“Texts for home Reading” is designed for intermediate and upper sinfemediate and students who are studying at specialty Informatics and Applied Languages. It aims at helping students to build their vocabulary and improve thei: comprehension reading skills. The stores are with vocabulary comments and questions for checking the understanding and discussion, It ean also be used citer under the guidance ofa teacher of by interested eames on thee own, ‘Compiled by: Maria Anischievici, senior lecturer Stella Tara, university lecturer Reviewer: Lilia Mihail-Velescu, senior lecturer Bun de tipar 25.03.2013 Formatal bari 60x84 1/16 Harte ofetsipar ofset Tirajul $0 ex Coli de ipar 2,75 ‘Comanda nr. 28 ‘UTM, 2013, Chignts, ba Stefan cel Mare i Sint 168 Falture* Tebnica ~UTM™ 2068 Chigindu, st. Studenfior, 9 oUTM,203 Archimedes Groek mathematician and inventor, was born (290 BC- 21780) at Syracuse in Sicily. He was she sn of Pheidas, an astronomer, and was on intimate terms with if not related to, Hier, king of Syracuse, and Gelo his son. He studied at Alexandria and doubiless met there Conon of Samos, whom he admired as a mathematician and cherished as fiend, and 0 whom he was in the habit of communicating his discoveries before publication. On his return to his native city he devoted himself to mathematical research. He himself set no value on the ingenious mechanical conrivances which made him famous, regarding them a3 beneath the dignity of pure science and even declining to leave any writen record of them except in the case of the Sphore-making. AS, however, these machines impressed the popular imagination, they naturally figure largely inthe tations about him, Ths, he devised for Hiero engines of war which almost teifed the Romans, and which protraced the siege of Syracuse fr theee years, There isa story that he ‘constructed a burning mire which set the Roman ships on fre when they ‘were within a how-shot of the wal. Ths has been dieredited because i is rot mentioned by Polybius, Livy or Phare; but it is probable that “Archimedes had constructed some sich burning instrament, though the ‘conection of it with the destretion ofthe Roman flee i more than oubiful. More portant, as being. doubless connected with the discovery of the principle in hydrostatics which bear his name andthe oundati by him of tat whole scene, isthe stor of Hie reference to him ofthe question whether @crowa made for him and purporting tobe (of gold, didnot actully contain a proportion of silver. Aeconing to one story, Archimedes was puzzled until ane dey, a he was stepping into a bath and observed the water running over, i occured to i thatthe excess of bulk occasioned ty the introduction of alloy could be measured by puting the crown and an equal weight of gold separately into a vessel filed with water, and cbserving the difference of overflow. He was 50 overjoyed when this happy thought stuck him that he ran home without his clothes, shouting "Eureka! Eureka [Ihave found it, Ihave found i Similarly his pioneor work in mechanics i illsrated by the story of his having sid "Give me a place to stand and | will move the earth” Hi shed him t give an illustration of his contention that a very great weightould be moved by avery smal force. Hei sa to have fixe ona lage ‘and filly laden ship and fo have used a mechanical device by which Hicg ‘was enabed 10 move it by himself; but accoars differ as to the paculer ‘mechanical powers employed. The walerscrew which be invented wee Probably devised in Bay forthe purpose of ivigating fields Archimedes died atthe capture of Syrocuse by Marcellus, 212 BC, tn the general massasre which followed the fall of the city Archimedes, while engaged in drawing & mathematical igure on the send, wes rum through the body by © Roman soldier. No blame ataches tothe Roman general, Marcellus, since he had given orders to his men to spare the house and person of the sage; and inthe midst of his lumpy he lamented the death of such an llustiows a person diveted an honor burial to te given him, and tetriended his surviving relates: In sccordance wih the expressed desire of the philosopher hs tomb wer marked by the Figure ofa sphere inseribed in & cylinder, the discovery of the relation between the volumes af a sphere and its circumscribing ‘xlinder being regerded by him as his most valuable schievemeat, ‘The range and importance of the scientific labours of Archimedes willbe best understood from a brief account of those wetings which hace come down tous; textbooks on the iatgral calcula. On dhe Sphere and tinder, The Measurement of the Circle, Ot Comoids and Sphere, On ‘Spirals, On the Equilibrium of Planes or Centers of Gravity of Pence, The Quadrature ofthe Parabola, On Flowing Bodies, The Posamtcn Collection of Lemmas Glossary |. “Alexandra the second-largest city of Egypt was founded in 331 BC by Alexander the great 2 Contrvance = is an unusual device, mechine, or method, especially one that s being used fora paticular purpose 3+ Polybius, Livy and Plutarch - ancien historians and biographers 4 Protracted something that 15 protracted lasts along. timy ‘specially longer than usual or loge than expected, 5. Psummite - (Greck psammos, sand) is a genera term for sandstone 6. Lemma In mathematics a proven proposition which i sed as 0 Stepping stone to a larger resul rather than ay a watement of interest by itself: There i no formal distinction between ¢ omnes 4 1nd a theorem; an auxiliary proposition use inthe demonstration of another proposition, Questions for discussion: 1. What made Archimedes famous? 2._State the main facts concerning his greatest discoveries? 3. Why Archimedes is considered one of the most di inventors ofall times? 44. What was his bua desire? ingishing Archimedes quotes: > Oive me lever og enogh ad uum on wich place i tnd shall move the word > Donot lsu my cites! > “Mathematics teal seces only to thse who approach it ‘with pr lve or is oom bel)” > Berka: have ound it ser Ahn win > The pod opinion of mankind, isthe lve of Archimedes, wi the genic, move emo Tanase aba ‘rcinedes) Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1482 May 2, 1519, Old Style) is one the work's immortal thinkers, artists and phitosophes, In several diferent fields he proved to be both innovative and several Centuries ahead cof his contemporaries. alin Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, enginece inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and. write. His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, Leonardo has often been described as the archetype ofthe Rentissance Man, a man of unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination’. He is widely considered to be one of| ‘the greatest painters of alltime and porbaps the most diversely talented person ever fo have lived. Born as ieitimate son ofa Florentine noble and peasant woman Leonardo grew up in Vinci, Hay. In his formative years he developed a ioe of nature and from an early age displayed hisremarkable talents and capacitis. Leonardo was educated in the studio (of the renowned Florentine paimter, Verroechio. Much of his cater working life was spent in the service of Ludovico i Maro in Milan He later worked in Rome, Bologna snd Venice, and he spent his last yeas range atthe home awarded him by Frans! Leonardo was and is renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the mest famous aad most parodisd portrait ‘Madonna o the Rock and The Last Supper the most reprodoced sligous Painting of alltime. This has teen deseited as one of the greet Spiritual paintings. With Christ atthe cente of the psture it embodies reat feeling and action as Christ is about to announce his imminent betrayal The Mona Lisa isa pont of a wife ofa Florentine nable, For Svoral days she came to Leopard and sat for her portato be pated owever she refused to smile, Leonardo even ted hiring musicians but to no avail. One day just fora leting sovond she gave @ Taint sine and Heonardo was able to capture it. Her smile encapsulates tremendous nysteriousness which is both fascinating and itriguing, A prolife moder ‘composer Sri Chinmoy said of the Mona Lisa “That sle hoe immonalized her, immortalized the artist and immortalized the art Act fd att have been immortalized by jas a fant smile, a smile that bas an enigmatic touch. Even now a soul-tuch is there, and that soulouch bas conquered the heart of the world” Ta this picture Leonardo masters the ‘ochniques of sfumato and chiaroscuro, Sfumato