•

Atlas of Ferns
of the BritishIsles

Botanical Society of the British Isles

British Pteridological Society ÷1978
 ERRATA
11

.Ina re-drafting
of theIntroduction
an explan-
i
htionof thesignificance
of theopencircle was
inadvertentl omit
y ted.Unless
otherwis expla
e ined,
suchopenCircles arethosesquares
in whichte
.epecies
hasbeenrecordedonlyPRIORTO 1950(nineteen
hundredandfifty).

On page95thespellingof "DrToRteria
xembrosiae"
phnuld be "Dryopteris
x:embroseae"It.is
*similarly miapelt in the Index, (p. 100)0

MM7 i978.
 ATLAS OF FERNS
OF THE BRITISH ISLES

edited by

A.C. Jermy
British Museum (Natural History)

H.R. Arnold, Lynne Farrell & F.H.Perring

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology

iNSTrTUTE (7;7 FCOLOGY

The Botanical Society of the British Isles + The British Pteridological Society
London
1978
 Botanical Society of the British Isles
and
British Pteridological Society
c/o British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road, London 5W7 5BD

Botanical Society of the British Isles

and
British Pteridological Society
1978

ISBN 0 901158 01 1

INSTITUTE OF
TERRESTRIAL
ECOLOGY
LIBRARY
SERVICE

5JU11978
REF
osH I (40

Photoset in Times Series and printed and bound

by
Pendragon Press, Papworth Everard, Cambridge,
England.
 Introduction
It is now 16 years since the publication of the Atlas of
the British Flora (Perring & Walters, 1962). Though it
has proved valuable it was inevitably an imperfect work.
Conditions of the grants under which the work was
carried out meant that the first maps had to go to
printers within six years of the start of the scheme and
the maps of the Pteridophyta were the first to be sent.
Some of these maps e.g. Dryopteris carthusiana (as
D.lanceolatocristata), D.oreades (as D.abbreviata),
D.pseudomas (as D.borrer0, were very unsatisfactory
because of difficulties of identification and the map of
the first mentioned species was accordingly marked P,
indicating it was only provisional. Furthermore,
taxonomic revisions in Asplenium, Dryopteris and
Equisetum were producing data on the distribution of
new taxa worthy of mapping. A recent reprint of the
Atlas (1976) gave the opportunity to revise maps of
about 300 of our rarest species including only five ferns
but production costs ruled out a complete revision, and
this is a situation likely to continue.
The British Pteridological Society had, from 1962,
taken a considerable interest in collecting further data
on ferns for the Map Scheme and these had over the
years been passed to the Biological Records Centre to be
added to the mass of data coming in from the Botanical
Society of the British Isles. The B.P.S. felt that an
interim publication showing the state of our knowledge
of the distribution of British ferns, horsetails and club-
mosses, would, apart from removing the anomalies
mentioned above, give a guide-line for further
concentrated field work. Therefore when the B.P.S.
investigated the possibility of B.R.C. revising the maps
for publication it was very pleased to find the idea
already under consideration as part of a scheme to
revise the Atlas in parts.
Discussions were held to see how the two Societies
could best be involved in drawing together all available
data that was not already in the data bank. A proforma
(the 'Green Book') containing the species to be mapped
was circulated to B.S.B.I. Recorders and to other
interested workers studying regional or vice-county
Floras. This data was transcribed by A.J.Worland
(B.P.S. Recorder) to single species cards to facilitate
their transfer to the data-bank and to manuscript maps
from which we could query any outstanding or
anomalous record. A.C.Jermy arranged for the loan of
critical material from the following university or
municipal herbaria: Aberdeen (ABD), Aberystwyth
(ABS), Bangor (UCNW), Belfast (BEL), Cambridge
(CGE), Cardiff (NMW), Carlisle (CLE), Dublin (DBN),
Edinburgh (E), Glasgow (GL), Kew (K), Liverpool
(LIV), Maidstone (MNE), Manchester (MANCH),
Newcastle upon Tyne (HAMU), Oxford (OXF), Perth
(PTH) and the South London Botanical Institute
(SLBI), and, with the help of the following specialists,
many new records were added to the data bank:
H.V.Corley (Dryopteris), J .A.Crabbe (Polypodium),
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins (Dryopteris), M.Gibby
(Dryopteris), J.D.Lovis (Asplenium), C.N.Page
(Equisetum), R.H.Roberts (Polypodium) and A.Sleep
(Polystichum). Particular attention has been given to
the determination of hybrids although it is appreciated
that the maps of these can only be regarded as
preliminary; for detailed information on the
distribution of hybrids the reader should consult
C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and the Flora of the
British Isles, London, 1975. As the data were marshalled
the B.R.C. staff, under the direction of F.H.Perring, set
to work fo'produce the maps and it was Lynne Farrell on
whom fell the major task of checking the maps against
the data cards.
Nomenclature and arrangement of the maps
The nomenclature follows that used in Flora Europaea
(ed. Tutin et al., Cambridge, 1964) with a few later
changes. These together with the arrangement are to be
found in a List of British pteridophytes shortly to be
published (J.E.Dandy & A.C.Jermy, in prep.). The
arrangement of the genera is based on that proposed by
J.A.Crabbe, A.C.Jermy & J.T.Mickel (Fern Gaz., 11;
141-162; 1975).
We have adopted the four genera in Lycopodiaceae as
in Flora Europaea but we agree with Holub (Preslia,
Praha, 47: 97-110; 1975) that Diphasium should be
restricted to a few South American species and that
Diphasiastrum should be used for the European species.
Within Dryopteris two major changes on purely
nomenclatural grounds have been made. There has been
confusion over the past 150 years with regard to the
identity of Polystichum abbreviatum DC., the
basionym of D.abbreviata (DC.) Newm.; D.oreades
Fomin should now be taken as the correct name (see
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A .C. Jermy, Taxon, 25: 659-665;
1976). It is also inevitable that we have to change the
recent name D.assimilis S.Walker; the plant described
by Presl from British Columbia as Nephrodium
expansum has been shown to be conspecific with the
European plant and that epithet must be taken up.
Furthermore our British D.villarii is tetraploid and
sufficiently distinct from the diploid alpine material
described by Bellardi to warrant subspecific separation
(see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Fern Gaz., 11:
338-340; 1977). Lastly,European Thelypteris palustris
Schott has been shown to differ from American plants,
originally called T. thelypteroides Michx, solely in the
absence of hairs on the lamina and rachis, a character
which we agree warrants its separation at subspecific
level only. Unfortunately Michaux's epithet has priority
over that of Schott thus removing a well-known name
from the British list.
Comments by A.C.Jermy on the distribution of
species are given beneath the maps. The
phytogeographical elements referred to relate to the
species distribution in Europe as a whole; the concepts
as applied to the Atlantic seaboard are those of
D.A.Ratcliffe (New Phytol., 67: 365-371; 1968). The
distribution of pteridophytes in Europe is to be found in
the Atlas Florae Europaeae 1, Pteridophyta (Psilotaceae
to Azollaceae), ed. J.Jalas & J.Suominen; Helsinki,
1972. For a discussion on the distribution of European
pteridophytes using numerical analyses of those data see
H.J.B.Birks (New Phytol., 77: 257-287; 1976).
 Species omitted
Only three aliens have been mapped: Azolla flliculoides
Lam. a species so well established that its status is often
forgotten; Selaginella kraussiana A.Br., a native of
southern Africa, introduced into conservatories from
which it has spread considerably; and Equisetum
ramosissimum Desf., a single population, of interest
because it is the putative parent of E. moorei Newm. In
addition to these there are four species grown as
ornamentals which have escaped and established
themselves in our natural vegetation; none have spread
further other than by vegetative means. They are
Onoclea sensibilis L., Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.)
Tod., Blechnum chilense (Klf.) Mett. and B.penna-
marina (Poir.) Kuhn; Dicksonia antarctica Labill. may
also be included in this category. Three house ferns have
spread to warm locations on walls in various parts of
south and west Britain namely, Cyrtomium falcatum
(L.f.) C.Presl, Pteris cretica L. and P.vittata L. The
latter is also established on a warm slag-heap in the
Forest of Dean, v.c. 34 (see S. Holland,
R. N. Glouc. Nat. Soc., 19: 318; 1968).Although these
produce spores their presence is usually ephemeral.
Acknowledgements
We should like to thank all those, too numerous to
mention individually, who have over the years sent in
records to B.R.C. Similarly we thank also those many
people who will no doubt find gaps in our maps and
rectify the situation by sending in further records. We
are especially grateful to A.J.Worland, for transcribing
all incoming data from the 'Green books' to single-
species cards and to manuscript maps. J.W.Dyce, as
Secretary of the B.P.S., was alone responsible for
collating the records made on the meetings of that
Society. Liaison with the vice-county Recorders of the
B.S.B.I.. was initially through the Records Committee
(secretary, F.H.Perring). The following botanists,
either as B.S.B.I. Recorders or as members of B.S.B.I.
or B.P.S., have made a special effort to cooperate with
this revision:
D.E.Allen, G.H.Ballantyne, M.Barron, E.P.Beattie,
P.M.Benoit, J.Bevan,
J.H.Bevis, H.J.B.Birks,
T.L.Blockeel, I.R.Bonner, H.W.Boon, E.H.Booth,
R.P.Bowman, M.Briggs,
A.B.M.Brewis,
J.M.Brummitt, K.E.Bull, E.R.Bullard, A.R.Busby,
J.K.Butler, M.S.Campbell, J.F.M.Cannon, J.M.Castle-
Smith, E.Chicken, E.R.T. Conacher, P.Copson,
H.V.Corley, R.W.M.Corner, F.E.Crackles,
G.Crompton, T.A.W.Davis, J.G.Dony, D.A.Doogue,
U.K.Duncan, E.S.Edees, P.J. Edwards, T.Edmondson,
E.A.Ellis, G.Ellis, T.G.Evans, I.K.Ferguson,
F.Fincher, B.E.M.Garratt, G.M.Gent, E.J.Gibbons,
M.Gibby, V.Gordon, G.G.Graham, I.F.Gravestock,
E.F.Greenwood, J.M.Gunn, P.Hackney, P.C.Hall,
A.D.Hallam, G.Halliday, S.G.Harrison, C.C.Haworth,
J.G.Hodgson, S.C.Holland, K.M.Hollick,
R.C.L.Howitt, t S.T.Jermyn, Q.O.N.Kay, D.L.Kelly,
A.G.Kenneth, D.H.Kent, M.P.H.Kertland,
J.E.D.Lamb, P.J.Lambley, H.Lefevre, F.LeSueur,
A.G.Long, tJ.E.Lousley, J.D. Lovis, R.McBeath,
D.McClintock, D.J.McCosh, B.M. Mack,
R.Mackecknie, tV.J.Macnair, L.J.Margetts,
M.E.Martin, T.F.Medd, K.G.Messenger, tH.Milne-
Redhead, R.J.Murphy, A.Newton, A.M.O'Sullivan,
C.N.Page, R.C.Palmer, R.J.Pankhurst, C.P.Petch,
E.G.Philp, M.Porter, A.C.Powell, A.L.Primavesi,
M.C.F.Proctor, A.W.Punter, D.A.Ratcliffe, J.E.
Raven, B.W.Ribbons, M.H.Rickard, R.H.Roberts,
C.A.Robinson, R.G.B.Roe, J.Rogerson, F.Rose,
A.Rutherford, C.D.Sayers, M.J.P.Scannell, M.R.D.
Seaward, B.Seddon, S.Segal, B.Shepard,F.W.Simpson,
A.A.Slack, W.A.Sledge, A.Sleep, J.E.Smith,
A.H.Sommerville, 0.M.Stewart, A .McG.Stirling,
K.M.Stevens, R.Stokoe, G.A.Swan, E.L.Swann, D.M.
Synnott, M.A.Turner, I.M.Vaughan, tW.E.Warren,
M.McC.Webster, T.C.E.Wells, D.J.B.White, L.E.
Whitehead, A.J.Willis, A.Willmot, S.R.J.Woodell,
P.Yule.
A considerable amount of general but often difficult
material, sent in by recorders, was identified by
J.A.Crabbe and J.M.Mullin, who also handled some
thousands of specimens sent on loan from other British
Herbaria, filling in 'pink cards' and searching for grid
references when new records were found; such routine
work, so often boring, is gratefully acknowledged.
We also thank those curators and staff of Herbaria
who have cooperated by sending their material of critical
groups to the British Museum (Natural History) or to
Leeds University for checking. Of these we would like to
mention the following whose knowledge of their own
region, both floristically and geographically was placed
continually at our disposal: S.G.Harrison,
and
colleagues at the National Museum of Wales, and
M.J.P.Scannell and D.M.Synnott at the National
Herbarium, Glasnevin, Ireland. Funds to enable
students to make out 'pink cards' of critical groups at
Oxford University herbarium were provided by the
Druce Fund.
Last and by no means least, we thank the staff at
B.R.C. especially D.W.Scott, and R.A.Cooke, a
voluntary worker, who prepared the maps on which the
final production of this Atlas was based.
Further recording
The British Pteridological Society Recorder will continue
to monitor additions or amendments to these maps. All
such records will be passed to the Biological Records
Centre at I.T.E., Monk's Wood Experimental Station,
on the appropriate record card, and the relevant B.S.B.I.
Recorder will be notified. New records may be sent to the
B.P.S. Recorder, c/o Botany Department,British
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London
SW7 5BD.
LYCOPODIACEAE 3

1 2 3
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ANNOTINUM
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1.1 Lycopodium annotinum L.

A northern montane species confmed now to one locality in v.c.
70, north-west Scotland and the Grampian Highlands,
associated with dwarf shrub communities. Land-use changes
and the ravages of collectors are probably the reason for its
disappearance from the Moffat Hills (v.c. 72). The species was
last recorded for v.c. 49 (Llynn y Cwm) by J.E.Griffith (FI .
Anglesey and Caernarvonshire: 17) who (in 1895)had not seen it
"for (some) years". The Yorkshire locality has long since
changed in character; there is a specimem from Buttercombe
Wood in LIV collected 1928. L.annotinum may still be on
Orkney (last recorded 1883)and may yet be found on Shetland.
 LYCOPODIACEAE

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1.2 Lywriodium clavatum

A plant of acid grasslands and heaths on sandy soil where the
slope allows drainage water to flush through; otherwise in areas
with higher rainfall. Decreasing in eastern and central England
because of intensification of agriculture and utilization of rough
marginal ground.
LYCOPODIACEAE 5

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2.1 Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub

(Lycopodium inundatum L.;
Lepidotis inundata (L.) C.BOrner)
A sub-Atlantic species of lowland bogs of which the distribution
has been fragmented considerably by the drainage of acid
wetland sites.
6 LYCOPODIACEAE

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3.1 Huperzia selago (L.) Berrill. ex Schrank Mart.

(Lycopodium selago L.)
A northern sub-Atlantic/montane species spread over lowland
areas where frost hollows probably give the required lower
temperatures in areas of high rainfall. Land-use changes in
lowland England have considerably reduced the sites where this
species used to grow. The sites in v.cs 1 and 3 particularly need
conservation.
LYCOPODIACEAE 7

0 1 2 3 4
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4.1 Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub

(Lycopodium alpinum L.;
aphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm.)
An arctic-alpine species of which the occurrence in lowland
Britain has puzzled ecologists until those plants were
redetermined as D. x issleri. Land-use changes in north
England (e.g. Pennines) have considerably reduced the range
of this species. The Devon records need confirmation.
 8 LYCOPODIACEAE

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4.1 x c. Diphasiastrum x issleri (Rouy) Holub

(D.alpinum x complanatum (L.) Holub;
var. deelPiens Syme ex Druce)
Following studies by Lawalrée (Bull. Soc. R. bot. Belg., 9: 109-
120; 1957) records of this taxon appeared in British literature
but confusion and doubt has persisted as to its true identity.
J.Wilce (Beih. Nov. Hedw. 19: 93; 1965) suggests it is a hybrid
derivative of the species mentioned above. Work carried out by
I.Kukkonen (Ann. Bot. Fenn., 4:441-470; 1967) and A.Pacyna
(Fragm. Fl. Geobot., 18: 255-297, 309- 341; 1972) supports this
and Pacyna has identified British material as being conspecific
with Polish plants. The shape of the ventral median leaf and
elongated leafy peduncles are diagnostic. Sowerby (Engl. Bot.,
ed 3.t. 1834*; 1886) illustrates plants from v.c. 37, named by
Lycopodium issleri (Rouy) Lawalrée; Lycopodium alpinum L.
Syme in the legend as Lycopodium alpinum var. decipiens, a
name later validated with a description by Druce (Ann. Scot.
nat. Hist., 1892: 184; 1892). Subsequent botanists have used
this name for a number of atypical D.alpinum gatherings from
Scotland, some of which are most certainly growth forms from
dense vegetation of the latter species. Although of hybrid origin
the spores are only partly abortive and it can spread outside the
range of the parents. However, D.complanatum may yet be
found in Britain in dwarf shrub communities in areas of ancient
woodland.
SELAGINELLACEAE 9

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5.1. Selaginella selaginoides (I—) Link

A northern and montane species with a distribution pattern in
Britain and Ireland which is difficult to explain. Localities in
Ireland are disappearing through changes in land-use but it is
hoped that the southernmost sites will be conserved so that the
ecological requirement of this species on the edge of its range
can be studied. In England the south-eastern populations have
disappeared, the species last being seen at Scotton, v.c. 54, in
1948 (J.E.Gibbons, FL Lincolnshire: 80; 1975).
 10 SELAGINELLACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
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SELAGINELLA NW N2
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5.2 Selaginella kraussiana (G.Kunze) A.Br.

