gadaWris 1 UNOG (The United Nations Office in Geneva) Library ~The end of the
saqmeSi. League of Nations”, 2008.

zemoaRniSnulis brwyinvale magaliTia evrokavSiri, rogorc msoflios

erT-erTi udidesi saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba, romelic cdilobs praqti­
kaSi gaataros erTiani evropuli politika, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom gaer­
Tianebis wevri saxelmwifoebi swored mocemul saerTaSoriso organiza­
ciaze axdenen sakuTari kompetenciebis mniSvnelovani nawilis delegirebas,
risi Sedegicaa erTiani evropuli valutis - evros SemoReba, agreTve, er­
Tiani evropuli parlamentis Seqmna.
ukanasknel periodSi saxelmwifoTaSorisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. sul ufro meti qveyana cdilobs gaumklav­
des partniorebTan erTad mniSvnelovan globalur gamowvevebs (global­
uri ekologiuri problemebi, saerTaSoriso terorizmi, transnacionalu­
ri danaSauli). es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania SedarebiT patara da sus­
ti saxelmwifoebisTvis, radgan maT CamoTvlili problemebis winaaRmdeg
mxo­lod sakuTari ZalebiT moqmedeba Zalian gauWirdebaT. saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis arseboba mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom uzrunvelyofs sa­
xelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. araerTi qveyanaa dRe-
vandel msoflioSi iseTi, romelTac erTmaneTTan pirdapiri urTier-
Toba ar aqvT, Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis farglebSi axerxeben
urTier­Tobasa da TanamSromlobas.
1.3.  saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
saerTaSoriso sistemis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani elementi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, is saerTaSoriso organizaciebia, romlis wevrebic arian ara
konkretuli saxelmwifoebi, aramed am saxelmwifoebSi moqmedi calkeu-
li jgufebi an pirovnebebi. aseT gaerTianebebs arasamTavrobo saerTaSo-
riso organizaciebs uwodeben.

msoflio bankis ganmartebiT, arasamTavrobo organizacia

gulisxmobs `kerZo organizacias, romelic axorcielebs
RonisZiebebs imisaTvis, rom Seumsubuqos mosaxleobas mZime
mdgomareoba, daicvas sazogadoebis gaWirvebuli nawilis
interesebi, daicvas garemo, uzrunvelyos sazogadoeba ZiriTadi
socialuri momsaxurebiT4. farTo gagebiT, arasamTavrobo
organizacia SegviZlia vuwodoT nebismier arakomerciul
organizacias, romelic damoukidebelia mTavrobisgan.

ramdenadac arasamTavrobo organizacia warmoadgens mTavrobisgan damou­

kidebel subieqts, misi damfuZnebeli saxelmwifo ver iqneba, Sesabamisad,
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia, saxelmwifoTaSorisi saer­
TaSoriso organizaciisgan gansxvavebiT, ver iqneba dafuZnebuli saxelmwi­
foTa mier dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

4 msoflio bankis operatiuli direqtiva 14.70

296
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis ofisi JenevaSi

13

saerTaSorisod miiCneva iseTi arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlis

Ziri­Tadi Stab-binac, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia msoflios romelime
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi, Tumca misi moqmedebis areali moicavs
erTze met ganviTarebad saxelmwifos5.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciis klasikur magaliTs war-
moadgens wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti, romlis centraluri
ofisi Sveicariis qalaq JenevaSi mdebareobs, Tumca saqmianobas msof­
lios 80 qveyanaSi axorcielebs.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifo­
TaSorisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad
iqmneba, Tumca maTi amocanebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebulia im orga­ kiTxva: romeli
saerTaSoriso
nizaciaTa amocanebisgan, romlis wevrebic uSualod saxelmwifoebi ari­ arasamTavrobo
an. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvileben im organizaciaa
problemebze, romlis gadasaWreladac udidesi mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso TqvenTvis cnobili
samoqalaqo aqtivobas eniWeba. Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saerTaSoriso da ra miznebs
sistemaSi, saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis damkvidrebam mniS­ emsaxureba is?
vnelovnad Secvala saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis gageba, radgan adre ter­
mini saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, ZiriTadad, moicavda uSualod saxelmwi­
foebsa da maT mier Seqmnil sxvadasxva tipis gaerTianebas, xolo dRes
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gacilebiT farTo cnebaa da moicavs im gaer­
Tianebebsa da jgufebs, romlebic saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad ibrZvian
globaluri problemebis winaaRmdeg.

1.4.  saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso samarTali

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saerTaSoriso
sistemis umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens, romlis roli globalu­
ri procesebis paralelurad izrdeba. dRes Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
saxelmwifoTaSorisi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
sakvanZo rols TamaSoben aramxolod saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi,
aramed iseT seriozul procesebSi, rogoricaa: saerTaSoriso usafrTxoe­
ba, ekologiuri problemebi, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri procesebi, saerTaSoriso kulturuli urTierTobebi da a.S.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cndeba kiTxva: ra principebsa da normeb­
ze dayrdnobiT funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso organizacia? Tavisuf­ lad
moqmedebs, Tu SeboWilia calkeuli wesebiT ?
mocemuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba,
rom nebismieri saerTaSoriso organizacia warmoadgens Camoyalibebuli

5 dukis universitetis biblioTeka http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/

igo_ngo_coop/ngo_wb.html

297
13
jeremi bentami (1748-1832),
ingliseli iuristi, samarTlis
filosofosi da socialuri
reformebis avtori. miCneulia
Tanamedrove utilitarizmis
fuZemdeblad.
utilitarizmi - socialur
mecnierebebSi sargeblianobis
Teoriis erT-erTi varianti,
romlis principia socialuri
cxovrebisa da procesebis
ganxilva sargeblianobasTan
mimarTebaSi, Sesabamisad,
yvela arsebuli urTierTobis
sargeblianobisTvis
daqvemdebareba.
struqturis mqone dawesebulebas, sadac TiToeul struqturul
erTeuls mkacrad gansazRvruli funqciebi aqvs. iseve ro­
gorc saxelmwifos SigniT, saerTaSoriso sistemaSic moqmedebs
garkveuli kanonebi da wesebi, romelTac es organizaciebi emor­
Cileba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
funqcionireben ara mxolod saerTaSoriso politikur, aramed
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sivrceSic da moqmedeben sayovel­
Taod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis Sesa­
bamisad. ufro metic, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, xSir SemTxve­
vaSi, mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso samarTal­
ze, rac, Tavis mxriv, misi cvlilebis safuZveli xdeba. Tumca aR­
niSnuli ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos saerTaSoriso organizacia,
msgavsad calkeuli qveynebis parlamentisa, damoukideblad qmnis
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi moqmed kanonebsa da wesebs.
sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad, mizanSewonilia, ramdenime sityviT
mimovixiloT saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba. termini `saer­
TaSoriso samarTali~ pirvelad 1780 wels gamoiyena britanelma
iuristma jeremi bentamma Tavis naSromSi `moralisa da
kanonmdeb­lobis principebis Sesavali~. Tanamedrove gagebiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTali warmoadgens saerTaSoriso sistemaSi
qcevis wesebis, principebis erTobliobas, romlebic ganmtkice­
bulia saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiT da aRiarebulia
saxelmwifoTa mier.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis umTavres wyaros warmoadgens
saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebi, saerTaSoriso konven-
ciebi, romliTac qveynebi Tanxmdebian garkveul moqmedebeb-
ze, an moqmedebisgan Tavis Sekavebaze. magaliTad, saerTaSo-
riso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, msoflios qveynebi valdebul-
ni arian uzrunvelyon bavSvTa uflebebis dacva.

bavSvTa uflebaTa konvencia aris

is dokumenti, romelic msoflios
qveynebs avaldebulebs bavSvTa
uflebaTa dacvas. konvenciaSi
mkafiodaa gansazRvruli
arasrulwlovanTa uflebebi.
mocemuli dokumenti 1989 wels
erTxmad miiRo gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis generalurma
asambleam. aRniSnul konvencias
saqarTvelo 1994 wels SeuerTda.

http://www.unicef.org saerTaSoriso samarTlis mniSvnelovan wyaros saerTaSoriso praqtika war­

moadgens, anu saerTaSoriso sistemaSi damkvidrebuli qceva, rome­lic saxel­
mwifoTa mier savaldebulodaa aRiarebuli. magaliTad, 1945 wels amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mier iaponiis winaaRmdeg atomuri bombis gamoyenebam
cxadyo, Tu raoden didi zianis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisaTvis msgavsi
tipis iaraRis arsebobas. swored amis gamo saxelmwifoebi Se­Tanxmdnen, rom
atomuri iaraRis mqone arc erTma saxelmwifom ar gamoiyenos igi. Tavda­
pirvelad aRniSnuli akrZalva damkvidrebuli saerTaSoriso praqtika iyo,
Tumca, mogvianebiT, misi asaxva moxda saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaSic.

298
 arsebobs saerTaSoriso
samarTlis sxva wyaroebic.
imisaTvis, rom saerTaSoriso
samarTlis normebma imuSaos,
aucilebelia maTi savalde­
bulod aRiareba saxelmwi-
13
foTa mier. faqtobrivad,
saxelmwifoebi saerTaSori­
so samarTlis meSveobiT
erTgvar TviTSezRudvas
axor­cieleben. bunebrivia,
Cndeba kiTxva, Tu saerTaSo­ kiTxva: Tqveni
riso samarTali warmoadgens azriT, ra saWiroa
saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmebis aRniSnuli
Sedegs, maSin, rogor axdens `TviTSezRudva~?
masze gavlenas saerTaSori­
so organizacia? mocemul
sakiTxze msjelobisas
aucileblad unda miviRoT
mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, iseve rogorc
saerTaSoriso samarTlis calkeuli normebi, Seqmnilia swored saerTaSo­
riso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, evro­
sabWos, evrokavSirs, euTos, Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organi­
zacias, swored saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumenti - saxelmwifoTa
SeTanxmeba udevs safuZvlad. konkretul saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi
konkretuli saxelmwifoebia gaerTianebuli, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom
saerTaSoriso organizacia warmoadgens saerTaSoriso sistemis ara
damouki­ debel moTamaSes, aramed saxelmwifoTa urTierTobis erTgvar
formas. Sesabamisad, ama Tu im saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier miRebul
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokuments qmnian saxelmwifoebi, romlebic
savaldebulod aRiareben mis Sesrulebas. amdenad, rodesac vsaubrobT iseT
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentze, rogoricaa `bavSvTa uflebaTa
konvencia~, unda vicodeT, rom es dokumenti miiRo ara gaerom, rogorc
saerTaSoriso sistemis calke aRebulma wevrma, aramed daamtkices gaeros
wevrma saxelmwifoebma, romelTac TavianTi mxardaWeriT savaldebulod
aRiares aRniSnul konvenciebSi mocemul normaTa Sesrulebis valdebule­
ba. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, marTalia, maTi
wevrebi ar aris konkretuli saxelmwifoebi, magram swored saxelmwifoTa
mxardaWeris Sedegad axorcieleben sakuTar funqciebs. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, maTi warmatebuli muSaoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saxelmwi­
foTa SeTanxmebaze.

amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso sistemis ZiriTadi moqme-

di piri saxelmwifoa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis arsebobis gareSe
saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierToba da TanamSromloba gacilebiT rTuli
iqneboda.

bevri saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebis gareSe, ver

SeZ­lebda gamklaveboda mis winaSe mdgar gamowvevebs, xolo calkeuli sa­
xelmwifoebis arseboba, iseve rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi
mcxov­rebi milionobiT adamianis sicocxlis xsna, pirdapir ukavSirdeba
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.
am sakiTxebze detalurad visaubrebT uSualod saerTaSoriso organi­
zaciebis daxasiaTebisas.