involves the most gradual ‘switch from colour to the ether giving a very delicate and expressive image. Chiaroscuro highlights the contrat ight and shadow ln the Mona Hisa this is most evident in the contrast between face and dark background. Leonardo is revered for his technologicel_ ingenuity. He conceptualised a eicoper, a tank, concentrated solar power a caleletor And the double bull and he outined a radinentary theory of pate tectonics, Relatively few of his designs were cansrted or wore even feasible daring his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions 'sutomated bobbin winder and 8 machine for testing the tensile ‘wire. entered the word of manufacturing unheralded. He made important discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering opis, and hydrodynamig ‘Between 1506-1510 Leonardo spent tie in Milan working on behalf of he very generous French King Lois XI n 1513 he travelled to Rome where he enjoyed the patroaage of the new Medizi pope, Leo X 6 Here he worked with contemporaries such as. the great Masters ‘Michelangelo and Raphacl, In 1515 he lef to sete tthe castle of Cloux, rear Amboise by the kind invitation of Francis | of France. Here he spent his last years feo to purse his own studies. He died in 1519 leaving behind one ofthe greatest body of rte and scieitie warks. Glossary 1 Epitomize: be a perfect example of smth, 2. ‘Hull the main pat of «boat ot ship traditionally made of steel plates cut and welded together. 3. Unberalded- if smh is unheralded, there is 20 indication beforehand tha itis going to happen, (Questions for discussion: 1. How has Leonardo ben often described? Give reasons, why”? 2. Why is he considered the most diversly talented person ever to have lived? 3. What were Da Vini’seuficr achievements? 4. Do,you agree wth "The ats sees what others only catch a slinpse of? ‘Leonardo Da Vinci quotes: ‘Simplicity isthe ultimate sophisiati The nobles pleasure is the oy of understanding. The greatest deepcion men sffer i from thir ovm opinions. {As you cannot do what you want, want what you can do. There are three esses of peopl: those who see; thoae who see when they are shown those wha donot see. “The deopr the feeling, the greater the pin One hs no right 10 love orate anything if one has nt acquired | thorough knowledge ofits nature. Great love springs from great ‘knowledge ofthe beloved object, and if you know it but litle you ‘willbe abe to love it only a ite oe not at all. He who thinks lite ers mh, Life without love iso fie a al All our knowledge has it origin in our perceptions. vyyyyGalileo Gs Galileo Galilei was bom in Pisa, lly on Februsry 15, 1564. He ‘was the oldest of seven children, His father was a musician and wool lender, who wanted his son fo study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age cleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit rons. Afr four years, Galileo had announosd to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what fxther had in mind, So Galileo was hastily withdrawn fiom the monastery, In 1581 atthe age of 1, he entered the University of Pisa to sdy medicine, as his father wished, tage twenty, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he ‘was ina eathedral. Curious to find out how longi ook the lamp to swing ck and fot, he used his pulse to time large and smal sings. Galileo tiscovered something that no ons ele had ever relied: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The la ofthe perdum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galle instantly Famous. Except for mathematics. Galileo Galilei was bored with Univesity. Galileo's family was informed tha: their son was in danger of Hunking ont. 8 compromise was worked ott, where Galileo would be utored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tuscan court, Galileo's father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of event, ‘noe # mathematicin’s eamning power was roughly around that of = ‘musician, but it seemed that this might yet allow Galileo to suecesflly ‘complete his college education However, Galileo soon left the University ‘of Pisa without degree. To eam a living, Galileo Galle stated tutoring dents in mathematics. He did some experimenting, with oating ‘bjess, developing a balance that cau el him that a piece of, say, gold ‘was 19,3 times heavier than the same volume of water. He also sated ‘campaigning for his it’s ambition: «postion onthe mathematis fac at a major universiy. Although Galileo was clearly bilan, he had ‘olfended many people inthe fed, who would choose other candidates for ‘acancies. Tronically, it was a lecture on literature thet would tum Galileos fortunes. The Academy of Florence bad been arguing over a 100. year-old controversy: What were the locator, shape. and dimensions of Dante's Inferno? Galileo Galilei wanted to seriously answer the question 8 {rom the pont of view ofa siemst. Extrapoltng from Dan’ tne that ‘fhe git Nimrods face Was about as logland just a wide a SL Peers cone in Rome.” Galileo Jedued that Lucifer himsei” was 2,000 am Tenath ong. The ausicnce was mpresed nd within the year, Galileo had recsived three-year appointment tothe Univesity of Ps, the same University that never rae him a degree! ‘Ath time that Galo arrived tthe University, some debate had stared up on one of Arise’ “ws of nature that heavier objet fell faster than lighter objects. Arstol’s word had been sceptd as gospel teuth, and there had. been Tew atempls 10 actually test Avso's concasions by actully condocing an experiment! scoring to legend, Galileo decided tot He needed tobe able to drop the objects from 2 seat height. The perfect building was right at hand the Tower of Pisa, $4 ‘erst, Gallo climbed upto the op ofthe building carrying a varity ‘ofall of varying sie ans weight, and dumped thm off ofthe top. They fl Tnnded tthe bas ofthe building at he sme time (legend sys tha the emonsration ws witnessed by 9 huge com of students and profesor). ‘Aisotle was wrong However, Galileo Galli continsed to behave rudsly to his colleagues, ote goad move fora unio member ofthe fact. "Men are Tike wine esky" once said fo a group of stadets. "lok at. bole ‘withthe handsome labels. When you taste them, they are fll of ir oF sor rouge These are bots fit nl topos ntl” Po oe apingy he Unies of Pa chose not 1 renew Calis contac ‘Galileo Galilei moved onto the University of Pau. By 1593, he ‘wes desperate in need of atonal cath Hi father had did, 20 Galileo ‘was the head of his fay, and personally responsible for his fay. Debs were pressing dove on hin, most notably, the dowry for oe of bis sins, which was paid in insoles over decades (a Gowry eould be thousands of crowns, and Galles annual salary was. 180 crowns). Debtor's prion was a rea threst if Galo returned to Florence, What Galileo needed was o come up with some sr of deve that could make ‘im a ti profi. A rudimentary thememeter (which, forthe fist te, allowed temperature variations to be measred) anda ingenious device to ise water from aquifers found no market. He found geste succes in 1596 with « military compass that could be used to accurately aim cannonballs” A’mdifed civilian version tat Could be used for land °surveying came out in 1597, and ended up eaming fir amount of money {for Galileo. it helped bis profit margin thatthe instruments were sold for thee ties the cost of manufacture, he also offered classes on how to use the instrument, and the actual toolmaker was paid dit-poor wages. By 1602, Galileo's name was famous enough to help bring in students tothe University where Galileo was busily experimenting with magnets, Iwas in astronomy that Galileo thst became farious and alo courted the ‘opposition of the Holy Roman Catholie Church, Galileo came tothe same {onelusions of Copernicus that the sun was the centre ofthe universe and ‘ot the earth. By inventing the works fis telescope, Galileo was abe to ‘make many explorations of the universe, He found that Sstum had & ‘beautiful ring of clouds. The moon was not flat but had mountains and craters. Jupiter had many moons which revolved around Tupiter rather ‘than directly the sun. Thus, Galileo not only had the mathematical proofs ‘of Copemicus, but, also new proof from the science of astronomy, However, Galileo knew that publishing these studies would bring the disepproval ofthe church authorities, The Church had sheady stated to Forbid the teachings of his teschings,especslly anything that supported Copemicus. However, in 1623, a new pope, Pope Urban VIM seomed to bbe more liberally minded and he allowed Galileo t publish his great ‘works on astronomy and supporting the works of Copernicus. However, afer publication, elements within the Church sought to attack Galileo's position. Thus, Galileo was arrested and imprisoned for several months. He was convicted of heresy and was forced to recat his belief, He spent the remaining years of his life under house smest ‘Aret. Galileo had three children. He was especially close to one of his daughters, Poissena; she took the name of Sister Maria Celeste and centered a convent acar Area, Despite being censured by the church, Galileo continued 0 make discoveries until death overtook him in 1612 He was blind by the time he passed away. Galileo made many iportant contributions tothe development of science Glossary Ty Jesite- are those who area par ofthe Society of fesus a division of Catholicism founded by Saint Ignatius, 2. Swing- if smh swings” it moves repeatedly backwards and Forwards or from side 10 side, rom & fixed point. 