INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS

MATERIALES CERÁMICOS
 What is ceramics ?
The word ceramics, derives its name from the Greek keramos,
meaning “pottery”, which in turn is derived from an older Sanskrit
Root, meaning “to burn”. The Greeks used the term to mean
“burned earth”. Thus the word was used to refer to a product
obtained through the action of fire upon earthy materials.

Most people, when they hear the word ceramic, think of

art, dinnerware, pottery, tiles, brick and toilets. The above
mentioned products are referred to as traditional ceramics.
 CERÁMICAS COVALENTES

• Estructuras cristalinas con enlaces covalentes

• Se consideran:
Diamante

Grafito Polimorfos del carbono

Fullerenos
SiC

Silicatos
Serpentinita núcleo de roca
de la falla de San Andrés
 Roca de Granito
de la falla de San Andrés
 Ondas Sónicas de Choque
Terremoto en la Falla de San Andrés
Ondas de choque granito serpentina
En la Falla de San Andrés
Classification of Ceramics

Ceramic Materials

Glasses Clay Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced

(Amorphous, Products Alumina, Silica Diamond Calcium Ceramics
silica based) high purity oxides SiC Silicon
Si N 4
Graphite Silica Sand 3
Glass Alumina SiC, BC, WC
Ceramics ZrO
(polycrystalline, 2
eg. Pyroceram)
Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
(fibre and whisker
reinfored)
Function Class
electrical insulation -Al2O3 , MgO, procelain
ferroelectrics BaTiO3, SrTiO3
piezoelectrics PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3
conductors MoSi2, SiC
fast ionic conductors -Al2O3 , doped ZrO2
superconductors Ba2YCu3O7-x
magnetic soft ferrites Mn0.4 Zn0.6Fe2O4
hard ferrites BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19
nuclear fuel UO2, UO2 - PuO2
shielding SiC, BC4
optical transparent envelopes -Al2O3, MgAl2O4
light memory doped PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 , LiNbO3
colors doped ZrSiO4, doped ZrO2 , doped Al2O3
mechanical structural refractory -Al2O3 , MgO, Si3N4 , SiC
wear resistance -Al2O3, ZrO2 , Si3N4 , SiC
cutting -Al2O3, ZrO2 , Si3N4 , SiC, WC, SiAlON
abrasive -Al2O3 , MgO, SiC
construction CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 , porcelain
thermal insulation -Al2O3, ZrO2 , Al6Si2O13 , SiO2
radiator ZrO2, TiO2, AlN
chemical gas sensor ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, Fe2O3
catalyst carrier Mg2Al4Si5O18, Al2O3
electrodes TiO2 , SnO2, ZnO, TiB2
filters SiO2, Al2O3
coatings NaO - CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2
biological structural protheses -Al2O3, procelain
cements CaHPO4 - H2O
 Properties of Ceramic Materials

The most remarkable property of ceramic materials is their very

high melting, sublimation or dissociation temperatures. Typical
ceramic materials and melting points
MgO 2800 °C HfC 3890 °C
Al2O3 2030 °C HfTa4C5 3940 °C
ZrO2 (stab. Y) 2550 °C WC 2600 °C
TiO2 1840 °C SiC 2250 °C (diss. elements)

SiO2 1710 °C BN 2400 °C (subl.)

Mg2SiO4 1810 °C TiN 2950 °C
Al2SiO5 1810 °C AlN 2500 °C (subl.)
CaSiO3 1540 °C Si3N4 1900 °C (subl.)

C 3750 °C
Si 1421 °C
Evolución Histórica
Materiales Cerámicos
 What is Glass?

