JEE Syllabus Rectangular Coordinate System in Space Direction Cosines of a Line The Plane The Straight Line Shortest Distance Between Two Skew Lines Answers to exercises Concepts & Formulae at a Glance Solved Problems Assignment Problems Answers to Assignment Problems‘i e f Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation o @ plane, distance of a point from a plane. LETTE IT eg Let 'O" be any point in space and XOX, YOY and Z'OZ be three lines perpendicular to each other. These lines are known as coordinate axes and O is called origin. The planes XY, YZ, ZX are known as the coordinate planes. a Coordinates of a Point in Space: Consider a point P in space whose position is given by triad (x, y, z) where x, y, z are perpendicular distance from YZ-plane, ZX-plane and XY-plane respectively. If we assume i, j, Kk unit vectors along OX, OY, OZ respectively, then position vector of point P is xi + yj +zk or simply (x, y, 2). Notes: Any point on - = x-axis = {(x, y, 2) |y=2= 0} = y-axis = {(x, y, z) |x == 0} = zaxis ={(x, y, z)|x=y=0} = xyplane = {(x, y,z)|Z= 0} = yz plane = {(x, y, z) |x = 0} = zxplane = {(x, y, z)|y =O} m OP= yx? +y? +27 = The tee eo-adnat planes die he we aac (Gh oomparmens Which are known as eight octants and since each of the coordinates of a point may be positive or negative, there are 2° (= 8) points whose coordinates have the same numerical values and which lie in eight octants, one in each. AMITSEE Led, FITTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 046, Ph A6zi ¥ 106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942Shifting of Origin Shifting the origin to another point without changing the directions of the axes is called the translation of axes. Let the origin © be shifted to another point ©’ (x’, y', 2’) without changing the direction of axes, Let the new coordinate frame be O'X'Y'Z’. Let P (x, y, 2) be a point with respect to the coordinate frame OXYZ. Then, coordinate of point P w.r.t. new coordinate frame O'X'Y'2" is (x;, y;, 21), where 1 SX—Xi Y= — yh, z: Mustration 1. If the origin is shifted to (1, 2, -3) without changing the directions of the axes then find the new coordinates of the point (0, 4, 5) with respect to new frame. Solution: X1=X—x', where (x’, y',z!) is the shifted origin Vii" ee x1=0-1 yi=4-2 Z=5+3 The coordinates of the point w..r-t. to new coordinate frame is (-1, 2, 8). Notes: = Distance between the points P(x;, y1, 21) and Q (x2, Ya, Z2) Is N=) +i Ya) +2122)? m The point dividing the line joining PQ, y1, Z1) and Q(x, y2, Z2) inm:n ratiois Eg oe Ue Mex *12t)yhere m +020. m+n ' m+n m+n p=-2 Putting = -2 in (1) the coordinates of R are (1, 4, -2) which are also the coordinates of C. Hence the points A, B, C are collinear. i) Find the coordinates of the point equidistant from the four points (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), (0, 0, c) and (0, 0, 0). The three points A(0, 0, 0), B(2, ~ 3, 3), C(-2, 3, - 3) are collinear. Find the ratio in which each point divides the segment joining the other two. DIRECTION COSINES OF ALINE 7 at, B, 7 be the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the x, y, Z co-ordinate axes respectively, then cose, cosB, cosy are called the direction cosines of the given line and are generally denoted by m, n respectively. Thus, | = cosa, m= cosB and n= cosy By definition it follows that the direction cosine of the axis of x are respectively cos0®, cos90°, cos 90°i.e. (1, 0, 0). Similarly direction cosines of the axes of y and z are respectively (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). a a Ta STS Wa a Dal 06 PaO, TEP, Po TOTEDAR 0 ITIEA Lay FITTIEE| 1 wwwfitjee.comNotes: ‘s The unit vector along the line can be written as li +mj+nk = If d.c’s of line AB is (I, m, n), then d.c’s of line BA will be (-I, -m, -n). Relation between the Direction Cosines: Let OP be any line through the origin O which has direction cosines |, m,n. Let P =(x, y, z) and OP =r Then OP? =x? + y?+z*= 7 ea) From P draw PA, PB, PC. perpendicular on the coordinate axes, so that OA=x, OB=y, OC =z, Also, ZPOA = a, ZPOB = B and ZPOG =. From triangle AOP, |= cosa =~ = x=Ir r Similarly y = mr and z= nr. Hence from (1) P+ menjaxrty+ Zar =P +m? +n? eee Note: If the coordinates of any point P be (x, y, 2) and I, m, n be the direction cosines of the line OP, ‘© being the origin, then (Ir, mr, nr) will give us the co-ordinates of a point on the line OP which is at a distance r from (0, 0, 0). Direction Ratios: fa, b, c are three numbers proportional to the direction cosines I, m, n of a straight line, then a, b, © are called its direction ratios. They are also called direction numbers or direction components. mon =k (say) = 1 Hence by definition, we have ==> k, m= bk, n= ck = k'(a? +b? +c’) 1 Se b Similarly m = + D> chosen throughout. P+ m+n? a tae where the same sign either positive or negative is to be an Example: If 2, ~3, 6 be the direction ratios, then the actual direction cosines are z, 2 $ : Notes: OA Direction cosines of a line are unique but direction ratios-of-arline inno way-unique-but-can be see ao infinite. es ® Any vector along given direction a, b, cis (ai +bj + ck )A and vice versa. TFIITIEE Ltd, FIETIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Seral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : wirw.flitjee.comRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 5 Parallel Lines: Since parallel lines have the same direction, it follows that the direction cosines of two or more parallel straight lines are the same. So in case of lines, which do not pass through the origin, we can draw a parallel line passing through the origin and direction cosines of that line can be found. Mustration 4, if a variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines |, m,n and | + i, m + dm, n + me show that the small angle 6 0 between the two positions is given by (56)? = (81)? + (Sm)? + (ony Solution: ® Since |, m, n and! +81, m+ 5m, n+é6n are the direction cosines, we have P+m?+n?=1 (1) (148)? + (m+ 5m)?+ (n+ 8n)=4 => F +m? +n? + 2) 81 + 2msm + 2nd +(81)?+ (5 m)?+ (Sn) = 1 | = 2(I 8 + mom + ndn) = — {(3 1)? + (6 m)?+ (5 ny} w(2) Now it is given that 80 is then angle between two adjacent positions of the line. Therefore cosd0 = |. (| +51) +m. (m+ 5m) +n. (n+ dn) (3) 2 2 30 30 Now cosso=1- E89), (087 _ ae Se . if 80 is small, then cos60 = &y in, 2 60) | Then from (3), we have 1— oe = (2 +m? + n?) + (1.51 + mm + nn) 346 IF+ (8m)?+(8n)?} (using (1) and (2)) \\ or (80)? = (61)? (6m)? (ny, SS Mustration 5. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations | — 5m + 3n = 0 and 7P + 6m? -3n° = 0. Solution: The given relations are 5m + 3n=0=1=5m—3n and 7 + 5m®—3n° = 0 Putting the value of I from (1) in (2), we get 7(5m —3n)’ + 5m? — 3n?=0 tee m or, (2m —n)(3m =2n) =0 = => ore ; ien=2m % = 1=5m-3n=-mor m when — n =-1 giving gl m eS aS [29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph FIITIEE Led, FLITIEE House; es :106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 LY ty) es mh th 2 NT eeeDimensional Geor giving oie ace via’ ta’ 14” :. The direction cosines of the other line are, Direction Cosines of a Line joining two given Points: The direction ratios of line PQ joining P (x1, ys, 21) and z ye 22) QlX2, Ya, 22) are x2 — xq = a(say), yo — ys = b (Say) and Z2—Z1 = ¢ (Say). Then direction cosines are fe) ee es 9 YE -%)F Blam Bl 4) : Mlustration 6, Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the line joining the points A(6, —7, -1) and B(2, -3, 1). Solution: Direction ratios of AB are (4,-4, — 2) =(2,—2,-1) a+ b?+c°=9, Direction cosines are (<3. pe) Ifa straight line makes angles a, i, y with x, y, z axes respectively, then show! that sin? a + sin® B+ sin’ y= 2. Find the direction cosines |, m, n of two lines which are connected by the| relations | +m +n=0and mn ~ 2nl - 2im= 0. Show that A(-1, -3, 4), B(5, -1, 1), C(7, 4, 7) and D(1, -6, 10) form a rhombus: Angle between two Lines: c A ee Let @ be the angle between two straight lines AB and AC whose direction cosines are I, my, 1 and ls, mz, Ng respectively, Is given by cos@ = Iile+ mims + ninz if direction ratios of fwo lines aré a, by, cy and a, b,, Fate giventheMt angle Bie + Diy FIC * a = fa? + by +0? - fas +b3 +03 FIITSEE Lt, PITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -130 016, Ph 46106000, 26569403, Fax 26513942 Website : wow fitjee.com between two lines is given by cos 0 = 2 2RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry g Particular Results We have, sin’e= 1 — costo =(f +m? +n2)(2 +m +3) (il + mma + nine)? = (lama —lam,)? + (min2 = many)? + (mile = nah)? VX (lime =tom,)” = sind = = Condition of perpendicularity: If the given lines are perpendicular, then @ = 90° i.e. cos @ = 0 = lila + mymy + ning = 0 or ayaa + byb2 + 6362 = 0. = Condition of parallelism: Ifthe given lines are parallel, then 0 = 0° i.e. sind = 0 => (lym = lay)? + (ming — msn)? + (Nile — na)? = O which is true, only when um, — Im; = 0, mina — man = O and nslz— nd = 0 es Se iy ee hom, n a dp Ce Mlustration 7. A line makes angles a, B, y, ur diagonals of a cube. Prove that cos* a + cos® B+ cos’ y+ cos’ 5= Solution: 42 Let ‘a’ be the length of sides of a cube. Taking three coterminous edges OA, OB, OC as axes. So So direction cosines of OP are —— -| aie ea a: | 5 * | Jaa?’ Va?’ 3a? Similarly, direction cosines of AM petals le -[ 3’ J3" 4] direction cosines of BN = C(0,0.a)__ M(O.a.a) 4 i 3 3" 3 direction cosines of CL ceed ae = , 2 3 2B IF [, m, n] be the direction cosines of a line which makes angles a, f, 7, 8 with these four diagonals of the cube, then l+men A+m+n mn l+m=n = , cosB=—— =", cosy= —7™, cosé = 43 3 3 8 ‘c0s" o. + cos” + cos” y + cos” FIITSEE Ltd,, FLTTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, arvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 0416, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www.ftiee.comF RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry i Fa Oli, Yo 2 Projection of a Line segment on a given , line: ' Projection of the line joining two point P (x:, ys, 21) and 1 Q(X, yz, Zs) on another line whose direction cosines ' are |, m, nis \ AB = I(K2 — x1) + m(Yo—ys) + n(22—2%). ia i Here PQ and AB need not be coplanar. A i ‘ : : PO y, Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Line: ee Let AB be a straight line passing through point A (a, b, c) and having direction cosines I, m,n AN = projection of line AP on straight line AB = I(x -a) + mly—b) + n(z-o) and AP = y(x—a)? +(y—b)? +(z—c)* N ©. perpendicular distance of point P, PN = VAP? — AN? AGa,b, 0) Mustration 8. Find out perpendicular distance of point P(0, -1, 3) from straight line passing through A(1, —3, 2) and B(2, +1, 4). Solution: Direction ratios of the line AB are 1, 2, 2. «. Direction cosines of the line is 1 2 1 2 2) eet gS VERE APSE APSE a Projection of AP on the line AB ny AN =Ix—a) + my—b) +n(z-o)= 20-1) + (-443)+ 2-2)= 3 AP = J(0—1? +143)? + (3-2)? = V6 Perpendicular distance PN = VAP? — AN? = b= Be: Area of a Triangle: Ce. a ot 1 - af Z { ae u j Alia, ys, Z1) m= aW2 22 YA =ppe 22 YrAma M2 Ye 2, 2 4 Xs Zs 4 Ke Ya aCn-y) ‘So, area of ABC is given by the relation VAC 4) A= 02 +02 +02 ) y £ Ca Area of the triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points (X:, ys, Z1) and (Xa, Yo, 22) iS 2 Ena ee a = Die — Ya2s)? + (eke —22%s)? + OaYe Kas)? ITI G€. Led, FITTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Website: nanal Geome! RSM~1315-P6-MA-Three Dimen: Show that the lines whose direction cosines are given by 1+ m +n = 0 and nl = 2mn = 2m! = 0 are at right angle. fh) Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by 1+ m+ n _o mn nl im a0 palais ne aera p p=¢ Lines OA, OB are drawn from O with direction cosines proportional to 1, ~2, ~1, | 3, ~2, 3. Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane AOB. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), 8(2, -1, 1) and| C(t, 2, -4). Definition: If point P(x, y, z) moves according certain rule then it may lie in a 3-D region on a surface or ona line or it may be simply be a point. Whatever we get as the region of P after applying the rule is called the locus of P. Let us discuss about the plane or curved surface. If Q be any other point on it's locus and all points of the straight line PQ lie on it, it is a plane. In other words if the straight line PQ, however ‘small and in whatever direction it may be, lies completely on the locus, it is a plane, otherwise any curved surface. Equation of Plane in Different Forms: = General equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d= 0, a” + b* +c” «0 (where a, b, c gives the direction ratios of the normal to the plane) Equation of the plane in Normal form is Ix + my +'nz = p where p is the length of the normal . from the origin to the plane and (1, m, n) be the direction cosines of the normal. = The ‘equation to the plane passing through P(x1, y:, Z:) and is perpendicular to given line having direction ratios (a, b, c) is a(x —x:) + bly y1) +e (2=21)= 0. = The equation of the plane passing through three non-collinear points (x;, ys, 21), (x-%) (y-¥1) (2-2) (Xa, Yas Za) and (Xs, Ys. Zs) iS |(X2-%1) (Y2-Ys) (22-2) =0- I(x -%1) (Ya-¥s) (2-21) = The equation of the plane whose intercepts are a, b, c on the x, y, z axes respectively is pee Aa (aybic. 0): ab ¢ m Equation of YZ plane is x = equation of plane parallel to YZ plane is x = d. Equation of ZX plane is y = 0, equation of plane parallel to ZX plane is y = d. Equation of XY plane is z= 0, equation of plane parallel to XY plane is z= d. Four points namely A (x1, ¥1, 21), B (Xa, Y2s 22), C (Xs, Yas Zs) and D (Xa, ya, Za) will be coplanar if one point lies on the plane passing through other three points. Ti FIFTIEE Rouse 20°A, Kalu Sara, Sarvaprya Vibar, Now Delhl-I10 016, Ph 46106000, 26569495, Fax 26513942 mus Website : www.flltjee.comRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry Mustration 9, Find the equation to the plane passing through the point (2, -1, 3) which is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane. Solution: The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are 2, -1, 3. The equation of required plane is 2(x -2) -1 (y + 1) + 3 (z-3) = 0 => 2x-y+32-14=0 Angle between the Planes: Angle between the planes is defined as angle between normals to the planes drawn from any point. Angle between the planes ax + biy + oz + dj = 0 and ax + by + cz + dp = 0 is yA + bib, +640 ) cos? [ai+eF ct) (ef-bi+<8) Notes: = If ayaq +b;b2 +c1c2 = 0, then the planes are perpendicular to each other. a, b, = if t= °t_* then the planes are parallel to each other. a, by cy Position of Two Points w.r.t. a Plane: %) lie on the same or opposite sides of a plane Two points P(x:, ys, 21) and Q(x, ya, + dare of same or opposite ax + by + cz +d = 0 according to ax; + by; + cz; +d and ax, + bys + cz, signs.The plane divides the line joining the points P and Q externally or internally according to P and Q are lying on same or opposite sides of the plane Mlustration 10. Find the angle between the planes 2x—y + z= 11 andx+y+2z=3, Solution: in aya + Dyby + 6,6 fat+bi+ct) (aj +b3 +¢8) 2-14 (-1)-144-2 230 = 2? +(-P + PVP +P a2? Mustration 11. Find the equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, ~4), (1, -1, 3) and parallel to x-axis. Solution: The equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, ~4) is a(x—2) + bly-3) + e(z+4)=0 ITSEE Lee), FLITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi Website : wwrw-fitjee.com“1 RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry since (1, —1, 3) lie on it, we have a+ 4b-7c=0 (2) since required plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. perpendicular to YZ plane i.e. tat 0.b+0.0=0=a=0 24b-70= 0-9 2 $ Equation of required plane is 7y + 4z = 5. Perpendicular Distance: The length of the perpendicular from the point P(x;, ys, 21) to the plane ax + byt oz + d=0 is ax, + by, +0z, +4] Note: = The distance between two parallel planes is the algebraic difference of perpendicular distances on the planes from origin. Family of Planes: Equation of plane passing through the line of intersection of two planes u = 0 and v = Ois u+av=0. Wlustration 12. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes ax+by+ oz + d = and ax + fy + yz + 5= 0 perpendicular to the xy-plane. 0 Solution: The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the planes ax + by + cz +d=Oand ox + By + yz + is (ax + by + cz +d) + Aax + By +72 +8) =0 (4) or x(a + ak) + y(b + BA) + 2(6 + yA) + (d+ BA) =O -a(2) Now the equation of the xy-plane i.e z= 0 #2(3) ifthe planes (2) and (3) are perpendicular to each other, we have O(a + a) + O(b + BA) + 1(c * yA) =0, or = -chr Putting this value of % in equation (1), the equation of the required plane is (ax by + z+ )— 5 (ox By +92 #8) = Dor ay—cn)x + (by — oB)y + (dy - 08) = 0. Find the locus of the point whose distance from the origin is three times its distance from the plane 2x + 2z= 3. Find the equation of the plane through (1, 0, -2) and perpendicular to each of| the planes 2x +y-z-2=0andx-y-z-3=0. Find the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes 2x + y ~ 3z +520, x—3y +z +2=0and the point (1, -2, 3). The plane x ~ 2y + 3z = 0 is rotated through a right angle about the line o intersection with the plane 2x + 3y ~ 42 — 5 = 0, find the equation of the plane in its new position. FiNTsee ied, FITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110 046, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : wwwfiltiee.comnal Geometry Bisector Planes of Angle between two Planes The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between two given planes a;x + bry + Giz +d; = 0 and x + bey + G22 +d, = Ois AX+bY+CZ+d, | apx+b,y+o,2+dy ef +b? +2) a3 +03 +3) Notes: m= If angle between bisector plane and one of the plane is less than 45° then it is acute angle bisector otherwise it is obtuse angle bisector. : If arae + bib: + c1¢2 is negative, then origin lies in the acute angle between the given planes Provided d; and d, are of same sign and if a,a) + byb2 + cic2 is positive, then origin lies in the obtuse angle between the given planes. Mustration 13. Show that the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes x + 2y + 2z = 9 and 4x ~ 3y + 12z + 13 = 0, Find the planes bisecting the angles between them and point out which bisects the acute angle. Solution: Equation of given planes can be written as ~ X= 2y— 22+ 9=Oand 4x —3y + 127+ 13=0 The bisecting planes are X= 2y 2249, x—3y 4122418 v9 Vi69 => ~ 13x ~ 26y ~ 262 + 117 = + (12x ~ Sy + 362 + 39) So 26x + 17y + 622 - 78 = 0 is the plane bisecting the angle containing the origin, and x + 35y — 10z — 156 = is the other bisecting plane. Let 6 be the angle between x + 2y + 2z=9 and 25x + 17y + 62z -78=0 61 903 ref 0=— = tand Therefore cos oe 61 Which is less than 1, thus 0 is less than 45°. Hence the plane 26x + 17y + 62z - 78 = 0 bisects the acute angle and therefore origin lies in the acute angle. Find the equations of the bisectors of the angles between the planes 2x — y-2 ~6=0 and 3x * 2y— 6z— 12=0 and distinguish them, (b) Find the bisector of that angle between the Planes 3x — 6y + 22 + 5 = 0, 4x - 12y + 32 ~ 3 = 0 which contains the origin. MITSEE ta, FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 046, Ph 461 thi ~1410 046, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 8 Definition: Straight line in three dimensional geometry is defined as intersection of two planes. So general equation of straight line is stated as the equations of both planes together i.e. general equation of straight line is ayx + byy + O12 + dy = 0, ax + by + z+ d2=0 (1) So, equation (1) represents straight line which is obtained by intersection of two planes. Equation of Straight Line in Different Forms: Symmetrical Form: = Equation of straight line passing through point P (x;, y1, 21) and whose direction cosines are I, =x x m, nis m n = Equation of straight line passing through two points P (xs, ys, 21) and Q (x2, yz, Zz) is X=X, X2 =X, Note: = The general coordinates of a point on a line is given by (x; + Ir, yr + mr, 2; + nr) where ris distance between point (x;, y1, z:) and point whose coordinates is to be written. iMustration 14. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 3x + 4y-6z+1=0. Solution: The equation of the plane is 3x + 4y —6z+ 1=0......(1) The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 3, 4, -6, So equation of the line through (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane (1) are x_ 4-4 =r (say) S25 (2) 3-4 6 The coordinates of any point P on (2) are (3r, 4r, -6r). If this point lie on the plane (1), then i.e. 3(3r) + 4(4r) — 6(-6r) + 1 = sa : Putting the value of r coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular P are (2 a. al Note: # If equation of straight line is given in general form, it can be changed into symmetrical form. The method is described in the following example. Mustration 15. Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y-z~4=0=4x+y—22+3 Tata Sra rapa Wr, Na Dan 120 016 Ph 06000, 26569993, Foe ATIEE ted, PATTIE House 29%, waa iar, How Dh ©”‘ee Dimensional Geometry RSM-~1315-P6-MA-TI CL a Definition: Straight line in three dimensional geometry is defined as intersection of two planes. So general equation of straight line is stated as the equations of both planes together i.e. general equation of straight line is ax + biy +0iz +d) = 0, axx + bay + oz + do =0 (1) So, equation (1) represents straight line which is obtained by intersection of two planes: Equation of Straight Line in Different Forms: Symmetrical Form: = Equation of straight line passing through point P (x;, yi, 21) and whose direction cosines are |, Y=¥y 2-2 m n = Equation of straight line passing through two points P (x1, ys, 21) and Q (Xz, Ya Z2) SEG YS Vee IZeZy Br peer 4. 2a 1 x m, nis is Note: = The general coordinates of a point on a line is given by (x; + Ir, ys * mr, 21 distance between point (x:, y:, 2s) and point whose coordinates is to be written. + nr) where ris Mustration 14. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 3x + 4y—6z+1=0. Solution: The equation of the plane is 3x + 4y-6z + 1=0......(1) The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 3, 4, -6, So equation of the line through (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane (1) are ee) ~ 3.4 6 The coordinates of any point Pon (2) are (3r, 4r, -6r). If this point lie on the plane (1), then 1 2) 3(3r) + 4(4r) — 6(-6r) + 1 = Die. r= ——> eae 5 Putting the value of r coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular P are (3 a. 3): Note: = If equation of straight line is given in general form, it can be changed into symmetrical form. The method is described in the following example. Mustration 15. Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y-z-4=0=4x+y—2z2+3. SET TSE Ws au ig an a0 06 Pasi aes PARE J eaeSolution: The equation of the line in general form are if 3x + 2y-z-4=0, 4x +y—22+3=0 = Let , m, n be the direction cosines of the line. Since the line is common to both the planes, it is perpendicular to the normals to both the planes. Hence 31+ 2m—n=0, 41 +m—2n=0 I m Solving these we get, —— = —~— 2 er eae 6 n 4 mie So arse sc5y 38 = eee 5 So, direction cosines of the line are eas as ee Now to find the coordinates of a point on a line. Let us find out the point where it meets the lane z= 0. Putting z = 0 in the equation given by (1), we have 3x +2y-4=0, 4x+y+3=0 solving these, we get y=5 So, one point of the line is (-2, 5, 0) ©. equation of the line in symmetrical form is 42 y=o_ 2-0 | xe2 y=5_ 2 5) 2 a PES GE ae Ue Intersection of Line and Plane: ~ If equation of a plane is ax + by + cz +d = 0, then direction ratios of normal to this plane are a, b, ¢ z-z +, then angle between normal to the plane and The equation of straight line is = x al+bm-+cen straight line is given by cos 0 = é Va? +b? +c! Thus angle between the plane and the straight line is eS = Plane and straight line will be parallel ifal+ bm +on=0_ imc = Plane and straight line will be perpendicular if = = eae ial mon = The line may lie in the plane if al + bm + cn =0 and ax, + By; + oz, = 0, = fu; =0=v; and us = 0= vz be two straight lines, then the general equation ofa straight line intersecting the both are u; + Av; = 0 + Ue + Ava where i, Ao are two real numbers. Mustration 16. Find the equation of plane passing through the intersection of planes 2x — 4y + 32 + 5 = x+y+2Z=6 and parallel to straight line having direction cosines (1, -1, -1). FMTIEE Ltd, FLITIEE House,26-4, Kalu Saal, Sarvapriya Vibar, Naw Delhi -110 046, Ph 46106000, 26560493, Fox 7651942RSM-1315-P6-MA-T Dimensional Geometry Solution: Equation of required plane be (2x — 4y + 3z +5) + (x+y -2-6)=0 ie. (2+ A)x + (-4 + Aly + 2(3 2) + (5-62) =0 This plane is parallel to a straight line. So, al + bm + cn =0 1(2 + A) + (-A)(-4 +2) + (-1)(3 —A) = Oi.e. 2 =-3 Equation of required plane is x — 7y + 6z + 23 = Die. x + 7y —6z—23 = 0. tion 17. Find the equations of the line which passes through the point (2, lines 2x + y -4 = 0=y+ 2z, x+3z=4, 2x +52=8. 4, 1) and intersects the Solution: The line 2x + y — 4 + Ayy + 2z)=0 X+3z—4 + ,(2x + 5z-8)=0 intersects the two given lines for all values of 2, 22. The line passes through (2, -1, 1) if —14A,=Oand 1+22=0=>4;= 4, 42=-1 . Required equations, therefore x + y + z= 2 and x + 2z = 4 Equation of the plane through a given line: @. If equation of line is given in general form as a;x+ byy + cyz+ di= O=anxtbay+c,z+d, the equation of plane passing through this line is (asx + bry + yz + dy) + A(agx + boy + 022 + dh) = 0. 2 (i). If equation of the line is given in symmetrical form as , then equation of plane is a(x ~ x;) + bly ~ y:) + oz — 2) = 0. Where a, b, c are given by al + bm + cn =0. Mustration 18. Find the equation of the plane which contains the two parallel lines Solution: : The equations of the two parallel lines are x+1_y-2_2z-0 2) ear x-3_y+4 2-1 ; ca Ea) the equation of any plane through the line (1) is a(x + 1) +b(y 2) + cz=0 =2(3) where 3a + 2b + c=0 wa) the line (2) will also lie on the plane (3) if the point (3, ~4, 1) lies on the plane (3), and for this we have a(3 +1) +b(-4-2)+c=Oorda-6b+c=0 ....(5) ; Sigs c Solving (4) and (6), we get 5=7 =e. Putting the values of a, b, cin (3), the required equation of the plane is 8x + y ~ 262 + 6 = 0. FIITJE€ Led, FIETOEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569495, Fax 26513942 Website : www.filtiee.comRSM_1315-P6-MA-TI 16 E E Angle between Line and Plane: ibaa 2 If angle between line and plane is 0, then angle between line and normal to plane is Let equation of line be %=%1 = ¥=¥1 — 2-1. and that of plane be aax + boy + cz cy d, then i al -9) =sin@ Nis Foot of Perpendicular of a point on a Plane: Let the point is P (x1, ys, z1) and the plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0. Then equation of line passing through P and perpendicular to plane is Foot of perpendicular is obtained by finding the intersection of this line with the plane. Image of a Point about a Plane: First of all foot of perpendicular (Say (x2, yz, Z2)) of point P (xs, ys, 21) on the plane ax+by+cz + d=0 is calculated. Now let the image of P about this plane be (a,, 8, 7). This can be calculated by using the midpoint formulae ie. 12% = x,, MAB, Zty z 2 = Projection of a Line on a Plane: Let the line is “—" 2—% and the plane is a,x + by + oz +d=0. a b, cy Find point of intersection (P) of line with plane. Also find foot of perpendicular of (x, y;, 23) on the plane can passing through PQ is projection of line on the plane. Image of Line about a Plane: Ey Ven Ze z, : Let line is "1 — Y= %1 2771 plane is axx + bay + oz + d= ay by Cy Find point of intersection (say P) of line and plane. Find image (say Q) of point (xy, ys, 21) about the plane. Line PQis reflected line. Coplanarity of Lines: Zz, S = will be coplanar if vector 2 aii +b,j+c)k and a,i +b,j+e,k and (x, ~x,)i + (Yp ~¥4)} + (2, ~2,)k line in the same plane. a by oy €z |= Ois the condition for coplanarity of two lines. Xo¥) 9M Fo Two lines ao = apace bad 22tc) MTSEG Le, FLITIEE House,25-A; Kalu Sara, Sarvapriya Vihar, Naw Delhi 110.016, Ph 46106000, 26569499, Fax 2651394217 RSM~1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry Equation of a straight line intersecting two given lines Let the equation of the given lines be =m ule =r (say) ~(N) I and~ = tp (say) (2) m, I The coordinates of any point P on (1) are (lyr; + a3, mir; + Br, (2) are (lore + 12, Mare + Ba, mare + y2) Now we are to find the equation of a line which intersects the line (1) and (2). Suppose the required line intersects the lines (1) and (2) in the points P and Q respectively. Then the required line is one which joins the points P and Q. The value of r, and ro will be determined by some additional given conditions nyry + 74) and those of any point Q on Mlustration 19, A line with direction cosines proportional to (2, 7, -§) is drawn to intersect the lines ae Fak and 2 x 3 7£6 | Find the coordinate of the points. of intersection and the length intercepted on it. Also find the equation of intersecting straight line. Solution: The given equations x-5_y-7_z+2 ao oe 1 3 7 (1) X+3_y-3_z-6 2 al aa a (2) any point P on (1) is (3r1 + 5, -r; + 7, r1 ~2) and any point Q on (2) is. (Br. - 3, 2r2 + 3, 4r2 + 6) the direction ratios of PQ are (8r; + 3t2 + 8, —ty — 2tp + 4, 1, ~ 412 - 8) (3) Suppose the line with dir’s 2, 7, -5 will be proportional to the d.r.s given by (3) 3h, +3m 48-2, +4 = 4-8 a ee ee Solving (4), we get So point of intersection are P(2, 8, -3) and Q(0, 1, 2) and intercepted length = PQ= \(2-0)° +(8-1)' +(-3-2)" = 78 x=2_y-8 243; 5 and equation of PQ is (FITS€E ‘Lta,, FIETIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569405, Fax 26513502 Website : wwwfiltjee.comRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry (-1, 3, 2) and perpendicul and the coordinates of its 7+1=0= 14x + 9y - 72-1 with XY ations. Find the equations fo the line through x + 2y + 2z = 3, the length of perpendicular Find the points of intersection of line x * ¥ and YZ planes and hence put down the symmetrical form of its equ: ii) Find the line which intersects the lines x + y+z= 1, 2x-y-z=2x-y- 2x + 4y ~z= 4 of intersection. ¥ ,2_4, x= 0 and parallel be iv) Find the equation to the plane containing the line SLITS ET aT (Non-Parallel, Non-Intersecting