10 3. Flunk out: tobe dismissed from schoo! or college Because your ‘work is not good enough. 4. Dante's Inferno isthe Fs part of Dante Alighie's lth-century «pic poom Divine Comedy. Iti fllowed by Purgator'o and Paradiso, I i a allegory fling ofthe journey of Dante through Heit, guided by the Roman poet Ving. tn the poetn, Hell is epicted as nine circles of suflering located within the Earth Allegorcaly, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the ‘soul towards God, withthe Inferno describing the reogniton and rajection of sin. 5. Gospel tath- if smu is regarded as gospel tut it i strongly belived thats tru, 16. Wiages- are money to be pal each wook for working, especially for manual or unskilled job, ‘Questions for discussion: ‘Speak about the inventor's early life and studies How did Galileo discover the law of pendulum? ‘What was Galileo Galileo's Ife ambition? How did he prove that one of she Arsole’s laws was wrong? ‘What were Galileo's major inventions? Galileo Gatieo’s quotes: > All tts are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover thom. Trdo not fee obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us With sense, reason, and intellect has inended 10 forgo their se > You cannot teach a man anything: you cen ony help him discover ‘vin hist > oui isthe father of invention. > In questions of science, the authority of thousand is not worth the humble easorng ofa single individual aull Sir Isaae Newton Isaac Newton was bor in 1642 ina manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two month before his birth, Wher sae w three his mother remaried, and Isaa remained with his grandmother. was not interested in the family farm, 80 he was sent to Cambridge Univesity to study Isaac was born just a short ime afer the death of Galle, one of the greatest scientists ofall time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time, Isaac [Newton was very interested inthe discoveries of Galileo and other. ane thought the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Gallo, he realized that mathematics was the wey to explain and prove those laws. Isaac Newton was one ofthe world’s great Sclentists because he rook his eas, andthe ideas of earlier seletist. and ‘combined them into a unified pictire of how the universe works Tsane Newton explained the workings of the universe through mathematics. He formulated laws of motion and gravitation. These laws ‘re maths formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them Isa published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he ‘was a mathematics profestor at Trinity College, Cambridge. th the Principia, Isaac explained three basic laws tha: govem the way objets ‘move. He then described his idea, or theory, about gravity. Gravity is the force that causes things to fall down. If «pencil falls off a desk it will land on the flor, not the ceiling. In his book Isat also used hs laws to show thatthe planets revolve around the suns in orbits that ae ova, not round When most people think of Isaac Newton, they think of him sing under an apple ree observing an apple fll to the ground. When he saw the apple fll, Newton bepan to think about a specific kind of motion—gravit. Newton undersood thit gravity was the force of traction between two objects. He also understood that an object with ‘more matter ~mass- exerted the grater force, or pulled smaller object toward it That meant that the large mass of the earth pulled objects {toward it. That is why the apple fell down insead of up, and why people We build too many walls and not enough bridges > IFT have seen further than others, itis by standing upon the shoulders of giants. > Toevery action there i always opposed an equs reaction. > ‘Tact isthe at of making a point without making an enemy. B‘The Industrial Revolution The Indo Rvotton was pid ftom 1750 to 1850 where hanees in agriculture, manufactring ming, tenor et feshnology hal» proband effect on he seca sone a ind Conditions of he tines. lt began ta the Unied Row subset spread thoughout Wes Eurpe: Nah Ane a and eventual there of the world Ths Inderal Rector nea major tuning point in history: almost every aspect of se te infueced in soe way. Most not, average me al tegan fo exhibit unprecedented sisaned owt In the me ce following 1400, te works avenge per cia incon inex tenfold, while the wor population increas avers tle Mens pone Of Nobel Prize winner Ratt E: Lava. Por the hate a th living sands of the mass of inary people re pe undergo sutuned growth. Nothing realy The pie oe behaviours happen ati ‘Great Brin provided the legal and cultural foundations tat oable enepreneirs to pions the nun tut fa nt eterna exvronment wer: (I) The peed of pence and sean, Which followed the uifcaion of England and Seofaea, Cet bars beween England and Scat (3) there of nfo as Sancti of contact) (2) smihfornad legal asiny Cae se the formation of joinrstok companies (erpraiosy aa th wee imrkt pian, Steing in the Inter pat of the 18h century, thee began a transon inputs of Gret Ben's previous} manual aes att aa animal-ased enon tars machine based mannan hy ith the mechaistion ofthe tex indus, fe dencogea se making echsgies andthe incesed we of ena il eae eee was enabled bythe intodcton of cass, inprved made nea With th uastion vay rom an strulaled eoonony nara nechine-ased manfacring came wet ees of pala hoe ounsie nd ito the towns and ces uch sca ean Te introaction of scam power fueled primary yea aie utilisation of water whee and powered mitiney jake sre Ianufacturng)"ndarpined. the. dana iets Ih yaa capeciy. The development of al-metal machine Toss in nese decades of the 19th century failtted the manufacture of more ‘rodection machines for manufacturing in other industries, The effets Spread throughout Westem Europe and North America during the 19th ‘century, eventually affecting most of the word, «proces that continues as industralisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous GDP per capita was broadly” stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modem capitalist economy. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement thatthe onset ‘of the Industrial Revolution isthe most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plant. ‘The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's uansport infasrucure with a tumpite road network, s canal and waterway network, and a milway network. Raw materials and finished products ould be moved more quickly and cheaply than before Improved ‘transportation als allowed nos east spread quickly. In terms of soval structure, the Indust Revolution witnessed the triumph of x middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under set working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As lae as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States sil worked a 10-hour day (12 hours inthe stcet industry), yet earned from 20 t 40 percent less than the ‘inimum deemed necessary for a decent life, However, harsh worksng onditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took ble. Pre-indusal society was very state and often eruel—child labour, "A lie can un around the word before the ath can get its boots % "I should be a coninsing embarrassment. And someday there bbe enough compassion that wel care as much about an American Indian as we do about) apie at" George Stephenson George Stephenson (9 June 