A species native to the Azores and tropical and South Africa
which was introduced for bedding or ground cover in
conservatories and which has established itself in the more
oceanic areas of S.W. Britain and Ireland where it can
successfully overwinter. It produces spores abundantly and
could spread naturally, although so far the species has shown no
signs of dispersal from introduced areas.
 8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv a•
UTM GRID

t;6*
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

6.1 Isoetes lacustris L.

A northern sub-Atlantic species probably more frequent in
upland Scotland than records show. It can tolerate more
mesotrophic waters than I.echinospora possibly through its
ability to compete with other water plants.
12 ISOETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
6.2
HX
HW
ISOETES • • N2

ECHINOSPORA •
9 9

Spring Quillwort
Ni

8 .8
•
100
Kaornetres
44 0
100
0
Miles
• .•••• 0 0
7 9 7 4
5 6
2

6 6

5 5

4 4

• •

0
3
•
• •

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON WV
UTM GRID .6'
A
t;Z)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

6.2 Isoetes echinospora Durieu

(Lsetacea auct.)
A species with a northern sub-Atlantic distribution similar to
Llacustris, preferring more oligotrophic waters than Llacustris
and will probably prove to be equally common in Scotland at
least. The ecology and distribution of the species in Wales is
discussed by B.Seddon (Ecology 46: 747-748; 1965).
ISOETACEAE 13

1 2 3

6.3
ISOETES N2

HISTRIX
9

Land Quillwort
Ni

A
8 8
jo
0 100
101ornstres 0
100
Mi
•e
7 4
5 6

6.3 Isoetes histrix Bory

A Mediterranean-Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost location in Britain (v.c. 1). It is terrestrial and the
leaves die down and disappear in March or April. The absence
of this species from S.W. Ireland is difficult to explain.
14 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.1 HX
HW N2
EQUISETUM •
0
HYEMALE
9 9

Rough Horsetail
•0 N1

• •000
8
• •
too • :6 •
Kilometres o8o
Miles oo
7 9 7 4
5 6
00

0
6

:0
00
•
0 00 5
5 • 0

4
0 8 oo
ioo
o
o•
oip
0 3
00
00
•
00
SO
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID 11.

1;6
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.1 Equisetum hyemale L.

A widespread species which requires its roots to be within reach
of laterally moving water. The drainage of potential sites is
taking its toll and the species is becoming local although in some
places it still occurs in large stands.
EQUISETACEAE 15

0 1 2 3 4
0
7.1x r
N2
• EQUISETUM
X MOORE! ckf
9

®EQUISETUM Ni

RAMOSISSIMUM
8 8

Adorns/NA
0
100
Was
••
7 4
5 6

6 6

5
5

9
1
GUNNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0
UTM GRID

tz)
0 0
1 2 4 5 6

7.1 x r. Equisetum x moorei Newm.

(E.hyemale x ramosissimum Desf.)
This sterile taxon has long been treated as a hybrid of the above
species but, in view of its sterility, its distribution in Ireland and
other areas in Europe where E.ramossissimum is absent, this
is highly problematical. It was originally described from
Rockfield, v.c. H20, in 1856; a plant introduced into a garden in
Shere, v.c. 17, (J.E.Lousley, Flora of Surrey: 94; 1976) has
vigorously maintained itself. There are no specimens to
substantiate previous Scottish records (v.c. 88 and 92);
E.hyemale is found in these localities, however (see
J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page in C.A.Stace (ed.) Hybridization and
the Flora of the British Isles: 99; 1975).
E.ramosissimum, a southern European species, was ftrst
recorded for the British Isles in 1947 when collected on the bank
of the R.Witham, v.c. 53 (see A.H.G.Alston, Watsonia, 1: 149-
153; 1949). Whilst it has maintained itself it has not spread, and
it is believed to have been introduced with soil when the river
wall was being strengthened. It is therefore regarded as an alien
in the British flora.
16 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.1x2
HX
EQUISETUM HW
N2

X TRACHYODON
9 9

Ni

8 8
.0

100
I? I AC0
Kipmene
100 0
Miles

7 4
5 6
2

6 6
0

5 8 5

4
0

1
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
-(2
UTM GRID

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.1 x 2 Equisetum X trachyodon A.Braun

(E.hyemale x variegatum)
A hybrid with a distinct Atlantic distribution which however
may be under-recorded on the European mainland. The
E.variegatum parent is most likely the lowland (and often
coastal) ecotype of that species and the hybrid is therefore more
rare in Scotland where the mountain form predominates than
the distribution of the parent species would suggest. Some
previously reported records from Ireland have proved to be
forms of E.variegatum. Small plants may be separated from
that species by the long sheath and the long teeth with narrow
membraneous margins; the cones have abortive spores (see
J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 100).
EQUISETACEAE 17

0 1 2 3
0
0
7.2
EQUISETUM N2

VAR I EGATUM
9 9

Variegated
N1
Horsetail
p
8

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID s.

0 0
2 3 4 5

7.2 Equisetum variegatum Schleicher ex Weber & Mohr

A northern-montane species of wet alpine ledges yet also
characteristic of coastal sand-dune slacks in the west.
E.wilsonii Newm., Originally described from Muckross, v.c.
H2, hitherto regarded as this species needs further investigation
as do sand-dune populations in Britain (see J.A.Crabbe,
A.C.Jermy & G.A.Matthews, Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles, 6:
40-42; 1965).
18 EQUISETACEAE

O 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.3
x
oo • HW
EQUISETUM • •
mom so • N2
FLUNINIVTILE
vil So
00 000
So
9 So 000
9
• •
ile • •
VVater HorsetaH •
• • 00•00 • • 5555
• •N• ••• 000 N1
• ••o•og•• oo •000
• 00••01000 000 • 00 a
000000 •0 0•
8 .. 41"

A • • • •
• go, 4.1.
O 100 ••• Se o •
1 IQ.. i • oemio
Op •0
4141
owilest
00 0 0 0
100
0000 ••0
maw 0000 • "
.. • • • • 41
75 4
• 6
owl
000000 • •0
.2 000 • 1000 ! no a
00 •
ol0000 00 0000
00000 4100,000
3 • Ofee 000• Of 00
6 00•0 • • 0000005 •
6
0 0 A ••••••••000, ••
00,
• 0•••
00 00
0,
00600000
10
•
e . .. ..
.. •:I.
0000 ow

4 ""i"::ig
• Goo.
000,11__
..
. • 0 40 :
00
:45
4111
00000000
•
48 •
":ib.6.
5 41:iiiii 5
.. o •
•00
• 0: ..I..::: •6. • ....•
Soo So 0000
• ....
MM.: 0 e0 ...me..
• G.... 00 • molls
••
•
..•• :::::::*
000 000 0000 •
0000 •• 00
00:844 0000 • • SOO •
24414"• 04"
wee
• t• * 0 • 0000 0 i: Y 4
w 00• 0 0 00 • o0000
is0 goo
00* 0 O go •• oe •rne
• • 00000000 • BO • 00 •
:•.• "0 oo • ompogrove oil oil • So
• • • • • sow, oo oil •
oti •• og, 1014
000 • oeolo gg0000 • • S.
,„ ., •.. .o..-g
0'0A., 00 00000000
• ,•
ee • . ....... ONO
• .. •• se. • 000
so •00• •
• .. .. 41 :. •• •• ..5. .6 .......o•r. • •.. aim
• •..... :. • 3

..ems,,,• , 1 J._ • • .5
.. • • • 000moos m .8 ei • ::
• ..
• an% o.• • • .....
000 • • • 00000000
ee
000 •
41
•
• * 000 0 0 0048100 00 1
• 00 0 • red •
::
• 00: •
2
• 000 0000 •
1555 00
_ii • 0000000 00 •
owe • • •000 00000010 000
000 • 000 00 mee°00 00 •
9 0 mug, oil oomoge 0004100000
•0 0 •0000 • 00060 • oo•opeo
000 SOO • • • 000 •0•0•0,
MO• • 00 • •
1
0-IANNEL ISLANDS 080 •
PLOT TED ON 0 wv :so: •
UTM GRID 00
So

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.3 Equisetum fluviatile L.

A widespread species of which the ecological requirements are
little understood and need further investigation. Detailed
distribution (e.g. on the tetrad basis) of selected areas or
counties, might shed light onto this problem.
EQUISETACEAE 19

0 1 2 3
0
0
7.3x7
®EQUISETUM N2

FLUVIATILE X
9 9
PALUSTRE
N1

se;
8 8

100

Kdometres
1 0
0 100

pnik.
7 9 7 4
5 6

6 6

5 5

9 0
/--

CHANNEL ISLANDS <7

PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

7.3 x 7 Equisetum fluviatile X palustre

A single population found in 1962 in Harris, v.c. 110 (see
C.N.Page, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 118-120; 1963 and J.G.Duckett &
C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 100). It is
morphologically intermediate between the parents but
superficially more like E.palustre than the other putative
parent. It may also be confused with E. x litorale but the length
of the first internode of the branches, number of stem ridges,
length and direction of the branches are all indicative of
E.palustre rather than E.arvense. However, as in all Equisetum
hybrids, confirmation by anatomical characters (e.g. size of
central hollow and vallecular canals) is often needed for correct
determination.
20 EQUISETACEAE

1 2 3 4
0 0
7.4
HX
•00 00
EQUISETUM 0 0 00 00 N2
• 00
00 0 0
ARVENSE 00
9
• •
• •
Field Horsetail • •00 •
0000 00000 •
06 00000000 N1
See 01:00 60
0000000 • 60000
• ee •e • 00060
8 • • 00 00 8 •
v:9 •
•
0:8
•
099
••O •
0 000 •
6090000
0 100 •00 • •06800
1 • • •000 00090
Kianotres
100 • 00006 0600 0
Miles 0
•e •00 • • •
7 4
5 6
6::0:
000090 00• •
2 0000090 6•0 0000
0006000 006000000
600600 •00000•00
000066 000000000
•0000 0000000 •
6 • 6
• 0006 0000 SOO •
00 • 000 000 00 0
9090 0000 • 090 00
• •
60000000 00900 00
• • • 00000000 000
•06009 • 0000000 000
00000,00 90
•000060 00 090000000 000
• •••••••• •• 0600 000 900
•• •600 • 000 000 00
5 o o see :41• •0••0•••0 06
• • •41•0•• :474•11• 5
• • el••••e• se...... " • 55555 sIsSIe s
solim•• • es • see 0000
0 eseeesees essee ee es e
o•pe•••,
• eillessoso •e• •o ll •000 e.e.see e
• mil dose* •0000 es ••••• •
eg• ole ales • ego
eels ••• ••••• ••••••• •
•se • 1140 5555 5.
000000 ego• 00000
•s••ss•• s •• 0 se ese • se *se
600000 • 0000 MI•S esee ese See 4
. oolloo oimpososo
•00 • •• • 000 00000000 0000
000 • • • See eee00000 0000
• •e•• • 00000000e 000000•0 Sees
• •••• •••
oo 00 • • • • 000000000 •00000006 000
00000 • ••00•• W 00
090
• 06606600
0000000
•0000000
000000000
00
00 OS •
• • •06990
09000,00 • • 00000600 06000006 690 06 06.
• 000 o • 000000006 0000000 0900000 000
006090000
0000 000
•oremose • 0
1 :Mane eV:. 000 •0090 06 000060606 9 09 00 • 3
0 00000060 •6000000 • 600060 0060
• Ov •01:10006 600000660 •0•0•0006 OS
• • m••
oo• ••• • 00
00 0000
00 • 0006
•0•00000
•60000000
0000•000
00006000
000
••0
so 60090009 99009009 000990000 609901109
• •ego 90
o
• 096
000060
6600069411
00090069
06066600
090$1006
09660606
0600000
so 00 •000 00 •01106 060 See 990 0000
• 600 60 000
2
• • •00 00000000 000000
9009 •00000060 0000
60000 00000600 •00060
60000 • •9600 0600•00 00
_Ipmwoo • • 00006 00096000 00
9 0 66
0•60
000600000
0000006
0000600
800•0000
00660060
00000660
00000011 Se • See 600000
1
CHANNELISLANDS 00606000
PLOTTEDON 0
0•000 •
00006 00
UTM GRID 0111
00 •
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4 Diudsetuln arvense L.

A widespread species of inorganic soils and therefore absent
from squares which are covered predominantly by peat. An
interesting high mountain flush ecotype would be worth
mapping separately; it could be overlooked as E.palustre but
has the lowermost internodes of the branches characteristically
longer than the main stem sheath subtending those branches.
EQUISETACEAE 21

0 2 3 4
0
7.4x3
EQUISETUM
X LITORALE
9

N1

8
•••
8
0
1
100
1
0 0
1Gkenstres 100
Udell
•e
• 7 4
5 6

2 •

6 6
• •
0 •
•
• 0•0
0
0 5
5

0
S. 4

• 3

1
•
•
2

9 0
1
OWNS: ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0
UTM GRID

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4x 3 Equisetum x litorale Kuhlew. ex Rupr.

(E. arvense xfluviatile)
Considering the dissimilarity of the habitat required by each
parent this hybrid is surprisingly frequent. It is also extremely
variable: in drier habitats specimens often approach E.arvense
and in wet ones E.fluviatile (see J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in
C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 101; 1975).
22 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0
7.7x8 HX
HW N2
• EQUISETUM
X FONT-QUERI
9 9
7.4x7
®EQUISETUM N1
X ROTHMALERI
eh
8 8

loo
Kkmatres 0
100
Miles
•e
7 4
5 6
1

6 6

5 5

9 0

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON wv
UTM GRID

tz)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.4 x 7 Equisetum X rothmaleri C.N.Page 7.7 x 8 Equisetum font-queri Rothm.

(E.arvense x palustre) (E.palustrex telmateia)
A single small colony of this hybrid was found on the Similarly found on the Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104, but as an
Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104. It resembles a yellow-green extensive colony. It has the overall appearance of a narrower
E.palustre with a broader outline and more conspicuously E.telmateia with cones on the vegetative shoots (as in
angled branches. E.palustre).

See C.N.Page, Watsonia 9: 229-237; '1973, and J.G.Duckett &

C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.)loc. cit.; 102; 1975 for notes on
both these hybrids.
EQUISETACEAE 23

0 1 2 3 4
0
7.5
EQUISETUM • N2
•
PRATENSE
9 9

Shady Horsetail
Ni
• •

8 8

O 100
Kilometres 0
100
Mies
•e
7 4
5 6
0
• 20
0
6 6
•
•

5 5

Lt.

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS <2.

PLOTTED ON 0
UTM GRO

0 0
1 2 3 —4 5 6

7.5 Equisetum pratense Ehrh.

A northern-montane species which may be further recorded as
regional studies are carried out in Scotland. This species can be
confused with E.sylvaticum which has the teeth of the sheaths
joined in groups of two or three; E.pratense has narrow single
teeth equal in number to the stem ridges.
24 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.6 HX
00 HW
EQUISETUM •0000 N2
000000
•0 000 •
SYLVATICUM see.. •. Ot'*
9 9
•
• •
Wood Horsetail • 00
0000 •000• •
00 • • 000000 • Ni
• 000• _ • 00000 •
0006 • •0000
• 00 • •00
..
8 8
04 • 00000_0
::164A1
, 22
000 00
60 00 •
o 100 000 0
1 1 • 00a1Ai Os 0
Kdornetres
100 00000600
000••00 00
Miles • 00000
•e •0000
7 9 • 000
7 4
000 • 5 6
00•0
000 ••0 OS fi
2 • 0000 00001 •
0600 0•,0 00 ...,
00•0 0
000 • •0000 0
00000 00 • • •
000 • 00 •
6 6
00000
•• o• 51 •. on:.::. 0000 00
• • • 0000• •
• 0000 •
• 000
000 •
000 000
o 0000060 •0
00 0 0 0000 000 00
• •
00 •
sod • • • • •
5 • oo Go • 5
• 0 2 0 1 :
• • 0 "' • • 41+4110"41
. • ••0 00
• 00 •
s, 000 00
o
o :::: 4:
000 00
• 4
O 0 I:: •••• •

0
oo
00 •
•
••
00
•• fis
• 000 Oi
••
• , • • AMO A 0
e
•
• oil (50 to • • 00 o
• 3
00 • 00 •
•
9
1 o8••
' i •
88
• • •
1 •• 00 •

• • 00
0
: ,188i•• i... 00 •
2
•
• Won
•.•
00
9 0 :0 0 0 ::
O 0
0 1
CHANNELISLANDS <4)
PLOTTEDON 0
UTM GRID

0 0
2 3 4 5 6

7.6 Equisetum sylvaticum L.

A widespread species of wet woodland or upland peat which
was formerly wooded. Absent from a large part of the
agricultural areas of central and southern Britain.
 •

EQUISETACEAE 25

0 1 2 3 4
0
7.7
• • N2
EQUISETUM • • 00
• 00 •
O•O 0•
PALUSTRE • 6•06•0 •
• 9
9
•00
Marsh Horsetail •
• 6 • 00000 N1
• 0•00 0006
• 660;1:0 006 •
u • • sosoos so
so • soo
0066 •00•0 •
8 8
cs` 00
•
•
•
• 0000
•
100
so 0000
• °Fr
0
Kicenrnm 100 esso osoo
• ••••
Nfts SOO •00•
• • 0 0
9 e • 7 4
•so• 5 6
•
• 600 • 0001
2 • • • 600
• 00
00000 00• •
00000 000 • ••
• 0 0000 •000 00 •
• • • 06 • • 6
6
n •• 05 • 00 60000 0•
000 :0 :05 • 0 • • 000 000
• .
0006 00 00000 000
•0000• •00
" 00_00000 000
::0::0: .41.
0000000 ,-.000 OW. 46:: 19.
6:
-- 0•:••••g
0000 0• 0hoe 0 0 06: •
0
• • •
5
5 00 • • 66 4100:::::. : 411
so soompo p osooeso • • ammo •
oss o • so i o • 000000 00
00 00 • 0000 0
0 000 00000 0000 00 • 0000 •
. .0 o 0000
0
00000
0000
41
• 00000
000000
000 00000
00 0006
•
00
• sot) Spo :• 0000 • 00 5
o 5 • oo • 40 :00 000 00 •
• 000 • "' • • • • 4
O. • •
o• go • • oo
00 • 000000 • 000 •
, •"0 0 0 0 0.... -- • 0000 NO • • 0000
0 • 40C ille • 0006000 • • 60 • 00000
• • • • o• 460 • 000000006 0••100000 elm
006 • 000000 606 00
• • • •0 • 100000
0••• 0:41: 00
00 : : 0:000 • • 000 • 6 61 :0 :46: 40 46
• • • oo 000
• 000 •00
• 0 o • 3
• 0 0• • 00 0. o• 0 5555555 0000000 0 00 0 00 • 00
o •0•0000 0000000 0 • 60•000 NO
I 00 0000 000600 00 •000006 • ::4646
• 0 00 0060 • 00000 00 0000000_
• • 00600 • • 3:0 00 06000660 • •
• • 000000 00 060 010 000
44 55 • 0 mom,
• • 55 • ••••• •
• ••••••••
moo • •• 2
• • 606 My • 000
• _955 00 0 0000 600 •
NO00 se ONO 00 000
9 555 m• 5555 s000se. so.
saw oil sos oo os se so
9 0 o• • 5555555 5014555.0 •••••
41•55 55 mmo m• oss•
• • • 0• • • •
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON
..i: 55..
000• •
urmum •
55

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.7 Equisetum palustre L.