299
13 2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
rogorc aRvniSneT, msoflioSi araerTi saerTaSori­
so organizacia arsebobs, romelic gansxvavdeba erT­
maneTisgan ara mxolod miznebiT, aramed moqmedebis
masStabebiTa da arealiT. gaerTianebuli erebis orga­
nizacia Tavisuflad SeiZleba miviCnioT udides saer­
TaSoriso institutad. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisTvis
saintereso iqneba, upirvelesad, swored es organizacia
davaxasiaToT, gavigoT misi istoriis, struqturis,
masStabebisa da moqmedebis arealis Sesaxeb.
gaero dRemde rCeba msoflios qveynebis urTierTobis
centralur forumad, sadac nebismier saxelmwifos
SeuZlia miawvdinos xma danarCen msoflios.
dasaxeleba `gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia~
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents - frank-
lin delano ruzvelts ekuTvnis. mocemuli organi­
zaciis daarseba gamowveuli iyo msoflio omis Semdgomi
gaerTianebuli realobiT. aRniSnulma omma 50 milionze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
erebis organizaciis Sesabamisad, msoflios saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, yvela Rone exmaraT,
erTgvar raTa aRar daeSvaT dedamiwaze msgavsi saSinelebis ganmeoreba. amrigad, 1945
winamorbeds `erTa wels ormocdaaTi qveynis warmomadgeneli, amerikis qalaq san-franciskoSi,
liga~ warmoadgenda,
romelic 1919 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis xelmosawerad Seikriba. aR­
wels, pirveli niSnuli wesdeba efuZneboda 1944 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, Cine­
msoflio omis Tis, didi britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris mier SemuSavebul winadadebebs.
Semdeg Seiqmna, raTa Sesabamisad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia Seiqmna 50 saxelmwifos mier
msoflios qveynebs miRweuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis Sedegad, rac gamoixata am saxelmwifo­
Soris mSvidoba da
TanamSromloba Ta warmomadgenlebis mxridan gaeros wesdebaze xelmoweriT. poloneTi,
uzrunvelyo~. romlis warmomadgenlebic ar iyvnen san-franciskos komferenciaze,
mogviane­biT SeuerTda aRniSnul SeTanxmebas da igi iqca 51-e damfuZnebel
kiTxva: Tqveni saxelmwifod.
azriT, gaarTva,
Tu ara Tavi erTa
ligam dakisrebul
amocanas? ratom?

ratifikacia
ewodeba saxelmwifos
umaRlesi
xelisuflebis
organos mier
saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebis
damtkicebas,
romelic
xelmowerilia
am saxelmwifos
sruluflebiani
warmomadgenlis
mier, rac
xelSekrulebas
aZlevs iuridiul
Zalas1.
1. saqarTvelos parlamentis er­
ovnuli biblioTeka, samoqalaqo
ganaTlebis leqsikoni.

300
oficialurad gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia arsebobs 1945 wlis 24
oqtombridan. am periodisTvis gaeros wesdeba ratificirebuli hqondaT
iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogoricaa: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, didi brita­
neTi, safrangeTi, sabWoTa kavSiri da a.S.
amJamad gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia 193 saxelmwifos aerTianebs,
romlebic generaluri asambleis, uSiSroebis sabWos, ekonomikuri da so­
13
cialuri sabWos da sxva sabWoebisa Tu komitetebis meSveobiT erTmaneTTan
TanamSromloben da gamoTqvamen sakuTar mosazrebebs.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias sakmaod mravalferovani miznebi da
saqmianobis speqtri aqvs. organizacia udides yuradRebas uTmobs msof­
lioSi arsebul iseT globalur gamowvevebs, rogoricaa: saxelmwifoTa
mdgradi ganviTareba, terorizmTan brZola, mSvidobis SenarCuneba, garemos
dacva, humanitaruli da samedicino proeqtebi da sxv.

2.1.  gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba http://www.un.org/en/

documents/charter/
rogorc aRvniSneT, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis fuZemdeblur do­
kuments wesdeba warmoadgens, romelic, iseve rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi aqtebi, miRebulia saxelmwifoTa mier saerTaSoriso SeTan­ kiTxva: Tqveni
xmebis safuZvelze. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba gan­ azriT, raSi
sazRvravs ara mxolod gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis muSaobis prin­ gamoixateba
aRniSnuli
cipebs, miznebsa da amocanebs, aramed saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis samarTlis normebis
warmarTvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebsa da principebs adgens, sayovelTao
magaliTad, iseTebs, rogoricaa: saxelmwifoTa suverenitetisa da terito­ aRiareba?
riuli mTlianobis pativiscema, saxelmwifoebis mxridan erTmaneTis Sida
saqmeebSi Caurevloba, qveynebs Soris nebismieri sadavo sakiTxis mSvido­
biani gziT gadawyveta, agresiuli omis akrZalva, saxelmwifoTa koleqtiuri
da individualuri Tavdacvis ufleba da a.S.
aRniSnuli principebi warmoadgens sayovelTaod aRiarebul saerTaSoriso
kiTxva: migaCniaT,
samarTlis normebs, Tumca aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom maT ar gaaCnia
Tu ara sworad
savaldebulo xasiaTi, rac imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli principebis darRve­ is faqti, rom
visaTvis saxelmwifoebs ar ekisrebaT saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi pasuxis­ imsjeleT aRniSnul
gaeros wesdebiT
principebze. Tqveni
mgebloba. gaTvaliswinebuli
azriT, ratom aris
principebi
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, agreTve, gansazRvravs gaeros mniSvnelovani
ar atarebs
TiToeuli maTganis
struqturas, masSi Semaval organoebsa da am organoTa kompetenciebs. savaldebulo
dacva?
xasiaTs? ratom?

301
13 gaeros Stabbina niu iorkSi

2.2.  gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis struqtura

gaero, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva saerTaSoriso organizacia, Tavis
saqmianobas axorcielebs struqturuli danayofebis meSveobiT. ramde­
nadac rTuli da mravalferovania organizaciis miznebi, imdenad mraval­
ferovania misi struqturac. SeuZlebelia msoflioSi gamowvevebs Tanabrad
miudge, magaliTad, SeuZlebelia erTi da imave meTodebiT ebrZolo SimSi­
lobasa da epidemias. TiToeul maTgans gansxvavebuli codna, midgoma da
adamianebi esaWiroeba.
mocemul TavSi, Cven mokled mimovixilavT gaerTianebuli erebis organi­
zaciis struqturul elementebs, romlis meSveobiTac aRniSnuli organi­
zacia msoflios masStabiT axorcielebs Tavis saqmianobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia uamravi sabWos,
komitetis Tu ganyofilebisgan Sedgeba, misi ZiriTadi struqturuli er­
Teulebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad warmovadginoT:

302
 13

aRsaniSnavia,
rodesac
gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia
Seiqmna, sabWoTa
kavSirma 15 xmis
ufleba moiTxova
im motiviT, rom igi
qvemoT Cven mokled mimovixilavT TiToeul maTgans. 15 respublikisgan
Semdgari
2.3.  generaluri asamblea saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqti
generaluri asamblea gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ZiriTadi warmo­ iyo. amerikis
madgenlobiTi, saTaTbiro organoa, romelic, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs SeerTebuli Statebi
organizaciis muSaobis mimarTulebas. generalur asambleaze warmodge­ aRniSnul pirobas
daeTanxma, Tu
nilia gaeros as oTxmocdacametive wevri saxelmwifo, is warmoadgens fo­
misi TiToeuli
rums, sadac wevri qveynebi msjeloben organizaciis wesdebaSi asaxuli saer­ Stati miiRebda
TaSoriso problemebisa da gamowvevebis Sesaxeb. xmis uflebas, rac
imas niSnavda, rom
generaluri asambleis sesia imarTeba yovelwliurad seqtember-dekembris amerikis SeerTebul
monakveTSi. generaluri asambleis mier damtkicebuli proceduris Tanax­ Statebs 50 xmis
mad, yovel sesiaze irCeven sxdomis axal Tavmjdomares. aRniSnuli sasesio ufleba eqneboda.
periodis ganmavlobaSi wevri saxelmwifoebi msjeloben da gadawyvetile­ saboloo jamSi
sabWoTa kavSiri
bebs iReben sxvadasxva aqtualur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyvetilebas
3 xmis uflebas
iReben xmis micemis safuZvelze. TiToeul wevr saxelmwifos, miuxedavad dasjerda, kerZod,
misi sididisa, erTi xmis ufleba aqvs. xmis ufleba hqonda
uSualod ssrk-sa
gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, generalur asambleaze sakiTxTa udidesi nawili da mis Semadgenel
xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT wydeba, Tumca iseTi mniSvnelovani probleme­ or respublikas,
bi, rogoricaa: samSvidobo operaciebi, agreTve, uSiSroebis sabWos wevrTa belorussa da
arCeva, gadasawyvetad xmaTa 2/3-s saWiroebs. ukrainas.

303
13 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis ZiriTadi
funqciebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT:
mSvidobisa da omis sakiTxebis, maT Soris, ganiaraRebis sakiTxebSi
saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis principebis ganxilva da Sesa­
bamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;

saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis ganxilva da re­

komendaciebis SemuSaveba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu romelime konkre­
tuli sakiTxi gansaxilvelad wardgenilia uSiSroebis sabWoze;

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela

sakiTxis ganxilva da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, garda im SemTxvevisa,
Tu es sakiTxebi gansaxilvelad wardgenilia gaeros uSiSroebis
sabWoze;

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebisa da implementaciis,

agreTve, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur, politikur, socialur da kul­
turis sferoSi kvlevebis organizeba da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;

adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis xelSewyoba;

qveynebs Soris konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis xelSewyoba

da am mizniT Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da sxva struqturuli danayofebis mier

momzadebuli moxsenebebis ganxilva;

gaeros biujetis ganxilva da damtkiceba, agreTve, TiToeuli sxelmwi­

fosTvis sawevro Senatanis gansazRvra;

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos aramudmivi wevrebis arCeva, agreTve, gaeros

sxva sabWoebisa da komitetebis wevrTa damtkiceba;

uSiSoroebis sabWos rekomendaciis safuZvelze, organizaciis genera­

luri mdivnis arCeva.

rogorc mocemuli CamonaTvali

cxadyofs, gaerTianebuli er­
ebis organizacia, ZiriTadad,
SeimuSavebs sxvadasxva mniS­
vnelovani sakiTxis Sesaxeb re­
komendaciebs, rac imas niSnavs,
rom generaluri asambleis gada­
wyvetilebaTa absoluturi um­
ravlesoba moklebulia impera­
tiul xasiaTs, anu ar aris saxelm­
wifoTaTvis savaldebulo. miuxe­
davad amisa, genera­luri asamblea
dRemde samarTlianad rCeba
udides saerTaSoriso tribunad,
saidanac nebismier saxelmwifos
SeuZlia gamoTqvas sakuTari mo­
sazreba, msoflioSi mimdinare
procesebTan dakavSirebiT.