1781 — 12 August 1848) - builder of Fist lay ine George Stephenson was a self made mecharical engineer, largely ‘reited with building the frst railway line and becoming the Taher ofthe railways. His ail gauge of 8.5 inches baceme the global sandard gauge. He also develope a mine's safety lap, {George was born in Wylam, Nomhumberiand, 9.3 miles (15.0 km) west of Neweasle upon Tyne. He wn the second child of « working lass amily Robert and Mabel. Both his parents were iterate and they did not have enough maney to send George to school. However, George was keen ‘o get an education and so devoted his evenings to learning to read and A the age of 17, he entered coal mine, working as an engineer Jn Water Row pi, Newism, He later go jobs as Brakes-man in different North eat pits around the area of Newenstle. He gained reputation as an excelent engincer and impressed ith ability to fx a pumping engine at High Pt, Killingworth ia TBI. Tn peticlar he became an expert in. steam-driven engineering, His Knowledge was essentially practical. learting through trial and error, rather than through theoretical scence. His common sense and willingness t0 experiment Jed him to develop a mine’ safety lamp in 1818. Ar the time, many explosions were 2 ‘caused by naked flames. And the Royal Society had offered a large reward fora suscessfl lamp. George invented his version of the safety lamp sround the same time as Sir Humphry Davy: Davy was convinced that Stephenson had copied his idea. Though this was never proved. It may have been the fat that Davy didn’ trast lagely uneducated miner tO develop a lamp without the science Davy had used, A. local’ engu ‘exonerated Stephenson, and his lamp was used in the non east and Davy’s in the rest of the county. In 1833, a House of Commons ‘cominited found Stephenson had equal share inthe invention ofthe amp. Stephenson wast the first to design a realistic steam engine (Het 's credited to Richard Trevithick in 1808. However, Stephenson was able ‘o improve om inital designs erating a locomotive that was capable of caring substantial amounts of coal in I81d, he developed his fist engine Blucher 1820, Stephenson built the first railway from Wetton colliery 9 ‘Sunderland which did used animal power but relied on Steam ‘This was followed by the Sockion Darlington Railway of 1828. ‘The 25 mile raway was an important stage in ster ely rilways, I ws ‘opened to great fanfie; the engine of Locomotion reached a speed of 24 miles per hour on one stretch. It was also the first engine to have 8 passenger car. Rocket and Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1829, the L & IMR railway had a competition for best design ofa train. Georg’ entiy = Rocket won, George also played 2 key role in designing bridges and ‘embankments along the nev railway. opened in 1930 to great faire including the presence of the Prime Minister- The Duke of Wellington, This was really the start ofthe great railway age It ed to a period ‘of rap railway building which ansformed transport within the UK and later the world, Journey which took days eould now be completed in & mater of hours. The railway was a key clement inthe new industrial age ‘George was one of thefts to realise the individual railways would soon be joined together so he insisted on a common gauge, which would become the national and global standard ‘Stephenson became inundated with request to help build railways. His repusation was.very high, though he was ofen more cautious in building ofreilways and he became eclipsed by other engineers sich #8 Fsambard Kingdom Brunel 2George maried three times and had two chiéren Robert and Fanny who died in childbith Glossary |. Brakessman- (Mining & Quarrying) a pithead winch operator; ‘Winch a stationary motor-driven or hand-powered machine used for bosting or hauling, having a drum around which is wound a ope or chain attached to the load being moved. Gauge: if you gauge an amount oF guilty you measure or 3. Exonerate-t0 show smb that th wrong that as happened, are not responsible for smth Questions for discussion: 1.” Why di Stephenson guna epuaion as an excl nner? 2. Enumerate Stephenson's major inventions? " Stephenson's Quotations: > The principles upon which a safety lamp might be constructed 1 Stated to several persons long before Si Humplrey Davy came into this par ofthe country > 1 am much obliged by the favourable sentiments you express {owards me, and shall be happy if I ean be of srvice in carting ito execution your plan. Michael Feraday "Nothing is too wonderful to be sue if tbe consistent withthe laws of nature, and in such things as these, experiment isthe best text of such consistency." Michael Faraday Michael Faraday was an influential Bish sient who, amongst ther covers, helped tur elects into propery ta could be easily use He was bor on 22 September 1791 in south London to relatively oor parents. At the age of 14, he left school and stared an apprentices a loca book binder. In his spar time he Was an vid reer, tcing himself many scientific conceps. Faraday was thus mostly seletaught and m Ta became one of the greatest scientists despite his rudimentary maths. In 1812, atthe age of 20 he receives some tickets fora sereg of lectures by the eminent scientist Humphry Davy. Afr th lecture Michael sent Davy 2300 page document offering notes on the lectures. Davy was impressed ‘and he employed Faraday as an assistant, This later led to.a Fuel Professor of Chemisty atthe Royal Inst tution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed fo ite His early work centred on chemist. He made a special study of Chlorine and new chlorides of carbon. Faraday was @ Brett procicl inventor and one of the most useful pices of chemistry equipment he developed was an early form of the Bunsen burner. By mixing it with eas before lighting. Faraday found an easily. accesible form of higher temperature. His mode! ofthe Bunsen bummer was developed, but i sill used in laboratories around the world Faraday’ greatest achievement was in the development of electro ‘magnetism and electricity. Though people already knew of elecrsty, as Faraday who played pivotal role in providing a continvous source of electricity, through his electro-magnetic ration mode of 1821. Later he was able to develop the first electric dynamo. and his theories of electromagnetism proved inflvential inthe new elctriciy industry ofthe ninetceath cen ‘As well as being a prominent scientist, Faradey also undertook aster projets related to science. For exemple alter a large explosion n'a coal mine in County Durham 1865, he alongwith Charles Lyel, produced report on the dangers of coal dust, a. recommendation” which ‘unfortunately was not acted upon until after another coal tragedy in 1913. Faraday had strong religious convictions belonging to ¢srct Christian set called the Sandemanian Church - founded inthe eighteenth century ~ an affior of the Church of Scotland. Ils religious beliefs influenced his work and he was keen to show the unity of God and ature through his scientic discoveries. “I shall be with Chis, and thet is enough."Mihael Faraday, on being asked about the afterlife His religious belitS may have been a reason he refused to help the British governments request that he might develop chemical weapons for the Crimean war. In the early 1840s, Faraday’s heslth began 10 Aeterirate and he lid less research. He did on 25 August R67 at 2sHampton Court, where be had been given offical lodgings in recogsition of his contribution to science. Gossary TApprenticeship- a period of time people spend Fearaing the skills {he need to do thei jabs prope ‘2, ‘ullean The Fallerian ‘Chaiss at the Royal Institution were siablshed by Joh Mad Jack’ Fle. 3. “Offshoot: if one thing ie an offshoot of another thing, it has developed fom the othe thing, Questions for discussion: What were Faraday’s acieverents in chemistry? 2. What dd Faraday’s theories prove on electromagnetism? 