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    A brief slide on fiber optics

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    A brief slide on fiber optics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    13 views8 pages

    07 Book Chapter FiberOptics

    Uploaded by

    Aneek Biswas
    A brief slide on fiber optics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    chapter one Optical fibers ‘Tare om thing stronger than al the ais he ord, di. ea ose te as oe, = Vitor Hinge wih a shot prod of tine the volume of data ale rensperted cose omarion nebrora ss grown ply und raw exces te Yolo ole tthe Ths nos Tocing cervix peo Yo deg ul, td acd capacity oti newonl. Opal mnwons se poeaing ‘ema iasecrue to este ned Duc tee High ce Stalglervardwehtecare opted network can cary ope amnoans ot dtu overlong tans ata duced cost Th allows aterk opera: 4 ofer are valued sles aude video coneencng, alte ‘toon demand, wl ober hgh uxiwiahappllestons Wey aking Swe forthe word to couric ove sed of ge “This chapter begins by pring tie motivate or sessing pica hers and Tos at howe modern optic camara began ht fee nace, {ene bs proper asad wits the propagation ight twoush oot liber wing poomesiaoptcs depen, 1.1 Why optical fiber? the iid 197, was eecognize that he existing copper techn ‘Would be unslable forfuuresommonieton neon Litaect none ‘wine are sine problems, including te flowing? fs bandwidth ered due topical constraints ‘Tes aueepile to rao, elect nd eromaak interference, which an gate data mansion Js electromag emissions compromise teurty. +s clay reduced inthe prosnee ofa harsh environment 3 Optcel nd wireless comenunicsthons: Next gencration weltoorks: te te elas comeuneons indy inva wy sac nto opted fers wey pel fers becoang De ‘medio! cole or the flowing rasan * Si gear td eee Setar tie emit pera ered sein doit coud hea eats oper etacenyiae erie Ringeigecttlenanamerea Folger mean eure ge atin eects eed Sy eames nh Tagore Sacer. So sci ate soared rae + yar ste mgm ere Se rere ets te ie temere eres Senliatennmtnmmemeae Sea erate. Sigdicuntoniean seeetaaee rr rience etter tetera fain riot eer ee » EERE Sontag erences my OTE cite dems see aaa se ution apn es ree lat enawpeagrntqamamonsen eae ee nae eras ieee eee Sri corspittetmiehaiadwars Hoge retain eeecanaete Egor ish annie Sealer nepne nce here Soeyeery ae me Shoaerearges Patines SISSURAS. ey case Sea Seehcnenys ie manne Sion oe mre oe a smu mron oof eee eon Pipe 2 Apa pial manuenon tem. + as Ce nse ave made fom sos sand, wid io soe wally ‘Stas coppes Tecor copa bers nas fen considerably Sree te lat ow years ad will ontnuefe fl The costo relate ‘Sompanets, suck se opal areniters a rcsver ale alin, “These impresive vantages er ics over lecrca media have made ‘pts ber the eplaceoet fo copper fr fa arose of enous ‘Bosman fom one pole! oan ‘However opal cr hts drab Ft, Astrea toronto con ‘erin the ending end and ops veel convert te eel Ing end i cooly. Send, opt Her ellers te sue fat a any ined ‘medion — sable must by buied slog the ight of way. Tha, spa Inet and repair technics ae ered "k Rowropicapsem ir fo conventional ans estou “Asshown = gue Sberoptcsjm cont ofa tanemiter prop ‘geton meciun, and tsuver The transmitter accep fd ever inp ‘lecral sige in analog o pl fc to ep) signals ane Wien sence {he apicelsigrl oy mediating the output oa ightsoure oally an LED (ra ser by varying sitet. The optional etetnsnte ove the ‘Spa er madeof ge or lh toa seceiver At he recive he Opal ‘Spl sconver bck ino lec gal bya photogs 1.2 A glimpse of history Guide its buen used for eaeaniction puspuss forages. For exam ple, Clouds Chappe, the French englee invented the “opal legeaph” ‘The sdvsnioges ight asa transousion medumn were aco apparent in he time of Alersnder Belle fact Bell inverted an opteal telephone sya [known at the PhotophencIn 1880 Hewever sen opel communication lbegan th the discovery of de ruby nec in 19EDby TH, Malmo a Hughes Laborsocies in tho US. This discovery, mere than anything Se, helped transform our thinking about light a acohesa,connuous desromanete "ciation Ilo led to much esr Set in opi ermursations ta 19b8, CK. Kao and G, A. Hockanan at Slang Telscmmunieations tab ‘ersoccs in England, razed