Shakespeare's life

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, and theatre entrepreneur

in London during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. He was
baptised on 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England,
in the Holy Trinity Church. At age 18 he married Anne Hathaway with whom
he had three children. He died in his home town of Stratford on 23 April 1616
at the age of 52. Though more is known about Shakespeare's life than those of
most other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts
survive about him, which is unsurprising in the light of his social status as a
commoner, the low esteem in which his profession was held, and the general
lack of interest of the time in the personal lives of writers.[1] Information about
his life derives from public instead of private documents: vital records, real
estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to
Shakespeare and his works in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless,
hundreds of biographies have been written and more continue to be, most of
which rely on inferences and the historical context of the 70 or so hard facts
recorded about Shakespeare the man, a technique that sometimes leads to
[2]
embellishment or unwarranted interpretation of the documented record. William Shakespeare (National Portrait
Gallery), Chandos portrait, artist and
authenticity unconfirmed.

Contents
Early life
Education
Marriage
Lost years
Speculative accounts
London and theatrical career
Business affairs
Later years and death
Shakespeare genealogy
See also
Citations
References
External links

Early life
William Shakespeare[3] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. His exact date of birth is not known—the baptismal record was dated 26
April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to be April 23, 1564, which is also the Feast Day of Saint George, the patron saint of
England. He was the first son and the first surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.[4] A
market town then of around 2000 residents about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the marketing,
distribution, and slaughter of sheep, as well as for hide tanning and wool trading.
 His parents were
John Shakespeare, a
successful glover
The parish register entry of Shakespeare's
christening in the Holy Trinity Church reads, in originally from
Latin: "Gulielmus filius Johannes Shakspere" Snitterfield in
(William son of John Shakespeare). Warwickshire, and
Mary Arden, the
John Shakespeare's house, believed
youngest daughter to be Shakespeare's birthplace, now
of John's father's landlord, a member of the local gentry. The couple married around belonging to the Shakespeare
1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was born, purportedly in a house Birthplace Trust
now known as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They had eight children: Joan (baptised 15
September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (bap. 2 December 1562 – buried 30
April 1563), William, Gilbert (bap. 13 October 1566 – bur. 2 February 1612), Joan (bap. 15 April 1569 – bur. 4 November 1646),
Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. 4 April 1579), Richard (bap. 11 March 1574 – bur. 4 February 1613) and Edmund (bap. 3 May
1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).[5]

Shakespeare's father, prosperous at the time of William's birth, was appointed to several municipal offices and served as an alderman
in 1565, culminating in a term asbailiff, the chief magistrate of thetown council, in 1568. He fell upon hard times for reasons unclear
to history beginning in 1576, when his son, William, was 12.[6] He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in wool and usury, and he
mortgaged and subsequently lost some lands he had obtained through his wife's inheritance that would have been inherited by his
eldest son. After four years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced as
burgess in 1586.

Before being allowed to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to present their play before the
town council to be licensed. Players first acted in Stratford in 1568, the year that John Shakespeare was bailiff.[7] Before Shakespeare
[8]
turned 20, the Stratford town council had paid for at least 18 performances by no fewer than 12 playing companies.

Education
Most Shakespeare biographers qualify his reputed attendance at The Guild School in
Stratford with phrases such as "almost certainly" because all attendance records for
the time have been lost, but Shakespeare's works exhibit detailed knowledge of the
grammar school curriculum and none of the university life that is evident in
university-educated playwrights such as Marlowe.[9] Edward VI, the king honoured
in the school's name, had in the mid-16th century diverted money from the
dissolution of the monasteriesto endow a network of grammar schools to "propagate
good literature... throughout the kingdom", but the school had originally been set up
by the Guild of the Holy Cross, a church institution in the town, early in the 15th
century.[10] It was further endowed in 1482. It was free to male children in Stratford
and it is presumed that the young Shakespeare attended.[11] Grammar schools varied
in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the grammar curriculum was standardised
by royal decree throughout England,[12][13] and the school would have provided an
intensive education in Latin grammar and literature—"as good a formal literary
training as had any of his contemporaries".[14] As a part of this education, the A drawing from 1708, which was
students were exposed to Latin plays that students performed to better understand claimed to be a portrait of Anne
the language. One of Shakespeare's earliest plays, The Comedy of Errors, bears Hathaway
similarity to Plautus's Menaechmi, which could well have been performed at the
school. There is no evidence that he received a university education.