Lines) Two lines which are non-parallel, non-intersecting lines if they do not lie in the same plane are called ‘skew lines. The straight line which is perpendicular to each of skew lines is called the line of shortest distance. And length of shortest distance line intercepted between two lines js called length of shortest distance. Method: Let the equation of two non-intersecting lines be ey 4 m, ny Beg se See m i ny Any point on line (1) is P (x; + lars, y+ + mars, 2 + Mat) and on line (2) is Q (Kot lata, Yo + Mate, Z2 + N2f2). Let PQ be the line of shortest distance. Its direction ratios will be [(lats + x1 x2— bata), (mats + ya Ye Mate), (sty + Zr Ze Nefa)] This line is perpendicular to both the given lines. By using condition of perpendicularity we obtain two equations in ry and r2. So by solving these, values of r; and rz and subsequently point P and Q can be found. The distance PQs the shortest distance. + =r; (say) of) f2 (Say) «(2) Notes: = The shortest distance between two lines can be given by be-% Yo-Ys 22-24 1 Sy mn, (yma —bms)*| 4 mp ty = If any straight line is given in general form then it can be transformed into symmetrical form and we can further proceed. illustration 20. Find the shortest distance between the lines = Also find the equation of line of shortest distance. WINDER Ltd, PITTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Servapriya Vibar, Mew Delhi -110 016, Ph " (046, Ph 46106000, 26560493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry - r : Solution: x Given lines are — x+3_y+7_ re) ‘Any point on line (1) is P (3r1 + 3, 8 =r), 4 # 3) and on line (2) is. Q (3-3, 2f2—7, 4t2 + 6). If PQ is line of shortest distance, then Direction ratios of PQ = (3r; + 3) - (-3 — 312), (8= M1) = (2ta— 7), (#3) — (412 + 6) ie. Sry + 3r + 6, 11 — 3r2 + 15, —4r- 3 As PQis perpendicular to liens (1) and (2) 2 8(Grs + Bre + 6) = 111 — 2te + 18) + 1(r)— 412 + 3) = 0 2114 +7m=0 6) and ~3(8r, + 3r2 + 6) + 2(-11 —2f2 + 15) + (ri — 4re + 3) = 0 $ oR etme ame eG (4) ‘On solving equations (3) and (4), we get r= = 0. So, point P (3, 8,3) and Q (3,7, 6) . Length of shortest distance PQ= y{(-3— 3)? +(-7-8)* +(6-3) } = 3/30 Direction ratios of shortest distance line is 2, 5, —1 x-3_y-8 2-3 =- .. Equation of shortest distance line Find the distance of the point of intersection of the line ‘and the plane x + y +z = 17 from the point (3, 4, 5). Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point (1, 6, 3) to the line . Find also the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular. Show that the length of shortest distance between the lines Ae beaver ES97 -§z-6= 3x-—2y-z+3is——_. 2x + 3y—5z-6 x — 2y Fa Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FITSEE Led, FIFTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarzi, Sarvapriya Website : www.fltjee.comGeometry a == ANSWERS TO EXERCISE a | Exercise -1: Pee) (i) AB __ oe i eee see cs ©. @ 3 2) ES Exercise -2: ied i 2) (3 2 5) i)(b). = = She FS F OO. le ye ele ve B -3: a Fleet 3 a2. V8 ) Ye Ye’ Yo (ii. 3100 oa eh Exercise -4: (i. B(x? + 2”) — dxy + 8xz — dyz — 12x + By— 122+ 9=0 (i). 2x-y+3z+4=0 (b). 7-824 17=0 (c). 22x + 5y—4z-35=0 Exercise -5: (i)(@). Acute angle bisector 23x - y - 322-78 = 0 obtuse angle bisector 5x — 13y + 4z—6 =0 (b). 67x -162y + 472+ 44=0 =e ie YESS per = ays ees = (iv). Sb, 0 Exercise -7: (i). 3 units @w. 4-58-23 14,3,5 UTIEE Led, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 240 filtjee.com Website : www (046, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three CONCEPT FORMULA AT GLANCE 4 b Direction Ratios ; If a, b, c are direction ratios, | = £ m= ea re ire where the same sign either positive or negative is to be chosen throughout Notes: * Direction cosines of a line are unique but direction ratios of a line in no way unique but can be infinite. * |? +m?+n’=1, where |, m, nare the direction cosines. + If direction cosine of line AB is (|, m, n), then direction cosine of line BA are (1, -m, —n) Direction Cosines of a Line joining two given Points : The direction ratios of the line PQ joining P (Ky Ys, Z1) ANG Ql%e, Yo, Z2) Ate Xp — x; = a(say), yo— ys = b (Say) and z—21 = ¢ (say). Then the direction cosines are | = 3 2 (%2 - 4) Angle between two Lines : Let 0 be the angle between two straight lines AB and AC whose direction cosines are |;, ms, n; and |p, ma, np respectively, is given by cos6 = Il + mimz + nina. If direction ratios of two lines are ay, bs, c; and az, ba, Ge are given, then the angle between two lines is Bye + bide + CCp sap +bf +07 «as +b3 +03 © Condition of perpendicularity: If the given lines are perpendicular, then Iylp + mymz + nynz = 0 or ayaz + bibs + cre; given by cos 0 = * Condition of parallelism: If the given lines are parallel, then 0 = 0° re OE Seep lb mz Ng a by C2 Projection of a Line segment on a given Line : Projection of the line joining two points P (x1, yi, 21) 4nd Q(x, y2, Z2) on another line whose direction cosines are |, m,n is AB = I(x2—x;) + m(y2— ys) + (Z2 = 21) ‘Equation of Plane in Different Forms General equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d= 0, (where a, b,c gives the direction ratios of the normal to the plane). Equation of the plane in normal form is ix + my + nz = p where p is the length of the normal from the origin to the plane and (I, m, n) be the direction cosines of the normal. The equation to the plane passing through P(x,, v1, 21) and is perpendicular to the given line having direction ratios (a, b, c) is a(x ~x;) + by yi) +0 (2~z1) = 0. The equation of the plane passing through three non-collinear points (x;, ys, Z:), (x2, Yas Za) (x=™1) (¥-%9) (2-4) and (x5; ys» Z3) is |(x_—%1) (Yo-Ys) (22-21) (x3 -%1) (YoY) (25-21) The equation of plane whose intercepts are a, b, c on x, y, z axes respectively, is 0. X,Y .224 (a b,070). abc FIITI€€ Led, FITTIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 06, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www-flltjee.comvill be coplanar Four points namely A (X%, Yie21) B (x e passing through the ott s defined as the ie between the pla je between the Planes : wn from any po s ax + DY ween the plant nt. Angle aya + { yer +b? 0, then the planes are perpendicular to each other. © ara, +bibe #ey62= + if t— 1 _& then the planes are parallel to each other. aoe Be ate Perpendicular Distance : The length of the perpendicular from the point P(«:, Yi, + by +2 + d= 019 Mtb ter +4 va? +b? +6 Family of Planes : Equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of two planes u= 0 ) to the plane ax andv = Oisu+av=0. Bisector Planes of Angle between two Planes : The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between two given planes a,x + biy + c1z +d; = 0 and axx + bry + G22 +d, = Ois axt+by+e.z+d 4 22K tay +0p2 +d EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE IN DIFFERENT FORMS : Symmetrical Form Equation of straight line passing through point P (x;, y;, z:) and whose direction cosines are |, manson EZ =, ingen * Equation of straight line passing through two points P (x1, ys, Z;) and Q (x2, yx, 2) is Roti =D Mo NOD Note: The general coordinates of a point on a line is given by (x; + Ir, ys + mr, z; + nr) where ris distance between point (x, y:, 21) and the point whose coordinates is to be written. Angle between a Line and Plane : If the equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0, then direction ratios of normal to this plane are a, b, c. The equation of straight line is “—%1 _ Y= Ya _ ' m the angle between nofmal to the plane and straight line is given by cos 9 = 8l+m-+cn Va? +b? sc? Plane and straight line will be parallel if ai + bm + cn = 0. =e mon * The line may lie in the plane if al + bm + on = 0 and ax, + by, + cz, = 0. Equation of the Plane through a given Line : If the equation of line is given in general form as ax +bytoztd ux + bey + Gz + dz the equation of plane passing through this line is (aix + biy + cyz + di) + Afaax + bay + cz + de) = 0. Plane and straight line will be perpendicular if 7 FUITIEE Ltd, FIITIEE House,25-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 130 016, Ph 46106000, Se fitjee.com 76569493, Fax 26523 Website : www.RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry | eel SOLVED PROBLEMS el Subjective : Problem 1. If l,, my, Mm and lz, Ma, ne are the d.c’s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c's of two lines bisecting the angles between them are proportional to | + lz, my £ Ma My £ Nz. Solution: a Let © be the origin. Draw OA and OB parallel to the given concurrent lines, Cut off OA = OB = r. Then the coordinate of A and B are (jr, mir, nyt) and (lor, mor, ner) respectively. Again take a point C on BO produced such that OB =OC Thus the coordinates of C are (lar, -mar, -not) Suppose M and N are the middle points of AB and CA. Then / the coordinates of M and N are c Wrtht oo myrtmyr nyt tnor (Se. at mur ener) ag 2 2 respectively. Clearly OM and ON are the internal and external bisectors of the angle AOB. Hence the direction ratios of OM and ON are lath, Sms may, Fn + mgr and Fh =I)r, Fim —mz)r, Fem = nz)r respectively ie. the d.c's of OM and ON are proportional to 1; + la, ms + mz, my + ng and I; - Ia, my — Ma, my — Na. Problem 2. /> Find the equation of the plane containing the line fa 1, x = 0 and parallel to the line \ aN Solution: re The equation of first line may be writen as => =>-=, x=0 1 y-5b AEE a2 ra) Oa Similarly the equation of the second line may be written as 1 1 sf ue oye 5 a 0 c the equation of any plane through the line (1) is ‘Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vibar, New Delhi -140 046, Ph 46106000, Fax 26513902 ITDOG Le, FTIEE House 29, Kal Sra, Sacvmprivn Vir, Me De 726569493,Dimensional Geometry 24, dwta(y-to) +of2-4 Where a.0+B.b+C,c=0 Now the plane (3) will be parallel to the line (2), if Aa+B.0+Co=0 Be A Solving (4) and (6), we have 5 = == <5 (5) the equation of the required plane is Putting these values of A, B, and C in (3), 4 ie ot.) Dae Vee a 2 cal y—b) —ab(z-1 Bea rati=(0; box caly 3) Bblz acacia, >t Problem 3. x + 2y + 22-9 = 0 and ‘Show that the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes ; 4x ~ 3y + 122 + 13 = 0. Find the plane bisecting the angle between them and distinguish the acute angle bisector. Solution: =x -=2y-2z+9=0 (1) and 4x - 3y + 122+ 13=0 1) $0 aya) + bibs + 0102 = (-1) 4 + (-2). (-3) + (-2). 