A widespread species requiring moving ground water with a
medium base-content (calcium/magnesium). The absence of
records from peat and base-poor soils is probably realistic.
 26 EQUISETACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.8
EQUISETUM • N2

TELMATEIA PP!'
9
Great Horsetail
N1

•
8 8

O 100
1
Ki001 110011
100
0
PM.
• of
7
• 5 6
2
0010 0
•
0•
• ••
6 6
• • •
•• • .0 I° :8
• •
• 61:16
00
0:800 00
• • 0:
• • 00
00 • •
0
• 0i14100 o• 5
• 000 00 °
• • • • • •
00
00
os • 00
00
• 00
• 00
00
.. 00000 000 •
ilo • 0600 •
• 00 •
• • •00 • 0 •
4
e4q„,, • o
0 •
• • o• e: s::
000 14:0 • • •
• 00 00000
mime • oo• n• 061 00 •
•41111. de •
••
• 44 • 00
• • -6 • 041, 0:0 00000 • •
0 00
moo* •
00 0 0
0
• oil
• 00
•
oo
: • 000

• 0•
• o
3
• 0 • • 0
• I:2 MI • ••• 0 ••
• •
•
oo
• • 2
5• 000 • • • •
6° ::
fife 0 •A:
• • 02.44
9 0
• oio
•••
• Ss
1
CHANNELISLANDS •
PLOTTED ON 0
•
MMWM

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

7.8 Ikpaseturn telmateia arh.

A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost
station in Britain. It requires a high base-status and is recorded
on siliceous or peaty soils only where there are base-rich flushes.
 •

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 27

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
8.1
o • N2
BOTRYCHIUM 00
00
00
• •
• •
LUNARIA 00 co!
9 9
•
Moonwort • •
• • 00 N1
• o st
•
— • •
8 8 tev
•
oiloo
100 •
68 00 • 000 o 0
Kikrnonne
100 • 00000
0000000 •
Mike 000
•e • 000
9 7 4
• 0 5 6
• o
2 003
• so •••oo
• 0
:66
0 • 41 0°0
• 00 00.
6 6
0 • 00 0

•
• •
.:r
• •
00
o
••
0 • •000:::
• 0•• 00
• 0 0•
, • 0 5
5 O. • • 09• OS
0 00
• • 00 •
• 000 00
o o • so
o ioo • a
• •
• • • 4
00 0
0 •0 •
0 • :V 058
• 0o :: 0 0 •
0 0 0 •
5
0• •0 • 00
0 o i • o
• • • • 3
• • • 00 .
1 00 0 0
4 8:*
00
8 8• oo
00
•
•
8 og 8o • •
2
•0
oo oo
so •
000 • 00
4141 •
9 •• 00

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
•
00000
ܤ)
00 0
UTM GRID
4/5

0 0
2 3 4 5 6

8.1 Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz

A widespread northern-continental species requiring well-
drained sites with a high base-content. It is decreasing in
lowland sites due to intensive land management. The speci-
mens that gave rise to the records of B.lanceolatum (S.G.Gmel.)
Ångstr., B.matricariifolium A.Br. ex Koch and B.multifidum
(S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. (J.E.Dandy, List Brit. Vasc. Pl.: 7; 1958)
are abnormal forms of iflunaria.
 •

28 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

1 2 3 4
0 0
9.1
HW N2
OPHIOGLOSSUM
•
VULGATUM
9 9

N1
Adder's - tongue
8
oft
8 r •

too
1610metres
0
100
Mika oo
7 7 4
5 6
00
2 0 0• .00
30
•
6 6
o • 00
0
0 •• o
090
0 :1?) e. •
• , 0
404 •
•
•
0 9P 0 5
5 • ewe 0 l
• 0•0
11100 • •000
I 000 000 •
00 • •0 • •
• 411 • 00 0001,0Q00
og •
• • • • 00
0 00 00 • 00
0 000 • 0410 00
0 • 0 4
0
0 0 0.0000 •
0 a 410111: • 00 •
00 041 •0
0 000 I AP • 555 0
0 004,0 410 00 000 •
0 0 040 •
o •
0 0 f of MS • 0 • •
• o 0 3
ri? 0 • • • • 00411 •
00
1 • ::::00 411 00•
0 •
0:1:1 NO •0 •
0 8 SOO 4141 • Oi:141 •
.0 J.."
Woo 44- "
I! :$41 ::.:
•erroosr
o orir 2
:: 411. • es
Ise 641
• • 4.41•41 4141
eii:
•rorpo
so • .41
•
.•00.0 P.0
• :r i
• • • •
9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
os •
UTM GRID r

•0
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

9.1 Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

A plant of wet meadows and fens and in similar deep loam soils;
also in coastal sand-dune slacks and in Scotland in flushed areas
on machair. Land reclamation is reducing the known sites.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 29

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
9.2
OPHIOGLOSSUM N2

AZORICUM 4
9

Ni

•
8 8
.•o
O 100
Kilornatres
100
0
Mdes

9 7 4
5 6
2

6 6

5 5

•
9
1
GHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
614 •
fir
0 0
2 3 4 5

9.2 Ophioglossum azoricum C.Pres1

(0.vulgatum L.subsp. ambiguum (Coss. & Germ.)
E.F.Warb.)
This is a taxon that requires further investigation and its
relationship to 0.vulgatum is not clear. As in the Critical Suppl.
this map is based on specimens having 14 or fewer sporangia, a
sterile blade less than 3.5cm and occurring in short turf near the
sea.
30 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
9.3 HX
HW N2
OPHIOGLOSSUM
LUSITANICUM
9 9

Ni

8 8

0 100
Kilometres
I 0
100
Mks

9 7 4
5 6
1 2

fl fifi 6
6

5
5

9
1
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 Wv
UTM GRID

t;Z:r
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

9.3 Ophioglossum lusitanicum L.

A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost station in Britain (Isles of Scilly). As the plant is
evident between November and February only, dying down
completely during the rest of the year, it may have been over-
looked in S.W. Ireland.
OSMUNDACEAE 31

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
10.1
N2
OSMUNDA •
• •
REGALIS
9 9

Royal Fern •
N1

8 8
S. 0
100
Kilometres
1 d8 0 0
100
Meets • 0
9 7 4
5 6

6 6
•
• so
S.
• • ::• .0
r 0• •
.. •..:•• •....
•• •••••••••• • •
.. 0 ••
5
• •
•• .... • •
• ......
... 0 8•
• 0 • *8°
• 0 01 0
•g•.0 • i. • _ " 0
•‘-'
10 055 0
4
g 4110
S •
°,4, I. • • • • • •
• 0
•
• ••
0•041100 ••411 oe • • •
• 0
8.0 0
0
• • 414*
• • 0. 8 0 •
• •
• •
0 00
ii0
• 00 •
3
• •• 0 •
• • 0
moo
s• •
• o
••• ow 04
0000o
*00
• •*co o • •
•0 0 • .0 0
2

0 .00.1 • 8
• •• • ••
9 O 4
0 : :WS
•
•
1
000000
G-IANNEL GLANDS 0 • SOO
000 ••00
PLOTTED ON 0 wv 00 •
UTM GRID
• 0411
.6*
• - ••

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

10.1 Osmunda regalis L.

A sub-Atlantic species reaching the northern limit of its natural
distribution in Zetland (v.c. 112). It is a species often removed
from the wild and introduced into gardens, from which spores
spread naturally, thus its native occurrence in some parts of
Britain is difficult to assess. Its distribution shows that it prefers
a high rainfall. It is a feature of western bogs which receive
considerable base cations from salt-laden winds. Further inland
it is characteristic of valley mires.
 32
ADIANTACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
11.1
HX
CRYPTOGRAMMA HW
N2

CRISPA • •
rT.
9 9
Parsley Fern

• •• • N1

8
• • 0
8
100
r •600
•
• • •
0
KIlometres
0 r, 05i 0
0 op
100
Mites

7 9
7 4
•• •
5 6
1
2
• 00
:• •
3
6
n • 6
500 • •
• ••
0 •
0 • 05
i•or:

5 J
0 5
•
§38.
0
, 4
0

8 9 0 •

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv •
UTM GRID
r

'66
0
1 2 3 4 5 0
6

11.1 Cryptogramma crispa (L.) Hook.

An arctic-alpine species restricted to calcium-free siliceous soils
and rock screes. Absent from such habitats in the west where
these are enriched with base-rich cations from salt-laden winds.
A very local plant in Ireland. A.P.Conolly & E.Dahl (in
D.Walker & R.West (eds.), Studies in the vegetational history
of the British Isles: 196; 1970) _correlate the present-day
distribution of this species with the 24°C maximum summer
temperature summit (i.e. for the highest places in the landscape)
isotherm for Ireland and Highland Scotland and the 26°C
isotherm for Wales, England and Lowland Scotland.
ADIANTACEAE 33

0 1 2 3
0 0
12 .1
ANOGRAMMA m2
LEPTOPHYLL A
9 9

Jersey Fern
N1

.01
8 8
.o

Kilometres
100
4a 0
100
Miles
••
9 4
7
5 6
2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID

0
1

12.1 Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link

A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost limits in Guernsey (Sarnia). It is an annual plant
and any catastrophe which prevented the maturation of fertile
fronds could seriously deplete a population.
34 ADIANTACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
13.1
HX
ADIANTUM HW
N2

CAPILLUS - 01:*
9 9
VENERIS

.41
Maidenhair Fern

8 8
100
Kilometres
100
0
MiI

9 •,
7 7 4
5 6
1
2

6 6

5 5

8 9 0

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
41"' 0

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

13.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost limits as a native plant on the coast of v.c. H.35.
It is a species frequently grown in gardens or as a house plant
and spores from this source will establish themselves on
calcareous substrates (e.g. mortar or calcareous stone walls) in
warm situations; such records are not mapped.
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 35

0 1 2 3
0 0
14.1
HYMENOPHYLLUM N2
TUNBRIGENSE
9 9
Tunbridge
N1
Filmy - fern

8 •
100

Kilometres
0 100
Nu.
9
7
5
•

3
6 6
•
0 00 0
•

5 •
0 5

•
0

So
0
•
3
•

io
o
oo
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID
tf?' r

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

14.1 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm.

A species of restricted occurrence in Europe not recorded north
of its British localities in v.c. 104. Its distribution in Britain and
Ireland is mainly determined by the occurrence of suitable
microclimates and substrata (see P.W.Richards & G.B.Evans,
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Hymenophyllum, J.Ecol.
60: 245-258; 1972).
36 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
14.2 HX
HW N2
HYMENOPHYLLUM
WILSON!! • af"
9 9
•
Wilson's • N1
Filmy - fern
r 8 Q
8

co. •
• 0
::4455
00 • •
•D •
• 7 4
5 6
••
•
••8
6
•)
•• •
se.

*IL
4it•
5

•
•
I 0
3
• •
1
oo
•
•
••
• 2

•
9 0
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS • o
0 wv :5 055
PLOTTED ON co•
UTM GRID r

t;Z)
0 0
•1 2 3 4 5 6

14.2 Hymenophyllum wilsonii Hook.

A species of very restricted range (Madeira; Azores; Brittany;
Faeroes; and Norway) generally widespread in W.Britain and
Ireland. Its distribution depends on factors affecting
atmospheric humidity but is more tolerant of exposure and
desiccation than H.tunbrigense. (See P.W.Richards &
G.B.Evans, Biological Flora of the British Isles:
Hymenophyllum, J. Ecol. 60: 258-268; 1972).
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 37

1 3 4 0
0
15.1
TRICHOMANES
SPECIOSUM tr?
9 9

Killarney Fern
N1

8 8

100

Kilometres
0
0 100
Pities
••
9 7 4
5 6

•
5 •

•
•

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

15.1 Trichomanes speciosum Willd.

A species confined in Europe to the western seaboard although
the distribution is controlled within that climatic zone by
suitable substrate (preferably a coarse sandstone interbedded
with some impervious layer which can produce lateral
movement of ground water). Many old sites have been made
extinct by the depredation of collectors; it may yet be refound
on Arran, v.c. 100, and on the northernmost locality so far
recorded, Ardlamont Point, v.c. 98 (see W.Stewart, Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 6: 18-21; 1899). The map shows as a
solid dot all squares where the species has been at any time
recorded. Trichomanes speciosum is protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975.
 38 POLYPODIACEAE

1 2 3 4
0
16.1 -3
00 • NW
POLYPODIUM • ihoo • N2
• ::
VULGARE agg . vow.* • 4 okp
9 'mu • 9
• oe •
• •••
Polypody • • 0000
aloe • ompo N1
m• moo •eos0000
• • •omp oolloo ol0000 moo
oemp oomeo foomp000 •
eoomp•ome •oo moo
8 osemo••• 000mpoo 8 I
• eo •oloom p•o oul000eo
oo mimeo • •memo
0 100 oloommoo • o•
Kamotras
1 el000mmoo moo 0
100 osom•oopeo oo
omp000 • •o
Mika • o•••••• •
, • oemp000 mime
• oo • 7 4
•oes* 5 6
•wee 0 oo
2 Goo empoompo
• o• •imeo
• •mmo ompoompoo .
000000 000•000 •
oso •• mimeo
•m••• • m•o •
6 • 6
•eovel000 •4400000 •
omm00000 olleo 000 •
116:::
:o ::. :::: :::::: o
o• _ooeil000 • • •
1 •01: soo oo
5. •0
:
... oir • 4. ::::::::: :oo 0
. 1 :PH o•••• ••• •
5 • Illooioo:: I* •
000
mil
o oill •
oe oopooto
5
411:":: :
" 0 moo moo • •
os ooems •oo wo
A.° 80 e • •• •••lo• •• oo
. -41 6 • • 000• moo • oo • •
" 411• - oo414• 0 o no go oils*
oe • •
0 00o .0 6 110 04, : Al • • •
• 0000000n
• ofo • • 4
oo • •
• • oo 000e • • •
000 o4oleo oil • ol000e 04 • • oo
odlooroo orloe ooe
• 0000000 • um • • • •
• ooe • • ism "'moo 000 00 •
• 00 000 0000 000 00 •
000 00000000 • • • 00
000 000000 0:::O : • •0 000
000 00 000 • 4041 ill • 0 00
41• 000000
• ." 4' 3
• 104:1in • 11 !: III
i
000 000 000
I 0000 0000000 • • 000 0 oo oo 0000
000 0000 1
0000 000000000 • • • oo so moo •
o• • 0000 00000000 .00 000 • ouloo vim
•
000000 00000000 0000000 000 000 oo
Mr " ommoompo moose • • moo 000 00•0
• • •ooloompo ••••••• • oilooeo • • • •
::5 • • oos000•
oo e•••••• 0000loo • oolloo
. • • eelreo ••• • • 0•0 •0000 •
0 • 00 000 • 0000 00 • • 2
• e 000 00 00000 0
• :: ::::::: 02i•0 00
•0000 00000000 •.00000 •
• •0000 0000000 0000 000 •00000•0 •
9
:::
000•000
::::::::
•00 •
:::: 00000
•
::: Utts:::
•0 000
0000000 00 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS 00000000 •
PLOTTED ON 0 00000000 •
••••• 00
UTM GRID .6r 0
o
•• •
•

0 0
2 3 4 5 6

16.1-3 Pokypoldiurn vulgare aggregate

As many previous records and those for the Atlas were made on
an aggregate basis, treating the complex as a single species, a
map of such general distribution is given here. For taxonomy
and notes on identification see M.G.Shivas, J. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 58: 27-38; 1961; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 65-70; 1962;
P.M.Benoit, Br. Fern Gaz. 7: 277-282; 1966; R.H.Roberts &
D.M.Synnott, Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972.
 •

POLYPODIACEAE 39

0 1 2 3 0
0
16.1
•0 •
N2
POLYPODIUM
•
VULGARE
9 9
• Is
Polypody • N1
000. • ugo o*
*goo
8 8

• •
100 oo 0
Kimmins
1
• • •o:: o
100 er •o
Mice •

• • ••
••
9 7 4
5 6

3
• .. •
•
6
6 0 '•
•
• • •5
• • obi4
•
oo •
• oo
5
5

• •

•, 8 _• 0
• • 6 0
e. •
• •
• • • 0
3
• 0 • o
• So ••
• fio •
o
• oo • • • o
• • :
• •
• • o
2
• 00
• 0.• • 0.• imp• •
• •
9
•••• • • •- 0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

16.1 Polypodium vulgare L.

A widespread species absent from parts of central and N.E.
England through lack of suitable habitat. It is absent from
industrial areas possibly because, not having an annual flush of
new fronds, its leaves become soot covered and non-functional.
40 POLYPODIACEAE

1 2 3 4
0
16.2
lix
POLYPODIUM N2
•
INTERJECTUM •
9 9

Intermediate
Ni
Polypody •
•
8 8
.o •
.J71
100 •
t? 1
Kdometres
100
0
•
7 9 4
7
5 6
2 Oa:
•,
• 00
•
• •
6 6
• •
•
• •
•
5 5
SI •

• • o
• 4

• •• •
•
:68 o • •
I.
0• •• • 0: ••• •
•
•• 3
• • •
• *I II • • • •
1 •
.8• Is•o8• • •8(Poo •
8•0 • o • •.• t
• our 0 • •:•• ••
2
0 •0 0 • 0
000
• 0 r :: •
.04) •
9 • •o
1
CNANNEL ISLANDS
0 00
PLOTTED ON WV
UTM GRID
1:5?
• \

1 2 3 4 5 6
0

16.2 Polypodium interjectum Shivas

(P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare L. subsp. prionodes
Rothm.)
A sub-Atlantic alloploid species derived from hybridization
of 16.1 and 16.3 having intermediate characters, both
morphological and ecological. Its weak lime requirements are
satisfied in coastal habitats by salt-laden winds and it is often a
common component of mature sand-dune systems. It may also
require a generally higher humidity than P.vulgare.
POLYPODIACEAE 41

0 0
0
16.2 x1
N2
POLYPODIUM
X MANTONIAE
9 9

Ni

• Q
8 8

100

Xdornetres
0
0 100

Miles
••
9 7
7 5

6 6

5 5

8
4
•
•
ss
• •
3

• 8
•
2

•
• 00 •
8 9 0
8 0• •
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

0 0
• 1 2 3 4 5 6

16.2 x 1 Polypodium X mantoniae Rothm.