that some form of optical waveguide was ‘eed to propagate ight and propose the we of gle fiber The dea was invtally not wll ceived bocause ofthe high atiuation of pase fiber Ia 192, Kapnin etal, at Corning Glas Company (nov Coins tn) ia th US announced bata feces ees of gles ber with te reqed ateton of 2 dBm hes cncated {tft toad redcing ther oe conto and led oobi uct ‘der dk pi sin fer ‘As ork progee x sedocing tbe ks lr davelopment contin ‘ras. The moat spd wih ry les was fone ee vey ko ‘Alas suc was rade ei wt the ncovery of veer Jusrsin 12 Golam arseide(GoAs)inasemlcondtr ater tat ens Hight ata wavelngi of 6% sun Semcondscror sources se now avai for ering ght nt ferent wovelergh. naar omer wl ae ‘guts expensive, low cos ighremiting decks (LED) wee evcoped ‘On the meceve side, the crc detection eee ecovers the fora tion after minga phetodetctnro conver the opt pra once ‘ne Lay ecb sed vsinche phtediode (APS 1828 D Reh Sd colegues a vis lesan Reach Labor cowed tht 9 fos iivesnrinsenegaive (FIN) photodinde woul outeroem sx exalt APD receives, Darn he miss caret detection tchguay, wich fer Hener receiver sent and epoeny selectly than the cet Setecion sche were explored "Te fist opiates were developed using mulinede iter which propagate mary nec, n emponcton onan or LED source brake through cane with the development of cnglemade bey which props {gates singh mode an has lower fore than the mulimede Shers Recent {here en ongoing dscssion on dense wavelength aon mliploxng {Giron wich lve any warsngihcnoa abe sry asin ‘Optic fbr commoniation haserotved rapidly and has each sta of saturn fiers avalible for testing pactaly al ypar of ‘gna including vo, vdeo and data, whe takes I sulfa ical sre networks (CANS) meepoltan aren networks (MANE) snl wide aca ‘etworks (WANG) whe comaleblecr ited pis coppe wives ae being feplaced by optic fier ables Altey the phone connie we Mberopte {Gels hd the 1 compare ae not ngging sting ‘Te gest ing for bet pte secre. While tekpone aid TY compares conjantinbly intal berlinks rent ste, terminal equipment isto expe to usa Ser al te way Frmen stent ised pat r coal exes ae tse fo connect opt networks to homes. athe optic sevelitoncontinies we can pec tlt and beter services. The future of optical caution is very bright 13. Optical fibers An opti fcr dice cin waved operating at optical Irequency. Opal freqaences te on thon 100TH Seine poy ‘gueton wheter the eeerormprtcaiton wen fecha be ed Fig 12 Opt ter apie it cute the vs band of We pec, Th tec x come Ent we Berna te tequecien lvoe compel wo orld te {emu nti of ato ‘a shown In igwe 12 an opto! fer consists of thes concen cylin ectons te cre, ding andjacet. The con cers of ove ‘linen esas made aie las (20) ce peat Ue caging the po or pct aroundag te co, nich maybe sep: vest he sop cve he sft nave bat cosrgeesanabrptchnge th core lasing nterac athe ree ideo ara cine inden at ver hte al dae ro ‘Recon fh fers hunts in Figure 3. The ck’ areoundh one Fine 13) Tae sete inde poo sepa Rh (deine ibs, ‘abl of ad ue Meet ideal plas ober materi Pott sit mtu ung He eae fo mur per ers: uliode and single-mode Mu {ode bere alegre sal eter O03 nor Den nearer Sinslesoce Ser ies cow soot fn anaes the hoe oe 59 min dscns Farhothmasemote adage modesoce he here oftheclaingte 5 With prec herh iecireee fe stand @ tot 20m The geo i lama Fess SEY cowl ioe light sare Hotere lade er hs aha oce than segletode her and terion acd eny hr consents shertltnce suchas wihne budge on teases Sooke ee, i ou for al ongedtnee communion The propraton a igh nepal ber ul beenoined by Ma's questions in uncial poarcomnats, Howeves ae savers inholved wih thseppoac seg and compete tntene oe ‘ealopics willbe to dese te ang mechani fy oflight entering the core ah need when nent ‘nthe dancer medium andthe sgl of dnc © pen ee ‘le. Thus ligt aves win tec mos sea Souk cat neal Felecon al the core caddng ern Light ayes heed oa the con and the proms emptied ight ares down Scone Tao cf propeztion ts oulmode, mei the tary of sgl tt rl ‘ext as ston in Piguet ese sigs to apes out tne oe iin the rate ot woh dts canbe aculy feces at tain ofthe ara sages popagtion us A me bs datas ‘pial wave rig Ot poppin aon ies Lnsangonode fey ently the fundamental noe can propaga a