Menavaseal ¢ Xe ‘ARI503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING Pc ile red agente AR2503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING Lrpisc 3003 AM: {e provide an overview of the vocabulary of Human settlements, while looking at planning concepts and pracesses in urban and regional planning and urban renewal OBJECTIVES: Y To introduce the elements of Human settlements and the classification of Humansettiements. ¥ To outline the form and structure of settlements and ilustrating through case studies. ¥ To familiarize the students with modern concepts of Settiomest Planning, ~ To outline the scope and eantent of Urban planning, Urban renowal e ‘and the various plans to be prepared, UNIT | INTRODUCTION Elements of Human Settlements — human beings and settlem: nat functions and Linkages — Anatomy & classification of Humat ent based Population size & ‘Occupational structure. UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 9 Structure and form of Human ‘settlements — Linear, non-ligear ai ireular Combinations ~ reasans for development — advantages and digadvantages — Brscgghuies tactore influencing the growth and decay of human settlements UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS Planning concepts and their relevance tf Garden city concepts and content Perry — Neighborhood coneapt Le 9 ractice in respect of EbenezerHoward — ive surgery — case study - CA ggept and case studies UNIT IV URBAN PLANNI ‘Scope and Content of Ma: lan — need, linkage applicability and 9 ‘area, land use plan and Zoning regulations —zonal v1 use plan — planned unit development (PUD) — need, UNITY URB, Urban Rene ~ Area delifdation, & AND REGIONAL PLANNING 9 ean ecewelepment, Rehabilitation and Conservation — Regional Plan ation plan, hierarchical system of settlements, their sires and TOTAL: 45 PERIODS Mises, ‘An Introduction tothe Science of Human Settlements’, Huchincon, §iomas, "Housing and Urban Renewal, George Allen and ‘Unwin, Sydney, 1986. BMiistry of Urban Affairs and Employment, Government of nda, New hake “Urban Development Plans: Formulation & Implementation’ - Guidelines. - 1996. REFERENCES: 2 Madras Metropolitan Development Authority, ‘Master Plan for Madras Metropolitan Area, ‘Second Master Plan - 1998, 2. Government of india, ‘Report of the National Commission on Urbanisation’, 1988, 3. Hansen N., ‘Regional Policy and Regional Integration’ Edward Elgar, UK, 1996, T,Garie for Human Settlements, Anna University, Chennai Development Play for Uthokottai Taluk, CheyyurTatuk, 1999watt INTRODUCTION Elements of Human Settlements — human beings and settlements — nature shells& Network = their functions and Linkages — Anatomy & classification of Human settlements —Locational, Resource based Population size & Occupational structure. 1.0 GENERAL Definition of human settlements. economic support-base. A settlement can therefore range in size. dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with sum term may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities. > EKISTICS is the science of human settlements. > includes regional, city, community plannjgg and dwel > Winvolves the study of all kinds of hum: umd, ‘ecology - the physical environm: cultural, political and occasionally a view to geography and fant psychology and anthropology, and > is in 1942 “hitp:Hfen.wikipedia.o We are living th use we have failed to respond properly, we are heading towa jements are lagging behind the world’s progress, our ideas ar ], we are moving without coordination and adjustment and ve have not de stantinos A. Doxiados, Ekisti tothe Science of Human Settloments (1968) CA fed Ekistics as a scicnce of human settlements, with a book on the subject int968 (Doxiadis 1988).tt has become recognized as trans-disciplinary because, With its development of overreaching concepts like Ecumenopolis and Hunian ‘Community, it goes beyond the idea offnter-discipline. The nation of ekistics implies thal understanding the interaction between and within human groups—infrastructure, agriculture, shelter, function (job) — in conjunction with their environment directly affects their well-being (individual and collective).The subject begins te elucidate the ways in which collective settlements form and how they inter-refat>. ‘COMPILED BY ARK DHARMAMBICATMoaniheomAcgenbha-2 AR2503 HUMAN SETILEMENT PLANNING By doing so, humans begin to understand how they "if into a species, ie. homasapiens, and how homo sapiens ‘should’ be: living in order to manifest our potential—al least as far as this Species is concemed, Ekistics in same cases argues that in order for human seitloments to expand efficiently and economically we must reorganize the way in which the villages, towns, cities metropoli are formed. One of the primary tenets of Ekistics is the development of human seltlements based on hexagonal infrastructures. Reetilinear urban planning is shown to fail miserably in the abity to efficiently handle the various zones (residential, commercial, and jgsustrial) in ways thal support people that are collectively and demonstrably well a balanced spirit, mind, and body). . Nodes and hierarchical hexagons(think of a structured: bid ‘computer science, a more geometric neural network, o adommentjof the Academie des Beauxarts D'a infrastructure), of weighted hexagons and connected circulatory