BRITISH STANDARD BS EN a ee 1936:2006 Natural stone test methods — Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity Jard EN 1936:2006 has the status of a “ae — = NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITT2D BY COPYRIGHT LAW Ce ee British StandardsBS EN 1936:2006 ——— National foreword ‘This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 1936:2006, Ir supersedes BS EN 1936;1999 which is withdrawn, UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee BI545, Natural stone. A list of organizations repress secretary ted on BIS45 oan be obtained on req This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract, Users are responsible for its correct application Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations, this Hritish Standard was Amondments issued since publication publishel under the authority ofthe Standards Policy and Strstegy Commit on 31 danuaey 200° Amd.No. [Date (Comments © RSI 2007 ISBN 978-0-580-49919.EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1936 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM December 2008 Ics 73.020; 91,100.15 Suparsedes EN 19361999 English Version Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity Metnadee da2esi coe pocras naturales -Dsterminaten Prchverlaran Gr Natural - Bastinarung dar Reindicte dos masses volumaves rele t apparante et des, ‘ie Rohe. der olfenen Potestat und dor porosis auvedos el totale Gesamtparsiit This European Stanware was approved by CEN on 28 Oxtcer 2006, CEN members are bound to compy wit the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulatons which stipulate the corstns for giving this European Stonaow the staus of natonel standard wihout any alsaon. U-t-dae lata end bibsoyrophieareterenges concerning euch nations standards may Se obtaned on appleaton fo the Central Secretariat or toary CEN member This Eopean Standord exit n sea ofcial versions English French, Gaeman).A Under he fesponsinity ofa CEN memborinis ik own language and nated fo ha Contral Saeratarath rn any other language mace by translaon the same sists a5 the ofc CEN mambers are the national stancards bodies of Aust, Belglum, Cyonus, Czech Repubic. Donk. Estonia, Finang, France, (Gormany_ Greece Hungary leland relang ay Latvia, uhuenia Loxambeura, Maa, Nethalanes. Nérway, Poland Portal, Romania, Sovaks, Slovenia, Span, Swecen, Swzerland ard Unted Knesom: cen am Management Centre: rus de Stassart, 388-1050 Brussels © 2006 CEN Al rates of exslataton in ay form ane by any means reserved Ref No EN 19362006 wortbuige for CEN rational MembersEN 1936:2006 (E) Contents Page Foreword. Bibliography. Scope ... Normative references Princiy Torms and definitions Symbols. Apparatus reparation ofthe specimens Sampling, Test specimens. Drying the specimens Test procedure... Open porosity and apparent doneity Real density. General. ‘Method A (pycnometer) Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) Expression of results General. Apparent density. ‘Open porosity, Real density Total porosity Test reportEN 19362006 (E) Foreword This document (EN 19362005) nas been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 "Natural stones the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, ether by publication of an identical text or by endorsement. at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards chall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007 This document supersedes EN 1936 1999. According to the CEN/CENELEC intemal Regulations, the nationel standards organizations of the following countries are bound to Implement this European Standard Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta. Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United KingdomEN 1936:2006 (E) 1 Scope This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent censity, and open ano {otal porosity of natural stone, 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated feferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated referances, the latest ecition of the referenced document (neluding any amendments) applies. EN 12670:2001, Natural stone - Terminology 'S0 3507, Laboratory glassware - Pyknometers 3. Principle After drying to constant mass, the apparent densty and open porosity are determined by vacuum assisted Water absorption and submerged weighing of specimens, The real density and total porosity require the specimen to be pulverised 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12570:2001 and tne following apply 4 apparent density (o.) rato between the mass of the dry specimen and ts apparent volume 42 ‘apparent volume volume limited by the external surface of the specimen, including any voids 43 volume of the solid part ifterence between the apparent volume of the specimen and the volume of the voids (open and closed pores) 44 real density (p,) ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and the volume of its solid part 45 ‘open porosity ratio (as 2 percentage) between the volume of the open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen 46 total porosity ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of pores (open and closed) and the apparent volume of the specimenEN 1936:2006 (E) 5 Symbols ‘m, mass of the dry specimen, in gram; rm, mass of the specimen immersed in water, In grams, im, mass ofthe saturated specimen. in grams im, mass of the specimen ground and dried (for the tests using the pycnometer or the volumenometer), in grams im, mass of the pycnometer filed with water and the ground specimen, in grams, im mass of the pycnometer filed with water, in grams Vs apparent volume of the specimen, in millilitres, V. volume of open pores of the specimen, in mille. Vi. volume of liquid displaced by the mass m, (vlumenometer test); Ps apparent density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre pr real density of the specmen, in kilograms per cubic metre, Pm density of water. in kilograms per cubic metre: Ps open porosity of the specimen, as a percentage; p total porosity of the specimen, as 2 percentage 6 Apparatus 6.1 Avventilated ovan which maintain a temperature (70 + 5)“ 6.2 An evacuation vessel which can maintain a pressure of (2,0 + 0,7) KPa gradual immersion of the contained specimens. 