304
 13

2.4.  uSiSroebis sabWo

uSiSroebis sabWo aris gaerTianebuli ere­
bis organizaciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
struqturuli erTeuli. organizaciis wesdebis
Tanaxmad, swored gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos eki­
sreba Ziri­Tadi pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso
mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis saqme­
Si. misi Ziri­Tadi mizania msoflioSi mSvidobisa
da usafrTxoe­bis SenarCuneba, erebs Soris mego­
bruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,
saerTaSoriso problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi
saxelmwifo­Ta TanamSromlobisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xelSewyoba,
saxelmwifoTa moqmedebebis harmonizacia.

gaerTianebuli erebis uSiSroebis sabWoSi warmodgenilia 15 wevri

saxelmwifo, saidanac 5 mudmivi wevria, romelTac aqvT uSiS­roebis
gaerTianebuli
sabWos sxdomaze vetos gamoyenebisa da uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyveti­ erebis uSiSroebis
lebis dablokvis ufleba da 10 aramudmivi wevri, romelTac vetos sabWos pirveli
ufleba ar aqvT. sxdoma gaimarTa
1946 wlis 17 ianvars
londonSi.
uSiSroebis sabWos mudmiv wevrebs warmoadgenen: amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi da ruseTi. aramudmiv wev­
rebs Soris adgilebi Semdegnairadaa gadanawilebuli: xuTi wevri warmoad­
gens afrikisa da aziis regions, erTi - aRmosavleT evropas, ori - laTinuri
amerikisa da karibis zRvis regions, oric - dasavleT evropas da sxva re­ http://www.un.org/en/
sc/about/
gionebs. rogorc vxedavT, aramudmivi wevrebis arCeva geografiuli prin­
cipiT xorcieldeba imisaTvis, rom sabWoSi msoflios yvela regioni iyos
warmodgenili.

uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi

kiTxva: ramdenad
samarTlianad
migaCniaT
gaerTianebuli
aSS didi britaneTi safrangeTi CineTi ruseTi erebis organizaciis
uSiSroebis sabWos
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo SeiZleba Seikribos nebismier dros, rodesac msof­ dakompleqtebis
lioSi safrTxe emuqreba mSvidobasa da stabilurobas. aqve aRsaniSnavia amgvari wesi? ratom?
isic, rom uSiSroebis sabWo gaeros erTaderTi struqturuli erTeulia,
romlis gadawyvetilebac organizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebis mier aRiare­

305
13 bulia savaldebulod, Tumca iqidan gamomdinare, rom uSiSroebis sabWos
mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben vetos uflebiT, xSirad, Zalian rTulia raime
konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miiReba, rac, bunebrivia, negatiurad aisaxeba
saerTaSoriso procesebze.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis

sabWos miniWebuli aqvs Semdegi funqciebi:
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebisa da principebis
Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyos mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis Senar-
Cuneba;
nebismieri davis an sxva situaciis ganxilva, romelmac SeiZleba
safrTxe Seuqmnas mSvidobas msoflioSi, an warmoSvas saerTaSo-
riso krizisi;
msgavsi tipis krizisebTan dakavSirebiT rekomendaciebisa da
problemis mogvarebis gzebis SemuSaveba;
msoflioSi arsebuli saomari safrTxeebis gansazRvris mizniT,
konkretuli gegmisa da maTi gadawyvetis aucilebeli RonisZie-
bebis SemuSaveba;
agresiis aqtis SeCerebis, an misi prevenciis mizniT saerTaSori-
so sanqciebis, an sxva ekonomikuri zomebis SemuSaveba da maTi
gatarebis aucileblobis gansazRvra;
agresoris winaaRmdeg samxedro RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba;
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos wevri saxelmwi-
foebis miRebis mizniT, axali standartebisa da rekomendaciebis
SemuSaveba;
e.w. `strategiul raionebSi~ gaerTianebuli erebis organi­
zaciis meurveobis ganxorcieleba;
gaeros generaluri mdivnis arCevis procesSi generalur
asambleas­Tan TanamSromloba;
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa
arCevis mizniT generalur asambleasTan TanamSromloba.
http://www.un.org/en/ 2.5.  ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo
ecosoc/
gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo daarsda 1946 wels gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis safuZvelze. dRevandel dRes
igi warmoadgens organizaciis bazaze arsebul umniSvnelovanes saerTaSo­
kiTxva: Tqveni riso forums, romlis umTavresi funqcia gaxlavT msoflioSi arsebuli so­
azriT, dedamiwaze ra cialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebis ganxilva da aRniSnuli
tipis ekologiuri problemebis mogvarebis mizniT politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
safrTxeebi
arsebobs? ra unda miuxedavad imisa, rom uSiSroebis sabWosgan gansxvavebiT, socialu-
gavakeToT imisaTvis,
rom ukeT davicvaT ri da ekonomikuri sabWos rekomendaciebi ar aris saxelmwifoTaTvis
garemo? savaldebulo, mas mainc umniSvnelovanesi roli aqvs gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis struqturaSi, radgan SimSilisa da siRaribis,
agreTve, planetaze arsebuli ekologiuri katastrofebis arsebobis
albaToba aranakleb safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobas, vidre omebi da
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi.

mravalferovani miznebidan da muSaobis farTo arealidan gamomdi­

nare, gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo, faqtobrivad, organi-
zaciis adamianuri da finansuri resursebis 70%-s moixmars. aRniSnu-
li dawesebuleba TanamSromlobs msoflios wamyvan mecnierebTan,
biznesmenebTan da 3200 saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciis
warmomadgenelTan.

306
yovelwliurad, ivlisis TveSi, niu - iorksa da JenevaSi imarTeba sabWos se­
sia, romelic oTx kviras grZeldeba da ganixileba msoflioSi arsebuli hu­
manitaruli, ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri gamowvevebi, xdeba re­
komendaciebisa da problemebTan koordinirebuli brZolis saerTaSoriso
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba.
13
http://www.un.org/en/
2.6.  sameurveo sabWo
mainbodies/trusteeship/
mogexsenebaT, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia meore msoflio omis
Semdeg Seiqmna. es iyo periodi, rodesac, faqtobrivad, yalibdeboda axali
msoflio wesrigi da saerTaSoriso sistema. dasrulda omi, romelsac
miliono­ biT adamianis sicocxle Seewira, aRniSnulis Sedegad civilize­
bulma msofliom gadawyvita aRar daeSva erTi romelime qveynis an saxelmwi­
fos sxva qveynebsa da xalxebze gabatoneba. garda amisa, msoflios araerT
wamyvan qveyanas aRar Seswevda Zala SeenarCunebina da gaekontrolebina radganac
koloniebi, romlebic ukanaskneli saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi maTi sim­ saxelmwifoebi
uSualod
didris ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda. dRis wesrigSi aqtualuri gaxda de­ monawileoben
kolonizaciis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad, msoflioSi gaCnda araerTi warmonaqmni, saerTaSoriso
romelTac surdaT da ufleba hqondaT arseboba gaegrZelebinaT, rogorc samarTlis normebis
damoukidebel saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebs, anu saxelmwifoebs. SeqmnaSi, maT xSirad
moixseneben, rogorc
samwuxarod, dekolonizaciis process yvelgan umtkivneulod ar Cauvlia. saerTaSoriso
erTi mxriv, damoukideblobisTvis ibrZodnen yofili koloniebi (magali­ samarTlis mTavar
Tad, alJiris brZola safrangeTis winaaRmdeg), meore mxriv, TviT am kolo­ moqmed pirebs,
anu saerTaSoriso
niebs SigniT arsebobda jgufebi, romelTac surdaT sakuTari saxelmwifos, samarTlis
an sxva saxis TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, gaCnda realuri safrTxe subieqtebs.
axali SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis talRisa, rac, bunebrivia, aTasobiT ada­
mianis sicocxles Seiwiravda. amitom, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam
gadawyvita Seeqmna sameurveo sabWo, romelic izrunebda aseT `strate­giul
teritoriebze~ gardamavali periodis ganmavlobaSi damoukideblobis,
avtonomiis an TviTmmarTvelobis sxva, maTTvis misaRebi formis mopove­
bamde.
sameurveo sabWo dakompleqtda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wev-
rebis (gaerTianebuli samefos, aSS-s, CineTis, safrangeTis da sabWoTa
kavSiris, mogvianebiT ruseTis federaciis) warmomadgenlebiT. sabWos
funqciebSi Sedioda konkretul sameurveo teritoriaze arsebuli mmarTve­
li Zalis mier politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri progresisa da ganaT­
lebis sferoSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb momzadebuli angariSebis gan­
xilva, agreTve, mocemuli mmarTveli jgufebisTvis konsultaciebis gaweva.
sabWo, agreTve, ganixilavda sameurveo teritoriidan Semosul sxvadasxva
peticias, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba special­
uri rekomendaciebis momzadeba adgilobrivi
xelisuf­lebisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sameurveo sabWom saqmia-
noba 1994 wlis 1 noembers SeaCera, mas Semdeg,
rac gaeros mzrunvelobis qveS arsebulma
ukanasknel­ma teritoriam, palaum damoukideb­
loba moipova.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1994 wlis 25 maisis rezo­
luciis safuZvelze sabWo pasiur reJimSi ganagr­
Zobs muSaobas, udavoa, rom man udidesi roli iTa­
maSa Tanamedrove msoflios CamoyalibebaSi da
Tavisuf­lebisTvis mebrZol ara erTers daexmara,
moepovebina damoukidebloba.

307
13
saerTaSoriso
marTlmsajulebis
mudmivi palata,
marTlmsajulebis
saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos
2.7.  marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao principebis praqtikaSi dasamkvidreb­
lad, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo institutebis
arsebobas, romlebic arcTu ise bevria. erT-erTi maTgania marTlmsaju­
lebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organi­
istoriul analogs
zaciis umTavres sasamarTlo organos warmoadgens. aRniSnuli instituti
warmoadgens, 1945 wlis 26 ivniss, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis safuZvel­
romelic 1920 wels ze daarsda.
Seiqmna erTa ligis
bazaze. man, iseve
rogorc erTa ligam,
saer-
arseboba 1939 wels
esi mizania,
misi umTavr inci- sasamarTlo Tavis
marTlis pr
meore msoflio omis saqmia-
dawyebisas Sewyvita. TaSoriso sa d, uzrunvelyos nobas axorcieleb
s statu-
sa
pebis Sesabami do- sis Sesabamisad, ra
aS o r is o davebis mSvi is mxriv, gaeros
c, Tav-
saerT d av eb is wesdebis
dawyveta.
http://www.icj-cij.org/ biani gziT ga awyveta ki, Ta- organuli nawilia.
proce-
gad
mSvidobiani ere­ durul sakiTxebSi
mx r iv , ga erTianebuli xelmZRvane­lobs sp
ki igi
vi s rsebis
zaciis daa ecialu-
bis organi elia. ri reglamentiT.
iTadi safuZv
erT-erTi Zir

vsebulia
marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo ganTa
eSi. amis gamo, xSira d, igi
holandiis qalaq haagis mSvidobis sasaxl
es ori sasama rTlo insti -
e.w. haagis tribunalSi eSlebaT, Tumca
damou kideb elia da TiToe uli maT-
tuti erTmaneTisgan sruliad
gani gansxvavebul miznebs emsaxureba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 6 ZiriTadi orga­

nodan marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo erTaderTia, rome­lic
sxva qveyanaSi mdebareobs. sasamarTlos ori ZiriTadi funqcia ekisreba:
erTi mxriv, igi ganixilavs saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebul davebs saerTaSo­
riso samarTlis principebis Sesabamisad, meore mxriv, ki sasamarTlo uwevs
iuridiul konsultacias gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Sesabamis or­
ganoebs.

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos ori ZiriTadi funqcia

saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaeros Sesabamisi organoebisTvis

davebis ganxilva samarTlebrivi konsultaciis gaweva

sasamarTlos ar aqvs saxelmwifoTaSoris davebSi damoukideblad

Carevis ufleba. imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom ganixilos dava, mas
unda mimarTos aRniSnuli davis monawile erT-erTma saxelmwifom.

308
 marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo

13

sasamarTlo Sedgeba 15 mosamarTlisgan. misi ZiriTadi administraciuli

organo - sekretariatia. sasamarTloSi saqmeebis ganxilva or - frangul
da inglisur enaze mimdinareobs.

2.8.  samdivno

samdivno, anu sekretariati warmoadgens organizaciis administra­

ciul organos, romelic msoflios yvela qveyanaSi, sadac gaeros war-
momadgenloba arsebobs, 40 000-ze met TanamSromels aerTianebs. sam-
divnos miznebi da funqciebi, gaeros miznebisa da funqciebis Sesabam-
isad, mravalferovania da farTo speqtrs moicavs, dawyebuli samSvi­
dobo operaciebiTa da damTavrebuli humanitaruli proeqtebiT.
samdivnos xelmZRvanelia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gene­
raluri mdivani, romelsac uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciis safuZ-
velze, 5 wlis vadiT irCevs generaluri asamblea.

gaeros yofili da
moqmedi generaluri
mdivnebi: pan gi muni
da kofi anani.