Sand – 70-75%
Soda Ash – 10-15%
Limestone – 10-15%
Additives – 5%
Glass Containers
 Pressed Glass Processing

Softened
Gob
 Blow Molding

Softened
glass
 Cements

• Used to produce concrete roads, bridges,

buildings, dams.
Refractory Brick
Automotive
Catalytic converters, ceramic filters, airbag sensors,
ceramic rotors, valves, spark plugs, pressure sensors,
thermistors, vibration sensors, oxygen sensors, safety
Glass windshield, piston

Rotor (Alumina) Gears (Alumina)

 Silicon Carbide

Automotive
Components in
Silicon Carbide

Chosen for its heat

and wear resistance
Ceramic Brake Discs
 Application of advanced ceramics

BORIDE Inc WC blast nozzle

Kryocera Si3N4 gas turbine rotor

Structural Al2 O3
parts (Reed, 1995)

Kundan MgO refractory bricks

(furnace liners)
Military
Structural components for ground, air, naval vehicle, missiles
sensors Outer hard
Ceramic-
Discontinuous
skin

Projectile
High-temperature Personnel
and
stability and Equipment

transparency to Inner
ductile
skin
microwave radiation Ceramic Armor System

ceramic radomes (front row)

on Patriot missiles

lightweight ceramic armor

Ceramic - Composite Armor
Ceramic-
Outer hard Discontinuous
skin

Projectile

Personnel
and
Equipment

Inner
ductile
skin

Ceramic Armor System

Aerospace
Space shuttle tiles, thermal barriers,
high temperature glass window, fuel cells
Aerospace

955

315
Temperatures are in
650 Celsius degrees.
1465 Temps marked with
an * signify ascent
temperatures.

*1175
*425 980

*430 * 420
*405

Diagram of space shuttle's ascent and descent temperatures

Medical (Bioceramics)
Orthopedic joint replacement, prosthesis, dental restoration,
bone implants
Computers
Insulators, resistors, superconductors, capacitors,
Ferroelectric components, microelectronic packaging
Other Industries
Bricks, cement, membranes and filters, lab equipment
Coating
 RAW MATERIALS for Clay Products

Clay
Plasticity  formability

Must
be clean and
Feldspar (Flux)‫‏‬ pure enough for
Reduction for vitrification Sand
temperature products Increasing strength

Additives may be added

for improving particular properties
47
 A

33,3% B 10 90
20 80
30 70
40 60
50 50
60 40
70 33,3% A
30
80 20
90 10

B 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C
33,3% C
%C
Sintering Process

Pressed Ceramic Sintered for Sintered for

Particles a short time a long time
Conformado a partir de polvos TECNOLOGÍA DE
MATERIALES
Sinterización

HORNO
CONTINUO
 Outline

• History

• Processing

• Structure

• Properties

• Performance
History

One of the major problems encountered in the teaching

of science, is the frequent lack of any social or historical
perspective.

Science does not evolve in a vacuum, but is constrained

By the mores and morals of society at large.
Material Ages

Stone Age ~2,000,000 BC

(End of Ice Age) 8,000 BC

Bronze Age 3,200 BC

Iron Age 1,200 BC

Silicon Age 1950 AD

New Material Age 1990-

Material Timeline I

Neolithic age:
8,000 BC Clay tokens are used in Mesopotamia to
record business transsactions
6,000 BC Copper smelting is developed.
5,000 BC Gold, silver and copper ornaments are
fashioned from nuggets in e.g. the Balkans.
5,000 BC Babylon is built with fired-brick and
bitumen mortar.
Chalcolithic age:
4,500 BC Copper is smelted in Eastern Europe and Egypt.
4,000 BC Meteoric iron is used to make small tools and
ornaments
Material Timeline II

Bronze age:
3,500 BC Earliest known use of Bronze is found in Sumer:
first urban civilization
3,000 BC Glass is first used in the Middle East as a glaze
on pottery
1,500 BC Glass vessels are produced in Egypt and
Mesopotamia
Early Iron age:
1,400 BC- The Hittites in Anatolia introduce methods to
1,200 BC produce large quantities of smelted iron.
Advanced Ceramics

• Advanced ceramic materials have been developed

over the past half century
• Applied as thermal barrier coatings to protect metal
structures, wearing surfaces, or as integral
components by themselves.
• Engine applications are very common for this class of
material which includes silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon
carbide (SiC), Zirconia (ZrO2) and Alumina (Al2O3)
• Heat resistance and other desirable properties have
lead to the development of methods to toughen the
material by reinforcement with fibers and whiskers
opening up more applications for ceramics
Consumer Uses
Glassware, windows, pottery, Corning ware, magnets
Dinnerware, ceramic tiles, lenses, home electronics,
Microwave transducers