12 = negative Hence origin lies in the acute angle between plane (1) and (2) The equation of bisector planes between the given planes are =X=2y=22+9 | 4x-3y+12z+13 Vit444 Vi6+94144 => 25x + 17y + 62z-78=0 x + 35y— 10z- 156 = 0 z As origin lies in acute angle so acute angle bisector will be represented by (3). Problem 4. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, , y) and meets the axes in A, B, C. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the planes through A, B and C parallel to the co-ordinate planes is ax+py"+ yz = 1. Solution: Let the equation of the variable plane be ere (1) where a, b, c are parameters aneb yc The plane (1) passes through the point (o,f, 7). Og Bae ce se gl (2) abc e the plane (1) meets the co-ordinate axes in the points A, B and C whose co-ordinates are respectively given by (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). The equations of the planes of the planes through A, B and C and parallel to the co-ordinates planes are x=a,y=b,z=c respectively ....(3) 1 i (29h, Kal Sarai, $3 f, New Delhi 2 FIITIEE Ltd, FIETIEE House,29-A, Y Sarieoita Viner, New Delhi -140 O46, Ph 464106000, 26569409, Fax 26513942oa oe RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 25 The locus of the point of intersection of these planes is obtained by obtained by eliminating the parameters a, b, ¢ between the equation (2), (3). Putting the values of a, b, ¢ from (3) in (2), the required locus is given by or a Bly jaa ‘ pe eo pyttyzt=1 im tha 2 Problem 5. Find the distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the plane x —y + z = § measured parallel to the tine X= ¥ = 2 2 Solution: Here we are not to find perpendicular distance of the point from the plane but distance measured along with the given line. The method is as follow: The equation of the line through the point (1, -2, 3) and parallel to given line Is The coordinate of any point on it is (2r + 1, 3r— 2, ~6r + 3). If this point lies in the given plane then 2r +1 —(8r— 2) + (6+ 3)=5 > —7r=—1 orr= il 8) elk v 9 .. point of intersection is | >, ‘© The required distance = the distance between the points (1, -2, 3) and &. oe 8) ia 2 2 2 9 1 15 sal (eee oe p12 a ealsage= (+ e] -( 2-4) (a 2) 749 = unit Problem 6. Find the equation of the plane containing the line 2x-y +z~3=0, 3x+y + z= 5 and ata distance of 5 from the point (2, 1, - 1). a Solution: Let the equation of plane be (34 + 2)x + (2 - t)y + (A + 1)z- 52-3 =0 624+44+2-1-2-1-54-3 © en 0 OP = 6A = 1)? = 1107 + 120+ 6 >= => The planes are 2x —y + Z—3 = 0 and 62x + 29y + 192 - 105 = 0. Problem 7. Find the points on the lines a = -(y = 7) = (z- 4) and which are nearest to each other. Hence find the shortest distance between given lines. 1 Lt, FITTIEE House,29°A, Kalu 5: “Sarvaprya Vbar, New Dalhi-140 046, Ph 46406000, 26569493, Fox 2 Website : www.flitjee.com a ee aeRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry Solution: Problem 8. Equation of lines are Reveal ce "= r(cay) a) Tp (say) (2) ae 4 any point P on line (1) is (3r; + 6, t+ 7,14 +4) any point Q on line (2) is (~3t2, 2f2— 9, 4t2 + 2). The direction ratios of PQ are [(—3r2 — 31 = 6), (2rz* 1-16), (4t211-2)) The points on the lines (1) and (2) which are nearest to each other Il ie on line of shortest distance which will be perpendicular to both the given lines. If PQ is line of shortest distance, then 3(-3rp = 3ry = 6) = 1(2re +r, — 16) + 1(4r2—11 — 2) = 0 ie. -7m- 11m -4=0 +13) and —3(—3r2 — 3r; — 6) + 2(2r2 + ry— 16) + 4(4t2 — rs — 2) i.e. 29r + 71, 22=0 On solving equation (3) and (4) ry = —1, r2= 1 -. Point P (3, 8, 3) and point Q (-3, -7, 6). These will be the point on each line which are nearest to each other. And shortest distance = ,/{(-3 3)? +(-7 -8)* + (6-3)?} =3V30. Find the equation of the plane through the point (a, £’ 7) and the line Bex Solution: The equation of any plane through the given line is a(x—a) + bly) +c(z~7)=0 (1) where al + bm +cn=0 (2) The plane (1) passes through the point (a, 8’, 7’) so a(a'— a) + b(B’— B) + oly’ — 7) =0 (3) The equation of the required plane will be obtained by eliminating a, b, c between the equation (1), (3) and (2). Hence eliminating a, b, ¢ between the above equations, the equations of the required plane is given by X-a y-B z-y| ja’-a B'—B y’—y =O or E(x — a}{n(B' ~ B)- my’ — y)}=0. 1 mon Problem 9. Find the coordinates of the point where the line joinin ir ig the points (2, cuts the plane 2x + y +z= 7. points (2, -3, 1) and (3, -4, -5) Solution: The direction ratios of the ine are 3-2, 4-3), 5116, 4, -1,-6 FIUTSEE Ltd, FIITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 7 Websites wuie tite 149 016, Ph 46106000, 26569499, Fax 265130422 RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry Hence equation of the line joining the given points is ¥-2 y+3_ 2-1 gee 8 Coordinates of any point on this line are (r + 2, -r— 3, -6r + 1) If this point lies on the given plane 2x + y +z = 7, then 2(r+ 2) + (4-3) + (-6r + 1)=7>r=-1 Coordinates of the point are (~1+2, (1) -3, -6(-1)#1) ie. (1, -2, 7). =r (say) Problem 10. What do you understand by the projection of a line on a given plane? Find the equations of X=1_y+t_z-3 =1 the projection of the line on the plane x+ 2y +z = 6. Solution: The projection of a line on a given plane is the line of intersection of the two planes namely (I) the given plane and (ii) the plane through the given line and perpendicular to the given plane The equation of the given line is “ ee 3 4) 1 4 and the equation of the given plane is x + 2y +z=6 (2) the equation of any plane through the given line (1) is a(x — 1) + bly + 1) + (2-3) =0 where 2a—b+4c=0 the plane (3) will be perpendicular to the plane (2), if a+2b+c=0 ef) Solving (4) and (5), we get 2 =P © 9 2 5 Putting these proportionate values of a, b , cin (3), we have -9(x = 1) +2(y + 1) + 52-3) =0 or 9x +2y-5z+4=0 (6) the equation (2) and (6) together are the equations of the line of projection.be Three Dimensional Geometry 28 i Objective : | 1. Be in2By = Problem line xzy=z intersect the line sinAx + sinBy + sinCz = 2d?, sin2Ax + sin2By + sin2Cz = ? then sin sin? sins js equal to (where A+B + C= 7) 1 cle (B) = A) 16 8 1 1 as. (D) — WD) 5 O) Solution: Let (A, 2, 4) be the point of intersection of two lines. F = A(sin A + sin B + sin C) = 2d and A(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) = d = Sm2A+SINeB+sIN2e 1 Asin Paint 1 sinA+sinB+sinC 2 Zia eee a6 Problem 2, The shortest distance between the lines 2x+ y+z=1, 3x + y + 2z= 2 and x=y=z. 1 A= (B) V2 y i (B) V2 3 v3 (C) = (D) —— IB Os Solution: Any plane passing through first line 2x + y + z— 1 + 2(3x + y + 2z — 2) = 0, if it is parallel to second line (2 + 3A)1 +(1+A)1 + (1+ 2a)1=02=-2/3, Plane is y—z+1=0 2 1 Distance from (0, 0, 0) = ——. s 5 Problem 3. A mirror and a source of light are situated at the origin O and at a point on the line OX respectively. A ray of light from the source strikes the mirror at O and is reflected. The direction ratios of the normal to the plane of the mirror are (1, 1, 1); then the direction cosines of the reflected ray are PED does 2) (Ala, -=, = Baier Or a @-5 4 2 Ye sche meer ABD Cee Dd), =, -= (Cae ag Da = Solution: (l,m, n) N(1, +1, 1) The d.c’s of incident ray are (—1, 0, 0). Let the d.c’s of reflected ray be (I, m, n), then the direction ratios of the normal to the plane of mirror will be (1-1, m,n). 1-1 So, Reece 341+ 2k=4 ry MuminnnLtan |ITEG Led, FLITIEE House 29-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriva Var, New Dat. (6, Ph 46106000, 26500495, Fax ZOSIaPGT E weewfiltjee.com29 RSM-1315-P6-MA-Thr * => k(3k =O=>k=— (3k + 2) k 5 te 2) So, (m,n) is(4, 2, 2 aMUMIA)IS Sur 5) Problem 4. na three dimensional co-ordinate system P, Q and R are images of a point A(a, b, ¢) in the xy, the y-z and the z-x planes respectively. If G is the centroid of triangle PQR then area of triangle AOG is (0 is the origin) (A) 0 (B) a’ +b? +0? 2) (0) 3(a? +b? +c?) (D) none of these Solution: Point A is (a, b, c) = Points P, Q, Rare (a, b, -c), (-a, b, c) and (a, -b, c) respectively. = centroid of triangle PQR is = A, O, G are collinear = area of triangle AOG is zero. Problem 5. A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B and 1, dle: C. If the centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle ABC satisfies the relation =k, then the value of kis A)3 (B)1 (©) 13 9 Solution: C tet X+¥ +2 =1 be the variable plane so that abc The plane meets the coordinate axes at A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0), C (0, 0, c). The centroid D of a2 3) the triangle ABC is @ sis Hence (D) is the correct answer. Problem 6. Consider the following statements: Assertion (A): the plane y +z + 1 = 0 is parallel to x-axis. Reason (R): normal to the plane is parallel to x-axi ‘Kalu Sarai, Survapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, WAITI€4) Led, FITTIEE Howes, 204, wage ¥ ah (06000, 93, Fax 26513942Geometry mM RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dinsostere Of these statements. (A) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation of A (C) Ais true but R is false (0) Ais false but R is true Solution: Given plane y + z+ 1 = Ois parallel to x-axis as 0.1 +1.0+ 1.0=0 but normal to the plane will be perpendicular to x-axis. Hence (C) is the correct answer. Problem 7. The equation of the plane bisecting the acute angle between the planes 2x—y + 2z + 3=0 and 3x - 2y + 6z+8=0is (A) 23x — 13y + 322 + 45=0 (B) &x-y-42=3 (C) &x—y— 47+ 45=0 (D) 23x - 13y + 32z+3=0 Solution: ayay + Dib2 + cy 2x-y+2z+3__ 3x-2y+6z+8 3 7 ‘So acute angle bisector is => 28x - 18y + 32z + 45 =0 Hence (A) is the correct answer. Series. 