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    ASTM D427 Shrinkage Soil PDF

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    fl Designation: D 427 ~ 98 Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Mercury Method" ‘This smd i ed ur the ied desigaati xia opin oi he ease of revs, cya fla evo ‘perc plone acter an cdo change ince 1. Scope 1.1 This test method provides a procedure for obtaining the data which are used to calculate the shrinkage limit and the shrinkage ratio, 1.2 This test method uses mercury which is a hazardous substance. Test Method D 4943 does not use mercury and is an acceptable alternate to this procedure, 1.3 The liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit are often collectively referred to as the Aterberg Limits in recog- nition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Ater: berg. These water contents distinguish the boundaries of the several consistency states of cohesive soils, 1.4 This test method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the 425-m (No. 40) sieve, The relative contribution ofthis portion ofthe soil must be considered when using this test method to evaluate the properties of the soil as a whole 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approxi: ‘mate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in ‘units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard, 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilty of the user of this standard to establish appro: riate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ‘This test method folves the use ofthe hazardous material mereury, see Section Nome Warning: Mercury is a definite health hazard in use and lisposal 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Siandands C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials? D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Saniples for "This es med is under he unsieton af ASTM Commie 18 on 5 tod Rock and the dec responsbity of Sobers DIS wr Teta Ploy ant Dens Charset of Sol ‘Cie eon aprved Dx. 10, 1998 Publisted Mach ‘etl a D427". Ls revi eon D427 93 (1996, * Aroma Book of ASTM Sanday, Ne O02 wo. Otgelly 2 D427, the munberimmedatly following the desigmtion ints he year of Arunber i pases indies the yen ls appr A even ce pO Panicle-Size Analysis and Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants? D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids! 1D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock® 1D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure) 1D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction” 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils* 14753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci- fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock, ‘and Related Construction Materials? 1D 4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method® 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 The definitions used in this test method shall be in accordance with Terminology D 653. 3.1.2 dry strength—a descriptive measure of the effort required to crush an air-dried 12-mm (4-in,) diameter ball of soil in accordance with Practice D 2488, 4. Summary of ‘Test Method 4.1 A sample of fine-grained soil is thoroughly remolded with water 10 approximate the liguid limit consistency. The saturated paste i placed into a container of known volume and slovwly dried. The final mass and volume of the solid soit pat are determined, These measurements are used to compute the soil constants, 5. Significance and Use 5.1 The shrinkage factors covered in this test method ean Only be determined on basically fine-grained (cohesive) soils which exhibit a dry strength when air dried ‘5.2 The term shrinkage limit, expressed as a water content in percent, is typically assumed to represent the amount of water required 10 fill the voids of a given cohesive soil at its ‘minimum void ratio obtained by drying (usually oven). Thos, Anal Book of ASTM Standards, Vl 0408, "jam Book f AST Stndrde No 04.09 EE eT] hb D427 the concept shrinkage limit can be used to evaluate the shrinkage potential or possibility of development, or both, of cracks in earthworks involving cohesive soils, 5.3 Data obtained from this test method may be used to ‘compute the volumetric shrinkage and linear shrinkage. Now 2—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con ‘sind io thi test method, the precision f this test methods dependent or the competence ofthe personnel performing and the autabity ef the equipment and facilities wed. Agencies which met the cera of Practice 1D 3740 ate generally considered capable of competent ant objective ‘esting. Users of this test method are cautioned that eormiiance with Practice D 3740 doesnot in itself ensure reliable testing, Reliable testing ‘depends on several facts: Practice D 3740 provides mcane of eval ating some of those factors 6. Apparatus 6.1 Evaporating Dish, porcelain, about 140 mm (SY in.) in diameter 62 Spatula, or pill knife having a blade about 76 mmm (3 in.) in Jength and about 19.0 min (34 in.) in width 6.3 Shrinkage Dish—A circular porcelain or monel metal ‘milk dish having a flat bottom and being about 44 mm (134 in.) in diameter and about 12 mm (¥4 in.) in height. 