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An Institute for Civil Services IAS TOPPER'S TEST COPY SRUISHTI J. DESHMUKH RANK -5 (CSE 2018) UPSC WOMEN’S TOPPER [ERJSCORE GS MAINS Q&A 2018 Ethics in Governance + Case Studies Cra ar EYSCORE Name Roll No. Mobife No, ETHICS IN GOVERNANCE + CASE STUDIES Time Allowed: 3 Hrs, Max. Marks: 250 ro) > There are-19 Questions. 1 u > All questions are compulsory. Z 2 3 B > The number of marks carried by a question a is indicated against it: = ih 3 § 15 » Answers must be wiitten'within the space | 6 16 provided. 7 7 cn , a 8 » “Ay page or portion of the page left blank i 9 in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must » 10 be cléarly struck off. vote: BEF) SIU LISI sles /zog meg signature amine’ Sgnatule Scanned by CamScanner GISCORE| REMARKS Remarks Scanned by CamScanner Roll No. ESSCORE} 1. (a) Consider the following statement and explain_it in the ‘context of administration and governance: “It is horribly difficult to perceive our flaws and change our behavior and, at the same time, it is seductively easy to make. ‘guilty of our disasters to the sun, the moon and the stars,” {b) What are the essential requirements for being an agent of change? (450 Words) (10 Marks) S (0) INS alate’ Acflcts a clacadeat Ritivotion , one whitl cam be ampertencral In tok Ades Ast quite may 2 Elome votiim for ewer miclakes, the Qtendes thal omy person : ; sammie, spulalty te administration am gowns memes, cohen a Rarasthy / burrancrngg enisios | athe peopte fre very “ey oo ebrpe the vies Angew ab ahs oom tine, #2 eum tp oir midlitic or thos Cy ft Aveo Coun Pimp: ond tun aad eee “Ce the change you wiok to ace dn the ele” Ae Gandy argued one muck ty dy change Oe Thuot a ee ies pe ater Scanned by CamScanner GSSCORE] byfeoubls tb meey Oem bs Be Ct, AHS can not prot refeet our Feeponeible Befartour tf entourage otis for Rare, Sromaportns ancl by Being of phonge agents entail ‘evelopment Adminis trotich” that axcko bo achive poco Ltonomio Eroential Requirements acs GC) Cfen Miindednroa -— o Reserves bn nus Alico Ord Qnnowalibio anid ©) Persuacion Sip _shudlla ~ £0 Oftente \ a @) Bueeming ope mena 5 a Kanga br. omaedd. wrbiel | hod ) Optimise afout the 2g / poosthig ¢ change me matin Ene ie enol cape ) Emstiswally Oud House, aC * " Qn eo Toy “ate oe oe an 2 lox mw Scanned by CamScanner ee ~ YSCORE] Q2;. *Collusive corruption differs from other type of corruptions because its unethical affects demorallzes the ontire fabric of the society, which is doomed in poverty, Miteracy and backwardness’. Illustrate. (150 Words) (10 Marks) ° Bealcteo Coercive Corruption, Cottuctre Compton fo a oluper mataice in whiot -pfroofbe puoi aurvont rio to extroct renege out f ‘Rio menor ¢ Cumire a a eee DP Thin cam be Uluolaticol ao when pubslre Dewonts coftude Lith contractors, Gubstomcerrd mpolewol for Kolar. af Stage, yoo: bs. Thio vésheahe topely of citinena 9? Of sn Chore of cant ceobimn Ly potutuin } brure, Cotluave cornption, Cornprorniceg cvith Feotth, & environment by qd peonite fr Remarks Scanned by CamScanner , the. tb fee | sien ¢f fords io rampant : p> Reant Rive fincedtents in wiben aseao found thet Me Obyioticrn Centipionts Gy Ake department Rad bem cdowect despite mepssse factliliic - Dio nde cates Preaunet Yf cotthaire“cormpticn whieh cel ind bp Apeccatty tw Pribat ani backwasel Axx deol : Kqrerant e&tirenc —thedr -Cives. bem as \o wow? on ned fe pated es Remarks Scanned by CamScanner Q3._ What could be the influence of a civil servant's private life on his/lier public life? How would you prepare yourself to separate the two? (150 Words) (10 Marks) athe Cafrenee ¢ private Life cineum@tmncely on a percon's pubis the on ee huge deerme amd affect coe“ perfermonee, nym Sw cace d lot atrwonts the imfCaenevo: corilet be: P Conptcer gf Gntonech > Where posettin im prt tte eee Ree set Aaptono Join ete Auto / actions: (7) Probelutly cn ‘pobre tie com demon “ryoee Okt emtion amcl Sepost effyetem, a con to Shia may diupt: “the grok Bf balance ating atras, tension : p Zin kestes or ne WE Oe atheBiames, £5 cnldin Ty fom laa on pubtio (2) site influence ee ae iy Mime of ertoiagemint ond OH Se Reniarks Scanned by CamScanner But én oycler ty riovk affwesionthy aod. #45 qd A be adhund [to O0 a tothe for | wibshe wnbincdiny Bron protic typ da eearntioh. | feyitimnent _f pa fobs Aiicdedemctrnbiind Atpoonliig rns | mintod fromenrorke 4 santero ‘rabnsy . Bertofiing Srriotien ok Pnbebhigence, der Pranpyialrg emaliava , met} onparintan onG tama gener of teat, © Maintain ily Aokzore Mp wane: Ran? anf ccnp grone tie “joe Remarks Scanned by CamScanner —<$<— ESSCORE] .. 44. »Explain the importance of following attributes with respect othe il Services (a) Moral attitude {b) Double effect principle (75 Words Each) (5x2=10 Marks) (ay Moral AMttilcrcles are Pre clcpedliing to ont whubh are booed en Moral. conviction, Yorrat Cnplaenee bein, to inp at dn Cait AneeR. 9) Ciel Levent with al reverent moral ablitucle Bevan? kde, woraen 06, dA ripbet iw gerd behowtour and fervice 2 ewards thum. | Remarks Scanned by CamScanner a GASCORE} 1b) Rowbdle a _prdsple or Umderslam da a gitticlcen| eae € ol raay Phuyarioally pome Protestors {dptalsre, Scanned by CamScanner . ‘ ESCORE Q5. All'the discourse of ethics ultimately is another facet of bureaucratic incompetence. Analyze. : (150 Words) (10 Marks) Aeveourte about cthits to cuuslel ag tt Lunds to Ae-evaluats tre guiding Principle amet Ae-eolébuih Zhelr vmpurtance i the seal OBE with, het wnaicered, Aight or wrong or tically oxcplitle beraviour. Buck Ue oppecns tm be Onotiun facet: of bareoneraist Grsorpling) 7 cepts te enc oy Februen, Coder Qf Conducts, Requlotien, Ctinen chartee amet Aemambramee @f moral Ahinkts Oa gent pAlearpines, Purtouersey erm, &abronched. tm tee ots of matgeasomes, Mmacemduct , Corruption amet ipepholer, Alix or alin Grok Culkire, polities autiport. and AAG OF Crvoetisn, We ied "x point Es pr Remarks Scanned by CamScanner 6 |S] Remarks; Scanned by CamScanner EYSCORE} 6. What does success means t6 a civil servant? What are the obstacles faced by them in achieving success in their career. What steps ean be talten to win such obstacles? é (450 Words) (LO Marks) For a cloit vewvont Charged with, the Peapenatbilily gf berrg prmonmt eneeutive, Pweceoa would be tv Be thipetive Tmplumuintotisa| Uf Achemen amd gout Programmes “Mmaintouiurg Gke@ophere ef peace ancl jaoktir ao well ao witty chang, otuartatiiiny while gaining fob fptfillent Oy toe achivemink. Obstacles faced Oy efvil arivonte O Nom conductive work cuiiire of stains quelom 9 Petidceat pressure — ete 2D Compuct of Sntrreot_fosing etrlcat aly onl *) Inadequate. PPM Oh gst macns, or 4 aed one dialog a" Su order & wiry auch obstactes and ev wr G Scanned by CamScanner GASCORE] work eattiire GRevcearcing teoceethin goal. °) Stidpact Commitinent % tthital Ulu vtthout cormpromeaung on propetionel duller of only + ofen mindedn. fr, el flearmera > Uprightmess ond mon partis amdhip - *) Beeloring empire ef enbersot- at work ” Bernlopinig juigim, centric affroach 4 Orbmeuebier, ond partaipaliza to evercome-taousce constraints . Coe ee om ka Prevequinile & ging syer OSE leg - Remarks. Scanned by CamScanner (SCORE Q7. How the innate qualities of people of a country affect ethical values and the effectiveness of its institutions? Which matters more for progress and growth of the Sation---’people’ or ‘institutions’--- and why? Which of the two is more Important for good governance? Give reasons. (150 Words) (10 Marks) © gu ntctibceing ptand on sthedy own, Gut hey watth due to th -pespletsho man Ahem? The imnake quella Ff people afore the effeesioncy of Protas geatly— FY 9 Lnpoctaliins of people aek _otamdards g prxformoncp. 