5 = 5) mm Hg and allow 6.3 A weighing instrument which has an accuracy of at least 0.01% of the mass to be weighed, also capable of weighing the specimen in water 64 Alinear measuring device with an accuracy of at least 0.01%. 65 An ISO 3507 type 3 pycnometor having nominal capacity of 60 ml. 66 A_La Chatelier type volumencmeter consisting of a fat-boitomed flask with a tube graduated form 0 ml to 24 mlin 0.1 mi graduations. 6.7 Asieve with a 0,063 mm mesh. 68 A dessicator with dessicantEN 1936:2006 (E) 7 Preparation of the specimens 7.4 Sampling The sampling Is not the responsibilty of the test laboratory except where specially requested. At least six test specimens, representing the body of stone feing tastes, shall be selected 7.2 Test specimens The test spacimens can be in the form of a cylinder, cube or prism and must be obtained by clamond sawing ‘or cering Their apparent volume calculated by geometrical measurements shall be at |east 60 ml In addition, the surface area to volume ratio shall be between 0,08 mm-t and 0,20 mm-1 NOTE _ The specimens propared for he determination of compressive or flexural strength can be used it they satisty the surace/olume rato 7.3 Drying the specimens The specimens are to be dried at (70 + 5)°C until a constant mass is reached. This Is assumed to have been attained when the difference between the two weighings at an interval of (24 + 2) h is not greater than 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen ‘The specimens shall be keptin a desiccator until room temperature is attained 8 Test procedure 8.1 Open porosity and apparent density Weigh each specimen (im,), tren put the specimens into an evacuation vessel and lower the pressure gradually to (2,0 + 0,7) kPa = (15 + 5) mm Hg Maintain this pressure for (2 + 0.2) h in order to eliminate the air contained in the open pores of the specimens, Slowly introduce demineralized water at (20 + 5)°C into the vessel (the rate at which the water rises shall be such that the specmens are completely immersed not less than 15 min). Maintain the pressure of (2.0 + 0,7) kPa during the introduction of water. When all the specimens are immersed, return the vessel to atmospheric pressure and leave the specimens under water for another (24 + 2) h at atmospheric pressure Then, for each specimen — weigh the specimen under water and record the mass in water: my — quickly wipe the specimen with a dampened cloth and determine the mass im, of the specimen saturated with water In the case of natural stones with visible cavites (eg, travertine) the apparent volume is determined by ‘measuring the dimensions of the specimens to the nearest millimetreEN 1936:2006 (E) 8.2 Real density 8.24 General For dense, low porosity siones the differences between real and apparent density, as well as between open porosity and total porosity. are very small. For these stones it is sufficient to determine the apparent density ‘and the open porosity. in the case of control of supplies the decision of omitting the determination of the real density shall be agreed upon between the parties In this standard two methods for the determination of real density are described. the pycnometer (Method A) and Le Chatelier volumenometer (Method 8). The first method is more accurate but requires very long time. It ie suggested to use it 26 a reference method in the case of controversy. Le Chatelier volumenometer method is less accurate but easy and rapid to perform and can be used for production control 8.2.2. Method A (pycnometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent density and the open porosity, griné each specimen separately unt the partcles pass through a sieve wth 0.063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to constant mass end set apart a mass, im, of approximately 10 g weighed to an accuracy of ¢ 0,01 g Introduce deionized water into the pycnometer and fil it approximately half full. Then add the weighed mass, im, of the ground specimen into the gycnometer and agitate the liquid to disperse the solid matter NOTE Ethanol or other liquids may be used instead of detonised water if required. In this case the density of this liquid shall be usee instead of density of water n the equation (5a). Expose the pycnomete to a vacuum of (2 ¢ 0,7) kPa until no further air bubbles rise, then fil it wth deionized water almost to the tep and leave the solid matter to settie until the water above the residue is clear Next, carefully top up the pycnometer witn deionizec water, fit the ground stopper and gently wipe off any ‘overfiow. Finally weigh the pycnometer to an accuracy of + 0.01 g (im) Empty and wash the pycnometer,fillit with deionized water only and weigh to an accuracy of + 0,01 g (m,) Before each weighing make sure that the ambient air temperature is (20 + 5)°C. 82.3 Method B (Le Chatolier volumenometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent density and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately untl the particles will pass through a seve wth 0.063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to @ constant mass and set apart a mass, m, of approximately 50 g weighed to an accuracy of £ 0.19, Introduce deionized water into Le Chatelier volumenometer until the level is up to the 0 graduetion. Then add the weighed mass, m, of the ground specimen into the volumenometer in five fractons in the region of 10 9 each, ensuring