3. What were sceatis's main convietions concerning religion and sience? Faraday’s Quotations: Te the ive esental entrepreneurial skills for success are Concentration, disrimination, ofganization, innovation end ‘The important thing is to knowhow to take al things auity. ‘Nothing is too wonder to be tre i tbe consistent with the Tas of ature ‘> Aman who is certain bei right i almost sure 1 be wrong. vy ‘Thomas Edison “Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Oio, and grew up in Pore Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child, Much of his ‘education came from reading RG. Parker's Schoo! of Natural Philosopy “Edlaoy developed hearing problems atan early age. The ease of his deafness has been atibuted to a bou of sare fever. He sold candy tind newspapers on trans runing fom Port Huron vo Detroit and he sold egetble to supplement his income, He also stadia qualitative analysis, "Er conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident prohibited further work of the kind. 26 “Thomas Edison began bis career a5 an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his oer improved telegraphic devices, but the invention tha Fit gained him notiee was the phonograph 1877, This accomplishment was so unexpected by the publi tree as 1S ppear almost magical. Edaon became known as "The Wizard of ‘Menlo Bark" New Jersey ‘eition's major janovation was the fist industrial research lb, which was burt in Menlo Park, New Jersey. 1€ was built with te funds Fane ne ele of Edison's quadruple telegraph which was Esisn’s fist tig Rnancilsyecess. and Mo Park became the it insitation ot up wre te specie purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement Tele didnot invent the fist electric light bulb but instead invented the Test commercially practical incandescent ight. In 1878, ‘hoe applied the term filament 1 the element of glowing wire carrying the cured In 877-78, Edison invented and developed the carbon ronhone used in all telephones along, withthe Bell ressiver unl the 1980s, Faison’ tru sucess, lik that fis tend Henry Ford, was in his bility to maximize, profits through esablishment of mass-production cts and inlecuat property eights. George Westinghouse and ison Paes adversaries beeuse of Eaisn's promotion of direct eurent (DC) Peete power distribution instead of the more easily tansmited ‘Btevting coven (AC) system invented by Nikola Tesla and promoted Gr weatnghouse, Unlike DC, AC could be sipped upto very high Rehages wth transformers, sent over thinner and cheaper wires, and ‘Nepped down again atthe destination for distribution to uses. Te BRE there were T21 Faison power stations in the United ‘States delivering DC electricity to customers Tralson is, ceedited with designing and producing. the first commercially eailable flvorossope, a machine that wses X-rays to take ‘dtgraps, Until Edson discovered that clciom tungstate fluoroscopy ‘ivens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens Stina aed by Wilhelm Rontgen, the technology was capable of proving oy very faint images 2Glossary 1. Bout - period of illness 2 To glow - to shine brightly and steadily, especially without @ iy, especially 3. Scarlet fever - an acute contagious disease caused by a hemolytic streptococcus, curing predominantly among children and Chancisand bys wan enon and igh eer Aso ‘called scarlatina), ™ 2 ‘ ‘Questions for diseusio 1. What were Thomas Edison’ cary inventions? 2. Why was Edison known as “The Wizard of Menlo Park”? 3. Enumerate Thomas Edison's major innovations? 4 What do you think was Edison's true success? ‘Thomas Edison's quotes: Genius is one per cent inspiration and minty perspiration. > IP we did all the things we ate capable of, we would literally astound ourselves, > Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to suceeed i alway’ try just one more time > Discontent isthe fist necessity of progress ine per cent Charles Da English naturalist who presented fics to suppoct his theory ofthe mode of evolution wiereby favourable variations would survive which be called Natural Selection or Survival ofthe Fitest” Charles Darwin id down a framework forthe theory of evolution + showing how Man evolved from lower hfe forms, At the time, his ‘esearch and publiciton led 10 Biller controversy, but his theory of evolution and! natural selection hecsine accepted within the sciatic ‘ooumuniy Charles Darwin was born en 12 Febroary 1809 in Shewsbur Shropshire. He was born in to a wealthy snd influential family 28 grandfathers included - china manufcturer Josigh Wedgwood, and Erasinas Darwin, one ofthe leading intellectuals of 18th century England. Darwin planned to sty medicine at Edinburgh University, but later, at the instigation of his father, changed to sudying Divity st Chists College, Cambridge University, Darwin was not a great student, preferring to spend time in outdooe purstis; he spent loaf ime examining natural Science end beetle collecting. After gain a passionate interest in natural Seionce, Danwin was offered place on the AMS Beagle to at as natura ‘Scientist ona voyage to the coast of South Ameria "A the time, religion was a powerful Tore in societ), and most people took the Bible asthe ifalibe, literal word of God This included fhe belief that God evestd the world jn seven days, and the worl was fonly 2. few thowsind years old. However, on the voyage, Darwin inereasingly began to see evidence of life Being much oker. In particular {pelfs Principles of Geology” suggested that fossils were evidence of simals living hundreds of thousands of years apo. ‘On the voyage, Darwin made copious notes about specimens he Found on his voyages. In particule a the Galapagos Islands $00 miles twest of South Ameria Darwin was sick by how the Finch was Gifferent on each individual sland. He noticed that the Pinch had Somehow adapted othe differen aspects ofthe particular island ‘Over the next 20 years, Darwin worked on the dilemma of how species evolve and can end up being quite different on different islands Influenced by the work of Malthus. Darwin came up with «theory of natural selection and prada evolution overtime. Darwin continued 19 refine bis theors, and would intensively treed plants to work on his theories, However realizing how controversial his keas were, Darwin delayed publishing them. It a5 not val learning thot another naturals, Aled Russel Wallace, had developed sitar ideas, that Darwin ws galvanized into publishing his on book. Tn 1859, the proundbresking ‘On the Origin of Species by Means ‘of Natural Selection’ was published. It immediately gained widespread interest and stenton, leading to intense debate about the contention that ‘man = by implication was descended frm animals like the Ape. However by the time he died on 19 April 1882, his ideas had creasingly become accepted - a east by the scientific and non-religious sowie. He way given a sate burial at Westminster Abbey Darwin's Roigious Beles 2» eTDarwin wes trough op inthe Church of gland, and at one point was ving tained f0 bean Anglican pres ike many of his fenuratn, he ok the Bible asthe era won of Gd, and often quoted {ibe sue of oral aur lomevet aft i epic vooge to South Ameria, etacome dob the Bibles source of Hat: he a0 foo easn wha rine cul bee From 1803, he sopped going 0 cure, though he never considered hs tobe an acs. He eth agi ite Ns eles toe elo Gloss Tosti eee that itis ot posible to know whether God 2, inc al bird with shor, song beak 3 Galvize. someone mast case them od something Soden by making them el excited aor ana 4h wed wore te names of hips inthe Brith Rosa Nyt isan abbreviation for “Herts Majesty Ship 5, Inflbe:ssone or someting that naib never wrong. Questions for discussion: . 1 Why do you think Darvin considered his ideas controversat? 2, What made Charles Darwin publish is theories? 3. Why dine consider that gnostic suited his belies? Darwin's Quotations: Fes sot the strongest othe mot ow wocn et area > “the hahest possible sage in moral cre when we recognize tha we ought conor thowes > "Rinun we dre fo mate one hour of tin as ot discover thee ot ie > "A mor! beings one who is capable of efeting on hi pst detonate motives approving some ad diaspproving oF ote > “A'Sicuiteman ont have no wie, no aetions. 