04. Sf people value honealg “are cemmitted’ (> work, drintthybsng be bound b do ao. ") Ganat. queakty of oth greatly Smpacts eliecaxe ‘ 5 : *) Selfeconeea_amel “Aenaitnrity te preveilvig t a ase In ebRi gol votues ottdude » companstan co empathy inv workers. For pry and grusth ga notin, the people who conotmite the Vhatitiltrig amd people usho arecive pubtic ic OTE On Emportdint a diskiten Prema: 7 a pesple emaure ethical volun are mavntaimad Oma aecoumtobitity zo upheld, Ae oliurtiorg preicle a pirate Remarks Scanned by CamScanner foméosty gf Aules and Procectuyen, that helps.” Arewitinien, ompartalsy oma Opentivaduly @ proneas, Qmattlirero champetire the A ffors J the pevpte aes and agindn b woe Cuttee tohieh Cnlion gh the character of the people, oe , T ee Relport arquer thot both ‘AAS Cubisiny Omet" people! wrk Tequisd for geet Governance , of Corrupt proclites Y 4 Feople aa of ttcuimal Greig fo Correct Dhems Goat fe oetaten delikery amd snhanced. Remarks Scanned by CamScanner SCORE! 8. Concept of accountability is inherent tothe Webetian hierarchy. Critically analyze. (150 Words) (10 Marks) the Hebuinn Ileal type of Bureanorney, Hierarchy atamda ao ty banie premioe Cregring @ AbMeline of ub ancl oupererdbdnter -Ef romked - ~ —— i Acai . Zabour Se Gormplen, Apcet whieh mano thot a pram connot Sit The cece = 7 Ona fo ake axttive pursued bn buteoucrocy hare & much exc Gconslanin paring. £2 Wtbin himoely admit, that ever adharemce #9 maleo by burtawerats ean "| pea fo divrplacement of goola, dtetmommal Remarks Scanned by CamS$canner eT - (SCORE De won obapruce Malin thade tormiplion wor “Remarks Scanned by CamScanner fg SCORE | 8.. How de rising expectations, scial comparisons, and relative deprivation explain whiy . increased income does not bring happiness? (150 Words) (10 Maris) lwdth conmumerint ond eapiteliat business Wkuie gautung mee ae war acourneet \th at Ming tneemen are a Bo yatylirnente Sf al dertre amd ee Puck mand Pespelial late of otidoatin footer, wan’ revealed oo enfwetatieng Rept Ateing aly Ngh H mathe how gerd a tak or gaa be provide Bure eh feant A serporate mba igi feet tte fy on fetating on expunsive godgtt or curing a boig hovoe, tut due & pi Of Wire amet tack of ae Bol” ee Aelatimolspps, uke yet Actotovety deprived Remarks Scanned by CamScanner Ch] SCORE thom ave ignarantt poor, but a ratiafied fost, Of & Gal lege uthe haw plenty gE non’ vou] capital " tt toen rr llnirolz Attia faci ome. Reppin cos, es mpte nr tm tle pi ol 2 ef é cde amd We ag be eee Rol “ie | Bee iN om ork ov, a o> we Remarks Scanned by CamScanner EESCORE] 10, Discuss few criterias used to define a trait as positive? (75 Words) (5 Marks) A teait ora tmdumey t eat com be on different wiliriat +) Universal: oldindards- traits asthaniong to ean grovitial UOUiieg One agen taraloined oprsuiive, maqotive, bared » Real ten * dittsmints aubjestivety the treik whos io Rp, Aggreosien Ue pesilire fatk ina buts nok for a decter: *E Reateariers vlogs ~ Sunita oy ooontnd eigistatiting GY behawtoun 977 to BG, Bevng dubrninave of dovile a penilese Tait foc remit giro fut not a0 tw cone of boys. Sp. Ypeatiing uth 5 Reapsstenig etolere, beng iopliinists \ “Remarks: Scanned by CamScanner 11, How does optimism Opti. oboude Bhs fondly Aaveean on St St hetps tholtamasra eure dn DR Pere one © be. ppolznt oo wall aa Prowkcn, prrawerames grad sukcinedt effete: dnd avec sadbleming “thoughls. 9t Meng cw tra lete «te omy te pe A pevaon, & ata committed, Ua the foo Gf obetens, Onel endure thd fain while ry Eilpierlicn og SCORE cand what positive functions does it serve? (75 Words) (5 Marks) a na a ether tule and an by puebbng conpalinte tn ented Pre nee the biighter olde af Life, 1 Lee the * Qtiren a, ste better i ck “Remarks Scanned by ‘CamScanner 12. Difference between any: two of ‘the following terms: (9) Emotion and Sentiment (by ‘Duty and Obligation {e), Obedience and Discipline (75 Words Each) (5x2=10 Marks} i Scanned by CamScanner SCORE In the following questions cjreilly study the cases presented an then answer the questions