malnode fees ge ier bereof modes are coupled inthe ce making it sun frie les cant Teo ge soc The prises ofa er optic ink depend onthe mune aperture (ta) atmo and dspentn caries ofthe fee A og Tropa tough he be Sy bce dated due tana ae Teter "The NA the mest input parame ofan opal ber a muinode ‘ver pinay Gurtenced bys NA The wale ef NA cnt by thereat indurs ofthe cow and adding Thera indon 4 ‘eda dened 3 ay Fig 14 Opi! ber tsamlson mode. {be 1.1 Scndan Ops Fes ‘Core lang Dimcter Damete cm” Gg ppsien [S015 50 Log dine gh ca ao” mae Sot asennad raw Hoss ism ln Vom ie ON doesn Since} = pin moet practical eases, and € = 2, Eee oa {ndiating that erefactive index esenilly the sauce so ol the dicks {wc constant Keepin mind that can be complex For common satel, = Lior ait, = 133 for wat and n= 1s fv gloc a opel quence Optical fibers for comumesicaton purposes te spec and arfac- ‘red in five major eote/adding diameters showm in able], where ‘is the fractional change In refactive indes, to be izusbat later An 95/125 ‘ber meus thatthe oes has a cove ameter of 83 im end cladding of 5 un 1.31 Step.indox finer As mentioned calle, the reactive ines profilo optic ber can seve ‘various shapes For stepnder fibers, the rfraci Index estes ny, for p a where mn mare the refractive ince of the core and oading, and is the rads ofthe con ‘AS light propagates from medum 1 t mado 2, Srl aw mast be saved nd, =n, ay were 0s the incident angle fn medium 1 and ithe tension angle ln medi 2. The wo reflecon Sears when O90 sling in =e ee a” ,=8,esin te 09 hero ther angle fo ttl internal etion. Note that Equation 1.5 {valid only > (lo ensue loll intra veleion sine tie value of 9, must be loss haa or equal to. In oes words, the adeing must neve ‘lower refrotve inex than He coe ‘Another way of looking atthe Light guling capbiy of ber Isto measure the soplense angle eck (othe shanna angle over Which light cays catering the ber wil be trapped in is core. ie row thatthe ‘mosimurs angle conus when 9, the eieal angle, dare sain the enuliion for fot intemal eflecticn, Thus, fora sep Sndex Ser the ames fen peers NA=sine,=n,sin@,= fied «35 a0) ‘Whore Sethe factional inden change athe interface, Le, a aoe on 1 the sefrctive inex of the cone and 6 the refractive inex ofthe luda as hoon in Figure 1.5. since most ter coves ate made of sien, ny> LAK Foccommenicaions applications, nos fers havea C002 Typical ‘alts of NA ange between O19 and 0.25. The Ineger the value of NA the tor optical poster the ber can capture oma soee, The time delay betvee two rays foking the sherast and the longest paths sa measure ofthe brecdenangexperencedby en input nls sigal, ‘Theshortes path takes place whin Dardis sume as thedber engin E, “The longs path tks place when O sails Equation 15 and giver by ; ~ Pig Figure 15 emer pete al aseaneange, ‘sin, Dividing the diference in the longest and shocest pats by the ‘obey in Equation 1 gis the Hime delay an on em ‘The Kime delay 7 can be rete to the information-cacrying pacity ofthe ‘ber, which s measured in terms ofthe bee badd ore Bk rector, where is thebit te We olan an order magrinude etna te fee becbvidth froin the condition BOT < 1 Combing ti with quater vera rough estimate ofthe inicise Linton ofthe stop Rue mee as assuming 2» 2, where ais the rads of the one Berio of the numerous modes a ber may suppont iti called a Imulinodestindes fbr. Flom cleomagnetic bela tase), the mee YO time Vis given by a 28 oat 9) where d= 2 the Ser core dizmeter an isthe wavelengh ofthe optial source From Equation 1.10, the msmber N of modes propagating in Step Index her ste nd con be etzaied so nein amy 132 Graded-indes fibers Gradedindes fibers havea higher data rte than do sepindex bes. tn fact, almost all mimode fibers used today are graded index Hers. Foe radix flocs, the reactive dex profle ofthe core vars with the facia stance p while tht ofthe caddng i constant. The most commen farm of stzactve inex given by vo-ftt Alot], foroee ua (0-a)an, forpze where tthe refractive index atthe core axl the rfactive index of the cladding, and ais the radius of the cor. The parameter @ defines the = stope oftheindes profile Fer example = comespondstoa angular profile, 122 jllsspasbobe pole ants stole fa supnce pf, The quanty 