system), relative importance to the central fu the settlement, 0g. a commercial center oF an industrial sector, of bodies or material resources, not only “Human settfemag fsfactory for thelr iniabitants.” ‘The problem, he conciud J elements of contemporary cities, such as ‘transportation, zonigg . wore no longer in balance, AS a result, people vied and noisy, and that exacted too much damage Ekistics in¥bives the descriptive study of all kinds of human settlements and the formutation ‘of general conclusions aimed at achieving harmony between the inhabitants (Of a settlement ‘and their physical and socio-cultural environments. Descriptive study involves the ‘examination of the content, such as man alone or in ‘societies, of a settlement, and the settlement container, or the physical settlement . composed of natural and man-made ‘elements, BY ARK. DHARMAMBIGAL Page 3The examination of settlement content and the physical settlement involves the investigation of five basic elements of human settlement : 4.1. ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS which five elements and the inter relationship between these five elements which fom the ees > Earth and the natural site on which they are built — NATURE > MAN who creates and inhabits them ‘SOCIETY which is formed mainly in them > Functions which are developed in order to allow them to sunive and grow -newworKs | Wy Sead) > SHELLS which are built to transform nature and to hole map, society and networks All the five elements must always be taken int iderguipn- NATURE, including physical geogray life, and climate; ¥ soil . water resources, plant and animal HUMAN biological and emotions} tions and perceptions, and moral values; social stratification, cultural pattems, ‘economic development, ed elfare, and law and administration; SHELLS, or stru hospitals, shop, S, recreational facilities, civic and business centres, and industrie; NETWORKS#or sysi facilitate life and day-to-day functions of inhabitants such as water transportation networks, communication systems, and the 1.2 > jo the size and nuifiber of units which form the settlement; > Shency of the settlement or the degree to which itis continually inhabited; Method of settlement creation , such as a settlement that emerged or evolved hhaturally or one that was preconcewed; and > _ The purpose or function, the most important form of settlement classification ‘The mast common functional classifications are rural settlements, institutional settlements established for a'specific purpose, and urban settlements. ‘COMPILED BY ARK. DHARMAMBIGAT Page 4‘AR2503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING 1.2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS BASED ON POPULATION AND DWELLING UNITS re] Existic wnt Tz]aye sTe are } eth name ct unit | § alt eer ii 3 eel See - i= at f Niftoee ciel ees: a ‘ The Hierarchy of Settlements pexextatone : 2 : i oe li : Bag amet h Hil Population Services Frequency COMMIED YAR K DHARMAMBIGAT a3‘AR2503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING ‘Church, focal shop, pub, school, village hall 20-50 km Health services, cafes and restaurants, small /secondary school, several churches, railway station, several shops, local council Large town | Upto 60-100km = — | Many large shopping 100,000 [centres or arcades, railway and bus station, hypermarkets, hotels, bank branches, specialised shops, doctors, football team Uptoa 100.200km = | Central raiway station, millon large shopping ‘complexes, various ‘churches, large hospital, local movie house ‘Conurbation [1-2mition Jover200km | Central raitway station, large shopping complexes, specialised shops, 6g optician, jeweller, beauty parlour, university, theatre, county hall, airport Primate cty- [Several [Dependent on | Cathedrals, government often the imittion ‘the needs of | buildings, intermational capital city the country | air, bus and rail termi z financial headquarters, specialist hospitals, universities, main shopping centres, tourist centres (COMPILED BY APLC DHARMAMBIGAT Page 6‘ARQS03 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING CONURBATION — a super city consisting of multiple cities and towns. The population is Usually several million. A conurbation is an urban area or agglomeration comprising a umber of cities, large towns and larger urban areas thal, through population growth and Bhysical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industially developed Of many different metropol interdependent economical LARGE CITY ~ People. A me its adjacent indant services, but not as many as a large city. The population of People. A city is an urban area with a large population with a Parti jniSative, legal, or historical status. LARGE TQYVN- A large town has a population of 20,000 to 100,000. TFOWN — A town has a population of 15000 te 20,000. A town is a type of settlement ranging From a few fo several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands) inhabitants. Usually, a town’ is thought of as larger than a village but smaller than a “city”, MILLAGE — A village generally does not have many services, possibly only a small comer "Shop of post office. A village has a population of 1030 1,000. A village is a clustered human ‘Settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a town or city SOMPILED BY AR_K. DHARMAMBIGAL Page 