64 Siraightedge, steel, about 150 mn (6 in.) in length. 65 Glass Cup, about 57 mm (2%) in.) in diameter and about 31 mm (1'4 in.) in height, the top rim of which is ground smooth and is in a plane essentially parallel with the bottom of the cup, 66 Glass Plate, with three metal prongs for immersing the soil pat in mercury, as shown in Fig f 67 Giass Plate, a plane glass plate large enough to cover the glass cup, 68 Graduate, glass, having a capacity of 25 mL and araduated to 0.2 mL. 69 Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g and conforming to the requirements of Class GP2 balances in Specification D 4753, 610 Mercury, sufficient to fil the glass cup to overflowing. 6.11 Shallow Pan, about 20 by 20 by S-cm (8 by 8 by 2-in) eae seuss i¥\, ‘tee ‘nas pins secuneo DETAILS oF ctase Puare BEFORE: seucace deep nonmetallic (preferably glass) pan used to contain acci- dental mercury spills, 7. Hazards 7.1 Warning—Mercury is a hazardous substance that can ‘cause illness and death. Inhalation of mercury vapor is a serious health hazard. Mercury can also be absorbed through the skin. The effects of mercury are cumulative. 7.2 Precaution—In addition to other precautions, store ‘mercury in sealed shatter-proof containers «9 control evapora: tion, work in a well-ventilated area (preferably under a fume hood), and avoid contact with skin, Rubber gloves should be ‘wom at all times, 7.3 Minimize uncontrotied spills by performing those parts ‘of the procedure (9.3 and 9.6) in a large shallow pan which can act as a eatchment, 74 Clean up spills immediately using a recommended Procedure explicitly for mercury. 7.5 Dispose of contaminated waste materials including the ‘dry soil pat in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner, 8. Sampling 8.1 Select about 30 g of soil from the thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing the No. 40 (425-um) sieve which has been obtained in accordance with Practice D 421 9, Procedure 9.1 Place the soil in the evaporating dish and thoroughly ‘mix with distilled water. The amount of water added should produce a soil of the consistency somewhat above the liquid Jimit (Test Method 14318) based on visual inspection. In Physical terms, this is a consistency that is not a slurry but one that will flow sufficiently to expel air bubbles when using gentle tapping action. It is desirable to use the minimum possible water content. This is of some importance with very plastic soils so that they do not crack during the drying process. 9.2 Coat the inside ofthe shrinkage dish with « thin layer of petroleum jelly, silicone grease, or similar lubricant to prevent MERCURY BismaceD METHOO OF OBTAMUNG CISPLAGED MERCURY Moe Equvets 5 28 2 FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining the Volumetric Change of Subgrade Sells B SS ib D427 ihe Adbesion ofthe soil to the dish, Determine and record the ‘msm grams (poundynass) ofthe empty dish, My tig Plice the shrinkage dish in the shallow pan 7h onder fagh any mercury overfiow. Fill the shrinkage dish to cen, Afowing with mercury. Remove the excess mencury by Pressing Creeks Pate firmly over the top of the shiakure ait Observe that there is no air trapped between the pote on Dereaty and if there is, refill the dish and repeat the procecs encrne the volume of mercury held inthe shrinkage sich ier ty Means of the slas graduate or by dvidog tne (equal te 13a Ao NSM by the mass density of mercury (caval to 13.55 Mp/n’). Record this volume in cubic coating tes (cubic feet) of the wet soil pat, V. ame 2 Caton: Mercury i hacanbus substance which can cause Sain untaltt eect from prolonged inhalation ofthe von one, With the skin. s2e Section 7 In etal Rl MESA 10 Mesure the volume ofthe singe i Gelso ra sing each test, The vale ofa previous eae ee seared Movie tht i wax cbsined as spctied fn 83 nar at ‘nkage dis is propery idented and in good physal conten iyi, a8 Atiount of the wetted soil equal 10 about one dish and wet soil, A, 25, Allow the soil pat to dry in sr until the colo ofthe soil ‘ums from datk to light, Ovens i ance i pieces, retum 10 9.1 and prepare another sll at 2g, lower Water content. Determine and record the mae (Ibm) of the dish and dry soil, 2 Determine the volume of the dy soil pat by removing the Pat from the shrinkage dish and immersing it tthe lass ‘up full of mercury in the following manner, «8. Place the glass cup inthe shallow pan in