Marriage
On 28 November 1582 at Temple Grafton near Stratford, the 18-year-old Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who was 26. Two
neighbours of Hathaway, Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson, posted bond ensuring that no legal impediments existed to the union.
The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste; their first daughter
, Susanna, was born on 26 May 1583, six months later.

Their twin children, the son, Hamnet, and the daughter, Judith, were baptised on 2 February 1585. Hamnet died in 1596, Susanna in
1649 and Judith in 1662.

Lost years
After the birth of the twins, save for being party to a lawsuit to recover part of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lost
by default, Shakespeare left no historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatrical scene. Indeed, the seven-year
period between 1585 (when his twin children were born) and 1592 (when Robert Greene called him an "upstart crow") is known as
Shakespeare's "lost years" because no evidence has survived to show exactly where he was or why he left Stratford for London.[15]
geoning playwright.[16]
However, it is certain that before Greene’s attack Shakespeare had acquired a reputation as an actor and bur

Speculative accounts
Several hypotheses have been put forth to account for his life during this time, and a
number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled

Stratford after he got in trouble for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy,
and that he then wrote a scurrilous ballad about Lucy. It is also reported, according
to a note added by Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that
Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London. Johnson adds that that
story had been told toAlexander Pope by Rowe.[17]
Shakespeare Before Thomas Lucy, a
typical Victorian illustration of the In his Brief Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been
poaching anecdote
a "schoolmaster in the country" on the authority of William Beeston, son of
Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Humour
(1598) as a fellow member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men.[18] In 1985 E. A. J. Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted as a
schoolmaster in Lancashire,[19] on the evidence found in the 1581 will of a member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and
play-clothes and asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me". Honigmann
proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster
, recommended the young man.

"Shakeshaft," or "Shakeschafte," was a common name in Lancashire at the time, but also one attributed to Shakespeare's grandfather
Richard, who lived in Warwickshire.[20] There are many circumstantial links between Shakespeare and the houses of Houghton,
Hesketh, and other northern families of nobility.[21] In the will of London goldsmith Thomas Savage (died 1611), Shakespeare's
trustee at the Globe Theatre, one of the beneficiaries was Hesketh's widow.[22][23] Scope for further speculation is offered by records
showing that Lord Strange's Men, a company of players linked with Shakespeare's early career in London, regularly performed in the
area and would have been well known to the Houghtons and the Heskeths.[24] Early performances and the content of Love's Labours
Lost and Titus Andronicus suggest Lancashire connections or origins.[25] Members of the Stanley family, the ancestors of Lord
Strange, figure prominently inHenry VI part 3 and Richard III.[26] Malvolio and Oswald may be inspired by Lord Strange's steward,
William Farington.[27]

In support of a Lancashire answer for the lost years, Oliver Baker said simply: "In stating that the poet may have found a home with a
band of players in Lancashire and passed the most impressionable years of his life in great houses, and with cultured people, instead
of remaining in a butcher's yard till he married and left for London, I may not have provided the reading public with the sort of
detailed narrative of Shakespeare's early life and work which we should all like to read, but it is one which puts less strain on their
[28]
credulity than what has sometimes been offered them, and is at least less insulting to their intelligence."
Another idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after the sudden death of actor William Knell in a
fight while on a tour which later took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's place and
thus found his way to London and stage-land."[29] Shakespeare's father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the
acceptance and welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.[30] However, there is no direct evidence of Shakespeare's membership of the
Queen's Men, so it remains speculation.

London and theatrical career

As a married man Shakespeare was ineligible to attend university and debarred from
taking up a formal indentured apprenticeship in a trade with an established guild but
acting companies had so-called 'apprenticeships' which had much looser entry
Shakespeare's signature, from his requirements.[31] This is a possible clue to Shakespeare's route into the profession.
will
Most scholars believe that by 1592 Shakespeare was a playwright in London, and
that he had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him in the
posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers,
that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and
being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the
Henry VI, part 3.)[32]
phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" which Shakespeare wrote in

By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing company, known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the period,
the company took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group became popular enough that
after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the company and it became known as
the King's Men, after the death of their previous sponsor. The works are written within the frame of reference of the career actor,
[33]
rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.

The Shakespeare family had long sought armorial bearings and the status of gentleman.
William's father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat of
arms and applied to the College of Heralds, but evidently his worsening financial status
prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, most
probably at the instigation of William himself as he was the more prosperous at the time. The
motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, but it was not
used on any armorial displays that have survived. The theme of social status and restoration
runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his
own longing.[34]

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 he
appeared at the top of a list of actors in Every Man in His Humour written by Ben Jonson. He Shakespeare's coat of arms
is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus: His Fall. Also by 1598, his name began to
appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably as a selling point.