309
13
http://www.nato.int/cps/
en/natolive/index.htm
3. Crdiloatlantikuri
xelSekrulebis organizacia
(nato)
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis or­
ganizaciis, iseve rogorc gaeros, Seqmna
mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba meore msof­
lio omis Semdgom ganviTarebul mov­
lenebs. hitleris sisxlianma avantiuram,
romelic istoriaSi meore msoflio omis
saxeliT Sevida, mniSvnelovnad daasusta
dasavleT evropis qveynebi. marTalia,
safran­geTi da didi britaneTi omidan
gamarjvebulni gamovidnen, magram arc
erT maTgans aRar Seswevda Zala,
damoukideb­ lad gamklaveboda axal saf­
rTxes, romelic komunisturi sabWoTa
gamonaTqvami kav­Siris saxiT sul ufro da ufro realu­
`rkinis farda~ ri xdeboda. sabWoTa armia akontrolebda mTel aRmosavleT evropas da
Tavdapirvelad
hitleris
centra­luri evropis mniSvnelovan nawils, germaniis aRmosavleT nawilis
ganaTlebisa da CaTvliT. aSkara iyo, rom stalini ar apirebda mopovebuli upiratesobis ad­
propagandis vilad daTmobas. nacvlad imisa, rom omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kav­
raixsministrma Sirs realurad gaeTavisuflebina aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, man daiwyo
iozef gebelsma am qveynebis iZulebiTi `gawiTlebis~, anu komunizmis gavrcelebis procesi,
gamoiyena.
ufro metic, baltiispireTis sami saxelmwifo - litva, latvia da estoneTi
iZulebiT Seiyvanes sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. komunisturi reJimi
damyarda CexeTSi, slovakeTSi, poloneTSi, germaniis aRmosavleT nawilSi,
sadac e.w. germaniis demokratiuli respublika Seiqmna. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb
uinston CerCilma mogvianebiT Tqva, rom evropaSi `rkinis farda~ daeSva.
uinston CerCili swored sabWoTa eqspansiis
SeCerebas isaxavda miznad
1949 wlis 4 aprils, bel­
giis dedaqalaq briusel­
Si, aTi evropuli da ori
Crdiloatlantikuri
qveynis mier daarsebuli
`Crdiloatlantikuri
sabWoTa kavSirma
Crdiloatlanti_
xel­Sekrulebis organi­
kuri xelSekrulebis zacia~, igive nato, rome­
organizacias lic Tavdapirvelad sam­
e.w. varSavis xedro - politikur gaer­
paqtis banaki Tianebas, erTgvar Tav­
daupirispira, sadac
gaerTianebuli iyo
dacviT bloks warmoad­
meore msoflio omis genda. natos wesdebis me-5 muxli ambobs: ~xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi
Semdeg, stalinis Tanxmdebian, rom evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi erT an ramdenime mxareze
mier iZulebiT ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma miiCneva, rogorc Tavdasxma yve­
gakomunistebuli las winaaRmdeg da arsebul SemTxvevaSi, gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis 51-e
saxelmwifoebi.
bunebrivia,
muxlis Sesabamisad, individualuri Tu koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis ga­
realur Zalas am moyenebiT da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT daxmare­
organizaciaSi bas gauweven safrTxeSi myof mxares an mxareebs, raTa SeinarCunon Crdiloat­
sabWoTa kavSiri lantikuri regionis usafrTxoeba. nebismieri aseTi saxis SeiaraRebuli
warmoadgenda, Tavdasxmisa da mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb dauyovneb­
romelic
erTpirovnulad
lad unda ecnobos uSiSroebis sabWos. amgvari RonisZiebebi dasruldeba ma­
gansazRvravda Sin, roca uSiSroebis sabWo miiRebs zomebs, rac saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa
koaliciis da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebisa da aRdgenisaTvis iqneba mimarTuli~.
politikas.

310
natos, rogorc TavdacviTi blokis, samxedro Zlierebis garanti ameri­
kis SeerTebuli Statebi iyo, romelmac, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSa meore msoflio omis bedis gansazRvraSi, meore mxriv, misi teri­
toria gadaurCa omis qar-cecxls, Sesabamisad, misi ekonomika aRmavlobis
gzaze idga. swored amerikuli samxedro Tu ekonomikuri daxmarebis xarjze
SeZlo evropam met-naklebad mokle droSi ganexorcielebina omis mZime Se­
13
degebis aRmofxvra da dabruneboda cxovrebis normalur ritms.
dRes sabWoTa kavSiri aRar arsebobs, Sesabamisad, natos Tavdapirvelma
miznebma da amocanebma seriozuli cvlilebebi ganicada, Tumca bolo pe­
riodSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadyo, rom aRniSnuli organizaciis
mniSvneloba ara Tu Semcirda, aramed gaizarda kidec.

Tanamedrove gagebiT nato warmoadgens samxedro-politikur alianss,

romelic, erTi mxriv, mimarTulia demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
ganmtki­cebis, saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis da grZel-
vadian periodSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis prevenciisken, meore
mxriv, igi valdebulia, krizisul viTarebaSi, rodesac mSvidobiani
molaparakebis yvela resursi amowurulia, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos mandatis, an sakuTari wesdebis me-5
muxlis safuZvelze samxedro meTodebiT gadaWras krizisi.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli samxedro da politikuri miznebisa, Crdilo
atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia humanitarul miznebsac
emsaxureba, kerZod, igi koordinacias uwevs msoflios sxvadasxva re-
gionSi stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegebis aRmofxvras, samaSvelo opera-
ciebis ganxorcielebas da a.S. davaleba: garda
avRaneTSi mimdinare
dRevandel dRes nato evropis da amerikis kontinentis 28 saxelmwifos aer­ operaciisa,
SeadareT ra
Tianebs. organizacia gadawyvetilebas iRebs saerTo konsesusis safuZvel­ sferoebs
gaerTianebuli moicavs
ze, rac imas niSnavs, rom natos wevri yvela qveyana gadawyvetilebis miRebi­ saqarTvelosa da
erebis organizaciis
Crdiloatlanti-
uSiSroebis sabWosa
sas Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs, gansxvavebiT gaerTianebuli erebis kuri
da natosaliansis
mier
organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWosgan, sadac mudmiv wevrebs vetos ufleba TanamSromloba?
gadawyvetilebis
aqvT. wyaro
miRebis wesi.
informaciisTvis:
isaubreT maT
garda mudmivi wevrebisa, nato aqtiurad TanamSromlobs msoflios sxva­ http://www.natoinfo.
Taviseburebebze.
dasxva saxelmwifosTan, maT Soris, saqarTvelosTan. qarTveli samxedroebi ge/ http://www.nato.
romeli migaCniaT
aqtiurad monawileoben avRaneTSi (ISAF) natos egidiT mimdinare operaciaSi. int/cps/en/natolive/
ufro samarTlianad?
topics_38988.htm
ratom?

311
13 3.1.  Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis struqtura
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis miznebi, saqmianoba
da struqtura, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis
SemTxvevaSi, ganisazRvreba organizaciis wesdebiT. wesdeba, rogorc wina
Tavebidan gaxsovT, warmoadgens ama Tu im organizaciis fuZemdeblur
samarTlebriv dokuments, romlis damtkicebac xdeba organizaciis
wevri saxelmwifoebis mier, Sesabamisad, Tavisi arsiT igi saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebaa.
Tavisi formiT nato warmoadgens alianss. aliansi ewodeba saerTo miznebisa
da interesebis dacvis mizniT ori an meti mxaris megobrobas, SeTanxmebasa
da gaerTianebas. miznebis mixedviT, Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis
organizacia SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogoc samxedro-politikuri alian­
si. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare misi struqtura araerTgvarovania. gamo­
yofen samoqalaqo da samxedro struqturas. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani
cal-calke.

3.2.  Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis samoqalaqo

struqtura
natos Stabbina, Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo
natos Stabbina, romelic ganTavsebulia belgiis dedaqalaq briuselSi, war­
moadgens organizaciis administraciul da politikur centrs. StabbinaSi
ganTavsebulia natos administracia da wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlobebi,
agreTve TanamSromlebis ofisebi da sxva ganyofilebebi, romlebic pasuxis­
mgebelni arian organizaciis gamarTul muSaobaze.
natos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi organo, romlis mudmivi adgilsamyofe­
li organizaciis Stabbinaa, aris Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo. igi umTavresi
saTaTbiro da warmomadgenlobiTi organoa, romelic dakompleqtebulia
natos wevri saxelmwifoebis mudmivi warmomadgenlebiT da maTi meSveobiT
xorcieldeba organizaciis politikuri marTva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos wevria ara konkretuli diplomati, aramed
is qveyana, romelsac es diplomati organizaciaSi warmoadgens. aRniSnuli
warmomadgenlebi yovelkvireulad ikribebian Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos

natos Stabbina briuselSi

312
sxdomaze, sadac xdeba organizaciis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis,
miznebisa da Sedegebis ganxilva, Sefaseba da analizi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSi, sabWos sxdoma, SesaZloa, gaimar­
Tos ufro maRali rangis warmomadgenlebis, magaliTad, wevri qveynebis
sagareo saqmeTa, an Tavdacvis ministrebis, an uSualod saxelmwifos
lidere­bis monawileobiT. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra doneze imarTeba sabWos
13
sxdoma, mis gadawyvetilebas, yvela SemTxvevaSi, Tanabari iuridiuli Zala
aqvs da igi Tanabrad savaldebuloa yvela wevri saxelmwifosaTvis. iseve
rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis SemTxvevaSi, aqac ar ekisreba
wevr saxelmwifoebs pasuxismgebloba Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos
gadawyveti­lebis Seusruleblobis gamo, Tumca gansxvavebiT gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleisgan sabWoze
gadawyveti­lebis miReba xdeba ara xmaTa umravlesobiT, aramed saerTo
konsesusis, SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, amdenad gadawyvetileba unda kiTxva:
miiRos yovelma wevrma saxelmwifom da mis aRsrulebasac araferi udgas SeadareT erTmaneTs
gaerosa da natos
win. marTalia, es procesi xSir SemTxvevaSi negatiurad aisaxeba organi- gadawyvetilebis
zaciis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis siswrafesa da operatiulobaze, sa- miRebis meqanizmebi.
magierod, sabWos dadgenilebebi bevrad ufro sicocxlisunariania, kiTxva: Tqveni
vidre gaeros generaluri asambleis rekomendaciebi. azriT, romeli ufro
efeqturia?
Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos sxdomas uZRveba natos generaluri mdivani, ratom xdeba
romelic, msgavsad gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivni­ gaeros generalur
sa, kurirebs natos administraciis muSaobas da pasuxismgebelia organi­ asambleaze
gadawyvetilebis
zaciis politikis efeqtur implementaciaze. miReba xmaTa
natos saparlamento asamblea umravlesobiT?

natos saparlamento asamblea, warmoadgens Crdiloatlantikuri xel­

Sekrulebis erT-erT sakvanZo organos, romelic uzrunvelyofs kavSirs
organizaciasa da wevri qveynebis sakanonmdeblo organoebs Soris.
kiTxva:
sapar­lamento asamblea, imavdroulad, uzrunvelyofs wevri qveynebis rogor gesmiT
parlamentis warmomadgenelTa informirebas regionis winaSe arsebuli usafrTxoebis
gamowvevebis Sesaxeb, igi, aseve, umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs natos politikis
usafrTxoebis politikis gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofaSi. gamWvirvaloba?
Tqveni azriT, ratom
aRsaniSnavia, rom saparlamento asamblea aqtiurad TanamSromlobs ara unda iyos natos
mxo­lod natos wevr, aramed organizaciis partnior saxelmwifoebTan. igi usafrTxoebis
Sedgeba 257 delegatisgan, romlebic warmoadgenen 28 wevr da 14 asocire­ politika
gamWvirvale?
bul qveyanas, evropis parlaments, 4 regionul partniorsa da xmelTaSua

313
13

nato-s sxdoma

zRvis auzis partnior qveynebs. asambleis muSaobaSi, agreTve, monawileobs

7 saxelmwifos saparlamento damkvirvebeli.
delegatebs, sakuTari kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, uSualod saxelmwifoe­
bi irCeven.
saparlamento asambleis mmarTveli organoa mudmivmoqmedi komiteti, ro­
melic Sedgeba saparlamento delegaciebis xelmZRvanelebisgan, preziden­
tis, vice - prezidentisa da xazinadarisgan. komitetSi Sedis organiza­ciis
generaluri mdivanic, romelsac eqvemdebareba saparlamento asambleis
saerTaSoriso samdivno. mis funqciebSi Sedis administraciis gamarTuli
muSaoba, agreTve asambleis sxvadasxva komitetis normaluri muSaobisTvis
aucilebeli kvlevebisa da analizis udidesi nawilis warmarTva.
saparlamento asamblea ikribeba weliwadSi erTxel igi, iseve rogorc
Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo, ganTavsebulia briuselSi, organizaciis Stab­
binaSi.