413 615 312 Be = The shortest distance between the two straight lines ~ 5 ue a 7 and Sy +6 _2z-3_3x-4 , @ 9 5 B) 3 (A)v29 é (c)0 (D) 670 Solution: Since these two lines are intersecting so shortest distance between the lines will be 0. Hence (C)is the correct answer. Problem 9. Z AA straight line passes through the point (2, ~1, ~1). Itis parallel to the plane 4x + y+z+2=0 5 ok ? ine and is perpendicular to the line = s . The equation of the straight line is x-2_y+t_ z+ Bye wy 22 v4 os x+2 (Cc) Ca-RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry Solution: Let direction cosines of straight line be |, m, n-. 4l+m+n=0 ie fh ost alin l-2m+n=05--0-8 .1_.m_n Sao et ete Equation of straight line ist? past ec Hence (C) is the correct answer. Problem 10. The equation of the straight line through the origin parallel to the line (b + c)x + (c+ aly + (a + b)z=k = (b—c)x + (c—a)y+ (a—b)zis x A) py) ~=L=2 Os ca C) = eaters has Gas (D) none of these Solution: Equation of straight line through origin is x-0 0 1 iene where I((b+c) + m(cta) + n(a + b) and I(b- 0) + m(c -a) +n(a—b) x 1 OnsoM"d: 50a? be) 2(6F ~ r= 10 Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 18, The point at a distance of a units from (2, 1, 1) in the plane x + y +z = 5is given by wes (23a) obs! ] (D) none of these Solution: Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 19. ‘Statement 1: If point (a, B, 7) lies above the plane (a° + 1)x + (b + t)y + (f+c+1)z+d=0, then (a? + ta + (b+ 1)B + (C+ 0+ Ny +d>0. because Statement 2° If the point (a, f, 7) lies above the plane ex + by + cz + d = 0 then aa+bpror+d 9, ic (A) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (B) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for ‘Statement-1 (C) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True Solution: Let the feet of perpendicular from (c, B, y) to the xy plane intersects ax + by + cz + d= 0 at aa+bB+cy+d (q, B. 14) then aa + bB + cy) +d=0=>y- 141 = c = The point (a, 8, y) lies above the plane if y—y; > Oi.e. since c? + ¢+ 1> 0 = statement 1 is true and 2 also explains 1. aatbB+or+d . 4 c a ___________________ FITI€E Led, FIITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 35 Problem 20. ‘the distance of point of intersection of ines X—4 ¥+3 _2+1 a4 x ff sg (27, 2 from (1, - 4, 7) is a, then a is equal to__ Solution: 1420254 - 2hg=~3 (1) =—1- 3h2 > 44, - 34, =-2 (2) From (1) and (2), ~5 x 2=— 10 de 1 = 1 = point of intersection (4 + 1,3 4,-1+ 7)ie. (5, -7, 6). Distance of (5, — 7, 6) from (1, — 4, 7) = V16+941 = 26 Problem 21. #P=(1, 5, V2) bea point andl = 2-3 |» be aline. if PQ is the distance tl a 2 ad of plane J2x + y—z-~1=0 from point P measured along a line inclined at an angle of 60° with line L and is minimum then PQ is equal to__ Solution: Required distance PQ is perpendicular distance of plane from P (as angle between line and plane is 30°) = Geet = 2 units. Problem 22, If the coordinates (x. y, 2) of the point S which is equidistant from the points O(0, 0, 0), A(n®, 9, 0,) B(0, n*, 0), C(0, 0, n) obey the relation 2(x + y + 2) +1= 0. ifn ©2z, then [nl (|i the modulus function) Solution: Sn(nt+n?+1)=—1_ n =~ 1s the only solution. Problem 23. 4 Let image of the line Sor in the plane 2x-y+z+3=ObeL.A Plane 7x + By + Cz + D = Ois such that if contains the line L. and perpendicular to the plane 2x ~y + 2+ 3=0 then the value of B+ 3C +D = Solution: Equation of Lis X* aa = od . Equation of the plane which contains the line L is 1 a(x +3) + biy—5) + of2—2) = 0. Also, a+ 6b += 0 and 2a—b+o=0 Vihar, New Delhi -140 016, Ph 46105000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 ‘Saral, Sarvapriya I ea een HeLeaF SR RRRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 36 = By solving, F = Hence equation of required plane is 7x + y- 13z + 42 = 0 => B+3C+D=1-30+42=4, Problem 24. Match the following: Cohumn=t a = (A) If the line > = " ies in the plane 3x ~ 2y + 52 = 0, ) then Ais equal to ¥ (8) 1 (3, 4, wis a point on the line x+y +z—3=0=x-2y +21, 7 then 2+ . is equal to @ 5 (C) The angle between the line x = y =z and the plane 4x =3y + 82=2) i) a8 is I (Dy The angle between the planes x + y +z= 0 and dx—4y+oz=018 | |@ Solution: (A) > (a) (8) > (1) (C) > (p) (D) > (s) (A)3.1 =2-2)+ 50) = 0322-2 (B) Point (3, 2, p) lies on 2x+y +z—3=x-2y+7-1 =3.2+24+u-3=0and3-2+u -1=0 =>A+u+3=Oand2,—y-2=0 804+ W. : 4:4 +1(-3)+1-5 6 6 (C) sing = Se = 8 = sin Ves? +P 1649425 350 25 1344-4) +4 4 = D) cosé = = 3 8= 008 i) Vsi6+8+25 | Vav50 75 AATSEE Lea, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kall Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46406000, 26569495, Fax 26513942 Website : ww.filtjee.comRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimei SE ASSIGNMENTPROSEENS = EAE LF TL ES aL sional Geometry a7 Subjective Level-I 4- _ Find the direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to the lines with direction cosines Ee proportional to (1, ~ 2, — 2), (0, 2, 1). ee Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0, 0), (3, 4, 7) and (5, 2, 6). The vertices of a cube are (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1,0, 1), (0, 1, 1) and (4, 1, 1). An insect starts from the origin and reaches the vertex (1, 1, 1) by crawling on the surface of the cube such that it travels the minimum distance. Find the direction cosines of all the line segments of all the possible paths. 4 3. 4(i). _ Find the lengths of the edges of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by planes drawn through (1, 2, 3) and (4, 7, 6) parallel to coordinate planes. Find the distance of the point (1, 0, — 3) from the plane x - y ~z = 9 measured parallel to the 5, _ Find the coordinates of points, whose perpendicular distances from yz, 2x and xy-planes are a in AP. and whose distances from x, y andz axes are 13, J10 and 5 respectively. > The plane ax + by + oz = 1 meets the axes OX, OY, OZ in A, B, C. A plane through the x-axis bisects angle A of the triangle ABC. Similarly planes through the other two axes bisect the angles B and C. Find the equations of the line of intersection of these planes. 7, Find the equation of the line passing through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y -4z = 0 and 2x -y + 22 =0. Show that the points (4, 7, 8), (2, 3, 4), (1°-2, 1) and (1, 2, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram. t 9. Find the equation of the plane which bisects the join of P(%:, ys, Z:) and Qlxa, ya Z2) es perpendicularly. — the three lines from © with direction cosines ly, my, ms; la, M2, a fy Ms, Ny are I,m, 7% coplanar if | m2 M2 ll; ms Ng ~40(i). Prove thatRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dime y + mz = 0,q—iz# Ak =0,r—mx + 0, show that each set of equations p ~ m satisfied at all points of one of If pl+ qm + m= 0, m—pz += 0, n—ax + py = 0.8 § ly =Oand |~ry + qz= the two perpendicular lines. Fill in the Blanks (Q11-Q15): al The ratio in which the line joining the points (2, 4, 5), (3, 5, - 4) is divided by xy plane is _22. The equation of the plane parallel to the plane 4x ~ 3y + 22 + 4 = 0 and passing through the point (5, 1, - 6) is es A plane is passed through the middle point of the segment A(-2, 5, 1), B(6, 1, 5) and is perpendicular to this line. Then its equation is __ 2=2 and making an angle 44. The equation of a plane passing thorough the line of 30° with the planex +y+z=5is_______- True / False (Q15-Q17): 48. Aline passing through A (1, 2, 3) and having direction ratios (3, 4, 5) meets a plane x + 2y- 3z = 5 at B, then distance AB is equal to $. x _Y¥=2_2-3 ang passing through (-2, -5. 16. The equation of line perpendicular to the line xt2_y+5 _ 2-7 NS ans ee 47, The ratio in which the plane x = 0 divides the line joining the points (-2, 4, 7) and (3,-S, 8)is eres 77 New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FIITJE€ Ltd, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Via Website : www-flitjee.com ee eeAE 2 en ee RSM_1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 39 Level- I (i). (ii. 10. Three lines y—Z-1=0,x=0;x+2+1=0, y=0;x-z 1 = 0, y = 0 intersect the xy plane at A, B and C. then find the orthocentre of A ABC. Find the equations of planes through the points (0, 4, -3) and (6, -4, 3) other than the plane through the origin which cut off from the axes intercept whose sum is zero. A variable plane js at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. Show that locus of centroid of the AABC is ae x Find the equations of the straight lines through the point (a, b, c) which are (2) parallel to z-axis (b) perpendicular to z-axis Find the equation of the plane through (2, 1, 4) perpendicular to the line of intersection of the Planes 3x + 4y + 7z + 4 =O andx-y+27+3=0. The mirror image of the point (a, b, c) about coordinate’ planes xy, xz and yz are A, B and C. Find the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. on the plane Show that orthogonal projection of the line x 3x #4y + 52=0is $= % 2 55 Sy P is a point and PM and PN are perpendiculars from P to xy and zy planes respectively. If OP makes angles @, a, 8, y with the plane OMN and the coordinate planes respectively, prove that cot? 6 = cot® a + cot? p + cot” y + 2, where O is origin. Let xy sina -z sin B = 0,x sina +zsiny~y=0 andx sin f +y siny~z=0 are equation of the planes such that a + 8 + y= > (where a, B, v0), then show that there is a common line of intersection of the three given planes Leta plane ax + by + cz + 1 = Owhere a, b, care parameter, make an angle 60° with the line x =y=z, 45° with the line x = y - z= 0 and @ with the plane x = 0, The distance of the plane from point (2, 1, 1) is 3 units. Find the value of @ and the equation of the plane. A, 4B, B’; C, C’ are points on the coordinates axes. Show that the lines of intersection of the planes A’BC, AB‘C’; B'CA, BC’A’; C’AB, CAVB' are coplanar. SF FA IO PS STE Ra er40 ee ae mal Ceorietay y_ 22 4g (eee mae am 1 Prove that for all values of 2 and y,, the planes ~~ ++ THA oo 2 j= 0 and / ) 4x _3Y _5,,.,{ 5¥ , 42 3) 0 intersect on the same line ep Neb 12. The plane x + y + z = 1 cuts the coordinate axes in A, B, C. P is a point on the line x=y=z, D, D’, E, E’, F, F’ are respectively the feet of the perpendiculars from P on the lines OA, BC, OB, CA, OC, AB where O is the origin. Prove that the lines DD’, EE’, FF’ are concurrent. 