There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business and
financial details as part-owner of the company, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in As You
Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V.[35]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark sometime around 1599. In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a
matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal documents from 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show that Shakespeare was
a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London in 1604.
Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between, to help
negotiate the details of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law
for delivering only part of the dowry. During the Bellott v. Mountjoy case, Shakespeare was called to testify, but said he remembered
little of the circumstances.
Business affairs
By the early 17th century, Shakespeare had become very prosperous. Most of his
money went to secure his family's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems
to have lived in rented accommodation while in London. According to John Aubrey,
he travelled to Stratford to stay with his family for a period each year.[36]
Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy the second-largest house in Stratford, New
Place, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill. The Stratford
chamberlain's accounts in 1598 record a sale of stone to the council from "Mr
Shaxpere", which may have been related to remodelling work on the newly New Place, Shakespeare's home,
purchased house.[37] The purchase was thrown into doubt when evidence emerged sketched in 1737 by George Vertue
that Underhill, who died shortly after the sale, had been poisoned by his oldest son, from a description
but the sale was confirmed by the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of age
in 1602.[38]

In 1598 the local council ordered an investigation into the hoarding of grain, as there had been a run of bad harvests causing a steep
increase in prices. Speculators were acquiring excess quantities in the hope of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes
Shakespeare's household, recording that he possessed ten quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted as evidence that he was
listed as a hoarder. Others argue that Shakespeare's holding was not unusual. According to Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr.
Aspinall, had eleven quarters, and the vicar, Mr. Byfield, had six of his own and four of his sister's".[37] Samuel Schoenbaum and
B.R. Lewis, however, suggest that he purchased the malt as an investment, since he later sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, for an
unpaid debt for twenty bushels of malt.[37] Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale to Rogers, over six installments, was a kind of
"wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the malt as raw material for his
products.[37] Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of a great house, the owner of large gardens and
granaries, a man with generous stores of barley which one could purchase, at need, for a price. In short, he had
become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and agricultural products, an aspect of his identity further enhanced
[37]
by his investments in local farmland and farm produce.

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land holdings and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to the north of the town. He bought a
share in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, as well as from wool, lamb and other items in
Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was
pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at controlling as much as possible of the local grain market", a strategy that was
highly successful.[37] In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman
William Combe attempted to take control of common land in Welcombe, part of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes.
The town clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded a conversation with Shakespeare about the issue. Shakespeare
said he believed the enclosure would not go through, a prediction that turned out to be correct.[39] Greene also recorded that
Shakespeare had told Greene's brother that "I was not able to bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from the context whether
[40]
Shakespeare is speaking of his own feelings, or referring to Thomas's opposition.

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an apartment in a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars
priory;[41] The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their winter playhouse from 1608. The
purchase was probably an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and the apartment was rented out to
one John Robinson. Robinson may be the same man recorded as a labourer in Stratford, in which case it is possible he worked for
[42]
Shakespeare. He may be the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.

Later years and death

 Rowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford
some years before his death;[43] but retirement from all work was uncommon at that time,[44]
and Shakespeare continued to visit London. In 1612 he was called as a witness in the Bellott v.
Mountjoy case.[45] A year later he was back in London to make the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, a local man who
claimed she had caught gonorrhea from a lover. Susanna and her husband Dr John Hall sued
for slander. Lane failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Shakespeare was
, Hall.[46]
in London for several weeks with his son-in-law

In the last few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his younger daughter
Judith—a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney—was charged in the local church court with
"fornication". A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a child and claimed it
was Quiney's; she and the child both died soon after. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and
Shakespeare revised his will to ensure that Judith's interest in his estate was protected from
possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the reputed age of 52.[47] He died within a month of
signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect
health". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. After half a century had
passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and
Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever
Shakespeare's funerary
there contracted."[48][49] It is certainly possible he caught a fever after such a meeting, for
monument
Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come from fellow
authors, one refers to his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st
[50]
so soon/From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had died in 1596. His last
surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna and John Hall. There are no direct descendants of
the poet and playwright alive today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was
"contented" to be believed Shakespeare's actual son. Davenant's mother was the wife of a vintner at the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on
[51]
the road between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling between his home and the capital.

Shakespeare is buried in thechancel of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon.