2 mere ean oF oe gent who wil survive but 30 Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) Scottish inventor, most notably crodted with iwenting the modem telephone. Alexander was ‘brought up in Edinburgh Seotland. From an early age be had an inquisitive ind and became fascinated with acoustics and voice puters, This interes in acoustics and. communication was partly inspired by his ‘mother’s growing deafness. He came tothe US. asa teacher ofthe deaf, and conceived the idea of "electonic speech" while visiting his Fearing” Iinpaired mother in Canada. This led him to invent the microphone and later the “lecrcal speech machine” ~his name forthe fir telephone. "Watton, come here! need you!” ‘Alexander Graharn Bel! has worked on technology basically ll of| his fe. From when he helped his father on creating sign languape, 0 bis invention ofthe telephone, he was always fascinate by technology. While professor at Boston University, he was also working on an invention tht ‘would allow afew sound waves, over a single wire atthe sme time. Afr tne had completed his work of simple sound waves over the wire, he was determined to have vocal messages go over a Wire, to another destination, ‘When he hieed his asistan, Thomas Watson, they made this dream of vocal sound over a single wire, become a reality. Wien Bel and Watson had completed the telephone, they sil were not satisfied. They were perfectonists. They then had to fix any minor or major defects of the telephone Bll was bor jn Edinburgh, Seotland on March 3, 1847. He ‘nroed in the University of London to study anatomy and physiology but his college time was eut short when his family moved t9 Canada in 1870, His parents had lox to children of tuberculosis and the insisted ‘hate best way to save their last child was to lave England ‘Whea he was eleven, Bell invented a machine that could clean wheat, He lac said that iF he had understood electricity at all, he would Ihave been to discouraged to invent the telephone. Everyone cise “knew” it was impossible to send voice signals over wire. ‘other inventions as wel his own home had a precursor air conditioning, he contributed to aviation technology, and at the age of 75, was forthe fastest urooi yet inverted Bell died on August 2, 1922. On the day of his bur telephone service inthe US was stopped fr one minute in his honour 31Glossary Conceive: imagine idea, you think of i 2. Impaired if you i working properly 2. Wheat is cereal pl lee in amt, if you conceive plan oF workout how ican be done. put Sth you damage it so that i stops aotwihis ground into Nour to make bred Question for discussion eee tons fr dnesion gt mate ell invent the “lstonic seat Competing it Bes i ren asf COMpeing his work on simple sound waves over a single en 2, What were Bets i AF {if Nhou Bets inventions? 4 Doyo imagine mo Acad Gram Mal ay toate th ‘Aan a ent et Meal 1p ante what hema ti pens: but we ofe ook s ong, wee nb cal as bt 5 ticity ager th xsd Naat is power iy HE man isin tat sae of rind in becomes avaiable iy wht he wants und is fly determined retina chasle* Babbage rellow of the Royal Soci 1791-1871 hares ata, 28(F 210% ofthe Ropal Soci) (91-1871) ven an hates Bathe Fs, Philosopher, menor and mechani waa Eni mate oa ropa cnet x horn I Te Se ey Se oe fuer oe te ae a ath Se fee poommne npr ; fer te tos. The eclating ngs ‘weren't really developed atl a ng EE J English mathematician Charles Babbage are atnong the most celebrated jeons inthe prehistory of computing. Babbage’s Difference Engine No.1 ‘was the first succesful automatic calculator and remains one ofthe finest ‘amples of provision engineering of the time. Babbage is sometimes referred to a5"father of computing" The Inlerational Charles Babbage Society (later the Charles Bubbage tattute) took his mame to honour his ‘ntllectoa contributions and their relation to modem computers arts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991 perfectly functioning diference engine was constructed from Babbage’ criginal plans. Bult o tolerances Schievable in the 19th centiry, the stocesso he finished engine indicated that Babbage’s machine would have worked. Nine year late, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed forthe diference engine, an asfnishingly complex device forthe 19th century. Babbage is Credited with inventing the Fest mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex desigps ‘Charles Babbage was born in London On December 26,1791, the son of Benjantin Babbage, a London banker. Asa youth Babbage was his fown instructor in algebra, of which he was passionately fond, and was ‘well ead inthe continental mathematics of his day. Upon entering Trinity ‘College, Cambridge, in 1811, he found himsel far in advance of his tutors in mathematics. Babbage co-founded the Analytical Society for promoting Continental mathematics and reforming the mathematics of Newion then ‘aught atthe univers "After graduation Charfes Babage was employed by the Royal Institution to lecture on ealcls, He was a maths lecturer at Cambridge from 1828 "39, . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 and played s prominent part in the foundation ofthe Astronomical Society (ater Royal Aszonomieal Society) in 1820, It was abou this time that Babbege first sequired the interest in calculating machinery that became his consuming passion forthe remainder of hs life ‘In 1821 Babbage invented the Difference Engine to comp mathematical tables. On completing it in 1832, he conceived the ides of & beter machine that could perform aot just one mathematical task but any Kind of calculation, This was the Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol manipulator, and had some of the characteristics of tay’s computers 3The goverment ater employe in to build a programmable ote: worked rls is etn spending ton and 708 Hs pln in hey woke bt his employers centage Of wating. May of his teary fied moe wre meted down for Sep. et ater he was opie fe npotn cotuon he made {oedecomen sso ifort, relns of Babbage’ prtatype computing oehines: Ceca lector ese hy he chives exceed evel OF techno avaiable ate tie: An, though Babe’ wok es Fowmally recogind by expected soe tsttaon, oe Britch overnent suspended Toning or he Difience Engine in 832 and Bean apniing wating pero, ended he projet in 182. There oman Sly fagments of Babbges otope DieenceEnne, an though be ‘Jovetet mow of hk te ad age fe loves ceesiuctin of hs ‘Araya gine ar 1856 he eer seeded in conpltng ny of sever designs frie Gcorge Scheu, Swesh prt, Scesslly owed machine bsed on the dan for Babbage Difecnce {ine in 1854. This machine prnedrathematial, sonoma and cli bles wih unprecedented atc, and was wed by the Bish ‘and American goverment: Though tugs work na conned is so ey reso ata fr den A haa prgne was neve sucessful completed anda oly fe “progam with embarrassingly obvious errors, i" * Bathe ocrupied the Lacaton char of mathematics ot Cambridge ffm TH28 to 1838. He played an ingorant rae ne pablihnet ef the Association fr the Advascenent of Science ard he Satis Soca date Reyl Satta Sci) He aso atenped to ne sie onions ofthe pile cling pon soverment and ciety to eve more money and psig to cae Endeavour. Tough is Iie Babbage work in many nell Feld pia this dy. nd made soibtos tat woul have ase hb ime inepetveat ihe Dien and Atala gies Despite his many schiwomonts, the fle fo costuct his sealing chins and in paisa the fale of he government to Suppor is wok ek Babe Ishi dectnng years depot and ‘mere mane ded at his Wns Londons Osc 18 18T a8 Glossary Embitered- resentful angry, bite, , disillusioned, Endeavour To work with sto specified goal or purpose. Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, usually called the Lucasian Professor, is the holder of a mathematics professorship at the Cniversity of Cambridge, England, I's widely reparded as one of the worl’ most prestigious academic posts. The post was founded in 1663 by Henry Lucas, who was Cambridge University’s Member of Parliament from 1639-1640, and was officially established by King Charles Il en January 18, 1664. Questions for discussion: 1. Deseribe Charles Bubbage's personality. 