(P.interjectum x vulgare)
This hybrid can be recognizedby its vigour, often forming large
clones; morphologically it is intermediatebetweenthe parents.
Frequentthroughout Britain but lessso in Ireland. The density
of recordsfor this hybrid in north and south-westWalesreflects
concentratedfield-work and its apparentscarcityelsewheremay
not be a biological reality.
42
POLYPODIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
16.3
HX
POLYPODIUM HW
N2

AUSTRALE
9 9
Southern
N1
Polypody
8 8
o
0 100
Kilometres
100
Mi

7 9
7 4
5 6
1
2

3
6

5 •
•
0
0
• •
•

• • o
•
• • •

9
I. •
0 •
•
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON owv ei
UTM GRID

• •
t;)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

16.3 Polypodium australe Fée

(P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare subsp. serrulatum
/Arcangeli)
A Mediterranean/south Atlantic species reaching its northern
limit on Lismore, v.c. 98. For the most part requiring limestone
or similar high-calcium bearing rock substrate (e.g. mortared
walls); usually on the warmer south-facing aspect when in its
colder locations. Many records under the name P.vulgare var.
serratum Willd. have been shown to be this taxon or a hybrid of
it . (See R.H.Roberts & D.M.Synnott , Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972;
A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia, 9: 357-361; 1973).
POLYPODIACEAE 43

0 1 2 3 0
0
16.3x1 HX

POLYPODIUM N2

X FONT-QUERI
9 9

N1
Q
8 8

100
Kilometres
0
100
Miles

9 7 4
5 6

6 6

5 5
•
en,

•
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UT M GRID r

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

16.3 x 1 Polypodium X font-queri Rothm.

(P.austrate x vulgare)
Recognized by the large thin-textured lamina, often with
twisted pinnae; plants often show hybrid vigour. For the most
part it is intermediate between the parents, preferring base-rich
rocks or as an epiphyte within reach of salt-laden winds. (See
A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 233-235;
1972).
 44
POLYPODIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
16.3x 2 •
HX
POLYPODIUM HW
N2

X SHIVASIAE
9 9

N1

40.
8

0 100
Kdornetres
100
Mks

7 7 4
5 6
1

5 5

2
•

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID
C3.

1;;)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

16.3 x 2 Polypodium x shivasiae Rothm.

(P.australe x interjectum)
Occasionally found with parents but an uncommon hybrid and
absolutely sterile. Possibly mistaken for sterile and depauperate
P.interjectum.
 •

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 45

0 1 2 3 4
0
17.1 • •
000 00
000800 00 N2
PTERIDIUM 00800 •
08000000
AQU ILINUM 06000000 ote
0060000
9 9
• •
00004100
Brac ken • 00088
• 00080 60080 08 N1
• 00008 • 800000068
•000004100 000•80000
• •0800006• •00000000
•00000000 808 00000
• • • 080000600 8
8
• 0•00000 08868000
00 •000 80000000
100 •000000 oomm000
oemp000po**Soo* 0
Kiarriftm I imool000s moo*
soviloompo oso
oolosome so
• emu. •
9 7 4
00000 5 6
0006
000000 0880 0•0
moor •es•mmeeo
see oo so•mm000s
so oo •os•ompo
wpm mos000se so
s•ws •ompoosso oo
oo oomp000• go 6
moo oil • sumo •
eom peems soos0000s •
soomiloos •sse so*
• • *m• olio
spooseso moos
soosooso ••oo
oommoomos
ofoomp••s soe So
•we* see 'moo 5
• • es • • oomp000
0000 •esompe•o
owes •s000mpoo
sows •isemil•oo
moos omm0000mil
Somme osoommilee
soso essesoo •
os000 •esoompoo •
4
• moo oessompoo elm
• sou •s000ssoo cl000s
ommo ools0000s oompoompo *emu
goo* soommoo sompoomee ro
oo oo •mpool00000 moose* •
Soo oesoes000 ammo • so so
oos oompooso osooloomo • se see moo
so • oommeo Goo •sue oil • moo • es •
• 3
moo mmoommo oossommo • Ur "4" •
emi mu..mm oose. • mg
ammo osso woo • some. oo moo
osoos soos ern • mm ooo on: owl
*sows ossoossoo muses 000 moo •• • • •
00000000 000000000 0•000000 00000 1000
il5o55osoo •000mp000 •arn so moo moo •
00 00000 ••0000 00 • 0000 00 08000 008
2
• 06 00 000 00000 0060 • •
• 000 0800•8600 0000
0•4100 80006000 0000 0•
080000 000000000 008000600 000
• •0•00 •0410000 •00008000 000
06 000 00000 • 000000 000060000
9 0 0000 00000000 008808000 000800000
0000008 000060 808 0000 •0008008
•0410008 000 8 • 1
CHANNEL GLANDS
00000000 •
000000000
PLOTTED ON 0 80008000
000
OM GRID 8•
•
LZ)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

17.1 Flerfidium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

A widespread and cosmopolitan species absent only from in-
tensely used agricultural areas. Normally a calcifuge (and
hitherto tetraploid) in Britain; material on limestone in Spain
has been counted as 2n = 52 (diploid). It is impossible to
distinguish this cytotype on morphology but calcicole ecotypes
in S.W. Britain and Ireland should be studied further.
46 THELYPTERIDACEAE

1 2 3 4
0
18.1 HX
HW N2
THELYPTERIS
THELYPTEROIDES
subsp. 9

GLABRA
N1
Marsh Fern
Oft

8 8

100
O•
Kdometres 0
100
Miles

9 7 4
5 6
2

6 6

•
5 5
• 0

8 •
0 •
0 4
0 • 0
• • 0 0 00 0
• •
3
04)
•
•
.5 •
• •
o
2
o
• • • o
9 ss oo
o
ofoo imp
o
CHANNEL ISLANDS
0 wv
lq)
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

18.1 Thelypteris thelypteroides Michx subsp. glabra Holub

(T.palustris Schott)
A widespread northern continental species absent from the
Atlantic seaboard where the annual temperature range is
smaller and winters are relatively warmer. It is becoming rare in
many vice-counties through drainage of mires.
THELYPTERIDACEAE 47

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
19.1
se N2
PHEGOPTERIS Wie•
S. SS
CONNECTILIS •• •
9 9

•
.43.
••••
Beech Fern • see
• so • • Ni
•• mil el o
J• OH
S
• • se 8
8
4 •• ..0••• ••*MS
...,
• •411IN•
100
t ::::::: • 0
Kdootern 100
00000000 •
00•00•00 •
Mdes 410000000
, 0114100
541 • 4
9 7
vim mill 5 6
0.0 o
MD 09• •
2 • 90 80
• • • •
ine
e ft 09 00 •
mil 000 0
-, milimil • • 6
6
o , 0 0
.9.5. • ö • 55
so•e*
• • See ":::::
00 o 411•414,
woo • 4• •
••
0114, ii 0
0 Sou.
• •immil 4141 5
5 , • •
• o • • wil
, • SU
• 4941
e
..- • • • 411
9 0
• .1410 •
• 8• 4
cqq,
o o 041
• •o 41410

o
441.
mil • • 0
•
*ID • •
mile
• 441
3
00 o il
•• • • o
• o
00 • o
.. .8 •
• •OS S o•
2
•
• 0*
9 0 0

COWINELISLMW
PLOTMD01.4 Om
UTMWO

tZ)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19.1 Phegopteris connectilis (Michx) Watt

(Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson)
A northern continental species in the west and north of Britain
with outliers in the Weald and East Anglia; rare in Ireland. It
prefers humid banks where moving water can flush through its
root system.
48
THELYPTERIDACEAE

O 1 2 3 4
0 0
20 .1
HX
00
OREOPTERIS miss. HW N2
• Gem 411 V:
LIMBOSPERMA MM.:
oil • otP
9 9
.° @W
n.
eom •
Lennon - scented • um*
• moo ••4,0•
• •••• • •e• N1
Fern • mim•o•me ore o
• Gorn•o.
s0000000 • • oo
8 — owl• m•os •
0 8 ILA:
• ••il• ••••
• ammo. •ee*
100 •••• il•• moo
? 1 4
Kdomatros
100 o:::::::
••••••••
"
•
•i 0
Mika •000004/0
•:::: ••
7 75 4
6
*Mg:
•
2 •
• • 4111:841:
•
3,
• o t:it°8 • 94
6 *ea:: :::e geo: ::
. 6
g o::::::: •
o g41:::
• • ••••••• •••• 8
:re
s 0••
•• o0 • •
•Q os 0
o :Ur w :
o
5 00 me. 41,6
too
5
goo •
., solo Gov
o 411 • •
.. :::* •Lo
olime ow, Os
• •
• es
::g: es.
so • :
.., o •
o
o
o ..• •• • .02
• -1
. :
:141
••• 8• •••
0 0 •••••• •••
••• 0•• !lit•i. 0
8 ••• ••
0 08: •• •• oo
3
•o• oo so two 0
ow, •• • 1110 0 e
•o mlo • • o
sm. so. o
• oils Imo o
• • Q 000
• • 00000 0
°. S 0000 • 0 •
• • • •
2
00 0
oo o
o g •
•
• mo olopeo
•• 2 • 'moo ••
9 0 • 5 milesso
• • oi so00000
0 • • Soo
o • •
CHANNEL ISLANDS
1
• oso
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
• 414,
UTM GRID

ol
0
•; 1 2 0
3 4 5 6

20.1 Chreopterbilimbospermaa (AL11.)

Holub
(Thelypteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson;
Tdimbosperma (All.) H.P.Fuchs)
A northern sub-Atlantic species which prefers ground water
flowing (at least seasonally) through its root system. In the drier
areas of Britain and Ireland it is therefore often associated with
streamsides and changing land-use with drainage is diminishing
the available sites.
ASPLENIACEAE 49

0 1 2 3 4
0
0
21.1
ASPLENIUM 142

SCOLOPENDRIUM cr!
9

Hart's - tongue
N1
•
• • 8
8
oo A
1C0 •
r$9 o 0 0
Xiamen,*
100
o•
0 00
Miss • •
. •
9 • • 7 4
• 5 6
•
00 000: .
2 • • •
; " 0:0 ii0141
•
• 0' • 0 •
•
6 • 6
• • • 00 80
• 80 • • 0000:1:0 •
00 800 • 80 • •
•0000• 00 08 00
08 • 0800
••0 000 • •• 000 00
• 00000 • 0••
• •••••00 • :::1:10 •
•• •000 0000 •000
5 r 00 00000 • •000••••• •• 5
•00 •0•0• 000000000 • • 40000
•••00000 :100 00 •
•00•00 410 ••• 4,110 01: • •
C 008•••••0 •• 00 • • • 00 •
.. .0 •0000• •0000000
• 00080•000 00 • 00 00: : 0
000000000 000080000 • •00
00 •00 000 • 80 • • • •
000 • 0000000 00 • 00 •
• 0•00000 80 0000000 00 4
00000 •00088 •• •
•00•• • 000 •0•
•• t. 2 200
1 1 :i:
•0•• •0 ••o 000 :00:041 • VW O WOO
ooe so oomoempo ofoolo • GO
odo •oo*, oompoosoo •o• 410 2:W 4110 : 64 e
• sou/ 0000mm000 80 • 00
oo oiloolo • • •
•ofroosoo00 O figfoir
twos moo 446 eipeoo • :: • : 41141:0 . U.
oompoommo Goo oo oil •
• ooloompoo moo • • • so es 3
000880008 • • 00 000 0 es •
: n o:::. .644:111: : tir
00 00• 1 • 0000000 00.0 • 0:: Am : 41::
• • 0 : : 0 si 0000000 0;141100 0
oommehoso 0000000 00000000 000 00 ii :fi000 •
dmomoo oeiros000 ompoomp, • • • LI
goo oo *mom
000 so o 00 Mr.: : so •
2
• 00 000 00 • 000 • •
•
0:::: 000
00:0011:: 00::0000
::000 08
000000 • • 00 0000 • 000
• 08000. 0000
9 0 000 •00000•0 00 00000 000 000
0000 000080000 • 000000 . 0 00000
0000000 • •000 00 • 00 • 00008

CHANNEL ISLANDS 000000 •

C•
PLOTTED ON 0 wv 41:::::::
• • •
VW GRID
0. I
•
LI!)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.1 Asplemiuln scolopendrium

(Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.)
A southern sub-Atlantic calcicole species which becomes rare in
central and northern Scotland partly through lack of calcareous
substrate and partly because of the lower winter temperatures.
 50
ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.1x7b
HX
• ASPLENIUM HW
N2
CZ,
X CONFLUENS
9 9
21.5 x1
OASPLENIUM Ni

X MICRODON
8
.61
.//
100 SI

7 7 4
5 6
2

6
6

5
5

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 0

21.1 x 7b Asplenium X confluens 21.5 x 1 Asplenium X microdon

(T.Moore ex Lowe) Lawalr&
(A .scolopendrium x trichomanes subsp. quadri-
valens;x Asplenophyllitis confluens (T.Moore &
Lowe)
This hybrid was found at Levens Park, v.c. 69, in 1865 and at
Whitby, v.c. 62, and Killarney, v.c. H2, around 1875; it has not
been found since. The plants are more like A .trichomanes with
stouter rachides and thicker leaf tissue, the upper pinnae being
confluent. (See A.G.H.Alston, Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., 152:
139; 1940 and J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridisation
and the Flora of the British Isles: 105; 1975).
(T.Moore) Lovis & Vida
(A .billotii x scolopendrium; x Asplenophyllitis
microdon (T.Moore) Alston)
This hybrid, intermediate between parents, is likely to
be confused only with A. x jacksonii: the latter has a triangular
frond-shape instead of a tapered one as in A. x microdon. (See
P .J.Girard & J .D.Lovis , Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 1-8 (1968);
J.D.Lovis & G .Vida, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 53-67 (1969); J. D.Lovis
in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 104; and A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.:
140).
ASPLENIACEAE 51

1 2 3 4 0
0
21.2
• N2
ASPLENIUM 00•
000
• • •
ADIANTUM — :000
9 9
NIGRUM •
• •
Black 0, • N1
u • •
• 00 • 00
•
Spleenwort • •88° •
8
• 8

ICAornetres
1 0
100
Mika
•, 4
9 75
6

6 6
• • o0 •0
•• •co • • • oil
• • • • 01: • • o
4141 oe• •
oo • oo gotr000° •
oim
• •
• o •• • :44. •
5 . • 0 io olio illomille • • 5
! o • • • •
o
co •• we •
o' 00 • • •
0 • •• 0 00 ::0 •
0 SO • •
• • o • 0 1. •
o 41:o o • •
• 0 o 4
• VD •
oil • • 0
• oo
• •
o •
•
• 00 000
• oo
•
. • 0
oso 4°
00 000 00000 0•
OS • 0 • 18! •
•
• • • 00• • 00
041 : 41 • •• 4,4••••• 1'u:el° • : •• •

..• •• ni: •• ••• • • •

:•:: :°:: • %In :
.•• ems •
3
• • •• ::: •:o •::. ein•eo o 4,18
looto 11::: •46:411• 1 00000 • s
•• • ••••• 000 SO o o o
00 00 o 00 0a0

l••
• 000000 000 •
• 00000 •°A:: Mule • • goo
000 0:. 0:0 00020 ow • •
2
• •
1:• • of
800 OS • •
• 000 01 : •• 900 00
9 0 oo moo mil • • • • iso::
•ooloom•o •oo
000 • ammo • o
1
0000 •
CHANNEL ISLANDS 0000000O •
00440004
PLOT TED ON wv • OM
UTM GRID
00 4,* •S
• •

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.2 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.

A southern sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout
Britain and Ireland. A rock plant with some base (possibly
calcium and/or magnesium) requirement, tolerating medium
exposure; it is frequently found in man-made habitats (e.g.
mortared walls) in lowland Britain. This is a species which can
tolerate considerable shade and it will remain as a terrestrial
plant in climax woodland established over calcium-bearing rock
scree.
52 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.2 x 1 HX
HW
• ASPLENIUM N2

X JACKSON!!
9 9
21.2 x 10
OASPLENIUM N1
X CONTREI
8 8

0 100
Kibrnetres
100
0
Miles

7 9 4
7
5 6
1
2

6 6

5 fr
5

2
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.2 x lAsplenium X jacksonii(Alston)Lawalrée 21.2 x 10 Asplenium x contrei

(A.adiantum-nigrum x scolopendrium; Callé, Lovis & Reichstein
x Asplenophyllitis jacksonii Alston) (A.adiantum-nigrum x septentrionale;
A hybrid, with simply pinnate fronds and a lamina the texture of A. x souchei auct. non Litard.)
A.scolopendrium, which could be confused only with A distinct, hybrid likely to be confused only with
A. x microdon. The latter however has a decrescent frond A. x alternifolium from which it differs in having longer
whereas A. x jacksonii has the triangular frond-shape of lowermost pinnae giving the fronds a triangular outline. It has
A.adiantum-nigrum. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc. been found once in 1870 on Craig Dhu, Llanberis Pass, v.c. 49
cit.: 104; J.D.Lovis & Vida, loc.cit.; A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.: (specimen in herb. K). (See J.D.Lovis in C .A .St ace (ed.),
142.) loc.cit.: 107).
 53
ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
21.3
N2
ASPLENIUM
ONOPTERIS 9
9
21.2x3
0A.X TICINENSE N1

8
8
o
0 100
0
Kdornetres 100

ma.
7 4
9 6
7 5

6
6

5
5

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w, (
UTM GRID cf?'
•
t;Z)
0
0 3 4 5 6
1 2

21.3 Asplenium onopteris L. 21.2 x 3 Asplenium x ticinense D.E.Meyer

(A.adiantum-nigrum x onopteris)
(A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (L.) Luerss.
in
A.adiantum-nigrum var. acutum (Bory ex Willd.) This triploid hybrid has been verified for one locality
S. Ireland and is probabl y elsewhe re where the parents occur
Newm.)
together (see R.H.Roberts&M.J.P.Scannell, Irish Nat. J., 19:
A Mediterranean diploid species difficult to separate from 21.2 75-77; 1977).
except in its extreme form where the segments, pinnules and
pinnae are elongate, the latter caudate. R.L.Praeger (Irish Nat.
28: 13-20; 1919) discussed variations and distribution; further
investigation is needed of the N. Irish material which is omitted
1,
from this map. Records for the taxon at the Lizard, v.c.
where the species could be expecte d, need confirm ing; all
specimens seen in herbaria could be either 21.2, 3, or 4. Plants
with -narrow a-cute segments from Breiddon Hill, v.c. 47, have
proved to be tetraploid and are omitted from this map.
 54
ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.4
HX
ASPLENIUM HW
N2
CUNEIFOLIUM
9 9
Serpentine Black
Spleenwort N1
•
0,1
8 8
100
7(i
Kilometres
100 0
Mdes
•
7 9
7 4
• 5 6
1
2
•
6
6