that follows: 13. You area doctor in.agh rich and influential fai family is very conservt ament hospital. One of your lady friends got married in very ily. However, with passage of time you came to know that thy tive as she visited you to seek your help in detarmini f As her in-laws want a boy child to act as inheritor of the family. to abort the child ite gi Later be in-laws nastad eae oa Seunected the doctor jvith the health minister on mobile phone. The minister said the dloctor to help them in all possible manners without saying anything about the issue at hand. Thus reporting bout the issue to police is waste, Answer the following questions: (a) What arg the éthicpl dilemmas in the above case? " (b) Do you think that Your moral obligation also demands to help your friend.? (©) A doctor in a public or government hospital should obey the health ister for whatever he says. Do you agree and why? (4) What steps will yols take in the above situation? (250 Words) (20 Mais) @) The chore bavdlrer & dityioutt Station, where beimg ol decker, the ethical cocte of | dondurct ao wf oe tegel requbrement of not Srdulging in abt olelasmé Otten of foeliig correa: tn congtiok with, Ang 1 camey out ovcters amd. folevs Engloncltina gram by watrinlin, He th. Oe aa a a Ca 42 also about |Rer. well bevKg an well ao the Ay pass ake aonb gt otek af ang aborted, aff De ty Fy aucoes lapel ee : we af Remarks pr thug ailiialie ut cLeeon't quatgy te : @ be as ethtoal e yer... ye: ; | pol UE we, pe pew Scanned by CamScanner | [YSCORE] «by Se would ‘mut be Opprepriale ty eoneider sexe @ repent requect ¢f ™ filene foe deltemirnehsh an a merdt obey aber ore account of m4 (2) rrondehip, beeauoe it not Be amtrenchid Tn \ Feria enum sighs \CO Of the foetin CY a yl) ut do aloo idtegal amd VOR ; Avsko my Projesaiinal fob, Moreover AL appears wry Ahek i the lwtaws whe Ore malatinig en Such, yo Pe tat dan & aaihitin Eat my fine forse) yn ©) Beapte being a govt sewomt, obeying a yu minialer for whaltrer Ke 204% woutel not frobit dim _taork, atk. Suatmd f Ptiny fetiowing Unalruclitve, athe doctor mun s0ftect Upon Fin cbuty fo cum Profesional work ym ning a ee Ton 5) Sea at of pottionkfeb. patriarchal morme, viol Remarks. Scanned by CamScanner GS Y veapenclete tp Frealth mimo , dye Shaung the jaitatenal cenotravni with db) Ome thts Aittcation, Lp where the draklunes. of 7 Swduckgance a minicla fro rvcucedl the dmportinee. g polece Aeporting, dD wie ty and teike: Pettouing atepe | ; +) dryseg % cConyince the imtaros gd fina About the my ortomnce eget child, the ‘npeae ol oo sorta om the mona ond é th of my Prudnd , whioh can be even foley ipo Aen Lily. > Sapronaing and moral ottigalinn, beta a 9 Waking the Gplauwt awere abeut ot funtohment/ine}idenmint buynteol fe this oyeree , een ee eee be Ol fp eontranne by expered: Remarks Scanned by CamScanner 2% 14, Although India is amongst the fastest growing economies in the world, it still has ‘one third af the world’s illiterates. India is now confronting the perils of its failure to educate its citizens, notably the poor. India, being a mixed economy, needs government intervantion in the area of education because education driven by profit motive cannot benefit the masses. But the condition of government schools in India is pathetic. Except for two or three states, all the Indian states have poor educational statistics. MoreIndian childrenarein school than ever before, but the quality of governmientschoolshassunk to “spectacularly low levels, The children in these schools come from the poorest of families - those who cannot afford to send away thelr young to private schools elsewhere, as do ‘most Indian families who have the means. India has had a legacy of weak schooling for itsyoung, oven as it has promoted high-quality government-financed universities. fin the past, a largely poor and agrarian nation could afford to leave millions of its people rate, that isno longer