2. Why was he considered the forerunner of the modern computer? Babbage's quotation Sef slang man pees fom out public Schools fo the universes, ignorant almost of the clements of every branch of useful nowidge, (Reflections on the Decline of Sclece in England and ‘on Some ts Cate (1830) > Remember that accmulated knowledge ke accumulated capa increases at compound. ineres but st dls fom the ‘Sumlation of capital in this, thatthe increase of knowledge produces amore rp rae of progress, wilt he accumulation of Exptl leads to Lower rate of interest, Capital thus check is ‘own accuuion: knowledge this acclerats is own advance ach generation, therefore, to. desewe comparison with is professor is bound to add mich more largely tothe commoa Sock than that wbich it immediatelysuceceds > Tho frat steps inthe path of discover and the fist approximate ‘measures, ae those which most the existing owe of svunkod > What is there ina name? Is merely an empty basket, nti you put someting int it > No person will deny tht the highest degre of atsinabl acuracy Iban object tobe desired, and ii gene found that the last atvances towards preson requires greater devotion of Eine, Jabour, and expen, than those hich precede them 35Marie Curie Marya Sktodovska was the youngest of 5 children, born in 1867, Warsaw Poland. She was brought up in a poor but well educated family. ‘Marya excelled inher studies and won many prizes. Atan early age she ‘became committed othe ideal of Polish independence from Russia which ‘was currently rafing Poland with an itn fis din particular making ite ficult for inellectuals. She yearned to be able to teach fellow Polish woman who were mostly condemned to zero education. UUnosually for women at that time, Marya took an interest in ‘Chemistry and Biolog. Since opportunities in Poland for further study was limited, Marya went 1 Pari, where after working as governess she was able to stud) atthe Sorbonne, Paris. Strggling to learn in French, ‘Marya threw herself into her studies, leading an ascerl life dedicated to studying, She went onto gel degree in Physics finish tp inher schoo ‘Shelter gota degree in Maths, finishing second in her school year. Twas in Pars, that she met Pierre Cure, who was then chief of the laboratory atthe school of Physics and Chemisty. He was a renowned ‘Chemist, who had conducted” maay experiments on crystals and ‘electronics. Piere was smiten withthe young Marya and asked her 9 ‘marry him. The unromantc Mary inital refused, but, after persistence {rom Pierre she relented. The two would later become inseparable, until Peres untimely death, ‘Mare pursued studies in radioactiviy. In 1898, thie led to the discovery of two new elements, One of which she named polonium after her home county “There then followed 4 years of extensive study into the properties of radium. Using dumped uranium tilings frm a nearby mine, they were very slow and painstakingly, able to extract a decigam of radium Radium ‘was discovered to have remarkable impact. Maric actually suffered burs fom the ray. It was fom this discovery of radium ‘and its properties thatthe science of radiation was able to deveop using the properties of radium to bum away diseased cells in the body Initially radiotherapy was called Curretherapy’ The Curries agreed 10 give away ther secret freely they did not wish to patent such a valuable element The element was soon in high demand and it began industrial seale production 36 For their discovery they were awarded the Davy Medal (Britain) and the [Nobet Prize fr physics in 1903. In 1905, Pierre was killed in a road accident, leaving Marie to Jk after the laboratory and her children IO she was awarded a second Nobel Prize in Chemisty for the giscovery of actinium and further studies on radium and polonim, “The success of Marie Care also brought considerable hostility, criticism and. sespiion fom @ male dominated science word. She sulered fram the malicious rumours and accusations that lew around. “The onset of World War | in 1914, led to Marie Care dedicating hee time t0 the instalation of X ray machines in hospitals. Marie luderstood that x ray machines would easily be able to located shrapnel, enabling beter reatient for soldiers. By the end of the First World War, ‘over a milion soldiers had been examined by her Xray unis [Nt the end of the First World War she returned tote laste of Radium in Pais, and also took great pride in serving the Medgling League of [Nations She also published a book = adioatvity which encompassed hee reat ideas on scence “Marie Curie died in 1934 from cancer. I was an unfortunate side effect of her own groundbreaking studies ino radiation which were to belp so ‘many people. Marie Curie pushed back many frontiers in sence; and at the stme time set a new bar for female actdemic and scienilfic schieverent Glossary Tr Ascetic: a very simple snd strict way of fife, offen because of religious belies 2. Smitten: to find someone so attratve that you sem 10 be in ove; tw be impressed or enthusiastic about 3. Relen- iF you relent, you alow someone todo smth that yeu did ‘not allow them to do befor, 4. Shrapoel- consis of small pieces of metal seattred from exploding bombs. Questions for discussion: 1. Why did Marie Curie “thew herself into studies", unusual for women in those times? 2. How can you desribe Marie's personality? 7at onsen? 3. What waste asthe most remarkable ime pay 4. Why doyou think her succes rows hiv end ents Marie Care's Quota ’ Quotations: wt > Netig in feito be feared, it 6 Oa ances: Now {Reto understand moe, 3 ti ee Bes carious about peopl and > Lie J whe of at? We must have isnot easy for any of ws. Bo | Reena oe’ cane ie We Sa wet dren! a mt Ore ever notices what has bee “ONS cme cn only see what ais Oe done. > Albert Binst®! in Wartemberg, Germany, on Albert Binstin Einstein was bom at Ul moved to Manic, where he March 14 189, Sin wet Tat on toes Net Iter the Gd Gyms. Lat hey moved tog sehooing at the Latina Aaa, Swern’ snd 185 ne be Ses Fons! Peo Soo in Zach trnined asa teacher in pysies and sited bam ahs mein aa as uae find a teachj she acquired Swiss jom as technical assistant in the ng pot escaped postin Seis Po ie nse at aE ng, he rates In 905 he oben ins ape te grolueed much of hi wemreabig wa 228 SOE was epointed Privatdozent in Heme, In 1909. he boosie. fofesor Extraordinary at geal. In 1901, the year he tosh baw Sfodan bapa nme Zach lose of Theat! a way alt he cesneg c tnwion er saline ne ret Kar Wiel Zan ct oe ad ccd Ceti rit 10 take the positon of University of Berlin. He besa ‘eosin! io Bin ui 1933 wet Profesioe ‘Afler World War Ul, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Preskieney of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chim Weizmann ‘in eatablishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, ‘At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity Stemmed from anstenpt to rsoneile the laws of mechanics with the laws ofthe electromagnetic Field, He dealt with classes! problems of statistical Imechsnies and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory this led fo an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properies of Fight with 2 low radiation density nd is observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of ight in hs carly deys in Berlin, Einstein postulaved thatthe core interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also farish a theory ‘of gravitation and in 1916 he polished his paper on the general theory of| felativity, During tht time he also contbuted to the problems of the {theory of radiation and statistical mechanics in the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued 19 work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in ‘America, He contributed to statistical mechanies by his development of | the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished ‘valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology ‘After his retirement he continue to work towards the unifiestion| fof the basic concepis of physics, taking the opposite. approach [Beometriation, tothe majority of physicists insei's researches are, of etree, well chronicled and his more important works incinde Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity {U9I6), Investigations om Theory af Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Ameng his non:scentfic works, About ‘Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1938), and Ou of My Tater Years (1950) ae perhaps the most importa. ‘Aber Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. ‘Daring the 1920’ he letured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships ofall the leading scientific 3‘Slemies throughout the world, He gained numerous awards in ition of his work, including the Copley Medal ofthe Royal Society fp4gon in 1925, andthe Franklin Meda ofthe Frankie in Saeary 1. Inadequacy- the inadequacy of sm isthe fact that there is not {enoug of itor that itis not good "Newionian mechanies- is the study ofthe eausal relationship, in the natural world, between force, mass, and motion. Stem- if you stem smth that is continuing, spreading, oF increasing, you put a stop to i, if a problem stems from a particular situation, it started criginally beease ofthis situation. 4. Postulated. if you postulate smth, you suggest a the Basis fora ‘theory argument or calculation, or assume that tis the basis Questions for diseussion: 1. Deseribe Albert Hnstin’s early ie and achievements? 