13. OA, OB, OC, with O as the origin, are three mutually perpendicular lines whose direction cosines are |, m,, n, (r= 1, 2, 3). If the projections of OA and OB, on the plane z = 0, make 5 n angles 4; and 62 with the x-axis, prove that tan (i — é2) = += Me 14. If a, b, c be the lengths of the intercepts of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 2x + y + 2z = 9, 4x — 5y — 4z = 1 and the point (3, 2, 1) on the coordinate axes, then find the value of (5a + b +c). x-5_y+2_z-6 te 15. _ If Qis the foot of perpendicular from the point P(4, - 5, 3) on the line then find the value of 100(PQ)*. FUTIEE Ltd, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvepriya Website : w Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 itjee.com_RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 44 Objective LSS eT Se Level-| A “Direction cosine of normal to the Plane containing lines x = y = z and x —1=y—1 (where d « R—{1}}, are 4 eet o} Ayes = oe ese 1B (D) none of these 2. A plane 2x + 3y + 62 = 1 has point P which is at minimum distance from line joining A(1, 0, ~ 3) and B(1, ~5, 7) then distance AP is equal to (A) 3V5 (B) 2v5 (c)4V5 (D) none of these a 3. If the system of equation x — ky ~ z = 0, kx - y-z=0, x + y- z= has a non-zero solution, then the possible values of k are (A) -1,2 (B) 0,1 (C)1,2 (0) 414 4: The point of intersection of the line, passing through (0, 0, 1) and intersecting the lines x + 2y +2=1,-x+y—2z=2andx+y=2,x +z=2with xy-plane is (5 al (A) lana 9) (B) (1, 1, 0) 2 1 act aa ae Baa 0 © (§ | (32 | The equation of a plane through the line of intersection of 2x + 3y + z ~ 1 = 0 and — x + 5y — 2z + 7 =0 and parallel to the line y = O=zis (A) 7x —5y + 15=0 (B) 7y-5z+15=0 (C) 4x + 7y- 52+ 15=0 (D) 13y - 32+ 13=0 6 _ The point of intersection of the line passing through (0, 0, 1) and intersecting the lines es 4,-x+y—22= 2andx+y=2,x+z= 2 with xy plane is w (8. - 0) @(1,1.0) ae o4 2A )(-2, 40} (2-40) Ol-3°5 i i f whose square is a constant equal to K* P makes intercepts with the axes, the sum of sq a =e ae of the perpendicular from the origin P is (2, 4,2.) the value of 2 in terms of Kis K kK A) A+rR @o8 2K K Dees (C) tg >) 5 sasma Tidy TE oma Bm Wa Barat erg a, Has Du t10 O18, Ph 4610600, 2809403 For 20558062RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry = tive numbers, Let a, b,c €R such that abc = p and qa —b = 0, where p and q are fixed posit , then the minimum distance of the point (a, b, 0) from origin in the three dimensional coordinate system, is iis mils a{ P(a? +1) -(P(a +1 (A) V Pat +4) (8) 3 pay) a =} Pu ©) B(p)"" (0) 22) \a) Let AB be the straight line 1 = & From the point P(1,2,5) perpendicular PN is drawn to AB, where N is the foot of perpendicular. Then coordinates of N are we 50 75 150 52 78 156 \ me Faye fees sic 5.160, sebea/ 8-10 w (2 49" 2) @ (28 49 } i } 82 78 156 52 78 ie eyes, 20) 196 8278 _ 186 : ice 49" al 49° 49’ 49 A variable plane cuts off intercepts from the co-ordinate axes which are equal to the roots of the equation x° + 5x = p — qx? (p, q are real numbers). The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane is a (A) (2 + 2 +2") (xy + yz + zx) =5 (B) (x2 + ye + 22) (tiny + Miz + Al2x) = 5 (C) (0 + y2 + 22)? (tiny # tlyz + zx) = 5 (D) (x + y? + 2%)" (xy + yz + 2) = 5 A straight line is inclined to the axes of x and z at angels 45° and 60° respectively, then the inclination of the line to the y-axis is (A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90° x+1_y+3_2+2 The coordinates of the point of intersection of the line “T= “= with the plane 3 3x + dy +52=5 (A) (6, 15, -14) (B) (3, 4,5) (0) (1, 3,-2) (0) G, 12, -10) Perpendicular is drawn from the point (0, 3, 4) to the plane 2x — 2y + z= 10. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are Bea de 98 ied then oN Be a(-. 5. 8) @(% 8) of 22 off 5 2 The equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes 2x + y-z—4=0 and 3x + §2—4= 0 which cuts off equal intercepts from the x-axis and y-axis is (A) 3x + 3y—82+8=0 (B) 3x + 3y—8z~8=0 (C) 3x-3y-8z-8=0 (D)x+y-8z-8=0 New Deh 50 016, Ph 6106000, 26565400, Fax 265 www.fiitjee.com c ee fsi i — FIITSEE Le,, Tae noah ‘alu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vika I I Website: V7 UvRSM-1315-P6-MA-Throe Dimensional Geometry em, = a3 45. The value of 2 for which the lines 3x + 2y+z-5=0=x+y-2 + 10y ~8z are perpendicular to each other ig ei eee (a)—1 (2 5) - 16. The symmetric form of the equation of the line x + y 2 = 1, 2x-3y+z=2is af Reeve. Z (yy Xo¥ eZ ice oie) z-4, =~ is parallel to the plane (A) x+y +2z4+3=0 (B) 2x-y-2z=3 (C) 21x-12y +z=0 cee _38._ The vertices of the triangle PR are (2, 1, 1), (3, 1, 2) and (-4, 0, 1). The area of the triangle =< is ee la 38 . Os (B) 38 (C)4 (D)2 19 Equation of straight line which passes through the point P (1, 0, -3) and Q (-2, 1, -4) is © yea x=1_y_z+3 MZ Qe = 1) a ee < x=1/12_y-1_z+4 - 5 cee io) 243 ao < \ X=% _Y=Vh PO The condition that the fine ~—*1 = Yt =—Zt jes inthe plane ax + by + cz + d= Oils © tA) ax; + bys + cz; +d = 0 and al + bm + cn #0 (B) al + bm + cn =0 and ax; + by; + cz; +d #0 (C) ax; + bys + ez; + d= 0 and al+ bm + on=0 (D) ax; + by; + cz; = Oand al + bm + cn=0 Consider the triangle AOB in the x-y plane where A = (1, 0, 0); B = (0, 2, 0); O=(0, 0, 0). The oF new position of O, when triangle is rotated about side AB by 90° can be Ss @(2, 2,2 eee ia 4 af ete ols & %) Number of planes which are at a given perpendicular distance from a given point and passing through a given point is (ayo (8)2 4 (0) infinite TFATIGE Led, FITTIEE Howse aa~A, Kal Sara, Sorvapriya Vir, New Delhi 110 016, Ph 46106000, 76569409, Fox 26513942 et a Website : www.fiitjee.com24. ies 26. 27. 30. RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry A plane meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C such that the centroid of the triangle ABC is at G (a,b, c). The equation of the plane ABC is 1 eae py X4¥42-4 (A) oa teat Oe. =3 (D) none of these bic ee 0) 25.45, oe The direction cosines of two lines are related by | +m +n = 0 and al? + bm’ + on? = 0, The lines are parallel if ()atb+c=0 (B)at +b +e (C)a=b=c (D) none of these The plane x — 2y + 32 = 17 divides the line joining the points (-2, 4, 7) and (3, -5, 8) in the ratio (8) 3:10 (D) none of these The distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the plane x —y + z = 5, measured parallel to the line 2s oes * (a) 17 (1 (©)7 (D) none of these The equations to the straight line through (a, b, c) parallel to the z-axis are X-a_y-b_ z-c # (A) a = (B) z=c,x= (a) 258 Yo 2 ® y ()x=ay=b (©) none of these The direction cosines of a line satisfy the relation (I + m) = n, mn + nl + im = 0. The value of 2, for which the two lines are perpendicular to each other is (A) (B)2 (c) 12 (D) none of these O's the centre, AB and BC are two diagonals of the adjacent faces of a rectangular box. If angels AOB, BOC and COA are 0, ¢ and v respectively, then cos0 + cos + cosy is equal to (B)0 (A)1 (c)-1 (D) none of these Projection of the line x + y + z—3= 0= 2x + 3y + 4z Gon the plane z= is x_y-6 2z Byte a8 = 2 Geo 20 (0) none of these A is the point (3, 7, 5) and B is the point (-3, 2, 6). The projection of AB on the line which joins the points (7, 9, 4) and (4, 5, -8) is (A) 26 (B)2 (c) 13 (D)4 FIITIEE Ltd., FIITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513042 Website : www filtjee.coma RSM~1315-P6-MA-Three Dim eometry feet Ce MA-Three Dime & 45 32. The equation of the plane Containing the ti 8 Ine 2x ~ Sy + 27 = 6, 2x + 3y-z= the line : x 6 y ~z = 5 and parallel to Bian (A) 6x +y-10=0 (C) 12x+2y-1=0 (ii ed (D) 6x +y+16=0 38: The general equation of the play = (A) by +cz+d=0,b+0,c%0 (OC) ax+cz+d=0,a%0,c¥0 ne which is parallel to x-axis is (B) ax + by + cz+d=0,a+0, bz0, cx0 (D) ax + by+d=0,a4,b+0 34. The locus of a point which is equidistant from x: axis i Rito eee X-axis and y-axis is oy B) the plane x = — (©) the pair of planes x = +y eae 35. tf (Pi, i, m1) be the image of (P, q, r) in the plane ax + by +z +d=0, then = (a) PAP =a at. AB) alp + p,) + (q+ qy)to(r + r,)#2d = 0 (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these 36, The shortest distance between the lines x = 0, 38y +22 = 6 and y = 0, 3x -4z = 12, is (jess (8) 2& 37 61 24 26 ©) Pari ei Oa ee The equation of the plane parallel to plane x + y + 2z= 5 ata distance J/6 units from this plane is / are (A)xty+2z+11=0 (B)x+y+2z=11 (C)x-y+22+1=0 (D)x+y+2z-1=0 38. Aplane makes intercepts OA, OB, OC whose measurements are a, b, c onthe axes OX, OY, Ea OZ. The area of the AABC is 4 4 ath? « bee? + dary? (A) 5 (@b + be +c) (8) 5 (@*b? + bic? + cPat) (©) dabela+b+0) ©) Flerd+oa0+ bos ca) 39. The ratio of the distances from the points (1, 1, 3) and (3, 3, 3) to the plane —~ x + 2y-7249=0 (A)2: (c) (B) 1:3 (D) 3:2 . What will be = _40. A perpendicular is drawn from a point (1, 6, 3) to the lines coordinates of the foot of perpendicular (A) (1,3, 5) (C) (2,4, -5) — “Sarai, Sarvepriya Vihar, New Delhi 140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 FIITSEE Ltd., FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu ane renee Olt (B) (0, 3, -2) (D) (1, 3, 4)a1 42, —~ 43. 47. | Geometry RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dime Equation ofthe plane passing through the point (— 2, ~ 2, 2) and containing the line joining the points (1, 1, 1) and (1, ~ 1, 2) is EP, (A)x + 2y-32+4=0 ates (C) 5x + 2y-3z-17=0 (D)x-3y- The line 2 4 = makes an isosceles triangle with the planes. 2x +y + 32-1 =O and x + 2y-3z- 1 = Dif value of kis (at (B)-2 (C)3 (D)4 The ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining (2, 4, 5) and (3. 