7|AR2503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING HAMLET — A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, and few buildings. A hamlet is a rural community —a small settlement — which is too small to be considered a village ISOLATED DWELLING- An isolated dwoling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it It would have negligible services, if any. 1.2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS BASED ON PATTERN OF GROWTH When early seitlements began to grow there were 10 planning regulations. People built houses where they wanted to. Some houses were built far apart from each other (dispersed). Other houses were built close together, making villages. Villages began to grow outwards and the shape of the settlements changed. Some sett became tong and narrow (linear), o! dlustered togelher (nucleated). Te have permission from the local houses. Seltlements now of DISPERSED SETTLEMEN it is called dispersed settlement. They are usually Se of the space taken up by fields. Other dispersed jainous areas where it is difficult to live, It results from NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS Nucleated settlements are where buildings aro clustered round a central point. The centre of the settlement may be a crossroads, a church, a water supply, or a market place, Nucieated ‘Settlements also occur on hill tops. COMPILED BARC DIARMAMBIGAT ord‘AR2503 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING PLANNED SETTLEMENTS Planned settlements often have a regular pattern. They may have a square shape or a crescent shape for example Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is a planned settlement in the shape of an aeroplane THE LAYOUT OF A CITY is the way its streets and buildings are distributed. There are different types of layout > irregular layout ‘The urban growlh has not been planned.|t has no particular order. The streets may be narrow and winding. There are few open spaces. There are typical of Muslim and medieval towns > Grid plan or gridiron plan The grid plan oF gtidiron plan is a type of city plan in whieh si t angles to each other, forming a grid. Itis typical of North American cities, ai istricts in European Cities, oe > Radial plan 1.23. CLASSIFICATION ED ON FUNCTION The functions of a setilem« it happen there. The function of most eary istrative lowms, such as New Delhi, Canberra, Moscow, ars! Washington. Local authority offices rug the local services, such as road maintenance ant waaste disposal INDUSTRIAL TOWNS ‘Mining and manufacturing regions constitute industrial towns. "Old" Industrial Towns tend to have the follawing features Found on of near coalfields Has railways and canals for transport ‘Conran BY AR DNADNAMIGN es‘ARZSO3 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING - Has housing and industry mixed in together + Newer industry is found on the outskirts, near main roads for transport In the newer industrial towns planning ensures the housing and industry are located apart. ‘Goods are manufactured in factories. Today many factories are located in business parks on the outskirts of settlements. Dhanbad and Khetri are examples of mining towns. Towns which have developed due to setting up of industries such as Jameshdpur are called industrial towns. DEFENCE TOWNS Centres of military activities are known as defence towns. They are Fort towns, Garson towns and Naval bases. Jodhpur is a fort town; and Kochi is a naval base. COMMERCIAL TOWNS Many old towns were famous as trade centres such as, and Agra in India, Some towns have developed as tran: Netherlands, Aden in Yemen and Mumbai in India are por recréation facilities, such as sports centres as gf MARKET TOWNS faghdad in Iraq Rotterdam in the Market Towns tend to have the followingemye Found in a fertile farming area Many services @.g. shops The large@tiporis are found where there is a major industrial area inland that needed a place 10 import and export its goods. . ‘SEASIDE RESORTS ‘Seaside Resorts tend to have the following features ~ Found on the coast with beaches Close to industrial areas with large populations, with good rail and road links On the sea-front are hotels and entertainments ‘Guest houses are found inland where the land is cheaper to buy COMPILED BY AB. I DIARMAMBIGAL Page 10.AR2S03 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING Housing found further inland, with industry on the outskirts Caravan, camp-sites and golf courses also on the edge of town, but near the coast Promenades ~ pedestrianized roads along the front of the resort CULTURAL TOWNS Towns famous for religious, educational or recreational functions are called cultural towns, Places of pilgiimage, such as Jerusalem, Mecca, JagannathPuri and Varanasi ete, are Considered as religious towns. There are alsorecreational towns such ases Vegas in the USA. 1.2.4. CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS BASED Occt Besides population size, occupation is also taken as the cr gore than 75 Percent of workforce is engaged in non-agricultural urban. Other countries have their own criteria for e.g. in 4.25, CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTSIBASED gft Town and cities all over the world have gertain, ges of sile and location, which have Faphical location. For instance, Lagos is by a lagoon with an outlet to the sea. Its SHPILED YAR DHARMAMIGAT —