that all of each fraction falls info the liqui¢. After the introduction of each fracton, agitate the liguc to disperse the ground specimen. Read the graduations to determine the V, in miliitres to the nesrest 1.1 miof liquid displaced by the mass 1, of the ground specimen, Before taking the inital at 0 level and final volume readings make sure thatthe ambient air temperature is (20 29)°CEN 1936:2006 (E) 9 Expression of results 9.41 General The volume of the open pores (in millitres) 's expressed by the equation m,—m, Pa «1000 fo) ‘The apparent volume (in millitres) is expressed by the equation m,—m V, == x 1000 (2) Pa which can alternatively be calculated on the basis of the dimensions of the specimen. NOTE The value ofthe density of water ,, at 20 °C 8 298 kgm? apparent density 9.2. Apparent density ‘The apparent density (in kilograms per cubic metre) is expreased by the ratio of the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume, by the equation: m Py XP 3) m,—m, 9.3. Open porosity ‘The open porosity is expressed by the rato (as a percentage] of the volume of open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen, by the equation Pp, =———*x100 4) m,-m, 9.4 Real density The real density (in kilograms per cubic metre) is expressed by the ratio of the mass of the ground dry ‘specimen m to the volume of liquid displaced by the mass mg, by the equatons: Method A (pycnometer) m, m, +m, —m, *Pa (6a) ‘Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) PrSae ein (50)EN 1936:2006 (E) 9.5 Total porosity ‘The total porosity is expressed by the ratio (as a percentage) of the volume of pores (open and closed) and, the apparent volume of the specimen, by the equation 11 1-Pe P. p= Pe xto0= x100 6 P 40 Test report ‘The test report snail contain the following information a) unique identification number of the report b) number, tile and date of issue of this European standard c)_ name and address of the test laboratory and the address where the test was carried out f different from the test laboratory; 0} name and address of the client, €) itis the responsibilty of the clent to supply the folowing information: — petrographic name of the stone: — commercial name of the stone; — country and region of extraction; — name of the supolier — direction of ary existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test) to be clearly incicated on the sample or on each specimen by means of two paral! lines; — name af the person or organization which carried out the sampling: — surface finish of the specimens (if relevant to the test), f) date of delivery of the sample or of the specimens @) date when the specimens were prepares (if relevant) and the date of testing, fh) number of specimens in the sample, i) dimensions of the specimens; }) for each specimen: the real denstty It determined) and the apparent density to the nearest 10 kg/m". the open porosity and the total porasity (if determined) to the nearest 0.1% ky arithmetic mean of the individual values for the real density (f determined) and for the apparent density (Jo the nearest 10 kgim), for the open porosity and for the total porosity [if determined) (to the nearest 0.1%)EN 1936:2006 (E) |) method used for the determination of the real densty (when relevant) m) all deviations from the standard and their justification n) remarks ‘The test report shall contain the sgnature(s) and role(s) of the responsble(s) party(s) for testing and the issue date of the report It shall also state that the report shall not be partially reproduced without written consent from the test laboratory 10a @ a ) isl ™ @ 31 (10) 1] (12) 113) 14) [15] (16) 7) 118) 119] [29] reo (22) EN 1936:2008 (E) Bibliography EN 1925, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillanty EN 1925, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of compressive strength EN 12370, Natural stone test methods — Datermination of resistance to salt crystallisation, EN 12371, Natural stone test methods — Determination of frest resistance. EN 12372, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load. EN 12407, Natural stone test methods ~ Petrographic examination EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of flexural strength under constant moment. EN 13264, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of the breaking load ai dowel hole EN 13373, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of geometric characteristics on units. EN 13765, Natural stone test mothods ~ Determinaticn of water absorption at atmospheric pressure EN 13919, Natural stone test methods - Determination of resistance to ageing by SO2 action in the presence of humicity EN 14068, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of resistance to ageing by thermal shock EN 14148, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency). EN 14147, Natural stone test methods ~ Determinetien of resistance to ageing by seit mist EN 14157, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of the abrasion resistance EN 14188, Natural stone test metheds ~ Determination of rupture energy EN 14208, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of Knoop hardness EN 14231. Natural stone test methods — Determination of the slip resistance by means of the pendulum tester ENN 14879, Natural stone test methods ~ Determination of sound speed propagation. EN 14880, Natural stone test methads ~ Determination of statc elastic modulus. EN 14881, Naturel stone tes! methods ~ Determination of near thermal expansion coeficient “1BS EN 1936:2006 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London Wada BSI — British Standards Institution BS1 is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Stendards, [t presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. 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