order to catch me uareUny overflow. Fill the glass cup 1 overflowing with Plate ayy Remove the excess mercury by pressing the glosy Pt ith the three prongs (Fig. 1) fly over te top oh rmcbserve that there i no sir rapped between the plate and Canetti there is, refi the dish and repeat the process Cxctlly pe Of any mercury hat may be adhering to he ‘outside of the cup, 9.6.2 Place the evaporating dish in the shallow pan in onder month any mercury overfow. Place the cup’ filled with SRergay in the evaporating dish and rest the soil pat on ihe ing age of the mercury (twill oad. Using the glass plac wa ihe thre prongs genlly press the pat under the meveory ay saad mercury, and, if there is, repeat the prmene Saning from 9.6.1. Measure the volume of the tercan: ‘displaced into the evaporating dish either by means ofthe glass Fs dea) dividing the measured mass of mercury bs the 10. Cateutation 10.1 Calculate the initial wet soil mass as: Mo My o 10.2 Calculate the dry soil mass as: M,=Mp~M; @ 10.3 Calculate the initial water content of the soil as » Percentage of the dry mass as w= AP .y40.)% 100 ° jt Calculate the shrinkage limit as a water content ofthe soil a8 a percentage of the dry mass as: SL = ~V~ V.f¥4) % 10) o where: Pm = approximate density of water equal to 1.0 glem 62.4 yh?) V,ate defined in the procedures section The Caleta the shrinkage ratio, from the data obtained cqunion: mete shrinkage determination by the following equation: R= My Xp) o 11. Report 11.1 Repon the following information: TLD Vacation data and visual description of sample bee ante OF initial water content 10 the nearest whole hhumber and omitting the percentage designation, inkage limit to the nearest whole number and omitting the percentage designation, 11.1.4 Value of shrinkage ratio to the nearest 0.01 12. Precision and Rias 12:1 Bias—There is no acceptable reference value for this {est method, therefore, bias eamnot be determined 122 Preciion*—Table 1 presens estimates of precision ‘ased on results from the AASHTO Materials Reset * Reseach Repo RE DIS-102 oni eda ‘seen! ad avai om AST Rectan 0 els ths precisa TABLE 1 Table of Precision Estimates Aecetane Mate and average arc Ba “ype inn ‘ave Devatcat Range To Single Oper See oe Shitapetme 1g os 1 Shresage 90 one ofa atsortn Shrinkge tg 1 “a Sirnnage 190 oa ots intersect epeciey, ho (la) and Ws Soesued lo Pracace C0, (fh D 427 Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample Program of testing conducied on Samples 103 and 104, These samples were found tobea CL material having 59.4 % fines, a liguid limit of 33 and a plastic limit of 18. 122.1 The column labeled “Acceptable Range of Two Results” quantifies the maximum difference expected between ‘ovo measurements on samples of the same material under the conditions listed inthe first column. These values only apply to soils which are similar to Proficiency Samples 103 and 108. [Nove $—The figures given in Column 3 ate the standard deviations that have been found be appropriate fo the tes sults described in Coluran 1. The figures given in Columa 4 are the limits that should note exceeded by the difference between tv0 propetly conducted tests Nore 6—Crieria for assigning standard deviation values for highly plastic ee oncohesive soils are not available atthe presen ine 13. Keywords 13.1 Anerberg limits; cohesive soils; dry strength linear shrinkage; mercury; shrinkage ratio; volumetric shrinkage SUMMARY OF CHANGES ‘Committee D-18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D 427 — 93 (1998) that may impact the use of this test method, I. Added Note 2 referencing Practice D 3740, Subsequently renumbered notes affected by adding Note 2 2, In 93, changed .. mg/m” to Mg/m?. 3. Moved location of Table 1 to be follow 12.2.1 ‘Tr Amarcan Sosy lot Teng end Mato kee no poston repectng he ak of ype sights asserted connection ‘nth any tem mentioned ints tance Usore ef ve standard ae exoresayased Pa etorminaton fhe Yayo ay suc? Dato ges, and te ek of nfangoment of sch ite, ae ately th own vesposety ‘The tans ube to revision at any tne by the respons techicl conte ar must be revewes eer ive years and ‘tnotrcea, eer respetoved or wna, Your commonts ate eva ether kerr of estan oo aoeboe! tans ‘ans shoul bo arneses to ASTM Hoaagarrs. Your conan il eexiacoohconseraton a ‘mecing ofthe eeporstle ‘ecnncal commit. which you mayan Iyou Tel Pat your carmen vena aeled a fav hang you show make you ‘ews hnown ote ASTM Gomes on Stardarcs 10 Bar Harbor Dive, Wt Conhochen, P9828 afl Designation: D 698 — 00a Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-Ibf/ft°(600 kN-m/m?))' ‘This stand issued ander he aed desiuutin 658: he mute txigial adoption ei the cae eae, te Jet ‘spent pln (indents cdacral shang ‘ts revisor 1. Scope * 1.1 These test methods covers laboratory compaction meth- ‘xs used to determine the relationship between water content nd dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) compacted in 24 of 6-in, (101.6 or 152.4-mm) diameter mold with a 5.5-lbf Q44-N) rammer dropped from a height of 12 in. (305 mm) Producing a compactive effort of 12,400 ft-Ibftt?