3.3.  Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis samxedro

struqtura
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis samxedro struqtura,
saerTaSoriso samxedro TanamSromlobis sakmaod rTul da saintereso meqa­
nizms warmoadgens, romelmac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze araerTi cvlileba
ganicada, romlis winaSec idgnen aliansis wevri qveynebi da rac ganpirobebu­
li iyo safrTxeebisa da gamowvevebis transformaciiT. aRar arsebobs sabWo­
Ta kavSiris eqspansiis safrTxe, ufro metic, dRes is qveynebi, romlebic Ta­
vis droze warmoadgendnen varSavis paqtisa da sabWoTa kavSiris wevr saxel­
mwifoebs, Tavad arian Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis
wevrebi, magaliTad, poloneTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi da a.S.
Tu civi omis periodSi Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis samxedro Zalebi

314
aerTianebda 5 milionze met samxedro mosamsaxures, romlebic
emorCilebodnen 78 samxedro Stabs, dRes igi sam milionamde samxedro
mosamsaxures aerTianebs, xolo SeiaraRebuli Zalebis marTvis Stabebis
raodenoba 11-mdea Semcirebuli. dRevandel dRes aliansis umTavres
amocanas warmoadgens mSvidobis damyarebisa da SenarCunebis operaciebis,
agreTve antiteroristuli da kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis ganxor­
13
antiteroristuli
RonisZiebebi
moicavs samuSaoebis
farTo speqtrs,
romlis mizanicaa
terorizmTan
globaluri brZola,
cieleba.
teroristuli
samxedro komiteti safrTxeebis
ganeitraleba
organizaciis samxedro struqturis sakvanZo elementi aris samxedro da teraqtebis
komiteti, romelic aqtiurad TanamSromlobs natos politikur xelmZRva­ prevencia, xolo
nelobasTan da awvdis mas rekomendaciebs im zomebTan dakavSirebiT, rome­ kontrteroristuli
RonisZiebebi
lic aucileblad miaCnia mas, raTa uzrunvelyos Crdiloatlantikuri gulisxmobs
aliansis sivrcis samxedro usafrTxoeba. calkeuli
teroristuli
samxedro komiteti saerTaSoriso organizaciis samxedro politikisa da dajgufebebisa da
strategiis damgegmavi ZiriTadi organoa. is zedamxedvelobas uwevs natos organizaciebis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebul sardlobebs da pasuxismgebelia organizaciis mier neitralizaciis
ganxorcielebuli samxedro RonisZiebebis dagegmvasa da implementaciaze. RonisZiebebs.

natos samxedro komitets eqvemdebareba ori ZiriTadi struqturuli

erTeuli, romelTa ZiriTadi mizani aris, erTi mxriv, natos wevri qveynebis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvrTna, momzadeba da urTierTTavsebadobis amaR­
leba, meore mxriv, calkeuli samxedro operaciebis dagegmva da marTva. ese­
nia: mokavSireTa operaciebisa da transformaciis sardlobebi, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, aerTianebs im 11 Stabs, romelzec visaubreT.
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi erTaderTi saerTaSoriso organizaciaa,
romlis daqvemdebarebaSic arsebobs samxedro SenaerTi swrafi reagire­
bis Zalebis saxiT. aRniSnuli SenaerTi Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis
samxedro operatiul SesaZleblobas erTgvar siswrafesa da mobilurobas
sZens, Tumca es ar unda gavigoT ise, rom swrafi reagirebis Zalebi damou­
kidebeli samxedro dajgufebaa, romelic erT saerTaSoriso mTavrobas
eqvemdebareba. aRniSnuli SenaerTis dakompleqteba xorcieldeba alian­
sis wevri saxelmwifoe­bis mier da realurad warmoadgens am saxelmwifo­
Ta SeiaraRebu­li Zalebis calkeul danayofebs, romlebic droebiT natos
sardlobas eqvemdebarebian.

315
13

4. evrokavSiri
http://europa.eu/
kidev erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis daarsebac ukavSirdeba meo­
re msoflio omis Semdeg evropaSi arsebul realobas, evrokavSiria. Tavisi
SinaarsiT igi warmoadgens saxelmwifoTa unikalur gaerTianebas, romelsac
safuZvlad udevs erTiani evropuli sivrcis idea. dRevandel dRes igi 28
evropul saxelmwifos aerTianebs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli organizacia
evropis udides nawils moicavs. mowodeba evropuli gaerTianebis Seqmnis
aRsaniSnavia, Sesaxeb, 1950 wlis 9 maiss gaJRerda safrangeTis dedaqalaq parizSi, sadac
rom pirvelad, safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma bert Sumanma evropis saxelmwifoTa
usafrTxoebis Soris politikuri urTierTobebis axali koncefcia wamoayena, romelic
mizniT evropis
evropul sivrceSi oms SeuZlebels gaxdida. am ideis Tanaxmad, evropaSi
gaerTianebis
idea jer kidev unda Seqmniliyo zeerovnuli organizacia evropuli wiaRiseulis
me-18 saukuneSi (qvanaxSirisa da foladis) erToblivi warmoebis mizniT. aRniSnuli
abat sen-pierma mosazrebebi asaxulia e.w. `Sumanis deklaraciaSi~, romelic ZalaSi 1952
gaaJRera, romlis wels Sevida.
azriTac evropuli
saxelmwifoebi unda
gaerTianebuliyvnen
erTian kavSirSi,
sadac iarsebebda
saerTo kulturuli,
religiuri
da moraluri
standartebi,
imavdroulad,
evropis
saxelmwifoebi
erTmaneTze
ekonomikurad
damokidebulni
iyvnen.

1985 wels milanSi

evrokavSiris
konferenciaze 9
maisi gamocxadda
`evropis dRed”.

316
organizaciis daarseba, Tavdapir­
velad, ganpirobebuli iyo ekonomi­
kuri faqtorebiT. omma araerTi
sawarmo gaanadgura, mniSvnelovnad
daaziana infrastruq­ tura (gzebi,
portebi, aeroportebi). ekonomikis
13
iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa
manqanaTmSeneb­loba, wiaRiseulis
mopoveba da a.S., mTlianad samxedro
relsebze iyo gadasuli, Sesabamis­
ad, aucilebeli iyo ekonomikuri
procesebis dabruneba Cveul ka­
lapotSi. imavdroulad, evropis
qveynebis erTian ekonomikur
sivrceSi moqceva mniSvnelov­ nad
gazrdida aRniSnul saxelmwifoTa
ekonomikur damokidebu­lebas erT­
maneTze. amgva­rad, evropis qveynebs
Soris omi yvela saxelmwifosTvis
wamgebiani iqneboda.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
evropuli gaerTianebis Seqmnis mi­
zani saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
xelSewyobis garda, axali SeiaraRe­buli konfliqtebis prevencia iyo.
evrokavSiris Seqmna erTbaSad ar momxdara, igi sakmaod xangrZlivi da
rTuli procesi iyo. pirveli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instituti,
romelic erTiani evropis ideis farglebSi Seiqmna, 1958 wels daarsebuli
evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba iyo. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaZ­
lierebis fonze, TvalsaCino gaxda evropis saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis
gaRrmavebis aucilebloba iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris politika,
usafrTxoeba, kultura, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, ekologia da sxv.
Sesabamisad, erT dros wminda ekonomikuri kavSiri gardaiqmna organizaciad,
romelmac saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis sruli speqtri moicva. aqedan
gamomdinare, dRis wesrigSi dadga organizaciis saxelwodebis Secvlis
sakiTxi da 1993 wels `evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba~ Seicvala
saxelwodebiT `evrokavSiri~.
evrokavSiris Seqmnam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli evropis saxelmwifoTa
daaxloebas. Seiqmna erTiani evropuli valuta `evro~ da safuZveli Caeyara
erTian evropul bazars, rac miviCnioT, rogorc erTgvari `ekonomikuri
Zrava~, romelic evropul sivrceSi warmoebuli produqciis, momsaxure­
bis, finansuri nakadebisa da adamianebis Tavisufali moZraobis saSualebas
iZleva. kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ratom
garda ekonomikuri keTildReobisa, evrokavSiris erT-erT ZiriTad mizans
iqneboda ase?
warmoadgens kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacva, rogorc
organizaciis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT.
evrokavSiris, iseve rogorc Cven mier ganxiluli sxva saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciebis saqmianoba, mTlianad efuZneba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs,
romelic savaldebulod aris aRiarebuli yvela wevri saxelmwifos mier.
2009 wels xeli moewera lisabonis SeTanxmebas, rac SegviZlia gan­vixiloT,
rogorc organizaciis istoriis axali etapis dasawyisi. lisabonis xel­
Sekruleba miCneulia Tanamedrove evrokavSiris fuZemdeblur samarTleb­
riv dokumentad, romlis mixedviTac organizacia Tavis saqmianobas axor­
cielebs.

317
13 4.1.  evrokavSiris saqmianobis areali
evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso sistemaSi arsebuli unikaluri organizaciaa,
romelic moicavs saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis TiTqmis yvela
sferos. evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian ganaxorcielon
sakuTari kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia rogorc erTmaneTis, aseve orga­
nizaciis mier dadgenil samarTlebriv standartebTan. evrokavSiris wevri
saxelmwifoebi, aseve, cdiloben, ganaxorcielon ekonomikuri sistemebis
integracia, rac xels Seuwyobs erTiani evropuli ekonomikuri sivrcis
Camo­yalibebas. im sferoTa CamonaTvali, romlebSic evrokavSiris wevri
saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben, SegviZlia Semdegnairad warmovidgi-
noT:

soflis meurneoba; vaWroba;

media; TevzWera;
biujeti; sursaTis uvnebloba;
sagareo saqmeebi da usafrTxoe-
moqalaqeoba;
bis politika;
konkurencia da antimonopoliu-
humanitaruli daxmareba;
ri saqmianoba;
momxmareblis usafrTxoeba; adamianis uflebebi;
kultura; imigracia;
sabaJo; sainformacio teqnologiebi;
mdgradi ganviTareba da TanamS-
Sida bazari;
romloba;
ekonomikuri da fiskaluri
mravalenianoba;
politika;
ganaTleba, axalgazrdobis saq-
sajaro jandacva;
meebi;
SromiTi urTierTobebi da so-
regionaluri politika;
cialuri uzrunvelyofa;
samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba,
energetika; mecnieruli da teqnologiuri
progresi;
evrokavSiris gafarToeba; sporti;
mrewveloba; gadasaxadebi;
garemos dacva; transporti.
kriminalTan brZola;

aRniSnulis garda, evrokavSiri Tavad gamodis, rogorc calkeuli tipis

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mxare. awyobs tenderebs, aformebs xel­
Sekrulebebs, axorcielebs msoflios masStabiT araerTi programis dafi­
nansebas, gascems grantebs.
evrokomisia, romelic evrokavSiris umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel ele­
ments warmoadgens, afinansebs proeqtebs, romlebic xels uwyobs evroka­
vSiris programebisa da politikis ganxorcielebas iseTi mimarTulebebiT,
rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, sursaTis uvnebloba, adamianis uflebebi,
adgilob­rivi da regionaluri ganviTareba da a.S.