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 Wv
UT M GRID

0 0
2 3 4 5

21.4 Asplenium cuneifolium L.

(A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. serpentini (Tausch) Heuffl.)
This species is another diploid cytotype of the A.adiantum-
nigrum complex, scattered across central Europe and recently
recorded for Scotland; (see R.H.Roberts & A.McG.Stirling
(Fern Gaz., I: 7-14; 1974) where morphology is fully
discussed). It is a plant of serpentine rocks best separated from
21.2 by the straight or concave margins at the base of the
cuneate segment of the frond; in 21.2 this margin is convex.
The above authors have identified all material of those records
plotted, although not all populations have been cytologically
verified. In some of the populations previously studied, plants
of similar morphology have been found to be tetraploid
(A.Sleep & A.McG.Stirling, pers. comm.) and it may be that a
serpentine ecotype of A.adiantum-nigrum is involved, or that
the plants are autotetraploids having originated from diploid
A.cuneifolium.
 ASPLENIACEAE 55

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.5
• ASPLENIUM N2
BILLOTII ckP
Lanceolate 9 9

Spleenwort
Ni
21.2 x5
0
OASPLENIUM sale,
8 8
X SARNIENSE Z1
0
Kiometres
100
1 4a 0
100

•e
9 7 4
5 6

2 4

6 6

5 5

• 3
•

9 0 00

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
2--
00 • <?.
PLOTTED ON wv
UTM GRID
ql•
4111,
•
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.5 Asplenium billotii F.W.Schultz 21.2 x 5 Asplenium X sarniense Sleep

.obovatum auct. angl. non Viv.)
A southern sub-Atlantic species whose distribution is mainly
coastal in Britain and Ireland. It reaches its most northern
location in v.c. 108. Outliers in the Weald are authentic and
reflect the oceanic climate of the area; the species is now extinct
there. The Agden Reservoir, v.c. 63, record is also verified by a
specimen in BM but the Goat land, v.c. 62, record of Druce
(Comital Fl.: 381; 1932) is not mapped. We can trace no
specimen and as it was growing on a mortared bridge we suspect
A .adiantum-nigrum.
(A .adiantum-nigrum X billotiO
This hybrid was discovered in Guernsey, v.c. 0, (see A.Sleep,
Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 209 -211; 1971)growing with both parents on
a sheltered hedgebank. It is similar to 2 but shows the influence
of A .billotii in having oval pinnules on the middle pinnae (see
also J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.) loc.cit.: 106). Sterile
specimens of similar morphology have also been collected on
the adjacent Brittany coast (Jermy, unpublished).
56 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
21.6 HX
HW N2
ASPLENIUM
MARINUM
9 9
•
Sea Spleenwort
Ni

•
• 8
8

0 100
0
Kilometres 100
MiI

9 7 4
7 5 6
1 2

• 6
6

0
5
5

•
9 0
•

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 vw •
UTM GRID

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21.6 Asplenium marinum L.

An Atlantic species absent from the colder shores of E.
England, south of Yorkshire (v.c. 62). It requires salt-spray and
is absent from sheltered shores and those without the necessary
rocky substrate.
 •

ASPLENIACEAE 57

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.7
ASPLENIUM SS 00
• •
000
00 00
TRICHOMANES
9 e. • 9
c•.'
agg. e
•
gb
• •
• • • N1
Maidenhair 00800 ••
000000
000 •
Spleenwort 8 •
8
.00 •
• • • 00410
100 000 • • •
1 11_000006 0000
ICipmetres
100 •000000 00 SO 0
000000• •
Mdes 000008
00800
9 4
75
m 5 6
000 •
0000 0000
2 • 000 00000000
00 • 0000000
8000 00000000
00 • • 0000 • •
00 • • • • •
6 : 6
C • • •. •• :•0:1 • 00000
• • •
• ••• 00 00
•
00 00000
0000000
•
•
.• .
• . ...g
*000000:: 0000000
0808000
..• ...ogse . 00000000
00 • 0000 00
5 . 00 •Sr 5
• • 000 •6°
•• • : • • 000
000 op 0000 1110
a 0000•080 0000 :: •
., .- •
•000000 00000000 • 0000
00 00000 •00•• • ••••• • • 0 •
00 • 0000 • • 07000 0000 • • • • •
•000 000 0000 • • 00 • •
00 00 •
•••000 •055 • • .
0•00 • •
4
...••
•.... ...... • • • • 6
I...
55555
• • •
•....
......• ... •.•. • .6 •00 0000 • SO
•.. ..... ..... 000
00000 :• 0 • •
..• ......
••••.••• .. • 00 00 41:11! •
• 00
•
...........
00 000000 •
..00....
•...... • 000 00800 0120 • • •0
• mm.
...•o...••
... •• .. 00 0080 • • 0 • • • SO
........ •.. .•••
S...•
00 •000 00 #00 3
•• •• ... •..•
00000099
00000000
00000
045410*
.....
00
•
0 ::
So
•••.• .......
.....•• . • OF
00000
00000000
080•00•00
00
:: •
0
0000••
080••
• 00000
0000000
00000000
00::000 00
O.:::
•
000
to
•
1.6
•
•
00 00000800 00 00 0001,0 •
• 0000 • 000 • •00 00 :0
• •
• • • 00 80 • :8 40: 2
00 000
• 0000 ::::0111
0000
•
000800
Sumo*
• Son
ii
5:114mil SO
• 01:00 00 •
9 0 00 000000000 001/ 000 09
0000• 00000000 08:0
000008 000000 0•::."
000000 • 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTEDON 0 wv e 2- - 88,1:: •
00 • •
UTM GRID • 000
40.4 •
•
66. '
2 3 4 5 6

21.7 Aspleniurn trichomanes L. aggregate

Two subspecies are now recognised in Britain (see J.D.Lovis,
Flora Europaea, I: 15; 1964; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 147-160;1964;
and this Atlas, p.60. The above map is that of the two taxa
combined based on that in the Atlas of the British Flora; it is
followed by maps of the two subspecies based on
identifications by J.D.Lovis. The notes on page 60 have been
provided by Dr Lovis with a view to encouraging British and
Irish botanists to add further records. A hybrid between the
two subspecies (A .trichomanes subsp. x lusaticum D.E.Meyer)
is recorded in several places in v.c. 48 (P.Benoit, pers. comm.)
and is possibly elsewhere where the parents grow together.
58 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
21.7a HX
HW N2
ASPLENIUM
TRICHOMANES 9 9
subsp.
TRICHOMANES I. N1
•
• •
8 8
fb•
100
.41 0
Kilometres 100
Miles
•
9 7 4
7 5 6
1 2 •

5 fr

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID '

tZ)
0 1

21.7a Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes

Apart from isolated localities in Northumberland, v.c. 68, The following symbols have been used on this map:
subsp. trichomanes is confined to north and central Wales, the • All records of any date identified by J.D.Lovis.
Lake District and Scotland, although in montane levels rather o Other reliable records.
than at high altitudes. The taxon avoids calcareous rocks of any
kind. No specimens have so far been confirmed for Ireland
® Squares from which populations have been cytologically
studied.
although the number of specimens seen from there has been
comparatively smaller. The subspecies could turn up in v.c. 4
where a hybrid (A. x alternifolium) involving this subspecies
has been found and this parent may yet be found extant.
 •

ASPLENIACEAE 59

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.7b
ASPLENIUM N2
o
G
TRICHOMANES
9 9
subsp.
QUADRIVALENS • •. N1
•
8 8
.0 es
o 0
100 o
Kilometres
• sus• • 0
100
*e•V
MiI •
9 4
7
• 5 6
2 • •
• • es
•

•
5 •
•
• • ••
0 SiO •
• I 0
sus es
• el
• •
•

o •
0 •• • ••
• •
•
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• • • •
68 :411••OS • 0008 :
• • 0 :
o
S •

• • ••.
• •• r
• • i
somo
9 0
1•41•

CHANNEL ISLANDS 0 •
PLOTTED ON 0 WV
• •
UTM GRID

S•
!,7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.7b Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer emend. Lovis

In contrast to subsp. trichomanes,subsp. quadrivalensprefers
calcareous sites and becomes widespread on mortared walls in
the wetter parts of the country. It is clear from the number of
specimens of this subspecies determined in herbaria that it is
the conimonest taxon. There would be a tendency, however,
for collectors to take more specimens from walls near roads
than from natural rock faces in the hills.
60
Identification of the subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes L. in Britain
Three subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes are
recognised in Flora Europaea: subsp. trichomanes,
subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer and subsp. inexpectans
Lovis. Only the two first named subspecies are found in
the British Isles; the last is a south-eastern European
taxon of limestone rocks. The absence of subsp.
inexpectans from Britain makes the separation of the
other two often possible on ecological characters alone as
subsp. trichomanes is a calcifuge and subsp.
quadrivalens predominantly a calcicole. The following
notes on identification of these subspecies have been
provided by Dr .J.D.Lovis.
The distinctions between the two subspecies are
particularly apparent in the upper half of the frond; the
most evident field character lies in the aspect of the upper
pinnae, in which the lamina is conspicuously concave
(i.e. the margins turning upwards) in subsp. trichomanes
but convex with inrolled margins, or less commonly, flat,
in subsp. quadrivalens. Both subspecies are very plastic
and present a very different appearence when growing in
exposed as opposed to sheltered conditions.
Plants of subsp. trichomanes from sheltered sites may
be distinguished by the following combination of
characters: stipe thin, wiry, red-brown; pinnae distant,
arrangement mostly alternate, obliquely inserted, with a
distinct stalk, asymmetric (oval to rhombic) up to 8mm
long, often with a perceptible basiscopic auricle; lamina
delicate, that of upper pinnae distinctly concave with
upturned margin; soli small, short (up to 2mm),
relatively few in number (4-6 (-9)); indusia narrow and
delicate.
In contrast, plants of subsp. quadrivalens from similar
sites have: stipe thick, often dark brown or blackish
brown, pinnae more crowded, mostly opposite, with
approximately transverse (square) insertion, almost
sessile, symmetrical in shape, usually oblong, rarely
auriculate, larger (up to llmm long); lamina thicker, flat
or convex, margin ± inrolled, with often crowded, more
numerous sori (4-9 (-12)), longer (up to 3mm long);
indusia conspicuous.
In very shaded situations, the lamina of subsp.
quadrivalens is delicate and the pinnae are distinct, as in
subsp. trichomanes. Moreover the lamina of the upper
pinnae is flat, not convex but the main pinnae are large,
with long sofi and broad indusia, unless the shade is too
.extreme to permit normal growth, when only a few
scattered sori of variable size are produced.
In exposed sites both subspecies are much reduced in
size. Subsp. trichomanes may still be distinguished by a
delicate rachis and orbicular, flat or concave pinnae with
small sori, which are relatively few in number; in contrast
subsp. quadrivalens will have a stout rachis, with oblong,
thick, convex pinnae, and crowded, more numerous sori.
The following micro-characters may also be used:
1. Rhizome scales The scales of subsp. trichomanes
possess a central red-brown stripe; those of subsp.
quadrivalens have a dark-brown stripe, although this
difference is only readily observed in a liquid medium.
There is also a difference in the maximum size of the
scales (3.5mm in subsp. trichomanes, 5mm in subsp.
quadrivalens). This character must be observed with
some care since both bear scales with a wide range in size,
and only the largest provide usable characters. A fair
sample of scales must be examined from each specimen,
and in practice ,the scales do not provide a convenient
character for the determination of a large number of
specimens.
2. Spores These provide the most suitable micro-
character, , where confirmation is necessary. The
sculpture of the perispore is highly variable in both
species, and of no value as a criterion, but the spores of
subsp. trichomanes are paler than those of quadrivalens.
Spore size is often diagnostic and it is usual to measure
only the exospore*. For reasons which are not yet
satisfactorily explained, different workers have reported
different size ranges. Ranges of exospore length
measurements (in gum chloral) recorded by J.D.Lovis
are as follows (mean values in bold): trichomanes 23-29-
36-42pim; subsp. quadrivalens 27 - 34 - 43 - 50pm.
P.M.Benoit (Nature in Wales 9: 75-79; 1964) has found
the .smean size ranges (measured in air) of spores of
Merioneth plants to be quite discrete: subsp. trichomanes
27-34gm, subsp. quadrivalens 38-48pm. It is necessary to
bear in mind that different mounting media have
different effects on spore size. It would be prudent for
new workers each to establish his or her own standards
from material of confirmed identity.
3. Stomata The length of the guard cells can provide a
valuable confirmatory character: subsp. trichomanes 31-
38-43-52pm; subsp. quadrivalens 35-41 -49-571.un.
4. Chromosome number The two British subspecies also
differ in chromosome number: subsp. trichomanes is
diploid, with n = 36, whereas quadrivalens is tetraploid,
with n = 72 chromosomes.
An excellent photograph displaying the general
morphology of characteristic examples of fronds of the
two subspecies is given in Welsh Ferns (ed. 5); pl. 10
(Hyde, Wade & Harrison, 1969). The frond of subsp.
trichomanes is very typical of a luxuriant specimen from
a rock-cleft in deep shade. See also J.D.Lovis, Br. Fern
Gaz. 9: 147-160; 1964.
*the outer wall beneath the perispore
 ASPLENIACEAE 61

0
1
0
21.8
ASPLENIUM
VIRIDE
9
Green
Spleenwort
8
6
•
O 100
1
Kilometres
I .,:=9.
100
Mies

7 9
00
2. •
•
•
• o
6 •
6
•0 0 0 •
• o
0
•
t: •
• Simi •
5 0
5
•
•
•

0
4
• •

ff-c" 3

0 00 00

u g
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

21.8 Asplenium viride Huds.

A northern-montane diploid species found on rocks with
a moderate base content. This species has given rise, by
hybridising with A.trichomanes subsp. trichomanes and
subsequent doubling of chromosomes, to a tetraploid taxon
A.adulterinum Milde found on serpentine rock in central
Europe and Norway. Although A.trichomanes subsp.
trichomanes and A.viride occasionally grow near each other
neither the diploid 'hybrid (A.xproloadulterinum Lovis &
Reichstein) nor A.adulterinum has yet been found in the British
Isles. A plant found in Levens Park, v.c. 69, described as
intermediate between A.trichomanes and A.viride was
doubtfully that hybrid but more likely A.xclermontiae.
62 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.9 HX
NW N2
ASP LENIUM • •
•
RUTA- MURARIA
9 9

Wall - rue 0
: • 046 Ni
: ND •
:: •
•
• • • • 8 e
8
00 • • 0
•
100
OS : 4111 .4•
1 DI 0
Kilometres
100 •
00 4,0
fl0:• • 411
WW

9 7 4
7
5 6
I.
.:8 • •
2 • • 11141rn4111
• WI 1:7•4*
• *414110
• • • 0 •
3 • • • •
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6 0
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of • • 0 00 • 000 •
• 00 000 • es mil ilmom moi 00
000 • MOO •
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00 000 0000 00 0000
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00 5
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,. 00 00 000 00000 1100 011:0 •
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• 46604141eoir eem 0:1 04100004,041 :
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•
00
•
•
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00
00
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S 0000 000000000 • •
00000 00000110 00,11:
00 00
ISSISI 0::::SIO 0000 •
• 000000000 000000.00 00010
8 9 0
• 1:::::555 415:641:::1 6*:::::
• 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS 000• 00
W
PLOT TED ON 0
WV Mr::
00
UTM GRID
04

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.9 Asplenium ruta-muraria L.

A sub-Atlantic species widespread in Britain and Ireland. In
lowland Britain restricted to man-made habitats (e.g. walls,
especially of churches); lack of such habitats and of natural
calcareous rock in central and north Scotland is reflected in its
distribution. Two subspecies are recognised: subsp. ruta-
muraria, a tetraploid and subsp. dolomiticum Lovis &
Reichstein, a diploid described from N. Italy. Only the former is
recorded from the British Isles (see J.D.Lovis & T.Reichstein,
Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 141-146; 1964).
 63
ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 0
0
21.9 x 10
N2
• ASPLENIUM
X MURBECKII
9
21.9 x 7b
ASPLENIUM
X CLERMONTIAE
8

0 100

Kdornetres 100

Mdes

9 7 4
7 5 6

6
6

•
5
5

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT (ED ON 0 wv

UTM GRID r

t;;)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

21.9 x 10 Asplenium x murbeckii DOrfl. 21.9 x 7b Asplenium X clermontiae Syme

(A .ruta-muraria x septentrionale) (A.ruta-muraria x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens)
This rare hybrid, seen in recent years only in v.c. 70, can be In view of the abundance of both parents on mortared walls this
confused with A. xalternifolium and from which it can be is an exceedingly rare hybrid. It was found in 1863 at Newry,
distinguished by the narrower teeth on the pinna segments and v.c. H38, and has not been recorded since. A plant found in
Levens Park, v.c. 69, tentatively attributed to
the irregular edge of the indusium. (See A.H.G.Alston, loc.
cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 110-113; 1963; J.D.Lovis A.trichomanesx viride, appears to be this hybrid. (See
in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: I 11; 1975). A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.),
loc.cit.: 109; 1975).
 64
ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.10
HX
ASPLENIUM HW
N2

SEPTENTRIONALE
•.,

Forked
N1
Spleenwort
O.&
8 8
.61
0 100
Kdornetres
100 0

7 9
7 4
5 6
1
2

6
6

•
•
5
5

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
1
PLOTTED ON 0 on,
UTM GRID
d r

ti
0
2 3 4 0
5 6

21.10 Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.