81/1, wher OF ithe manmur te deny in th opal fer of kent La measure of dperlon (ee Seton alt ares wth ‘cand has the nim valve wen = 2(1 8) and ae a.13) Te ~ ae as) ‘The mode velume V for graded index fess defined in the same way 1s or sepindox ters, vrata 9 ‘he nunbe of ecm be nu vey eS (GS) a6) ‘The numerical aperture ofa graded-ndox ber is dificult determine bocntse the aceptince angle of «ray depends on te radial poston of the ‘entyToaton. However a locl Ni is gen by nainefraorfi- (vee aan ‘ane ‘here NAO) isthe NA at the cet af he fiber cove The axl mtmericl Spertre NA) i given by NA(0}=[20)-nt} = fat)” aE as 1s io evident feom Equation 1.37 thot NA for graesbindex Aber decrees from he value of NA(O) to zero as the radia stance p changes fom the Fiber ans to the coring ntrace 14 Fiber loss and dispersion DBeskes bund idlh and sumer apetu, other imports properties of opal Mberare ls, or aneraton ard dispersion, Doth elspesion a Altanuaicn inte wih ber engl and in cj with civ = Siivity hey tit the ransmission distance an opts ber link sn cover "ber los or attenuation pls a majoe role he design of an apts comaereston system since it tet # nie on the maxinnum aitance Beticen » manemiter and a roseer or Beeeon sigma spent. AB light propagate down the opal fiber loses power over distance Foes a+ ‘atlon for Her loss ten optical ees poverned by Me i) ad 0 ‘whereas the attention and Pi the opal pow In Equation. 18, is esumed that a wae propagates along 2. BF saving Bquaton 18, Ue powers PO)und Pljat neni ado he ier respecvely ave elated He)=rOe (10) {te customary tpexpres attenuation cr 48/hn and length Lo the Ser fn km. n ti ase, Equation 1.20 besoes 10,9, 20) a Te oan ‘hs, the power of Ue ight ede by a /m a it propagate hough the bes Equation 124 my bo wel ry =nrare can t= Ht) [i iromtte i iorle, mae izting ta mre pow cin the coaxial ible ha in be. seater se: edo otwo map faces moter absorption and Ray tegh setting ees both ol which ae wavelength dependent Sans, (pronounce sort wratengi, vile csrpiondomat f ong tecetengihs. Motel absorp ince sbonton bythe ber mae roreortes fiero © igi 18 Dopersin of dpa epi ig) 0 dapenon()ecrplal dse eo. (@ exes dperin sing a scp Sipe i Nl ei Fee te day abe aa nsec et Sign tt tens fen Cap ee, Fe enmerds whoopee ee ote eens Resales saissen eo ee hppa nk edo a of ay opt ie vena dering cigs Set 5 ot See atbepel peered Grimey Be monet dom erapanecby oc cerca ae el pee ete Eptep ecm ene la ec See ee 1 it of dayne Snes a Fg 4 Th cg digit putes me er ene eT al Fein ome ars canoes panel in iriode waco) tater pap ne oer ae a nly uted an oeopeesoeee a we Ti fms deme cnt i ie, ‘srk deperc ls oon mening a ang een pe img ed Sed a eee ibrar stds Ree thera doped woogie sopra See Natt dope tanec oe dane ne ee a with he tcl Sean sve digenin case by the waveguide esnigurtion and the bontash the ag. Cara roduc inguin ty dew leakayc of eal een fan abel fathers. Sine by vaveength ee cre preht dope ae sally eghnible, dispersion depends wn therefor ofthe reatotalthe Aeris msde and the waveleaygh ofthe lit nm Cras 5 ‘ei i aa ob dispersive its retrace lnk ina functor te: length er requeney. Dispersion fs tesaned in nacre ps Veter (cs/e), “Tha bandit of prude index multimers aca be Minin by the modal dispersion: This, many highrdaternia tesmlesen syocrs ‘witch fom pred index matinee fs copie te oes Summary Scce the invention of optical fer inthe ently Wy, tse aed dean Reve grown turers The use cf opt fine act ears Trent oes ere found in wiecormacasens mediinn, ian, so nc, bighes bandwidth and wena elect peel ‘Ply a wl mien tokens “AS cpa Sees acyoranes never conan pct gsr pase cow sutonded by ¢ Eweneden cashing and whe foueee Free fy a sie the cpeial Gunes of tie ie a Sonny Breen none 5 CEN Siig Spec Comoe Mou EES New ak BG — * rath 1A ong phate ed Lane toby be asm ny (tmacti a Face Communi pens, hs ‘ine, POM, Bo Iie gt immense. ibe Mey Mine Prem Lt Ye srsipes dems pc hoe ae cee cg ice tar else te! Lamtton espa ene Lo wld pone tg cpu] te der of 145 aed a scapes cogs AP Fo tn cadtng en Be Glatt Se NA ampere engin aad er ef penpegang moses, LS Ror sop hoc matinee Sy =. “LE, Se 1 Ren, eedes Bp Gea LS Stow Bas be Somat we0p

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