318
 4.2.  evrokavSiris ZiriTadi institutebi
rogorc vxedavT, evrokavSiri gansxvavdeba CvenTvis aqamde cnobili sxva
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisgan TanamSromlobis gansakuTrebiT farTo
arealiT. zogierTi mecnieri evrokavSirs konfederaciasac ki uwodebs.
miuxeda­vad imisa, Tu ras vuwodebT evrokavSirs, saerTaSoriso gaerTiane­
bas, organizacias, Tu konfederacias, aSkaraa, rom mas gansakuTrebuli
13
konfederacia
ewodeba ori
an ramdenime
saxelmwifos iseT
kavSirs, rodesac
masSi Semavali
insti­tuciuri wyoba aqvs, kerZod: saxelmwifoebi
sruli saxiT
inarCuneben
suverenitets
da rCebian
saerTaSoriso
samarTlis
damoukidebel
subieqtebad.
konfederacia aris
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
monawile da aqvs
saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqtis
niSnebi, magram
SezRuduli saxiT.
konfederacia,
rogorc wesi,
yalibdeba
saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebiT da
uflebamosileba
garkveul sferoebSi
gadaecema, Tumca
gadawyvetilebebi am
sferoebSi miiReba
konfederaciis wevri
saxelmwifoebis
TanxmobiT. Tqveni
azriT, aris Tu
ara evrokavSiri
konfederacia?
ratom?

miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis sabWo ayalibebs evrokavSiris politikur

kurss da gansazRvravs mis prioritetebs, mas ar gaaCnia kanonis miRebis
ufleba. evrokavSiris kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi CarTulia sami Ziri­
Tadi instituti. erT-erTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gaxlavT evroparla-
menti, rogorc evropis moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlobiTi da saTaTbiro or­
gano. meore instituti, romelsac agreTve aqvs erTgvari sakanonmdeb­lo
funqcia, gaxlavT evrokavSiris sabWo, romelic evrokavSiris gadawyveti­
lebis mimRebi mTavari organoa. mas sxvagvarad ministrTa sabWosac uwode­
ben. aRniSnul dawesebulebaSi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris wevri yvela
saxelmwifos mTavroba. mesame instituti ki gaxlavT, evrokomisia, rogorc
organo, romelic warmoadgens evrokavSiris interesebs.
aRniSnuli sami organo kanonebs iRebs e.w. `Cveulebrivi sakanonmdeblo pro­
ceduris~ meSveobiT, kerZod, evrokomisia axdens axali kanonis inicirebas,
evropis parlamenti da evrokavSiris sabWo ki mis miRebasa da implementa­
cias uzrunvelyofen. evropis kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebisaTvis zedamxed­
velobas axorcielebs evrokomisia.

319
13 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

4.3.  evrokavSiris sxva dawesebulebebi

garda aRniSnuli sami institutisa, evrokavSiris saqmianobaSi gansa-

kuTrebul adgils ikavebs iseTi dawesebulebebi, rogoricaa evropis
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo da auditorTa sabWo.

aRniSnuli dawesebulebebi evrokavSiris mniSvnelovani organoebia,

romelTa uflebamosilebac ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis
mier dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, romelic,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis umTavresi wyaroa.
evrokavSirs, aseve, gaaCnia ramdenime sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
instituti da struqturuli danayofi, romlebic pasuxs ageben evrokav-
Siris saqmianobis gamo Sesabamisi mimarTulebebiT. es institutebia:

ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis komiteti;

regionTa komiteti;
evropis sainvesticio banki;
evropis centraluri banki;
evropis saxalxo damcveli;
evropis monacemTa dacvis xelmZRvaneli;
sagamomcemlo ofisi;
evropis personalis SerCevis ofisi;
evropis administrirebis skola;
specializebuli dawesebulebebi da decentralizebuli organoebi;

evropis sagareo saqmeTa samsaxuri.

320
 4.4.  evrokavSiris administracia
evrokavSiris administracia diversificirebuli organoa, romelsac ar
gaaCnia mkacrad centralizebuli mmarTveloba. magaliTad, evrokomisia
dayofilia calkeul departamentebad, romelTac moixsenieben, rogorc
generalur direqciebs. aRniSnuli direqciebi evrokavSiris Semadgenloba­
Si arsebuli, erTgvari `saministroebia~. TiToeuli aseTi `saministro~
13
muSaobs garkveuli mimarTulebiT, magaliTad, vaWrobis an garemos dacvis.
am `saministros~ saTaveSi udgas `ministri~, anu generaluri direqtori.
evrokomisia mTlianad 38 000-ze met TanamSromels aerTianebs, Sesabamisad,
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom igi msoflios erT-erT udides biurokratiul kiTxva:
aparats warmoadgens. kidev romeli
saerTaSoriso
evrokomisiis mudmivi adgilsamyofeli belgiis dedaqalaqi briuseli da organizaciis
luqsemburgis sahercogoa. garda amisa, evrokomisias aqvs ofisebi evrokav­ mudmivi
Siris wevr saxelmwifoebSi da warmomadgenlobebi mis gareT. adgilsamyofelia
briuseli?
evrokavSiris sabWosa da parlamentis gamarTul muSaobaze pasuxs ageben Se­
sabamisi samdivnoebi, sadac erTad 9500 adamianze meti muSaobs.
evropis parlamentis komitetis sxdomebi tardeba briuselsa da stras­
burgSi, Tumca misi administracia ganTavsebulia luqsemburgSi, xolo rac
Seexeba evropis sabWos, misi ZiriTadi administracia, agreTve, ganTavsebu­
lia briuselSi, Tumca calkeuli Sexvedrebi luqsemburgSic imarTeba.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom evrokavSiri
aris saerTaSoriso sistemis saintereso moTamaSe, romelic mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs evropis saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikas. misi saxiT,
realurad gaxda SesaZlebeli iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic
evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis albaTobas
nulamde amcirebs. amdenad organizaciam miaRwia ara mxolod Tavdapirvel
mizans, aramed Seqmna saxelmwifoTa Tanaswori partniorobis unikaluri
precedenti.

5. evrosabWo kiTxva:
imsjeleT meore
evrosabWo meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili kidev erTi mniSvnelovani msoflio omis
evropuli institutia, romelsac sakvanZo adgili ukavia evropul sivrcesa Semdgom evropaSi
da saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. aRniSnuli organizacia 1949 wlis 5 maiss daars­ Seqmnil viTarebaze.
da aTi evropuli saxelmwifos mier. es ra gaxda imis
mizezi, rom meore
saxelmwifoebia: belgia, dania, safran­ msoflio omis
geTi, irlandia, italia, luqsemburgi, Semdgom msofliosa
niderlandebi, norvegia, SvedeTi da da gansakuTrebiT
didi britaneTi. Tumca droTa ganmav­ evropul
lobaSi organizacia mniSvnelovnad ga­ sivrceSi araerTi
saerTaSoriso
farTovda, rac, erTi mxriv, gan­ organizacia
pirobebuli iyo uSualod am organi­ Camoyalibda?
zaciis politikiT, meore mxriv, msof­
lios politikur rukaze momxdari cvl­
ilebebiT. dRevandel dRes evrokav­
Siris areali TiTqmis mTlianad moicavs evropul sivrces da 47 saxelmwi­
fos aerTianebs, maT Soris, saqarTvelos. aRniSnuli organizaciis umTavres
mizans warmoadgens evropul sivrceSi demokratiuli institutebis ga­
Zlierebis xelSewyoba da liberaluri principebis damkvidreba, rac efuZne­
ba iseT saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebs, rogoricaa adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvencia.
evrosabWos daarsebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa didi britaneTis premier-
minis­trma uinston CerCilma, romelic regionSi mSvidobis damyarebis erT-
erT gzad, e.w. `evropis SeerTebuli Statebis~ daarsebas miiCnevda. mis gver­

321
13 1945 wlis 5
maisi, londonis
xelSekrulebaze
xelmowera.
es xelSekruleba
safuZvlad daedo
evrosabWos Seqmnas.

diT ki SeuZlebelia ar vaxsenoT, robert Sumani, safrangeTis sagareo saqme­

Ta ministri, romelic, rogorc es wina TavSi aRvniSneT, evrokavSiris Seqmnis
erT-erTi iniciatori gaxldaT. es ori pirovneba Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT
axali evropuli wesrigis arqiteqtorebad, xolo evrosabWo- maTi qmnilebis
pirvel nabijad, rasac mohyva evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis sazogadoe­
bis daarseba 1950 wels, xolo 1957 wels evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis
dafuZneba, romelic 1993 wels evrokavSirad gardaiqmna. swored am orma
adamianma evropuli mSvidoba adamianis uflebebis dacvis, kanonis uzenae­
sobis, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis Rirebulebebze daafuZ­na.
swored, aRniSnuli Rirebulebebia Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoebis ar­
sebobis qvakuTxedi, romelze dayrdnobiTac evrosabWo cdilobs gaumklav­
des iseTi tipis saerTaSoriso gamowvevebs, rogoric aris: terorizmi, or­
ganizebuli danaSauli da korufcia, kiberdanaSauli, bioeTikis dacva da
klonireba, Zaladoba qalebsa da bavSvebze, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
dacva, adamianebiT vaWroba-trefikingi. aqedan gamomdinare evrosabWo sa-
kuTar miznebs Semdegi saxiT ayalibebs:

adamianis uflebebis, demokratiisa da kanonis

uzenaeso­bis dacva;

informaciis gacvlis xelSewyoba, evropis kulturis

identurobisa da mravalferovnebis ganviTareba;

evropuli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli problemebis

gadaWris erToblivi gzebis Zieba;

politikuri, sakanonmdeblo da konstituciuri re-

formebis xelSewyoba, evropaSi demokratiuli ganvi-
Tarebisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

5.1.  evrosabWos struqtura

evrosabWos, iseve rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, mkacrad Camo-
yalibebuli struqtura aqvs, romelic ganisazRvreba organizaciis wesde­
biT. mokled ganvixiloT, Tu rogor muSaobs evrosabWo da misi Semadgeneli
organoebi:

322
 evrosabWos Stabbina
13

• ministrTa komiteti - evrosabWos gadawyvetilebis mimRebi ZiriTadi

organo, romelic, rogorc wesi, dakompleqtebulia evrosabWos wev­
ri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebiT an mudmivi diploma­
tiuri warmomadgenlebiT. TiToeul maTgans aqvs erTi xmis ufleba.
ministrTa komiteti wyvets evrosabWos politikis sakvanZo sakiT­
xebs da amtkicebs organizaciis biujets;
• saparlamento asamblea - evrosabWos ZiriTadi warmomadgenlobiTi
da saTaTbiro organo. arsebobis manZilze igi araerTi saerTaSori­
so xelSekrulebis iniciatori iyo, romelic mniSvnelovan rols Ta­
maSobda evropis masStabiT kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi;
• evropis regionuli da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kongresi -
aerTianebs evropuli sivrcis 200 000-mde municipalitetsa da adgi­
lobriv TviTmmarTvelobas. sistematurad imarTeba forumebi, sad­
ac arCeuli warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven saerTo problemebs,
uziare­ben erTmaneTs gamocdilebas da axdenen regionuli poli­
tikis Camoyalibebas. aRniSnuli organos ZiriTad mizans warmoad­
gens demokratiis ganviTareba, TviTmmarTvelobis ganmtkiceba da
servisis gaumjobeseba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis doneze;
• adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo - mudmivmoqmedi sa­
samarTlo, romelic samarTlianadaa miCneuli yvela evropelis
uflebaTa dacvis umTavres garantad da erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv institutad. Cven visaubreT marTlmsa­
julebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da evropis marTlmsajulebis
sasamarTlos Sesaxeb, romlebic Sesabamisad funqcionireben gaer­
Tianebuli erebis organizaciisa da evrokavSiris SemadgenlobaSi da
warmoadgenen aRniSnuli organizaciebis mTavar sasamarTlo orga­
nos. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi institutebisgan gansxvavebiT, ada­
mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ganixilavs ara mxolod
saxelmwifoTaSoris davebs, aramed kerZo pirebis davebsac saxelmwi­
fos winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, misi kari Riaa evrokavSiris wevri yvela
qveynis moqalaqisTvis, romelic miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifom misi
uflebebi Selaxa. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ganixi­
lavs saCivrebs im uflebaTa darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac

323
13

evrosabWos generaluri asamblea

icavs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia. am konvenciis mxa­

reebs warmoadgens evrosabWos wevri 47 saxelmwifo;
• adamianis uflebaTa komisari - aris evrokavSiris damoukidebeli
organo, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianoba, evropul sivrceSi sazoga­
doebis informirebulobisa da ganaTlebis xarisxis zrdis xelSewyo­
baa. mas agreTve evaleba evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi adamianis
uflebaTa dacva, kerZod, mas akisria prevenciuli roli, rac
gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis uflebaTa komisris ZiriTadi mova­
leoba, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebis Tavidan acilebaa;
• saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis konferencia - aer­
Tianebs 400-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacias da war­
moadgens evropuli sazogadoebis xmas. misi ZiriTadi movaleobaa
daamyaros da ganamtkicos kavSiri sazogadoebasa da politikur
jgufebs Soris;
• generalur mdivans xuTi wlis vadiT irCevs evrosabWos saparla-
mento asamblea. is axorcielebs evrosabWos samdivnosa da aparatis
administraciul mmarTvelobas da imavdroulad, miiCneva evrosab­
Wos umaRles politikur warmomadgenlad. generaluri mdivani pa­
kiTxva: Tqveni suxismgebelia evrosabWos biujetze, agreTve organizaciis prog­
azriT, ra aris ramebsa da strategiul gegmebze. generalur mdivans hyavs moadgile,
sajelis mizani? romelsac agreTve irCeven 5 wlis vadiT.
eTanxmebiT Tu ara
sikvdiliT dasjis daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrosabWom, rogorc saerTaSoriso ins­
akrZalvas? ratom? titutis arsebobam, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli evropul sivrceSi adamia­
nis uflebaTa dacvis standartis amaRlebas. faqtobrivad, am organizaciis
udidesi damsaxurebiT evropa Camoyalibda iseT regionad, sadac sikvdiliT
dasja, rogorc sasjeli, akrZalulia da aRar gamoiyeneba saxelmwifoTa
kiTxva: Tqveni mier. garda aRniSnulisa, evrosabWo mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels evropis
azriT, ratom aris qveynebs Soris interkulturuli dialogis warmarTvas, rac dadebiT rols
mniSvnelovani
TamaSobs ara mxolod calkeuli saxelmwifoebis, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis
kulturaTaSorisi
dialogi ? daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT.

324
 evrosabWos struqtura:
13
evrosabWos gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi
ministrTa komiteti
ZiriTadi organo.

evrosabWos ZiriTadi warmomadgenlobi-

saparlamento asamblea
Ti da saTaTbiro organo.

evropis regionuli aerTianebs evropuli sivrcis 200 000-

da adgilobrivi mde municipalitetsa da adgilobriv
xelisuflebis kongresi TviTmmarTve­lobas.

mudmivmoqmedi sasamarTlo, romelic

samarTlianadaa miCneuli yvela evrope-
adamianis uflebaTa
lis uflebaTa dacvis umTavres garantad
evropuli sasamarTlo
da erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saerTaSori-
so samarTlebriv institutad.

aris evrokavSiris damoukidebeli or-

gano, romlis ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblo-
adamianis uflebaTa
ba evropul sivrceSi sazogadoebis in-
komisari
formirebulobisa da ganaTlebis xarisx-
is zrdis xelSewyobaa.

aerTianebs 400-mde saerTaSoriso arasam-

saerTaSoriso Tavrobo organizacias da warmoadgens
arasamTavrobo evropuli sazogadoebis xmas. misi ZiriT-
organizaciebis adi movaleobaa, daamyaros da ganamtki-
konferencia cos kavSiri sazogadoebasa da politikur
jgufebs Soris.

axorcielebs evrosabWos samdivnosa da

aparatis administraciul mmarTvelobas
da miiCneva evrosabWos umaRles poli-
generaluri mdivani
tikur warmomadgenlad, romelsac xuTi
wlis vadiT irCevs evrosabWos saparla-
mento asamblea.

325
13

6. evropaSi usafrTxoebis da TanamSromlobis organizacia

http://www.osce.org/ - euTo
rogorc vxedavT, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daarsebis ZiriTadi mizani,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, aris saxelmwifoTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT globaluri
problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg brZola. am TvalsazrisiT gamor­
Ceuli adgili ukavia euTos, evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis
organizacias, romelic warmoadgens mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrun­
velyofis mizniT Seqmnil udides regionul gaerTianebas. igi evropis,
cent­raluri aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis 56 saxelmwifos aerTianebs.
es organizacia gaxlavT erT-erTi udidesi saerTaSoriso forumi, sa­
dac saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT awarmoon politikuri molaparakebebi da
gadawyveti­lebebi miiRon iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa: saom­
ari mdgomareobis, an sxva krizisebis Sesaxeb drouli da adreuli gafrTxi­
leba, konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba, krizisuli viTarebis marTva da
konfliq­ tis Semdgomi reabilitacia. euTo uzrunvelyofs organizaciis
wevri saxelmwifoebis politikuri nebis aRsrulebas sxvadasxva tipis misi­
is meSveobiT.
sainteresoa euTos midgoma uSiSroebis sakiTxebTan, gansxvavebiT
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciisgan, romlis erT-erTi
funqciac, aseve, gaxlavT uSiSroebisa da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa. euTos
kiTxva: Tqveni ar gaaCnia SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, sardlobebi da am sardlobebze daqvemde­
azriT, aris Tu barebuli samxedro danayofebi.
ara CamoTvlili
RonisZiebebi
sakmarisi usafrTxo euTo, rogorc wesi, sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad iseT politikur
garemosa da meTodebs mimarTavs, rogoricaa: SeiaraRebis kontroli, ndobisa da
stabilurobis uSiSroebis damyarebis zomebi, adamianis uflebebis dacva, agreTve,
uzrunvelsayofad? erovnuli umciresobebi, maTi uflebebis dacva da integracia sazo-
ratom?
gadoebaSi, demokratiuli procesebis xelSewyoba, ekonomikis gajan-
saRebis RonisZiebebisa da garemos dacvis RonisZiebebis ganxor-
cieleba.

326
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis msgavsad, euTos wevri yvela qveyana
sargeblobs Tanabari statusiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom organizacia
gadawyveti­
lebas iRebs konsesusis safuZvelze, ara iuridiulad saval­
debulo dokumentis, aramed politikuri SeTanxmebis saxiT.
euTos saqmianobis sfero SegviZlia Semdegi saxiT warmovadginoT:
13
kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ramdenad
efeqturia
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis aRniSnuli
meqanizmi?
SeiaraRebis kontroli;
sazRvrebis dacva da marTva;
adamianebiT vaWrobasTan brZola;
terorizmTan brZola;
konfliqtis Tavidan acileba da gadawyveta;
ekonomikuri saqmianoba;
ganaTleba;
arCevnebi;
garemos dacva;
genderuli Tanasworoba;
saTanado mmarTveloba;
adamianis uflebebi;
mediis Tavisufleba da ganviTareba;
samxedro reforma da TanamSromloba;
umciresobaTa uflebebi;
policia;
kanonis uzenaesoba;
tolerantoba da aradiskriminacia.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mocemuli organizacia
aris saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis saintereso sivrce, romelsac Ses­wevs
unari, pozitiuri roli iTamaSos msoflioSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis
ganmtkicebaSi.

327
13
http://www.wto.org/
7. msoflio savaWro organizacia
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganviTareba da mravalferovneba pirdapir
aisaxeba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis miznebsa da xasiaTze. Cven ganvi­
xilavdiT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romelTa mizanic, umetesad, iyo
adamianis uflebaTa dacva da saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis Tavidan
acileba. amjerad, sainteresoa, yuradReba gavamaxviloT saerTaSoriso or­
ganizaciaze, romelic muSaobs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyobis mimar­
TulebiT. mocemul TavSi saubari gveqneba msoflio savaWro organizaciaze.
mogexsenebaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTobe­
bi saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia im­
denad, ramdenadac araerTi qveynis ekonomika mniSvnelovnad aris damok­
idebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze, iqneba es warmoebuli produqciis gatana
sazRvarga­reT, Tu aucilebeli produqciis Semotana ucxoeTidan. miuxe­
davad imisa, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa absolutur umetesobaSi bi­
zness akontrolebs ara saxelmwifo, aramed kerZo seqtori, saxelmwifoTa
Soris aqtiurad dgas saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebis regulirebis
problema. magaliTad, SegviZlia gavixsenoT, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos wi­
naaRmdeg gamoyenebuli embargo, rodesac qarTvel mewarmeebs aekrZalaT
alkoholuri sasmelebisa da mineraluri wylebis ruseTSi gayidva. saqarTve­
loSi saxelmwifo ar awarmoebs arc erT zemoTxsenebul produqts, Tumca
maTi ruseTis bazarze daSveba mainc warmoadgens saxelmwifoTa Soris mo­
kiTxva: migaCniaT laparakebis sagans. am magaliTiT Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu ra mniSvne­
Tu ara ruseTis loba SeiZleba hqondes saerTaSoriso organizaciis arsebobas, romelic
federaciis saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebis mimarTulebiT muSaobs.
gawevrianeba
msoflio savaWro msoflio savaWro organizacia Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSemwyobi udidesi
organizaciaSi swor saerTaSoriso organizaciaa. es udidesi saerTaSoriso forumia, sadac
gadawyvetilebad? saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT awarmoon molaparakebebi vaWrobasTan dakavSire­
biT, ufro metic, aRniSnuli organizacia gaxlavT savaWro davebis mogvare­
imsjeleT
saqarTvelo- bis adgili, romelic, aseve, adgens saerTaSoriso vaWrobis wesebs da xels
ruseTis savaWro uwyobs mis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas. msoflio savaWro organizacia aris
urTierTobebze. adgili, sadac wevri saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, gaarkvion da gadaWran maT wi­
ra unda gakeTdes naSe arsebuli saerTaSoriso problemebi da gamowvevebi vaWrobis sferoSi.
aRniSnuli
urTierTobebis
mosawesrigeblad?
migaCniaT Tu ara
mizanSewonilad
saerTaSoriso
barierebis arseboba
momxmareblis
usafrTxoebis
dacvis, an
daavadebaTa
gavrcelebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT?

328
msoflio savaWro organizacia Seiqmna 1995 wlis 1 ianvars. misi mudmivi
adgilsamyofeli Sveicariis qalaqi Jenevaa.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, organizaciis ZiriTadi funqcia aris saxelmwi­
foTa Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis uzrunvelyofa da saerTaSoriso bazreb­
ze barierebis moxsna, Tumca, imavdroulad, msoflio savaWro organizacia
cdilobs SeinarCunos kidec calkeuli barierebi, magaliTad, momxmarebel­
13
Ta usafrTxoebis dacvisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT.

8. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
http://www.worldbank.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelic org/
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis specializebuli dawesebulebis sta­
tusiT funqcionirebs. igi 1944 wels dafuZnda da amoqmedda 1945 wlis 27
dekembers, 29 saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis xelmoweris
Semdeg. Tundac am monakveTidan naTlad Cans (razedac wina TavebSi gvqonda
saubari), rom nebismieri saerTaSoriso organizaciis Seqmna damokidebulia
calkeuli qveynis mier gamoxatul nebaze, xolo nebismieri saerTaSoriso
dokumenti iuridiul Zalas iZens maSin, rodesac amas aRiareben saxelmwi­
foebi.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi miznad isaxavs
globaluri finansuri sistemis uzrunvelyo­
fas ucxouri valutis gadacvlis kursebisa da
sagadamxdelo balansis monitoringis meSveobiT,
garda aRniSnulisa, teqnikurad da finansurad
exmareba ganviTarebad qveynebs.
dRevandel dRes saerTaSoriso savaluto fond­
Si 188 wevri saxelmwifoa gaerTianebuli, romel­
Ta mizanicaa msoflio savaluto TanamSromlo­
bis ganmtkiceba, finansuri stabilurobis dacva,
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xel­Sewyoba, ekonomikuri
zrda, msoflios masStabiT siRaribis Semcireba.

329
13

msoflio banki
maSin, rodesac saerTaSoriso savaluti fondis ZiriTadi amocana nebismier
qveyanaSi moklevadiani finansuri krizisebis aRmofxvraa, msoflio bankis
prioriteti ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis grZelvadiani daxmarebis aRmoCe­
naa.

msoflio banki warmoadgens udides saerTaSoriso finansur insti-

tuts, romelic 1944 wels daarsda. misi Stabbina ganTavsebulia ame­
rikis SeerTebuli Statebis dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi.
msoflio banki ar aris ubralod saerTaSoriso banki im saxiT, ra
saxiTac vicnobT sabanko dawesebulebebs, aramed is aris umsxvile-
si saerTaSoriso partnioruli gaerTianeba, romelic msoflios 188
qveyanas aerTianebs saerTo mizniT: Seamciron siRari­bis maCvenebeli
msoflioSi da mxari dauWi­ron saerTaSoriso ganviTarebas.

bankis muSaoba SegviZlia 6 strategiul mimarTulebad davyoT, kerZod:

Raribi qveynebis daxmareba, susti saxelmwifoebisa da konfliq­tis Sedegad
dazaralebuli qveynebis xelSewyoba, arabuli samyaro, saSualo Semosavlis
mqone qveynebis daxmareba, msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone
saqonlis sakiT­xebi, saswavlo sakiTxebi da ganaTlebis donis amaRleba.
sakuTari strategiuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad msoflio banki gas­
cems uprocento kreditebsa da dabalprocentian sesxebs ganviTarebadi
qveynebisTvis, imavdroulad, igi mxars uWers investiciebs iseT sferoeb­
Si, rogoricaa, ganaTleba, jandacva, sajaro
mmarTveloba, infrastruq­ tura, safinanso
institutebisa da kerZo biznesis ganviTare­
ba, soflis meurneoba, garemos dacva da bune­
brivi resursebis marTva. garda sakuTari fi­
nansuri saxsrebisa, msoflio bankis calkeul
proeqtebs, rogorc wesi, afinanseben ganvi­
Tarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi, komerciuli
bankebi, kerZo seqtoris investorebi (msxvili
biznesmenebi) da sxva donorebi.

330
 13
msoflio banki
bunebrivia, ganviTarebad saxelmwi­
foTa finansuri daxmareba mniS­
vnelovania, Tumca mxolod es
sakmarisi ar aris. gamomdinare
iqidan, rom msoflios ganviTarebadi
qveynebis absoluturi umravlesoba
axalgazrda saxelmwifos warmoad­
gens, romelTac ar gaaCniaT saxelm­
wifoebrivi marTvis gamocdileba.
aRniSnuli problema gansakuTrebiT
mwvaved dgas yofil sabWoTa respub­
likebSi, sadac araTu damoukidebe­
li saxelmwifos, aramed Tavisufali
ekonomikuri sistemis arsebobis ga­
mocdilebac ki ar arsebobs. sabWoTa
kavSiris dros ekonomikur procesebs
warmarTavdnen ara kerZo safinanso
institutebi da biznes kompaniebi, aramed saxelmwifos marTvis centralu­
ri aparati, iseve rogorc calkeul produqciaze fasis dadgena xdeboda ara kiTxva: Tqveni
azriT, ratom ar aris
gasaRebis bazarze arsebuli viTarebis (moTxovna calkeul produqtze, misi mxolod finansuri
miwodeba, warmoebisa da transportirebis Rirebuleba da a.S.), aramed saxel­ daxmareba sakmarisi
mwifos nebis Sesabamisad. faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli garemoebebis gamo, ara­ ganviTarebadi
erT yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi ekonomikuri viTareba sakmaod mZimea. am­ qveynebisTvis?
denad, maTTvis mxolod finansuri daxmareba ar kmara, aramed saWiroa, Sesa­ ra mxriv SeiZleba
SeuSalos xeli
bamisi gamocdilebis gaziarebac, raTa ukeT SeZlon sakuTari finansuri gamocdilebis
resursebis marTva. naklebobam
ganviTarebad
msoflio banki am mimarTulebiTac aqtiurad muSaobs. igi uzrunvel­yofs qveynebs?
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mxar­daWeras rCevebis, kvlevebis, teqnikuri dax­
marebisa da analizis saxiT. igi, agreTve, uzrunvelyofs investorTa in­
formirebulobas, qveyanaSi arsebuli sainvesticio garemosa da ekonomiku­
ri viTarebis Sesaxeb. msoflio bankis monawileobiT araerTi saerTaSoriso
forumi da konferencia imarTeba ganviTarebis sakiTxebze, rac ganviTare­
badi qveynebisTvis codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebis kargi saSualebaa.

331
13
me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi adgili
hqonda SeiaraRebul
konfliqts
frangul-italiur
koaliciasa da
avstriis imperias
Soris. solferinos
brZola, romelic
aRniSnuli
konfliqtis
Semzarav fragments
warmoadgens,
ganviTarda
lombardiis erT-
erTi patara soflis-
solferinos
maxloblad.
frangebs
9. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
meTaurobda wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komite­
safrangeTis
imperatori
ti erT-erTi uZvelesi saerTaSoriso
napoleon mesame, organizaciaa, romlis istoriac daax­
italielebs - viqtor loebiT 150 wels iTvlis. Tuki aqamde
emanuel meore, Cven mier ganxiluli yvela saerTaSo­
xolo avstrielebs riso organizacia daarsebuli iyo
- imperatori franc
iozefi. solferinos
saxelmwifoTa mier miRweuli saer­
brZola frangul- TaSoriso SeTanxmebis Sedegad, wiTe­
italiuri koaliciis li jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis
gamarjvebiT daarseba ukavSirdeba ara romelime
dasrulda. qveya­nas, aramed Sveicarel mewarmesa
da sazogado moRvawes anri (henri) di­
unans, romelic 1859 wels gaxda uSua­
lo mowme solferinos brZolis Sem­
deg upat­ ronod dayrili, sasik­
vdilod gametebuli aTasobiT fran­
gi, italieli da avstrieli jariskacis tanjvisa. nanaxiT SeZrulma diunanma
gadawyvita daearsebina organizacia, romelic izrunebda saomari moqmede­
bebis dros daWril meomrebze. man dawera wigni `solferinos brZolis
mogonebebi~, romelSic detalurad aRwera mis mier nanaxi saSineleba. aR­
niSnulma wignma didi gamoxmaureba hpova evropul sazogadoebaSi. sab­
olood, diunanis mcde­ loba organizaciis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT,
warmatebiT dagvirgvinda 1863 wels wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis
daarsebiT.
dRevandel dRes wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti warmoadgens udides
saerTaSoriso humanitarul organizacias, romelic msoflios 80 qveyanaSi
axorcielebs Tavis saqmianobas. misi ZiriTadi mizania daxmareba aRmouCinos
samxedro konfliqtebis, Sida areulobebisa da sxva saxis konfliqtebis Se­
degad dazaralebul adamianebs. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti aq­
tiurad iyo CarTuli humanitarul procesebSi ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008
wlis omis dros, rodesac igi uSualod awarmoebda molaparakebebs da­
pirispirebul mxareebTan samxedro tyveTa gacvlis Sesaxeb, agrovebda mo­

332
nacemebs datyvevebul samxedroTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, agreTve
omis Sedegad devnil da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mdgomareobis
Sesa­xeb da SesaZleblobis farglebSi exmareboda maT. mTavari principi, ro­
melsac wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti muSaobisas eyrdnoba, aris is,
rom nebismieri omi unda mimdinareobdes garkveuli wesebis dacviT, kerZod,
dauSvebelia Zaladoba mSvidobian mosaxleobaze, ar unda hqondes adgili
13
Jenevis konvenciebi
aris saerTaSoriso
humanitaruli
samarTlis ZiriTadi
wyaro, romelic
samxedro tyveTa wamebis da damcirebis faqtebs, dauSvebelia masobrivi ga­ adgens SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebis dros
nadgurebis iaraRis gamoyeneba da a.S. aRniSnuli principebi, romelTac saxelmwifoTa qcevis
sxvag­varad saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis principebsac uwode­ wesebs. aRniSnuli
ben, asaxulia Jenevis 4 konvenciaSi. aRniSnuli konvenciebi, anu saerTaSo­ konvenciebis miReba
riso SeTanxmebebi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis pirdapir kavSirSia
ZiriTad wyaroebs. mocemul konvenciebSi asaxulia ara mxolod e.w. `omis wiTeli jvris
saerTaSoriso
warmoebis wesebi~, aramed wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis uflebebi komitetis
da dacvis garantiebi. Jenevis konvenciebis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia wiTeli daarsebasTan.
jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis amosacnobi niSnis mqone Senobebis, swored diunanis
transpor­tis an adamianebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba, uzrunvelyofil­ moRvaweobas
ia maTi Tavisufali gadaadgileba da a.S. SeiZleba
davukavSiroT
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ar 1864 wels JenevaSi
warmoadgens saxelmwifoTaSoris saerTaSoriso organizacias. is SegviZlia pirveli konvenciis
miReba.
ganvixiloT, rogorc arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia. buneb­
rivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tuki aRniSnuli organizacia ar Seqmnila saxelmwifoTa
mier SeTanxebis Sedegad, maSin rogor axorcielebs igi sakuTar saqmianobas
msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi? ra aris misi, rogorc saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli? - marTalia, wiTeli jvris
Jenevis konvenciebis
saerTaSoriso komitetis daarseba ar momxdara saxelmwifoTa mier, Tum­ miReba erTdroulad
ca misi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi statusi da iuridiuli mandati gan­ ar momxdara,
sazRvrulia Jenevis konvenciebiT, romelzedac zemoT gvqonda saubari. Se­ radganac
sabamisad, aRniSnuli organizacia sakuTar uflebamosilebas axorcielebs kacobriobis
saxelmwifoTa mier miRweuli mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. ganviTarebasTan
erTad icvleboda
omis warmoebis
meTodebi, taqtika
da xerxebi, Cndeboda
axali iaraRi.
swored amitom,
droTa ganmavlobaSi
dRis wesrigSi dadga
saerTaSoriso
humanitarul
samarTalSi
aRniSnuli
`damangreveli
progresis~
siaxleebis asaxva,
Sesabamisad, Jenevis
pirveli konvenciis
Semdeg miRebul iqna
1906 wlis konvencia,
agreTve 1929 da 1949
wlis konvenciebi.

333
13

334