A northern continental species confined to ancient siliceous
rocks. Although in the mountains of North Wales and the Lake
District it is also found at low altitudes in the clement climate of
West Scotland (v.c. 97) and Ireland (v.c. H16).
ASPLENIACEAE 65

0 1 2 3
o o
21.10x 7a
N2 a
ASPLENIUM
X ALTERNIFOLIUM
9

N.1

8 8

0 100
1
Klionleffes
1 0
100
Miles

9 7 4
5 6
2

6 6

5 5

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON WV
UTM GRID

7,7
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

21.10 x 7a Asplenium x alternifolium Wulfen

(A .septentrionale x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes)
A hybrid recorded in lime-free rocks from several localities in
Britain where the parents grow together. In the past it has been
over-collected for herbaria. Both the parents are rare in Britain
but, where they are common and growing together on the
European mainland, the hybrid forms freely. It is sterile and
could only be confused with A. x contrei, which has a dis-
tinctly triangular frond. The records for v.c. 69 have not been
confirmed this century. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.),
Ioc.cit.: 110; 1975; and A.H.G.Alston, loc.cit.: 132).
 •

66 ASPLENIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
21.11 HX
HW
ASPLENIUM N2 C),

CETERACH
9

Rustyback
N1
•
aft
8 8
100 •
Kdonieres
100 •
Miles

7 9 4
• • 6
0
2 e
s
•
6 6
• 8.4 ••
•
• 40•
••• o •f•
•••82°
• •
5
o 5
• •
io • 0
•5 •
copoo • o
•
4
• • 00INDO
41 •
00
S. 000
0 0 •
00 0 • • • • Iiti411 0

0a° •
• 00 ••
•
• mil
•
:8 •
• •
o •
3
• • 00 • 00 •
so • so 00 • SO s
• •000 00 00 o o 0
0•• • 0000 000 • • MI
•00000 0000000 lap:
• • •00 001:000 so • •0
000000 00 00 ••
• 000 • owe • 00 •
2
• 000 •0000 •
•

• •00•00
011:711
00000
•
::0:i0
•
s••• ••• ••
• 00
60
8 9 0 00• 00 •00000 •0000:0, •
000• 0000,0000 • • w • 00 00
00 • 00 00 • •
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS 0,000 00
fr •w00 00
PLOTTED ON 0 wv 00000
UTM GRID 00
•

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

21.11 Asplenium ceterach

(Ceterach officinarum DC.)
A southern sub-Atlantic species reaching possibly its most
northern locality in v.c. 96 (it is also recorded for Gotland,
Sweden). Although a calcicole the lack of suitable substrate is
only partly responsible for its restricted distribution which is
most likely controlled by a complex of interrelated climatic
factors.
ATHYRIACEAE 67

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
22.1 •
ATHYRIUM • 0:" 0 ta
• •0
00000000
FILIX - FEMINA 060600006 o.!
000600
9
•
69090
Lady - fern 00 60000
6000 00000 00
41006 00 •00000 • N1
• 00•04: 00000 •0•
00000 60 • • • •
0• 00 • •0 •0000
8 000 00 00
8
4 • 60000 • •00• •
•0 •00 •60• •••0000
100 411••
41 • smomm il
? 1 a miloomil miles
Kiernan*
100 4,410•4•11•• •ern 0
• 0060000 ••
was 000000000 •
, • 0000 00 •
7 4
00000 5 6
00000 •
000600• •00000
0060000 •0000000
0000006 •6•000•0
00•09 •900• 00
•00606 •000•0000 •
• •69000
000600
000
•066••000
•000 0
•
6
0000000• •0•000•• •
900000000 • •00•000 06
66060006 000000 •0
• • •0•0000 000
000906•09 000
00000000• 000
00000•000 •0•0
000000 06 •00 •
• 0000
5
• 06 060•60
0•0 •000000
co, 0000 000 •00
el :::•41:41)
1:::. 000• 00•00•06
oos •
•il• •0•00 006 •000
• n o • • • 10• •0000
09000
00 009•6
00 0060
6
ilib •
• •• n •
••
•• ••• o 00000 •00 •
414 oll • 4
so o 0g• 00 1:000060 000
• • • 006 •6000006 0000
60 0000 00000 00 1:0060 000
to 0000 00000 I: • 00 000600 00
• 4114,5
o 4" 06 00 0000004,00 00 000
0 ii:Oi :: •00 0•00600• • •• 000 • •
• •
00 :2- • •••
• • oe• o•
000
•00
••000990
000006• •
6 000
00000
• • ••0
• •
• (pm, eofie
4141••••••• O06 •0•00 0000 09 3
R••• 4114141 00
•60
••0000
90001:0
00 0000
9000000 •
•
•
00
00
00 • 000
00000000 0000 0000 00 •000 0 • •
00 •
00000 00 000000 •000 • •00000 • :: 0 •
000000 411' 00000000 0000 • •
00000 000000060 •0•6090 i000 :
00 0000 • • ill 06 00
• 06
• • •
2
0• • • 00 .
000 • 00000 000
• •0•6 00000000 00
0009 0090 00 • 000 • 00
0 0••00 60 • • 010000 0•
9 0 00 • ••000 • 00 00000
0000 II 0000 00110 0: 06000
000000 • 0400 • • • •000

CHANNEL GLANDS •000000

PLOTTED ON
•0000•00
00000000
LITMGRID 0 00
411. 41
00 •

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

22.1 Athyrium hlix-fernina (L.) Roth

A widespread species but mainly a deciduous woodland plant
and most abundant in flushes and spring lines. The drainage of
wet habitats combined with the decrease of small deciduous
copses in lowland Britain may reduce the abundance of this
species in the future.
 •

68 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
22.2 HX
HW N2
ATHYRIUM
•
DISTENTIFOLIUM
9

Alpine
N1
Lady-fern
8 8

100
• 00

Kdornetres 00 00
0
0 100
Mk.
7 9 a 4
6
1
2 4

6 6

5 5

7'
3

2
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
WV
UTM GRID
0
./f-
0 o 0
1 2 3 4 5

22.2 Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz

(A.alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands)
An arctic-alpine species characteristic of gullies where snow lies
late in the spring. Whilst such habitats can give a good lead as to
the identification of the species, confirmation can come only
from the checking of mature fertile fronds, which lack
indusia.
ATHYRIACEAE 69

1 3 4
0
0
22.3
ATHYRIUM N2

FLEXILE
9 9

N1

8 8
.6 oo
SO
100
1
0
Kdometres

nad.
100
•8
9 7 4
5 6

6 6

5 5

9 0

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID

0 ' 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

22.3 Athyrium flexile (Newm.) Druce

(A.distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz var. flexile
(Newm.) Jermy)
A distinct taxon similar to A .distentifolium in frond texture and
cutting although the pinnae are smaller and have fewer pinnules
or lobes. The fronds are characteristically reflexed and appear
adpressed to the ground—a character retained in cultivation.
A.fdix-femina produces, especially in mountain habitats, an
ecotype with a similar habit which may be confused with this
species; the presence of indusia will distinguish it.
70 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
23.1 HX
• HW
GYM NOCARPIUM \ s ip
OPIUM N2 v,
, • •• •
DRYOPTERIS um
•00
• .. ,.,
9
04410
04.411.
Oak Fern •
• OM,
ogee •4 •
Ni
44400
••••• •**VAL o
4114100.41 004400
• 0•41141
*OS •
8 • • oil • • • 8
.• • *•(woo • Sem• •
444104541 4 :04141 •
•00
Kilometres
100
•••• 4•00•40
•408
4041
• 4141
8
100
0.0404 • 04
Miles • .044•4
• 'MO
7 9 • GO
7 4
O. 5 6
•
1
2 06
•
0
0*
• ••00 •

I"
••• .12 •
6 mom. • •• 6
o' • • • • •••
•
• 04 • 44141000
• •W, • 444144
64404 •
• Q • • • o
04 4144 •
Ts." 0000.0 MI
SIMON 4
••• •
5 0 5

7.-S-
i
--Y
ais •"•
. • SOO •

0.
• • • •
4
• o
o o
411* 0 00
110 • •
44111.
• • o

---LA._
I: •
3
•
oo 0
• 00 g
•
00: 0 •
i
60 • •
• 2
• 0 8
• •
9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS o ,.. 0 0 0

0 0
PLOT TED ON WV 0
UTM GRID el'. N,...,

Le..!

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

23.1 Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.

(Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson)
A northern-montane species with only isolated populations in
east and south-central and south -west England. Decrease in the
south-west and in the Welsh Marches is probably due to the
cutting down of deciduous woodland.
 71
ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 0
0
23.2
N2
GYMNOCARPIUM
•
ROBERTIANUM
9 9

Limestone Fern N1

8
•••
8

100
• 0
Kilometres 100
Mies

9 7 4
5 6

6
6

5
5 0
•
•
4
0

3
• So
•
•
•
05 • •
o
2
••

9 0
1
.6)
CHANNEL ISLANDS
°
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

1;Z:1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

23.2 Gymnocarpium robertianum

(Hoffm.) Newm.
(Thelypteris robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson)
A continental species restricted by substrate (limestone) rather
than climate although obviously requiring the shelter of scree
or grykes for establishment. It is a species that has become
naturally established in artificial habitats in urban areas and on
disused railway platforms or sidings in the east of England.
There are outliers on karst limestone in v.cs 88, 108, and H26.
 72 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
24.1
HX
00 FPN
CYSTOPTERIS 0••••• • N2
000 • • tp,
00 •
FRAGILIS 000 • ce
' 9 9
00
• 00
Brittle • •••
00 • • 0
00
Bladder- fern :I. or• i ICIO 0
to 0
- • 00 • 00
8 • • 8 I e
00 00 00000 •
O 100
•00001 00
a os go
00000 • a
1 1 ,G7 O00 •0005
Kdornetres
100 00000.00• 0
maw • •0410•00 00
., Mrer •
7 • • 000 7 4
0000 5 6
1 00 •
2 1
o 000 ii•
9 •
0000 IIS ! il
...00 49 00
• 00 •
6 6
0 o 0.0 • • • 0
0 • 00 • 0004100
0 • 00
0 • 00
• 6::::
oe• 0000
• 000000000 •
000dloolle
• osic) • •• •
• 00000000 •
5 , 000
• o• • o 00 000 5
o • • 000 • ••
o ni:o I.. 8.
•
O
oso
0
0 0
• ge.8
410
•••
0 00
000•
• oo o
o 4
• • 000 •
• o 00 0
o o
o• •
•
00
•
•
o
o
:..•
00,00 i
o • •
0041 • o
o oo 00 000 •
•• • • • 3
0 S. • o
• •
0 Os 1 o AL• o
• • o •
000 2.00
O o •
oe GOD 0 0:0
00 OS 000
2.
0 o
viso • •
O 00 o
9 0 4.40 •
O .,
r • 0
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID Z:3
•
UZI 7;
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

24.1 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) &mill.

A widespread species preferring base-rich rock substrate in the
wetter areas of the country. It is occasionally found in man-
made habitats (shady moist walls) in the south and east . Both
tetraploid and hexaploid (and sterile pentaploid) forms are
recorded in Britain; the frond of the former is less dissected but
no distribution patterns have so far emerged in the relatively
small sample studied.
 73
ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 0
0 ..
24.2
N2
CYSTOPTERIS
DICKIEANA 9
9

Dickie 's N1
Bladder - fern
8
•••
8
.o
100 0
100

maw
• ••
9 74
5 6

3•=v
6
6 a

5
5

2
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24.2 Cystopteris dickieana Sim

This species is best distinguished by its rugose mammillate
spores and may well prove to be more widespread especially on
northern mountains. This species was described from material
collected in deep shade in an east-facing sea-cave on the
Kincardine (v.c. 91) coast; it has broad pinnae which give it an
attractive appearance hence it is sought after by horticulturists.
Material from elsewhere in Scotland is identical to C.fragilis
except for the non-spiny spores.
74 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
24.3
HX
HW
CYSTOPTERIS N2
vs
MONTANA
9 9

Mountain
N1
Bladder - fern
8 8
• go
0 100
.47 0
Kilometres
100 oeo•• •
woo.
whk. • •
9 •, •
7 7 4
5 6
1
2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID r

0
1 2 3 4 5

24.3 Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv.

An arctic-alpine species requiring base-rich rocks or gullies
flushed with calcium-rich water. One of our rarer ferns,
occasionally in some quantity locally; restricted to the
Grampian Mountains, with an outlier in the Lake District now
extinct.
ATHYRIACEAE 75

0 1 2 3 0
0
25.1
142 4P,
WOODSIA
ILVENSIS
9 9

Oblong Woodsia
N1
a
Are;
8
aft
8
• Zs
100

Klornetres
0
100
Mde.
• 4
9 7
5 6

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

1;Z:1
0

25.1 Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.

A northern-montane species which has become very rare
through over-collecting and is now protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. The
history and distribution of this species is discussed in detail by
M.H.Rickard in Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 269-275; 1972. Small plants
of W.ilvensis can look very similar to young plants of
Cystopteris fragilis grown in exposed situations.
All squares from which the species has at some time been
verified are indicated by solid dots.
76 ATHYRIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
25 . 2 .
HX
WOODSIA HVV N2

ALPINA a. f
9 9

Alpine Woodsia
ri1

8 8

0 10. 00

Kilometres
100
Miles
••
7 9 4
7
5 6
1
2

3.9
6 6

5 fr
5

•
•

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 yyv
UTM GRID r

tZ)

0 0
2 3 4 5 6

25.2 Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F.Gray

An arctic-alpine species also depredated by Victorian botanists.
As with W.ilvensis this species is similarly protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975.As
also with the last species it can be mistaken for a small
depauperate Cystopteris fragilis. Its history and distribution is
fully documented by M.H. Rickard (Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 275-280;
1972).
All squares from which the species has at some time been
verified are indicated by solid dots.
 ASPIDIACEAE
77

0 1 2 3 4
0
26.1
• POLYSTICHUM • 0 N2
•
LONCH IT IS
co.°
Holly Fern 9 9

26.1x 3
N1
OPOLYSTICHUM
X LONCHITIFORME
8
100
Kilometres
• 0
100
Mies
9 •
7 4
5 6
2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON wv
UTM GRID

t;Z)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

26.1 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth 26.1 x 3 Polystichum X lonchitiforme

An arctic-alpine species requiring a base-rich substrate. Some
more southerly sites in limestone grykes are liable to be
destroyed through quarrying. An outstanding adventive record
from a railway bridge in Wellingborough, v.c. 32, has been
verified by Dr Anne Sleep, but is not plotted here.
(Halacsy) Becherer
(P.Ionchit is x setiferum)
This hybrid was found in Glenade, v.c. H29, with the parents
and has been confirmed by observing meiosis in the spore
mother cells (A.Sleep, pers. comm.). Without the cytological
confirmation it is virtually impossible to separate from
P. x illyricum (see M .J.P .Scannell , Irish Nat. J., 19: 79; 1977).
78 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4 0
0
26.2 HX

00
• HW N2
POLYSTICHUM 00 •
• •
ACULEATUM •
9 9
• •
Hard Shield - fern • • • • •:•
• •
• • • • •
of. se • 8
8 e
bil_A61
4). o :: vo•il Yi
100 es st
o 0
1 1 44 ••• • es
Kilometres 100 • •••• •
••• ems ••
Miles
, • ••• •
9 • •
000 • 7 4
7 00000 5 6
0•
1 SO 900 • •
2 • 000 000 OO
o • 00 00 •000
00 004100 •
00 00 folo op
3 •• elm • • •
.• • a* •• 6
6 • 900 0 000 00
• NO • 00 •O OO •
• • • 00 • 00 00000 •
0800
.0000
O0000 • •
0000•
• 40 • O
• • • s 5
5 • • *00
0000 0410
0000 • 00 •
09 S• •
PP •
• • ni0 0 • •
•
6 •
•o 0 • •
4
• o• Ott • 1 0090
• O 90, •
•
00 00 0 0 00

00
00
lit.
•
0000
0000
000
000
•
ti
00
0000
50 -
GOtn•
•
•
0
0 o
• 555 • •
• • . 0 • • 3
0o •
So o l: •• •• • •
00 o
"4"1016 • 518 5 o •
• • • ill • 00 •
• • 00 45 • 00 •
• 00060 • 000 0 0
SO •
00
••
0
•
000
100 00 • •
t • • • •
2
0041 • 00 •
• 00 00 0 ,ip: 9
00 •
0000 • I • set:9 • 010
• 04100 00 •0o500 • •
00 0000 • 00.0 • •04
9 0 • • 00 00O0O 00 0 ON 00•0000
• • 000, • o • 00000
0• • 00000 o • • 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
<2
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
' 6P,
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26.2 Polystichum aculeaturn (L.) Roth

A sub-Atlantic species which is widespread throughout the
British Isles. Its distribution pattern reflects its ecological
requirements for a base-rich substrate, in places provided by
man (e.g. canal-sides, locks and bridges) which in turn have
been polluted by industrialisation. The basal pinnae are
distinctly smaller than those in the middle of the frond and are
only pinnatifid (cf. P.setiferum). The spores are larger than
P.setiferum (ay. 41.31.4m) and papillate (A.Sleep, pers.
comm.).
ASPIDIACEAE 79

0 2 3 0
0
26.2 x3
N2 Css
• POLYSTICHUM
•
X BICKNELLII
9 9
26.2 x 1
®POLYSTICHUM Ni

X ILLYRICUM
8 8
.6
0 100
1 0
Kamen* 100
0
Mies
•e
9 7 4
5 6

6 6
/5
•

• 5
5

4
• •
•
•
•
3

1 •
•
2
•
• •
• •

9 0 •
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 Wv
UTM GRID a

t:;)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26.2 x 1 Polystichum x illyricum 26.2 x 3 Polystichum x bicknellii

(Borbas) Hayek (Christ) Hahne
(P.aculeatum x lonchitis) (P.aculeatum x setiferum)
This hybrid was first detected in herbarium material collected in A hybrid which appears frequently in habitats where the parents
1932 from Glenade, v.c. H29 (A.Sleep & D.M.Synnott, Br. grow close together. It can appear very similar to P.aculeatum
Fern Gaz., 10: 281; 1972); it has since been collected alive and and is therefore very difficult to recognise. It is best confirmed
awaits cytological confirmation. It is intermediate between the by abortive spores. (See A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.:
parents although most similar, superficially, to P.aculeatum; 118).
the spores are abortive. This hybrid is very difficult to separate
from P. x lonchitiforme if all three putative parents are in the
vicinity. The record from Inchnadamph, v.c. 108, is outside the
known range of P.setiferum however, and therefore is
undoubtedly P. x illyricum. (See A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia,
10: 231; 1974, and A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization
and the Flora of the British Isles: 119; 1975).
80 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0
26.3
HX
HW
POLYSTICHUM N2
SETIFERUM
9 9
Soft Shield-fern
N1
0
8 8 A_w
t e

Kilometres
100
0

7 74
5 6
• •

•
•
6 6
o
•
06 • 40
• 0 •
00
.:ty:• • :0
a
45 41.
•• • : 41
•
5 •
•
.......
.
Os
Os
•
0441
060
044 n• : .
1118 4$41e
• '' • 0
•
•
6
5
0 •
•* 00 0 •
• • 0440 • 0 0 0
Of • 041
• • 0000 • • •
00 ts° ell • •• • o o
000
• 4
O 0 0 • • •
• • 6*
•
o 41 0 410
oli o° i SO

r o• ••
........
..:::. •ii..
•
r
•
•

:.
00
•
00•• ••
. **k)il
00.
•
o
• 411
• •

• ••
014,00004, 3
Oi se
Oito
oe •00 • .:ko.'
: o
• • 00 0041
OS
006
0 •
4 i I
15

00 MI iF" t •
i0 • 6
•
00 00 0000 • • : 4111
• 2
• • 000 0 • 0
at:m8 *1,: . 41::
, :i • e -1; .:;:i::::4,
9 0
....is :::rr : .: :. s• :.:::::.•
00•00
000 000 • • 00000_ 000

• 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
•

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

26.3 Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar

A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost
location in Britain (v.c. 95). Its distribution, whilst to some
extent locally governed by an edaphic requirement of base-poor
soils, indicates an optimum in areas with a warm wet winter. It is
often a hedgerow plant in the south. It may be distinguished by
the basal pinnae which are long, spreading and pinnate. The
spores are smaller than P.aculeatum(ay. 30.5m) with a winged
perispore (A.Sleep, pers. comm.).
 •

ASPIDIACEAE 81

3 0
0

27.1 N2
DRYOPTERIS
.8°
ORE ADES 9 • 9

Mountain Ni

Male - fern •
8 8
• • •• i o:
o•
O 100
1
• 0
0
Kilometres
100
• v000
Miles 'w
9 • 7
7
5

2
0:o0*
3 00
• 6
6
•

5 5
• ot

4 4

•
•

•
•
•
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID tfl r

0 0
1 2 3 4 6.