(600 kN-m! m) Nore The equipment and procedures ae similar as those proposed by RR. Procor Engineering News Recond-—Septembe 7, 1933) with this one major exception: his ramner blows were aplied "12 inch im stroke instead of free fll, producing variable compactve effort depend. Jing cm the operator, but probably in the range 15,00) 10 25,000 feb? (900 to 1,200 kN-ivhn. The standat efor test (se 32.2) s sometimes refered to as the Proctor Test. Nove 2—Soils and soi-ageregate mintures should be regarded as ‘natural occuring fne- ce coarse-grained soils er composites of mixtures ‘fatal soils, or mixtures of natural and processed soils x aggregates sich a sit, gravel, o ershed rock 1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (materials) that have 30 &% or less by mass of particles retained on the Yeinch (9.0-mm) sieve Nore 3—For relationships Between unit weights and water contents of soils with 30% or less by mise of material retained on the Yosh, (29.0: sieve to unit weights and water content ofthe ration passing Vein, (19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D718 1.3 Three sliemative methods are provided, The method used shall be as indicated in the specification for the material being tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be ‘based on the material gradation. 13. Method A 1.3.1.1 Mold—4in, (101.6-mm) diameter. 1.3.1.2 Materiat—Passing No, 4 (4.75-mm) sieve, 13.13 Layers Three 13.14 Blows per layer—2s, 1.3.15 Use—May be used if 20 % or less by mass of the ‘material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mim) sieve. "This stands unre jnseton of AST Commies DAB on Soi and osha the dra esponchity of Subcom DIR n Tecwe Paty and Dewsity Charan of So [Gueeion pyrved Dane (0, 2000. Fubised September 200 Originally bel 6 D 60827 Lat pcos edn D 98 00, Immediately flowing the designation indicates the yer of Arumber in pcuheses nats he year of lat apo A sine the st evson or era 1.3.1.6 Other Use—If this method is not specified, mate that meet these gradation requirements may be tested Methods B ot C. 1.3.2 Method B: 13.2.1 Mold—tin. (101.6-mm) diameter 1.3.2.2 Marerial—Passing %-in, (9.5-mm) sieve. 13.23 Layers—Three. 13.2.4 Blows per layer—25. 1.3.2.5 Use—Shall be used if more than 20 % by mas the material is retained on the No. 4(4.75-mmm) sieve and 2 ‘or Tess by mass of the material is retained on the > (95-mm) sieve 1.3.2.6 Orher Use—IF this method isnot specified, mate that meet these gradation requirements may be tested Method C. 13.3 Method C: 13.3.1 Motd—G-in. (152.4-mm) diameter 13.3.2 Material-—Passing ¥4-inch (19.0-mm) sieve 13.33 Layers—Theee, 1.3.34 Blows per layer—56. 1.3.3.5 Use—Shall be used if more than 20 % by mas the material is retained on the %-in, (9.5-mm) sieve and than 30% by mass of the material is retained on the (49.0-mam) sieve, 1.3.4 The 6-in, (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be « with Method A or B. Norn 4—Resuls have been found to vary’ slghly when a materi tesied atthe same compactve effort in diferent size mol 1.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mas oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will no included in the test, corrections must be made t the unit n and water content of the specimen orto the appropriate fil place density test specimen using Practice D 4718. 15 This test method will generally produce a well defi ‘maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If test method is used for free draining soils the maximum ‘weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtai using Test Methods D 4253. 1.6 The values in inch-pound units ate 1o be regarded as standard. The values stated in SI units. are provided information only. 1.6.1 In the engineering profession it is customary prac “A Summary of Changes section pears atthe end ofthis standard oy aS EE Gh D698 ‘to use, interchangeably. units representing both mass and force, uunless. dynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. ‘This implicitly combines two separate systems of units tbat is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of wo separate systems within 4 single standard. This test method bas been written using inch-pound units (gravimetric system) where the pound (Ibi) Fepresents a unit of force. The use of mass (bm) is for convenience of units and is not intended to convey the use is scientifically correct. Conversions are given in the SI system in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (Ibm), or the recording of density in Tomv/ft” should not