the case. Not only has the high growth ensured that we have a shortage of skilled labor, the nation’s many new roads, phones and television-sets have also fueled new ambitions for economic advancement among its people - and new expectations for schools to help them achieve it. In the light of the grim picture ~ of public schooling in India suppose you area District Callectar, and a group of poor Reople anpraach ‘to make you aware about the pathetic conditions of public schools in a as. They handed youa letter that contains five problems regarding dismal states of schools Le. (2) Lack of hygienic toilet facility especially for girls as there are common toilets only, (b) Non availability of clean drinking water, {e) Lack of proper security, (@) Absentee teachers and {(e)_ Rude behavior of teachers and staff with the students. often parents are not sending their children. Dropout rate leo high. Your education minister also expects something concrete from you, as he has to answer local public and media about this issue. With respect to such problems how will you go about providing solutions so that your action may becomecxamale for others to learn? (250 Words) (20 Marks) Aduratiow in the mort ruciel tool for developmumt qf Aurman Asaousce amet for a Platict Goltector amd smoowtd sith the 9 nee am auppert gf Educolish veninialie, oppetainly_ in thin fuge. choles of sreprosing Remarks Scanned by CamScanner . EESCORE Carndh idi sory q publ achbile, , te nek om erazendée fe alhers dey Horry, o4 coneyyiie formalin Ploma amd tens rinarihg Bhs. Darme, the bebtirr re ger q eibirene menlipas the heork Caouen. Graue runt 2 tockled an a agalruntit Tram per abishin ond. Obout the [+) Getting yond | awash abilcty lity a Position tike en achack ; oilels , mace |aaee pkg amd. exving 2) Ubiiaing bt | on Sunehh. 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Since when widens Len & Be disciplined, Lichert would Property ond , on nla com ante ohita's atport om “ertsent Remarks ° Scanned by CamScanner tgs ORE © Teacher traonl & olay Grong We tencorvlemrnd Chilet. prycholo pe ame A atlil clen [ procteca ° Ravaingy Teacher Secount abit > not ony om ma ¢ acaddnio seaulls ict aleo oaformot Pecback from Hatt Parents 4 Acbting up b- Teochiss nh: Roches vheopeiatisn te bettn. Lemcerslaind Le His, ne divelopreant, outeomen, peipuotce %) Arramgpevig nliractine Avssion with children ‘for a why Bs Bape, annurnig opows cy ot te prevent drop cuts. a) Inying fo us} tay Saaed Learhing claosrcem wherever peas ~epateTata., ot rchewate Ofprraeh With euntarnedl aelirh with 99 fog poe taking. the lite at ond tmpronih eBecalics Remarks Scanned by CamScanner 2 [SCORE] QUS. The Civil Services Exam is one of the toughest and the longest exam system in the country. With the limited number of attempts and neatly five to ie lah applieomts ‘ppearing cach year, of which only 2,000 orless gat selected, there ls mhuge rreseere gn the candidates to crack the exam and it may lead to the bouts of depression, analety 4nd mental stress. Civil Services candidate faces many Issues during the course ef aha Preparation. Many candidates leave their homes and move to metto cities for conching and preparation. They take up accommodation that gives them little comfort Moc. of the aspirants do not know haw to cook, and some in order to save time eat at the roadside stalls or depend on “Dubbawalas." Having improper food and uncomfortable ing, many aspirants end up having health issues. Besides, the coaching institutes in order to produce good results put pressure on the candidates to Increase the hours of studies. Loss of sleep impacts the body and the aspirants get totally exhausted, Overall level of stress is very high, For an exam like UPSC, where there if cut-throat n, the only goal of aspirants is to somehow clear the exam and they ignore the insurmountable pressure on them. You are also one arnong them. After repeated attempts you