5, 7) (A) 2:3 (®) 2:3 (C) 3:2 (D) -3:2 A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, ¢) and meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C. The locus of the point common to plane through A, B, C parallel to coordinate planes is (A) ayz + bzx + exy = xyz (B) axy + byz + cZzx = xyz (C) axy + byz + czx= abo (D) box + acy + abz = abe x-a_Y-B_2-1 4, The equation of the plane containing the line Sa a(x — a) + b(y— B) + c(z—y) = 0, where al + bm + cn is equal to (A)1 (B) 1 (C2 (D0 The distance of point of intersection of lines from (1, — 4, 7) (Ayé (B) J24 (C)V26 (D) none of these lies in the same plane then for equation x;t” + (x2 + 2)t+a=0 {B) sum of roots of above equation (A) 2x; —x2= 1 (C) 2x, 4x22 —4 (D) sum of root is 0 The number of planes that are equidistant from four non-coplanar points is. (A)3 (8)4 (C)7 (0)9 Statement 1: The number of points (x, y, z) in space, whose each coordinate is a negative integer such that x + y +z + 12=0is 55 because Statement 2: The number of positive integral solution of the equation a +b + c= kis Ee (A) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (B) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1 (C) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True FINTSEE Ltd, FIETIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi 110 016, Ph 4610600% t 46106 rox eaten 0, 26569493, Fax 26513942SM-1315-P6-MA-Throo Dimensional Geometry - ce e ‘ 47 50, Statement 1: The de’s of line joining ori am because 9 Origin and point (x, y, z) must be x, y, z tatement 2: If P is os lie be e fe van 2) in space and OP = r, then de's of OP are x.r, yir, zi ~1is True, Statement - 1 nation f Be ercitsi 2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for (B) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is Tr for Statement-1 oe (C) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation Level- Il V Ifthe lines X=2 — ¥-3 a 1 oi intersect at a point (a, 8, 7), then (A) (B)2=2 (C)r ()a=0 eo eee Let PM be the perpendicular from the point P(1, 2, 3) to x-y plane. If OP makes an angle 0 with the positive direction of z-axis and OM makes an angle 4 with the positive direction of x-axis, where O is the origin and @ and ¢ are acute angles, then a 1B 5 (A) tano ==> B) sin O sind = — 5 ®) o= cs 4 (C) tan ¢=2 (D) cos 8 cos: Bs (0) > Ta 3. The equations ax + a’y + z = 0, bx + b'y + z = 0 and cx + c'y + z= 0 have only solution _——— (0,0, 0). The coefficients a, b, ¢ are in G.P, then the common ratio of G.P can not be equal to —(A) 0,1 SB) 0=1 (C)4,5 (D)4,-5 . ; X_y-2_2-3 : 7% The equation of the line perpendicular to the line 7="—"=7" and passing through (-2,-5, 7)is/are pes Fe2 x42_y+5_z-7 fee eo (A) iq 123 ‘104 14 437-204 x=12 _ y-132 _ 2+ 197 (D) none of these (C) ae waite eee bx + b’y +z = 0 and cx + c’y +z = 0 have only solution (0, 0, eee The equations ax + ay +2 =0, “a 9) a soetficients 8, b, care in G.P., then common raio of G.P can not he equal ) (B)-1 (ayo (1 Qe ——saajee aay mraeE owen Ganwapriya Vihar, New Delhi -140 046, Ph 46106000, 26569495, Fax 26513942 FATS Led, FIFTIEE Howse, 29-4, Kalu $270) SOT yp ftiee-contjonal Geometry REM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimens 48 - _ Ro -1215-P6.MA x z. Ho2yt2_ zak! one of the angle bisector of the lines % =2 and 6. ifthe tine 22 = YE = 257 is 2 = é , then the value of kis / are (B)2 (D)-2 vad) fia th 7_ The coordinates of a point the line V1 7 at a distance 4/14 from the point (1,-4, 0) are OE) (@) (evi4 + 1,- 1214-1, 414) Ge) (0) ¢8Vi4 +1, 1214 -1,-4V14) The equation of the line x + y +z—1=0 4x + y—2z+2 = 0 written in the symmetrical form is ay eee eva 0. Peele 2 eat, x44/2 z-1/2 Eee = aca 1 9 The point of intersection of lines lies on plane (A)x+y-z=2 (B) 2 +y-z=7 (C)x+y+z=22 (O)x+2y+z=7 10. The locus of the point equidistant from the planes x + 2y + 2z~ 5 = and 2x + 2y+z-7=0 are wes (A)x-y=2 7B) x-2=2 (C) 3x + 4y + 3z= 12 (D) 2x + 3y + 4z=10 11. The equation of line passing through (2, 3, - 1) and lying in the plane 2x + y — 5z = 12 and = perpendicular to the line 2x + y—5z~12= 0= 4x—3y + 7zis way *=2 pe 0 (p Xo2-y-2 a D) (D) 7 () Let A(1, ~ 1, 1) and B(- 1, 1, ~ 1) be the vertices of triangle ABC such that ZA = ZB. The locus of the vertex C is a plane which will be perpendicular to (A)x+2y+z=0 (B) x +y-z=0 (C)x-y+z=0 (D)x=2y-32=5 ; z ae ; 13. Iflinesx=y =z, x= 3 =3 and the third line passing through (1, 1, 1) from a triangle of area 6 units, then point of intersection of third line with second line will lie on AANTSGE Ltd, FLITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vibar, New Dell mebaee ina, ew Delhi 140 016, Ph 46406000, 26569693, Fax 26513042,_— psme1315-P6-MA-T 20. x=2 3 (A) Ken s2y=2= 16 The direction cosines of lines satisfying the equation +m +n=0, 7 1 1 ; ee ) (2 -m’+n?=Oare The direction ratio of the line perpendicular to the plane 2x + 3y +z=5 are (A) (1, 2, 3) Biede 1) Bee (Cc) oi ve (3' 2" 6) LS 2) The planes x + y~z= 0, y+z—x=Oandz+x-y=0 yz ea a (A) meet in aline = ¥ = 2 ears ¢ fee (8) meet in a line ~~ (C) meet in a point (0, 0, 0) (D) meet in a point which lie on x+3y+4z = 0 Equation of the line parallel to a 2 =: and passing through (1, 1, 1) is x-1 = z-1 ®) x (D) through the point (1, 4, - 2) and parallel tothe plane — 2x + y~32.= 7 will pass through Plane points (28-3 ).2.-4 (C) (2, 3, 4) (D) (1, 3,-5) pene = zy intersects the curve x° - y= a", z= Dif ais equal to (A) 4 (B) 5 io 4 (0)1 i iar, Howe Del 140 016, Ph 46106000, 26869499, Fax 26513942 Website : wwwfltjee.com FIITI€€ Led, FIITIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarat,RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 50 Comprehension : Se Comprehension - | Read the following comprehension carefully: 2= 1 with x, y, 2> 0. Sis the set of points (a, b, c) in T such that Tis the region of the plane x + y + just two of the following three inequalities hold: a < Now answer the following questions based on the above comprehension: 1. Area of the region T is F 3B 3 Bes B) A Qs (©)v3 (D) none of these 2, Area of the region Sis 3 13 (A) eae (a) 72 ©) 36 (Cc) & (D) none of these 3. The difference of the region T and region S consists of (A) three parallelograms (B) three equilateral triangles (C) three rectangles (D) none of these Comprehension - Il Read the following comprehension carefully: A ray of light is coming along the line L = 0 and strikes the plane mirror kept along the plane P = 0 at B. A(2, 4, 6) is a point on the line L = 0 whose image about P = 0 is A’. It is given that L = 0 is K2) et 26 : - =2=* and P=Oisx+y-22=3. ee, cS Now answer the following questions based on the above comprehension: | _—_ Co-ordinates of A’ are (A) (6, 5, 2) (B) (6,5, -2) (C) (6, -5,-2) (D) none of these —$. Co-ordinates of B are (A) (5, 10, 6) (B) (10, 15, 11) (C) 10, - 15, - 14) (D) none of these IF L; = is the reflected ray, then its equation is \e ay Xt10_y-5_z+2 (ge X10_y+t5 zeta ee 5: Ce cars (yX#10_y+18_ 2414 mee Re (D) none of these ITJEE Ltd, FILTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sa , ; ya Vihar, i (046, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry comprehension - Ill ead the following comprehension carefully: x Two lines whose equations are 2 ~ {lien the same plane, then Now answer the following questions based on the above comprehension: 7, The value of sin”'sind is equal to (A)3 (B)x-3 (c)4 (D) n-4 8. Point of intersection of the lines lies on (A) 8x +y +z= 20 (B) 3x+ = 2 y+z=25 (C) 3x + 2y+z= 24 (D) none of these Equation of plane containing both lines is (A) x + 5y - 32 = 10 (8) x +6y+5z=20 (C)x + 6y—5z= 10 (0) none of these Match the Col sn : 233 ai sere aE STE EEO Consider the following linear equations 1 ax + by +cz=0 ie) bx + cy +az=0 ox +ay+bz=0 Match the conditions / expressions in Column | with statements in Column II and indicate our answers by darkening the appropriate bubbles in 4 x 4 matrix given in the ORS. Lins oe Column =I [(y- atb+c#0anda’+b’+c’=ab+be+eq |{p) the equations represent planes x meeting only ata single point. (B) atb+c=Oanda’+b?+c*eab+ bexcal q) the equations represent the line x=y=z (0) atb+o*Oanda’+b’+c’#ab+bo+ ca the equations represent identical planes. (2) atb+c=Oanda’+b?+0=abtbe+ca|(S) the equations represent the whole of the three dimensional space. <2 Consider the system of equation for, y, z € R ae ¥ 444x? (A) z= o 3 (BR) xytyzt x= @ E HC) esac yaeres eo eevee — een ae” ‘New Delhi 140 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 TFurtsee Led, FITIDEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapiya Vihar, New Oole >RSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 52 = a a Numerical Base a aye If the planes x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay pass through a line then a’ + b’ + c? + 2abe is equal to__ 2 If A= (p,q, r) and B = (p’, q' r') are two points on the line 2x = hy = yz, Such that OA OB = 4, then pp’ + qq’ + rr’ is equal to a, then 5 isequalto 3. The lines es The projection of the line iz: passes through (k, -2, 0) then FIITSEE Ltd, FITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvopriya Vihar, New Delhi 10 016, Ph 46106000, Website : www-flltiee.com 26569493, Fax 26513942: See @. . BS. 6 oA a ee e+? a2 ac? a? +b? @. x= Xd + YY Ye) + Zles— Za)= Fes) Ye) + B22 Ags 5A alee 4x —3y+2z-5=0 13. 2x-y+z=4 44. (x-y+1)+(2+V2)(@y+z-6)=0 15 F ibe ATT. Level Il 4: 2x = 3y — 52 + 16 +538 = 2. 6x + 3y — 2 =18, 2x-By-6z= 6 4a). x-a_y-b_zZ=€ Cee ee 0 0 (me 20 aii). 15x +y-72-3=0 (i (5 (b? + c2)-b2o? b*(0? + a)-ac? o°(a? +b2)-a"b? ) : aibtabrctsc’a® arb? +b%0" +0"a” ab? +b’0” +072" 9. none, ax+(2=VB)y(22sa)z+4=0, 2 4(242)y +(222)2-20=0 14. 196 15. 1828 FaTtneS Lids FIFTIEE House, 20-A, Kalu Saray Sarveerie VA Nes 193, Fax 26513942 Website 7 New Delhi 110 016, Ph 46406000, 265694 1 waew Siltjee.comRSM-1315-P6-MA-Three Dimensional Geometry 54 OD ji | LLL TL LLL aE Level- 1 cereals 2 B ohegsD eek 5 B 6 A Wee OA oe A 9. c wh @ ih 12a 13) B. ide B. 15. D da 1D 8 180A 10m D) ae C! BE 22D) Date eC! 24. 8 2. 2B 28. =B 21a 2. 2B Ay a3 30. B SeeesB Pome 1D: eA Sic BC ees Bele G B76 8 so. = B) BOmeeG 40. A 4. D 42-8 3A 44.0 4D 46. C 47, 8) 4a 49. A 0m Ay Level- Il tae 2A,D. 2a 2AB,C $B a ABA: 5. ABC GG [ee eA 8 ABC 9.25, ALB. C 0B} 11. A,B,C 12. BD 16 24,8. dee ASBRe ND 15° -B,C 16. ¢,D 17. B,D 18 AB 19. AB 20. Ac Comprehension : [SSSA Oe Se SS SINS aS HOR ae De Pas a B DB B oo eeB) 4. B 5. Cc 6. Cc th D 8. B 9 c Match the Column : 5 Oe) ee (C= a(n) (0) ss) 2, (4) @ (8) @) () (rs) (D) (qn ‘Numer: uscd: BPRS Ra pc eso ERS IR 2 ee 6 3 i 4. 5 FIITJEE Led, FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 046, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 Website : www.filtjee.com