2 What were ost mporant atin ah ato Kis scientific work? 3. What is Einstein's contribution to science and humanity in several? ani’, How great is the impact of his theories and concepss? ert Binsteln’s quotes: > Any inceligen fot can make things bigest, more complex, and ‘more violent It takes a tue of genius» and a To of courage -t0 ‘move in she opposite direction 2 a > Imagination i more important than knowledge > Gravitation is not responsible fr people falling in love Science without religion is lame. Religion without science is ind > Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything > Great spirits have often encountered violent opposition from weak minds > Common sense isthe collection of prejudices acquired by age > gexcon [Not everything that counts can be counted and not everything that can be counted counis. (Sign banging in Einstein's office at Princeton) “0 Sir Alexander Fleming Fleming was bom on 6 August 1881 at Lochfield, «firm Scotland, te vas the third ofthe four childten of farmer High Fleming from his second marrige to Grace String Morton. Fleming went to School, and earned a two-year scholarship to Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London, where he aided the Royal Polytechnic Institution. ‘After working ina shipping office for four years, the twenty-year-old Fleming inherited some money from an uncle, Job Fleming. His elder brother, Tom, was already a physician and. suggested to his younger sibling tat he follow the same carer, and so in 1903, the younger ‘Alexander enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in Paddington He qualified MBBS from the school with distintion in 1906 Fleming served throughout World Wat | asa captain in the Royal ‘Army Medical Corps, and was mentioned in Dispatches. He and many of his colleagues worked in batleteld hospitals st the Wester Front in France. In 1918 he returned to St Mary’s Hospital, where he was elected Profesor of Bacteriology ofthe University of London in 1928 Following World War J, Fleming actively searched for ant ‘bacterial agents, having witnessed the death of many soldiers from sepsis resulting from infected wounds. Antiseptics killed the patient? immunological defences more effectively than they killed the invading bacteria. In an article he submitted forthe medical journal The Lancet during World War I, Fleming described an ingenious experiment, which hhe was able to conduct asa result of his own ss blowing skills, in which he expltined why antiseptics were killing more soldiers than infection itself during World War 1. Amtseptics worked well on the surface, but deep wounds tended to shelter anaerobic bactsra fom the antiseptic agent, and antiseptic seemed to remove beneficial agents ‘produced that protcced the patients in these eases atleast as well a5 they removed bacteria, and did nothing to remove the bacteria that were out of reach. Sir Almroth Weight strongly supported Fleming's findings, but despite this, most amy physicians over the course ofthe war continued to use anisptics even in cases where this worsened the condition of the ations ‘Accidental discovery “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I cerinly didi plan to revolitionse all medicine aby discovering the work's first antibiotic, or bacteria Kile,” ‘would later say, "But suppose that was exactly what I id” By 1927, Fleming was investigating the properties of staphylococci, He was already well-knov from his earlier work, and had developed a reputation as brilliant researcher. On 3 September 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory having spent August on holiday with his family. Before leaving, he had stacked al his eultires of staphylococci con a bench in a corer of his laboratory. On returning, Fleming noticed that oe culture was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci that had immediately surounded it had been destroyed, whereas other colonies farther away were normal. Fleming grew the ‘mould in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance tha killed ‘a numberof disease-causing bacteria, He identified the mould as being from the Penicillinm genus, and, after some months of ealing it "mould vie", named the substance it released peiellin on 7 March 1929. He investigated is positive anti-bacterial effect on many’ ‘organisms, and noticed that it affected bacteria such as staphylococci and many other Gram-positive pathogen that cause scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria, but not yphoid fever or paatyphoid fever hich are caused by Gram-negative bacteria, for which he was scking & cure atthe time. It also affected Neisseria gonorrhoea, which causes gonorrhoea although this bacterium is Gram-negative. Fleming published his discovery in 1929, i the British Journal of| Experimental Pathology, but litle alteation was paid to his. article Fleming cominued his investigations, but found that cultivating peniciliom was quite difcak, and that after having grown the mould, it was even more dificult to isolate the antibiotic agent. Fleming’s impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, ‘and because it ation appeared tobe rather slow, penicillin Would aot be important in treating infection. Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough inthe human body (in vivo) to Kill bacteria effectively. Many clinical tess were inconclusive, probably because it had been used asa surface anisptic. Inthe 1930s, Fleming's tras ocasionally showed more promise, and he contied, until 1940, t0 try to interest a chemist skilled enough to further refine usable penicillin. Fleming finally abandoned penicillin, and not long afer he di, Howard Florey and Emst Boris China the Radelffe Infirmary in Oxford took up researching and mass-producing it, with funds from the U.S. and British 42 eming i, in sovemments, They stated mass production afer the bombing of Peat Harbour, When D-Day arrived, they had mide enough peniciln to treat all the wounded Allied forces, ‘fer the team had developed & method of purifying pencilin to an fective frst stable form in 1940, several clinical trials ensued, and their amazing success inspired the tam to develop methods for mass production and mass distribution in 1945, Fleming_was modest about his part in the development of peniciln, describing his fame as the "Fleming Myth" and he praised Florey and Chain for wansforming the laboratory’ curiosity int a prectica drag. Fleming was the first to discover the properties of the active substance, giving him the privilege of naming it pencilin He also kept, grew and distributed the orginal mould for twelve years, and continued ‘ntl 1940 to try to get help from any chemist who had enough ski to make peniilin, But Si Henry Hass said in 1998; "Without Fleming, no ‘Chain; without Chain, no Florey; without Florey, no Heatley. without Heatley, penicillin Modem anibitics are tested using method similar to Fleming’s discover. For his major discovery he received the Nobel Prie in 1945, Fleming's quotations 1. One sometimes finds what one isnot looking for.” 2. This the lone worker ssho makes the first advance ina subject: the setts may be worked out by a eam, bul the prime idea is due to the enterprise, thought, and perception of an individual, 3. A good gulp of hot whisky at bedtime—is not very sient, but it heps. (Response when questioned about the common cai.) 44 For the birth of something new, there has to be a happening. Newion saw an apple fll: Janes: Watt watched a ketle bot, Roentgen fogged some photographic plaes. And these people knew enough to translate ordiaary happenings into something, ‘Questions for discussio Describe Fleming’ ary life and hs achievements? ‘What was Fleming's ingenious experiment shout? How di Fleming discover pencil? Whats your opinion about Fleming Myth"? ‘What was his impact on worldwide medicine? “3 eeBibliography Wikipedia, the fre encyclopedien wikipedia.org) Collins Concise English Dictionary, Third edition, Harper Collins Publishers, England, 1993 Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, USA, 1997 : Dictionary of Contemporary English, Third Edition, Longman, England, 2001 Longman Pearson Longman Dietionary of Contemporary English, England 2011 Contents Archimedes. Leonardo Da Vinci Galileo Galilei Sir Isage Newton. ‘The Industrial Revolution, "Neweomen’s steam revolution, James Wat. George Stephenson. Michael Farday., Thomas Edison. Charles Darwin Alexander Graham Bell Charles Babbege... Marie Curie. Albert Einstein, Sir Alexander Fleming, Bibliography.