27.1 Dryopteris oreades Fomin

(D.abbreviata auct., non Polystichum abbreviatum
DC.; D.fia-mas var. abbreviata Newm.)
A species with a northern Atlantic-montane distribution, often
misidentified and confused with D.fdix-mas; some of the earlier
lowland records have proved to be the latter species. D.oreades
is frequently a scree plant and is found also on mountain ledges
and in gullies. It is replaced by D.pseudomas on cliffs and gullies
facing the sea suggesting that it may be a plant of nutrient-poor
situations. All records have been seen by H.V.Corley or
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins.
82
Identification of the species in the Dryopteris fdix-mas complex
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, D.pseudomas (Woll.)
Holub & Pouzar and D.oreades Fomin have, since their
inception, been confused by botanists both in England
and abroad (see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy,
Taxon, 25: 659-665; 1976). The following descriptions of
these three species have been drawn up with the help of
C. R .Fraser-Jenkins .
D.filix-mas Rhizome little branched. Fronds
spreading, semi-persistent (although in very clement
western areas they may be persistent) petiole about +
length of the frond, ± densely clothed with pale coloured
scales; lamina ovate-lanceolate, truncate at base, ±
herbaceous, mid-green. Pinnae flat, ± horizontal;
pinnules toothed, teeth ± acute, curved towards the acute
apex, basal pair of each pinna ± stalked, usually longer
than those above, lobes at base of pinnules usually
forming auricles. Indusia 0.5-2mm, convex, thin
sometimes glandular, white or translucent when young,
at least part of the margin adpressed to lamina surface,
amply covering sporangia but shrinking at maturity,
becoming brown when old. A plant of forest, hedgerow
and open places on rocks usually on lighter soils.
D.oreades Rhizome much branched. Fronds upright,
frost sensitive; petiole about length of frond, densely
clothed with pale scales; lamina lanceolate tapering to
base, very slightly coriaceous, pale grey-green. Pinnae
Key to the Dryopteris filix-mas complex
1. Frond texture thick, somewhat glossy and dark
green on top (yellow-green when young); stipe and
rhachis bearing long narrow scales with a dark base
and usually a dark centre, junction of rhachis and
pinna axis darkly coloured; lower margins of
pinnules (pinna-segments) parallel, with few teeth.
D. pseudomas
1. Frond texture thin, mid- or grey-green on top; stipe
and rhachis bearing both narrow and wide con-
colorous scales, junction of rhachis and pinna-axis
not darkly coloured; pinnule-shape tapering, lower
margins usually bearing teeth or lobes.
2. Frond grey-green; teeth of pinnules with
obtuse tips spread out in a fan-like arrange-
ment at the pinnule (or segment) apex;
immature indusum thick, margins involute
(tucked under sporangia) D. oreades
usually concave, inclined to apex; pinnules with an
obtuse or rounded apex with blunt teeth arranged
palmately or like a fan, basal pair adnate or slightly
stipitate, longer than the pair above; basal lobes forming
auricles. Indusia 0.5-1mm, highly convex, thick,
glandular, green when young, fitting closely round
sporangia, scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming
grey-brown when old. A plant of open screes, rocky
banks and open hillside.
D.pseudomas Rhizome little branched. Fronds ±
upright, persistently green throughout winter; petiole
variable in length, densely clothed with gingery scales,
many of which are narrow and with a dark base which
remains as a blackish speck when the scale drops; lamina
variable in shape ovate to lanceolate, leathery, yellow-
green when young becoming blue-green when old.
Pinnae flat, ± horizontal; pinnules with few or no teeth
on parallel side, teeth at apex acute; basal segments not
obvious; junctions of pinna rhachis with main rhachis
darkly coloured. Indusia 1-2mm, highly convex, thick,
margins inrolled, often glandular, brown when young,
scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming grey when old.
A plant of woodland, hedgerows, especially on clay soil
and on open hillsides, often replacing D.oreades in
maritime situations.
2. Frond mid-green; teeth of pinnules with acute
tips, converging towards the apex; immature
indusium thin, margins not involute and
usually extended over the lamina.
D. fdix-mas
NB: Hybrids between these species are intermediate in
their morphology but it is likely that D. x tavelii
will key out as D. pseudomas and D. x mantoniae
as D. fdix-mas.
 •

ASPIDIACEAE 83

0 3 0
0
27.2
0 41 00 N2
DRYOPTERIS • • • 50
• 5 55
• •0 • •
FILIX-MAS 0 0 00 041
9 9
•
'moo•
hlale - fern al0000 N1
mum
seem.•
• 000ls000
swum
8
• 8
fir 05 5 00 0 0 00000 00
00 60 00 0 000 0 000

Kilometres
10

100
a 4141
00
• •
5 50 00 0
55
0 55 05
0 0 00 0 00
* 55 55
0000 00
0•0 0
0
000 55555 55
• • 00 • •
9 7
60 • 5
6••0 •
ammo• oo• •ino•
2 • so* ••••••••
mmoooomp000me
um. •mmo*
• Soo ••• 00000
3 • e000 • So
6 • 6
• • 4105 0 0000 555
. • • oo oto 00 0 000 5 541 00••
• moo •• 0 5 5415 0 0 55 555 5 00
• • 000 0 0 0 00050
•• •••••oloo
oomososo ••so • • Soo oo
ompoommo
• •oos.. •• • moo.
oes000mpo
• •soosso Soso •
so •s000spoo
••• •••s• •mo• 5
5 • • 'worn so •s000mmeo soo 0 00 0000
• • •oso•• •oo• o•••• • Ss
•oomp•o•
moo •floo• osos000s 0:41.
opossum moosoomoo
• s00 0soos mime stomp
soss000so •
oo • sos • looses
•s•mposo so so•• Z ile
Soo 00
• • •olo ••• •imeo
• s oomo • too 4
• moo ••
Sul•• • •
•rn •
000 •
•• • • •moosooms
oo •• 000
•• 'moo ••ss••s• • o• me •
oo • •• soomp0000 • •
"moo oo 000 •• •os• ••
sosoosso •oo •000• S. foss 3
• soossoeso •• • •s•s•
• 'mom •o• 00 •
•
•
•50• ••
S.
• •50••
• 55 •00 •5•••000 60
600006 •
000066
54,5•41
ils::::!:.
•86 I:
60 2
00 4105 40060000
• 5.541 041000•5100
• 555 •60000000
•041000 4100•00•6
• moos • • oodo
i:o oe some •••••••
8 9 0 •••••• um moos
• "moo
*•::n. S. • •
ouloo• • •
0000500 •
CHMNELISLANDS
000mmoo •
PLOT TED ON 0
WV eimp0000•
UTM GRID
goo
•
0
0 2 3 4 5 6

27.2 Dryopteris filix-nias (L.) Schott

This species, probably the most widespread in the British Isles is
by no means common in many parts of its range. Basically it is a
woodland species, common in hedgerows and along road-sides;
it is also one of the first fern species to become established on
shady walls of all kinds. A species of wide ecological tolerance it
is frequently planted in gardens, a factor which has possibly
affected its ubiquitous distribution. For notes on identification
see page 82.
 84 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
27.2x1 HX
HW
• DRYOPTERIS N2

X MANTONIAE CAP
9 9
27.5x 1
®DRYOPTERIS X N1
PSEUDOABBREVIATA
8 %Pa
8

Kdornetres
100
0
Miles

7 7 4
5 6
1
2
E.?
6 6

00
5 5

s,

•
3

9 0

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
.<2
UTM GRID tfi

0 0
1 2 3 4 5

27.2 x 1 Dryopteris X mantoniae Fraser- 27.5 x 1 Dryopteris X pseudoabbreviata Jermy

Jenkins & Corley (D.aemula x oreades)
(D.filix-masx oreades) A single population of this hybrid was found in 1967 on the Isle
All records have been determined by C.R.Fraser-Jenkins or of Mull, v.c. 103. Cytological investigation (2n = 82,
H.V.Corley. This is a sterile triploid hybrid likely to be found M.Gibby, pers. comm.) has confirmed that D.oreades and not
•when its parents grow together. (See C.R.Fraser- D.pseudomas (as has been suggested) is involved in the
Jenkins & H.V.Corley, Br. Fern- Gaz., 10: 230; 1972; and parentage. (See A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 10-12;1968; and
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 116;1975.)
the Flora of the British Isles: 113; 1975.)
ASPIDIACEAE 85

1 2 3 4
.. 0
27.2x 3
DRYOPTERIS tA,
XTAVELII
9 9

von Tavel's N1
Male -fern
8 8

100

Kiometres
0
0 100
Mdes

9 7 4
7
5 6

6 6
•

•
5 5

4 4

•
•

3
•
•

4,41
8 9 0
• •
• •

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON WV
UT M GRID

tz).
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.2 x 3 Dryopteris x tavelii Rothm.

(D.fdix-mas x pseudomas)
This hybrid is intermediate in its morphology between its
parent species. Two cytotypes are known, depending on the
ploidy of the D.pseudomas parent; both have been recorded
from the British Isles. Following the discovery by W. Dopp
(Planta, 46: 70-91; 1955) that, in culture, it is capable of a low
level of self reproduction, being apogamous, several authors
have reported it widely on the Continent. Forms of
D.pseudomas that tend towards the morphology of D.fdix-
mas are also often mistaken for it and have contributed to its
over-recording.
The fronds have scales with dark bases and the junction of
the pinna axes with the main rhachis is darkly coloured as in
D.ps.eudomas.The lamina is a light green but retains the gloss
of the latter species
The pinnules have parallel sides which are toothed or in
some cases, especially on the lowest basiscopic pinnule (i.e.
those at the base of the pinna pointing to the frond base),
deeply lobed; the pinnule apex is pointed. The indusium often
shows the characteristics of both parent species, the margin
being tucked on one side and extended over the lamina on the
opposite side. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.)
loc. cit.: 113; 1975).
 86 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
273 HX
• • HW
DRYOPTERIS t:22
••
• 00
PSEUDOMAS 00
9 • • 9
Scaly Male -fern • •
00 :
000
:::: • !I:I: : NI
000000 • • • •
* 000000 •
0:000 • • O000:
— • 00
8 8
• • 00 S. •00000 V b
• 00000 55 5555
loo 0800 00 0000 •
00 • • • 00 0
Kdometre s I
100 •0000000 • SO 0
5555 00
nim. 00000005 •
9 - •000 V •
7 • 74
• • 5 6
1 000 •
00 • •
2 o • 00 •
• • • 000000
0000 000 •000 •
SOO • 000 • 00
3 • 00 • ii0 • 00
6 • 6
Of 0000 00 VO Oil 00
41'di6 • 00 080 • 'geese 541
- : 0 58 : :err 5115u55546 se
• •
.... se.
lg. •
es ps
s • 555 s e 00 i-E0
Goes. oe.0 sm.
000 00 •
5 ... ,P4: • • ilil : . :Ulf 6. • • • • 5
: 55 0 6: • • * • 10, .080
• 85 4.6 :0 • • • s:
• Gs 4110
5 9 : • • •e ::: NI: °
• • S.• e • , • • :' :. 05
., g • . - 8 •
.• • 5. .
° woe o
001 6 oo•o °U. 4
, • .4.8 ::. .. • •• • ill•• 8
• • • •
00 09
o : 8*
0

600
• .:: 4110411 O• 0 Ste's
4;0:041
doe ••
000 • •9
• • ' 6:: :
• see 00 9 s 411 • • 0 00 3
• 414
" 6.0
0005 0.04, • 9 5 0 00 • •
' 4° • xi es g ow me' •
•::
se :::4:::: : 1 4u es mo•
oeele• • 00000
o
• • •
•00 • 00 00i0 fa: •11; 0:0 00 •
•
00 99
Jr • ell
::6"::: SO 806°S *WO
o o :000
0 • 00 • 2
2 or 9,•88
So•e
o •
o 4: • oil
ob•oi
•
9 0 tr
es. Gee05is
.6 48° 0OS•• •
erne
110000
000 004104,
•
• • 55 • • w • • 415 .5
80414, 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS '956808 •
PLOT TED ON 0 viiv 5558511188
585 84
UTM GRID
00
••
se
tD
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.3 fh.p)pfimispseudomas (Wollaston) Holub 6i Pouzar

(D.borreri auct.; D.filix-mas (L.) Schott var. borreri Newm.)
An Atlantic species very common in northwest Scotland and the
oceanic areas of the British Isles. In lowland and south and
eastern England confined to woodlands or shady situations on
heavy soils and clays. A combination of clay soils and higher
rainfall increases its occurrence in the Weald.
The map of this species (21/2) on p. 11 of the Atlas of the
British Flora does not show a true picture as many records were
registered as D.filix-mas agg. and are shown on Map 21/1-2
only.
ASPIDIACEAE 87

0 1 2 3 4
0
27.4
N2
DRYOPTERIS
REMOTA
9

N1

4505;
8 8
Zs
soo
0
Kkenstres 100
mass •
9 7 4
5 6

CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID 41'

0 1 2

27.4 Dryopteris remota (A.Br.) Druce

An apogamous species probably originating from the hybrid
between D.expansa and D.pseudomas could be expected where
these species grow together. It is, however, rare. Plants brought
into cultivation as Lastrea 'boydii' from Loch Lomond appear
to be this species but it has not been seen in the wild this century.
The two Irish specimens are even more perplexing as D.expansa
is so far not recorded from Ireland; both records (Glen Flesk ,
v.c. H2 and Dalystown, v.c. H15) need refinding (see
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 115). It is
known however, that in Europe D.remota occurs in the absence
of either of the above species and probably does not now arise
de novo from hybridisation.
The hybrid D.austriaca x pseudo mas recorded as D. x woynarii
Rothm. from Lochinver, v.c. 108, in A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in
C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 115; 1975, is now considered to be
doubtfully of that parentage and more likely D. x ambrosiae.
88 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
27. 5 HX
HW N2
DRYOPTERIS
•
AEMULA ow!'
9 9
•
Hay-scented
N1
Buckler - fern

8 8
4:9 • 0
100
7 Kilometres 0
100
•
Mike •
•
7 • 9 7 4
5 6
1
2

6 6
•
No* •
•
•
• • •
5 •
• • 5
•

oo

•
4
00
•
0 •
00
o 0•
oo 3
• ••• 0 0
• ip
• •
so * •
0.0.
• * oo
•
• •
•
o
o
2
•

9 •
• "moos
e•e
• • • 1
CHANNEL ISLANDS Ofill0 •
PLOTTED ON
UTM GRID
0 wv : .10°6
•

0 0
2 3 4 5

27.5 Dryopteris aemula (Ait.) Kuntze

A northern Atlantic species found on the higher mountains of immature plants which morphologically appear intermediate
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands and restricted in Europe to between D.aemula and D.austriaca have been found on Mull,
N. Spain, W. France and the British Isles where it has a distinct v.c. 103, and Soay, v.c. 104, and need further investigation.
oceanic distribution. Its yellow-green frond and purplish stipe Such hybrids could only be distinguished from the similarly
are diagnostic. Hybrids involving this species are very rare (see triploid D.austriaca x expansa by the lack of chromosome
27.5 x 1, D. x pseudoabbreviata, p. 84) but juvenile or pairing at meiosis.
ASPIDIACEAE 89

3 4
0 ... 0
27.6
HW N2
DRYOPTERIS
VILLARII
9 9
subsp.
SUBMONTANA NI
Rigid
011

Buckler -fern 8 8

0 100
Kilometres
100
0
0
Md
••
9 7 4
7
5 6

6 6

0 •
5 5

2
2

8 9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID •ffi r
• .