failed to qualify this exam and you are in stress as you have lost most valuable time where you could have easily opted for alternate career. One of your best friends has met the same fate and he is in depression, His mother calls you and asks You to take care of her only child: She requests you to motivate him to something big in life, one examination does not make or break everything in life. In the given scehario, how will you motivate yourself and your friend? And, how will yau cope with ‘your stress? (250 Words) (20 Marks) she itinotin that 9, ora olident Prepesing fer UPSC face reflecs deep pregetaient fiimeil, menial tinatm and Replesoneso om Gmeveciate airenmslance ¢ a rest. the pala gq iso ppotep torrent dooming sage and defects on | failure fo quoliby to Emmeme. But, A LX al and evercome third Important for me te By ond overcome adegliah, aa welt aw encourage thy pind ako fam met tre name fate This by tmpaltnk % get over the emoliiio Oy thing aethock 02 a pork gd tibet fever. Remarks Scanned by CamScanner sa 9 DI wvould frye try to corince mayoelf, thee Fe fetlure woo slot Ce Rona on. és met a failure lof tffe do a whale, To motivate: my frend, D|muct fret reflect Emolsnat Srsiipenee Ay Grcoming aeigrowers Orel Leprg # betfnce/ conbsl my amelie ty wry ox rok wok SCORE] || agatnot hig | her iritir eats , deagite per. om not a conputenfiat | pusonal one Merit: Bratyaung petittéal dmplicatien Gai General tect, Aeyorl can breverce public duacredit- , ap iKls cre ne omed siprcng mp aha apiit of RT! Act ao wetl zhe Rlorct of citirena ont Aen tng SG pis on fig Merit : Provecting OU Umpormeation weutol further tre objictive| ef Sromporeny b cormunbotality the gout amd) freper, oo apending. eam be Ls d, om pulbliptn textst- g nt: \Plolmuct be demaltive about the posticilary apptoantd sibjntiorin about redling politteal queotiene on MP. SE mighty be ven poiss MP haa utilred | 4 tate block the vrformation oo BH prebicc. Cemopent amount) and deldilg about Public Fund Uttlizalen Scanned by CamScanner nat ublired the MPLADS fume beconae thar seatzninls or pouty of time, deah infowsticn, dag be Wned fo minguiele hy (Get amel crnatn faloe Perception of MP. dy) Mea 2 deck ong Guidance of Dustin euctisn Chior oppcows be he mest oppropyiats meluben hue a Bete A inti Pe Applicant are quite clear, F aetking the advices of dE. being & authority bo a rat Bemanils + his might bound the Plo with the Aduwive | uggestirin Bee BE oneal whith he rmipintc nok fully ogee : : Besicles mecking Quiclomes of De dm handling auch. Bauto, PIO must Go thous, the dedigementa Qf UG amd umdtratamd the ebb cumatins under whieh: infespotiig ivesine be thade or | > Gaming anly en athe same would empasee hom fo undurslamd Are precadint ancl cvede thea | dilemma » Gocitvaing “optety supposal o cnans * Remarks Scanned by CamScanner a — 19; You are a head of ; drinking water to t! | Citizen Charter for replacement, 4. The entire blam: Coron trwards UA quanty prove nate LW) Reluctance 2) Luserad of | people, you had a dis | Charter but seeing y hurry in implementat 1, The quantum of water promised could not be ensured. ly Board of a district town and in-charge of supplying people. You had a detailed consultation with people regarding a r supply services. Based on the requirement and expectations of cussion with your subordinates who werelittle reluctant about the ur positive attitude they ultimately agreed. You committed some ion of the Charter and notice the following problems: 2, The quality of water did not improve. 3. One of your key functionaries went on a long leave and you did not get his ‘on the failure of the Charter came on you. Ponder over the situation and answer the following questions: (a) What were the reasoris of failure of the Citizen Charter? (b) What should have been ideal course of action and why? (©) Draw a Citizen’s|Charter for this case. 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