be regarded as nonconformance swith his standard, 17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It és the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: C127 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate® (C136 Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate? D422 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils? 1D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids? 1D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer™ D 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac- ‘ teristics of Soil Using Modified Efforts (56,000 f-Ibf? s 2,700 KN-ma/m?)) Drop" 4 P2168 Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Raminer Soil Compactors? a P2216 Test Methad for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass? : D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)" P2488 Practice for Description and Kdemifcation of Soils Vint Manvat Procedure) 00 Prictice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies sy. Engaged inthe Testing andor Inspection of Soil and Rock Dann di Entinering Design and Consiacion® tices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Pe reserving and Transporting. S PARE Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Dat! Soils Using 2 Vibratory Table? Conan ict for Comection of Unit Weight and Water "for Soils Containing Oversize Paticles* raatication for Evaluating, Selecting and Speci- tants and Scales For Use in Soil, Rock, and ivction Materials Testing” Fe Methods for Density of Soil and Rockin Place fad Replacement Method in a Test Pit ASTI Senda, 0490 LAST Sondnt, 5030 Test Method for Density of Soit and Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni- cal Datat EI Specification for ASTM Thermometers$ EI Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur- poses? E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Metods” £319 Practice for the Evaluation of Single-Pan Mechanical Balances* E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method? IEEB/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI: the Modem Metric System 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: See Terminology D 653 for general defn tio 32 Description of Terms Specifc 10 Ths Standard 3.2. oversize fraction (coarse fraction), P. in %—the portion of total sample not used in performing the compaction test; it may be the portion of total sample retained on the No 4 G.75-mm), Yin, (9.5-mm), or Yin, (19.0-mm) sieve 3.2.2 standard efort—the term for the 12,400 fbf (600 EN-m/’) compactve effort applied by the equipment and rethods of this tes. 3.23 standard maximum dry unit weight, ‘Yaqy in tit (kN/a?)—the maximum value defined by the" compaction curve fora compaction test using standard effr. 3.24 standard optimum water conten. ¥, in %—the water content at which a soil can be compacted to the maximum dry ‘nit weight using standard compacive effort 32.5 test fraction (ner fraction), Py in %—the portion of the total sample used in performing the compaction test tis the fraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mam) sieve in Method A. minus %-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or minus 3% (19:0-mm) sieve in Method C. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 A soil at a selected water content is placed in three layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layer compacted by 25 oF 56 blows of a $.5-Ibf (24.4-N) rammer 0.0164 (101.6 + 0.4.min) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 + 0.018 in. (116.4 = 0.5 mm) and a volume of 0.0333 = 0.0005 f° (944 = 14 cm’). A mold assembly having the minimum ‘equired features is shown in Fig. 1 6.1.2 Mold, 6 in. —A mold having 2 6.000 + 0.026-in. (152.4 = 0.7-mm) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 + 8.018 in. (116.4 © 0.5 mm), and a volume of 0,075 = 0.0000 f° 2124 = 25 em’). A mold assembly having the minimum ‘required features is shown in Fig. 2. SI 62 Ranuner—A rammer, either manually operated as de- scribed further in 62.1 or mechanically operated as described jn 6.2.2. The rammer shall fal freely through a distance of 12 © 0005 in. (304.8 = 1.3 mm) from the surface of the specimen, ‘The mass of the rammer shall be 5.5 0.02 Ibm (2.5 + 0.1 kg), except that the mass of the mechanical rammers may be adjusted as described in Test Methods D 2168; see Note 7. The striking face of the rammer shall be planar and circular, except as noted in 6.2.2.1, with a diameter when new of 2.000 + 0.005 in, (50.80 + 0.13 mm). The rammer shall be replaced if the striking face becomes wor or bellied to the extent that the diameter exceeds 2.000 + 0001 in. (50.80 + 0.25 mm) Nore 7—It is a common and acceptable practice in the inch pound system to assume that the mass of the rammier is equal to it mae

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