1:z)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.6 Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell.

subsp. submontana Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy
(Dryopteris rigida (Swartz) A.Gray)
A member of an alpine and southern European complex
restricted in Britain to limestone pavement. All British material
counted has proved to be tetraploid, a cytotype which is rare
further south in Europe, most of the alpine material
being diploid. (See 0.L.Gilbert, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 263-268;
1966, and Biological Flora of the British Isles: Dryopteris
villarii. J. Ecol., 58:301-313; 1970. Also C. R . Fraser -Jenkins &
A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., I I: 338; 1977).
90 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0
0
27.7 HX
HW N2
DRYOPTERIS Ct,
CRISTATA tr•P

9 9

Crested
N1
Buckler - fern
co%
8 8

0 100
./7 0
kdometrm
100
MiIe

7 9 7 4
5 6
1
2

9 0

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

•.
1;1)
0
1 2

27.7 Dryopteris cristata (L.) A.Gray

A northern continental species at one time frequent in the east
of England and N.W. Midlands. Now, because of changes in
land-use and increasing drainage of acid mires, it is almost
restricted to East Anglia where it is locally frequent in the
Norfolk Broads area, v.c. 27. Lack of regular fen cutting allows
tussock growth of Molinia, Carex elata and Sphagnum spp.
upon which establishment of D.cristata depends and the
decrease of such mowing may be encouraging this species to
regain its status. There has been recently a widespread increase
of acid (base-poor) plant communities (including Sphagnum
Jimbriatum, S.magellanicum, S.palustre, S.squarrosum and
S.subnitens) in the fens of the Norfolk Broads, the ecological
reason for which is not fully understood. It is in these
communities that D.cristata becomes well established.
ASPIDIACEAE 91

1 2 3 4

27.8
N2
DRYOPTERIS
CARTHUSIANA 0.'
9 9

Narrow
MI • N1
Buckler - fern
— 8 ILA;
8
.- •
00 0 • Th
O 100 o 0 0
i Kilometres
I 0•
.. •
0
100 • •• 4,0
Mica •O o
-. •
9 74
GO 5 6
•
• •• •
2 o
• : • S.
•
: 10°8
• Moo
-, 6
6 • •
•
*
• ••
• • • 4
• •
..8.•
• •6
• se e
se se • IINI : i
080 0:4141 •
• • GO
• • o * •• •
• 5
5 0 0 • 41. 411 4908 •5
o 0• ••••
0 •0 ne 0000 S.
..> O1 411 • • • 00 •
• • • • 0440 f_ • •••
• 04041 • 410 • •
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• • o
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• •
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4
• • _• o•• : 41000841:4, • f
o l..0 • tiii
• • V•
0001 4,1110.44 •
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• • • • ••
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• 4616114
• 0•••81* :0 : * 411
• • • •• *sumo 41mo
00 41414• • 2
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012:41 0: lia.
•
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CHANNEL ISLANDS0
l'ED ON PLOT
wv
— • roe :
• •
UTM GRID
• •
L.)

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.8 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) FI.P.Fuchs

(D.lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston;
D.spinulosa Watt)
A northern continental species widespread in the British Isles
and a common fern in some wet woods of N.W. Scotland,
where it often grows with D.expansa. The hybrid with the latter
species has not so far been found in Britain and should be
searched for in such mixed populations; it has the upright
rhizome of D.expansa but with an intermediate frond (shape,
cutting and marginal teeth): It is however extremely difficult
to distinguish from D. x deweveri without cytological
con firmation.
92 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0

27.8x7 HX
HW N2
• DRYOPTERIS
X ULIGINOSA
9 9
27.8 x2
(DDRYOPTERIS N1
X BRATHAICA
8

too
Kilometres
100
Miles

7 9 7 4
5 6

6 6

5 • 5

(
3

( 2

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON Om
UTM GRID

•
t;Z)

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.8 x 2 Dryopteris x brathaica Fraser- 27.8 x 7 Dryopteris x uliginosa (A.Br. ex

Jenkins & Reichstein DM) Druce
(D.carthusiana x jihx-mas; D. x remota sensu (D.carthusiana x cristata)
Druce) A rare hybrid now confined to Norfolk; when established,
This hybrid has been found only once in woods on the N.W. side plants show distinct hybrid vigour. Although many former sites
of Lake Windermere, v.c. 69; an offset, passed down through have been lost through drainage it could easily appear wherever
generations of gardeners, is still alive in Oxford University D.cristata grows with D.carthusiana. (See A.C.Jermy &
Botanic Garden and has been cyiologically investigated. It is S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 116).
intermediate between the parents in the degree of pinnation and
toothing of leaf segments but has the habit of D.ftlix-mas. (See
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & T.Reichstein, Br. Fern Gaz., 11: 342;
1977, and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.:
114.)
 •

ASPIDIACEAE 93

O 1 2 3 0
27.9
••••••mi. • m2
DRYOPTERIS • ••••••
••••••• • •
AUSTRIACA oo ••••
9 9
600
0.000
Broad 0 006.
• um. ••••• •• NI
• ••u• • .•••••••
Buckler- fern •••••••••
mu•s. *mmu*,m.
Io•
• P
•••••••• •• •in,
a wimp timil vow, 8
c
p • 00••0••• 0000000•
•
• •0•••
••••••• • •00000.
•••••• I
0
o
a.wm
100
1
100
4 00000000
000000es
0000000 00600
000000
••
680
0

ma. 000••6••
0•00111 • • • •
9 ' *•oo • 75 4
••o• 6
ma:: ••• •
2 • •••000 ••0000•0
006606 0000066•0
•0000 04000000•
•000• •00000000 •0
• 054000 00 • •00 00
• 0•••00 000000•• 0 00
6 • 6
80•0000 •000000 00
.. 411:0:0::11. if ompummoll•omimpo•loo •lp
411,41oupoil moil mimp
• oommoiloo0 • wo • (mom moo
00•0••00 0060
oompoompooloo • 60•00000 WO
• 000
opoomimpoil 000000000 000
• osoom0000 000000000 08000
• 00 000000000 0000
00 I "moo
, 00 • 006 000 000000000
00 000.0 60 ello•ommo 5
5 • 0 oil* oo • so e•mmo • oloo0oo
• "moo •••••• so 00 mpoo •o
imo mum •
0000 000 00000 •
o, oimp0000 • of0000mso 0•00 se0000000 •
44 oommoo • •00 •00•0.000 •
• • •• 66000 0060 0000 06
0000 000000 0
410 ii:0:11.4%. 0:0:0i: 00000 0006 • • •
0 • 006000 008 • 00
i00 io 00060 4' ° 4
• i • • 60 000006006 00
• •s • Os o •
411 • 0000 060 ii60,8 •0•00
0•• 00 0•0•00 000 000 00600
• •0 000000000 000e •0600 •6•
06 zw: 00000 001000000 000000000 •
• :00 00 : 00 00 00 000 0000.060• • 00 00
i 0 00 ss o : 0•0 55555 • ••80,0000 • 00 000
410 000 . 00 • 00006 6 000600000 • • 00 • •
• 806 •• 0006•000 •0•••600• ••• • 600 •
00 000 3
0411 00 ss o 000 000806.00 0000000 • 04,04,0 4,04 • 0 :
• 06 :: :64' . :: 0::.0 000 000000000 •000• 00
0000060 6 1 0000 00•• 0000 000.0 0.0 0.0 060 •
0000 0 000000••08• 0 00000 00000060 000000000 0-608 0 vo • 00
e00000 00000 60 00006000 06.00 • 000
00 Oso 00000600 •00•00000 0•00 0000 41•050530
:::42:.2: •
000000 00000000 600000000 00000
000 • 00600 •060 0800 0..0:1
• • 000 •00 •0 • 60000 • • • 0000
2
•0
• 000
0000 060•00006 •0
•0000 •0•86
005 •0
00600 000660600 0000000
•••600 ••••••••• 000000600 GO
• 0000• •00600 000000080 •0
5m5iio Sumo • moose •0000esom •
8 9 0 Ms 0•0000000 000 •0000 000000000
0000000 •0•0000 0 000 •00•0 0000:00
•0000•0 0•0 06 1
00000000
CHANNEL ISLANDS
mom.
PLOT TED ON 0 WV • oms
• w•e
UTM GRID 50
• •

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar

(D.ddatata (Ho ffm .) A.Gray)
A sub-Atlantic taxon widespread throughout Britain and
Ireland. A variable species occasionally confused with
D.carthusiana because one common form produces stolons,
from the bases of the stipes, which are mistaken for the creeping
rhizome of the latter species. Leaves on such stoloniferous
shoots have pale almost concolorous scales which add to the
confusion; they eventually form a shuttlecock and the stem
continues growth as an erect rhizome.
94 ASPIDIACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0
0
27.9x8 HX
HW N2
DRYOPTERIS
X DEWEVERI
9 9

N1

•
8

0 100
Kilometres
1 0
100
Miles

9 7 4
7
5 6

2 e•

• 0 0
6 6

5 5

•
•
4 4

•
3
•
0
•

2
•
00
•
• o o
8 9 0 • o Ise

CHANNEL ISLANDS •
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
• •
UTM GRID

1:Z3f
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 x 8 Dryopteris X deweveri (Jansen) Jansen & Wachter

(D.austriaca x carthusiana)
A common hybrid wherever the parents grow together. Easily
recognized as being intermediate in all its characters, the scales
concolorous but pale red-brown and the spores abortive. Such
plants are often very glandular on the young lamina, veins and
rachides and have been described in early literature as Lastrea
glandulosa Newm. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace
(ed.), loc.cit.: 117).
ASPIDIACEAE 95

0 2 3
0 0
27. 9 x 10 HX

DRYOPTERIS N2

X AMBROSIAE OT!
9 9

N1

8 8

7 7
Kilometres
100
0
Mdes

7 9 7
5

•
5 5

4 4
c4q,

1.)

8 9 0

1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
<)
WV
UT M GRID

t;Z)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

27.9 x 10 Dryopteris x ambrosiae

Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy
(D.austriaca x expansa)
This hybrid, which is likely to be recorded wherever the parents
grow together, is difficult to distinguish from D.austriaca; any
forms of the latter with abortive spores should be investigated.
(See C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., 11: 337;
1977, and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.:
117).
96 ASPIDIACEAE

1 2 3 4

HX
HW N2

8
o
•
100
•• •
4/1 • 0. o 0
1(tIornetre1
100 400:
Miles

9 7 4
7 5 6
1 2

8 9

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID

0 0
2 3 4 5

27.10 Dryopteris expansa (C.Pres1) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy

(D.assimilis S.Walker)
Most of the populations recorded show the distribution pattern
of an arctic-alpine species. The taxon was first recognized by
Thomas Moore as Lastrea dilatata var. alpina from Ben
Lawers. It also grows, however, at sea-level in oak woodlands
on the west coast of Scotland and this form (morphologically in-
separable from the alpine form) may represent a more southern
genotype which may yet be found in Ireland. (See J.A.Crabbe,
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, Watsonia, 8: 3-15; 1970).
BLECHNACEAE 97

0 1 2 3 4
0
28.1
00 00 N2
BLECHNUM • 000000 •
0000000
00000000
SPICANT 0000•00•
0000000 9
0000
O 00000
Hard Fern • 0000
5055 •5000 00 N1
5550 455505
• 50000•00 0505 •5
• Some •0000005
00000000 00 555
8 8
.6 • 000000•
0000000
•0•000•
•••0000 •
0 100 •000000 0004100
1 • 0000000 0000 0
IGIonwstres 00000000 00000
100 0•000000 OS
•411•5•••0 •
•e • •000000
9 7 4
• 5 6
000•00
•515 •
000 00 11,41000000
•4500•0 •0000000
00040 000004000
0•000 •rn • •
55555 erne 580 55
• 05000• 0000 5550 05
6 6
5000 9000 • •00000 00
411 : :8000• 447 00000000 • 505505 •
011- 555 0000 00000 505
• 000000 50,
• 0000000 0000
:0:::::0
• •0000.
.41soos0000s um
000 5550 5*
5841505004 00
0055505 • •o*
5 r S
:8:sooe 00• 600
411
5
•
•
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osomoos. .00so
soo omoos •00•
•
0>
• ••000000 oss 55555
00000
•••0•• 0 •0•• :": 0090
110000 • • • • •
•• 0 00 000 500
00 0000n ° 0 0
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soso • 00 00 000•0 • 0000
soo• •04141 0•0 00000
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up:: ows im• •o 0 see
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s• S••.. •
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00 • • QO 50
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• 50:0 • 0005 •
0 ii00 •0• •
9 0555 50 • 0641 4141:: ei: 1110::::
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1
CHANNEL GLANDS
00000000
2-.-- 00000000
PLOTTED ON 0 NN 00000900
• 000
UTM GRID 00
•

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

28.1 Blechman spdcant (L.) Roth

A sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout wetter parts of
the British Isles. It is restricted by lack of suitable acid sandy
substrate in much of lowland agricultural England. Similarly
absent from the limestone areas of both Britain and Ireland.
98 MARSILEACEAE

0 1 2 3 4
0 0
29.1 HX
HW
PILULARIA • N2
t;$

GLOBULIFERA
9 9

Pillwort

8 8

0 100
1 1 •
Kilometres
100
•e
Mikm •
7 9 75 4
6
1 00
2

6 6

00
88 0
5 • -V \ 5
C.
60
00
0 •
0
4
00
00 0
• 0
•
0 •
0 0 • 80
0 3
0
1 •
0
vm,
2
• 00
• • •
o o
o •o o
8 9 0 lio
• o
o •
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON wv
UTM GRID

0
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

29.1 Pilularia globulifera L.

A sub-Atlantic species spread throughout Britain and Ireland
but generally decreasing because of drainage of marginal lands
and ponds which formerly contained the species. Similarly
declining in Europe where it is regarded as an endangered
species. Unless sporocarps ("pills") and circinnately coiled
leaves are present P.globulifera may be overlooked as a young
Juncus plant.
AZOLLACEAE 99

3 0
0
30.1
N2
AZOLLA
FILICULOIDES
9 9

Water Fern N1
0
8 8

0 100
,47 0
Kilometres
0 100
Mdes

9 7 4
5 6

6 6

5
5

4
•

3
•• •
•o•
• o
•
•
0: • 2
0
••
•_.0
00
gee
• 8 0
8 9 0
•

CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
i3 •

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30.1 Azolla filiculoides Lam.

Regarded by most botanists as having been introduced into
Europe from tropical America. It is certainly well-established
here and shows signs of increasing in Britain (cf. map 27/1,
p.15, in the 1962 edition of the Atlas of the British Flora, with
the above). With the present trend in eutrophication of ponds
and inland waters it is difficult to explain this increase. Possibly
the increased drainage operations have created more ditches
and similar open water in drainage channels which have in turn
become colonised. It suddenly, and inexplicably, disappears,
often to return some five or ten years later.
100

Index
Synonyms are given in italics, map pages in roman

Adiantum capillus-veneris 34 Blechnum chilense 2

Anogramma leptophylla 33 penna-marina 2
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 51, 55 spicant 97
var. acutum 53 Botrychium lunaria 27
subsp. onopteris 53
subsp. serpentini 54 Ceterach officinarum 66
x billotii 55 Cryptogramma crispa 32
x onopteris 53 Cyrtomium falcatum 2
x scolopendrium 52 Cystopteris dickieana 73
x septentrionale 52 fragilis 72, 73, 75, 76
adulterinum 61 montana 74
x alternifolium 58, 65
billotii 55 Dicksonia antarctica 2
x scolopendrium 50 Diphasiastrum alpinum 7
ceterach 66 x complanatum 8
x clermontiae 61, 63 x issleri 7, 8
x confluens 50 Diphasium alpinum 7
x contrei 52 x issleri 8
cuneifolium 54 Dryopteris abbreviata I, 81
x jacksonii 50, 52 aemula 88
x lusaticum 57 x oreades 84
marinum 56 x ambrosiae 87, 95
x microdon 50, 52 assimilis 1, 96
x murbeckii 63 austriaca 93
obovatum 55 x carthusiana 94
onopteris 53 x expansa 88, 95
x pseudoadulterinum 61 borreri 1, 86
ruta-muraria 62 x brathaica 92
subsp. dolomiticum 62 carthusiana 1, 91
subsp. ruta-muraria 62 x cristata 92
x septentrionale 63 x filix-mas 92
x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 63 cristata 90
x sarniense 55 x deweveri 91, 94
scolopendrium 49 dilatata 93
x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 50 expansa 87, 91, 96
septentrionale 64 filix-mas 82, 83
x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes 65 var. abbreviata 81
x souchei 52 var. borreri 86
x ticinense 53 x oreades 84
trichomanes 57 x pseudomas 85
subsp. x lusaticum 57 lanceolatocristata 1, 91
subsp. quadrivalens 57, 59, 60 x mantoniae 82, 84
subsp. trichomanes 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 oreades 1, 81, 82
viride 61 x pseudoabbreviata 84, 88
x Asplenophyllitis confluens 50 pseudomas 1, 82, 86, 87
jacksonii 52 remota 87
microdon 50 x remota 92
Athyrium alpestre 68 rigida 89
distentifolium 68 spinulosa 91
var. flexile 69 x tavelii 82, 85
filix-femina 67 x uliginosa 92
flexile 69 villarii subsp. submontana I, 89
Azolla filiculoides 2, 99 x woynarii 87
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Equisetum arvense 19, 20 vulgatum 28

x fluviatile 21 subsp. ambiguum 29
x palustre 22 Oreopteris limbosperma 48
fluviatile 18 Osmunda regalis 31
x palustre 19, 20
x font-queri 22 Phegopteris connectilis 47
hyemale 14 Phyllitis scolopendrium 49
x ramosissimum 15 Pilularia globulifera 98
x variegatum 16 Polypodium australe 42
x litorale 19, 21 x interjectum 44
x moorei 2, 15 x vulgare 43
palustre 25 x font-queri 43
x telmateia 22 interjectum 40
pratense 23 x vulgare 41
ramosissimum 2, 15 x mantoniae 41
x rothmaleri 22 x shivasiae 44
sylvaticum 23, 24 vulgare 38, 39
telmateia 26 subsp. prionodes 40
x trachyodon 16 subsp. serrulatum 42
variegatum 17 Polystichum aculeatum 78, 80
wilsonii 17 x lonchitis 79
x setiferum 79
Gymnocarpium dryopteris 70 x bicknellii 79
robertianum 71 x illyricum 77, 79
x lonchitiforme 77, 79
Huperzia selago 6 lonchitis 77
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 35, 36 x setiferum 77
wilsonii 36 setiferum 78, 80
Pteridium aquilinum 45
Isoetes echinospora 11, 12 Pteris cretica 2
histrix 13 vittata 2
lacustris 11, 12
setacea 12
Selaginella kraussiana 2, 10
Lepidotis inundata 5 selaginoides 9
Lycopodiella inundata 5
Lycopodium alpinum 7, 8 Thelypteris dryopteris 70
annotinum 3 limbosperma 48
clavatum 4 oreopteris 48
inundatum 5 palustris 1, 46
issleri 8 phegopteris 46
selago 6 robertiana 71
thelypteroides subsp. glabra 1, 46
Matteuccia struthiopteris 2 Trichomanes speciosum 37
Onoclea sensibilis 2
Ophioglossum azoricum 29 Woodsia alpina 75, 76
lusitanicum 30 ilvensis 75
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