He was granted the honour of burial in the chancel not on account of his fame as a
playwright but for purchasing a share of the tithe of the church for £440 (a
considerable sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave,
probably placed by his family,[52] features a bust showing Shakespeare posed in the
act of writing. Each year on his claimed birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the
writing hand of the bust. He is believed to have written the epitaph on his
tombstone.[53]

“ Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,

To dig the dust enclosed here.

Blest be the man that spares these
stones, Shakespeare's gravestone.
And cursed be he that moves my bones.
”
Shakespeare genealogy
See also
Shakespeare's reputation
Shakespeare's Way
William Shakespeare's religion

Citations
1. Bate 1998, p. 4; Southworth 2000, p. 5; Wells 1997, pp. 4–5
2. Holderness 2011, p. 19.
3. also spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan times was not fixed and absolute.
See Spelling of Shakespeare's name.
4. Potter 2012, 1, 10.
5. Chambers 1930, II:1-2.
6. Schoone-Jongen 2008, 13
7. Potter 2012, 15.
8. Schoone-Jongen 2008, 15.
9. Potter 2012, 48; Bate 1998, 8; Schoenbaum 1987, 62–63.
10. Bate, Jonathan (2008). "Stratford Grammar".Soul of the Age: the life, mind and world of W
illiam Shakespeare.
London: Viking. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-670-91482-1.
11. Honan, Park. Shakespeare: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 43.
12. Baldwin 1944, 179-80, 183; Cressy 1975, 28, 29.
13. Cressy, David (1975), Education in Tudor and Stuart England, New York: St Martin's Press,ISBN 0-7131-5817-4,
OCLC 2148260, pp. 28-9.
14. Baldwin 1944, 117; 663
15. Shakespeare: The Lost Years by E. A. J. Honigmann, Manchester University Press; 2nd edition, 1999, page 1.
16. Ackroyd, Peter. Shakespeare the Biography. Chatto & Windus, 2005, pp. 97, 187; Duncan-Jones, Katherine.
Shakespeare an Ungentle Life. Methuen Drama, 2010, p. 48.
17. Schoenbaum, Samuel.Shakespeare's Lives. Clarendon Press. 1991. page 75.ISBN 0-19-818618-5
18. Schoenbaum, 1987, pp. 110–111.
19. Honigmann, E. A. J. (1985).Shakespeare: The Lost Years. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
pp. 41–48. ISBN 0-7190-1743-2.
20. Keen, Alan and Roger Lubbock (1954).The Annotator. New York: Macmillan Co. p. 75.
21. Keen & Lubbock. The Annotator. pp. 109 et seq.
22. Hotson, Leslie (1949). Shakespeare's Sonnets Dated. New York: Oxford University Press.OCLC 531743921 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/531743921)., quoted in Schoenbaum, S. (1991). Shakespeare's Lives. Oxford, England:
Oxford University Press. p. 544.ISBN 0-19-818618-5.
23. Michael Wood "In Search of Shakespeare" (2003) BBC Books, ISBN 0-563-52141-4 p.80
24. Chambers, E.K (1944). Shakespearean gleanings. OCLC 463278779 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463278779).,
quoted in Schoenbaum (1991: 535–6)
25. Keen & Lubbock. The Annotator. pp. 56–60; 63–71.
26. Keen & Lubbock. The Annotator. pp. 83–85.
27. Keen & Lubbock. The Annotator. p. 186.
28. Baker, Oliver. Shakespeare's Warwickshire and the Unknown Years. quoted in The Annotator. p. 74.
29. S. Schoenbaum, Shakespeare, the Globe & the World, Oxford University Press, 1979, p.43.
30. Pierce, Patricia, "Shakespeare and the Forgotten Heroes",History Today, Volume: 56. Issue: 7, July 2006, p.3.
31. English Professional Theatre 1530-1660by G. Wickham, H. Berry and W. Ingram, Cambridge U.P.; 2000, page 155.
"as stage-players had no formal recognition as a Guild, this sort of training (was not) hedged around with the
constraints of age and marital status imposed by the City on more formal kinds of apprenticeship"
32. Schoenbaum, Samuel (1977). "The upstart crow".A Compact Documentary Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
pp. 151–158. ISBN 0-19-502211-4.
33. Neilson, William (1915). "The Baconian question".The Facts about Shakespeare. New York: Macmillan. pp. 164–
165. OCLC 358453 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/358453). "Records amply establish the identity between
Shakespeare the actor and the writer. ... The extent of observation and knowledge in the plays is, indeed,
remarkable but it is not accompanied by any indication of thorough scholarship, or a detailed connection with any
profession outside of the theater..."
34. Greenblatt (2004: "The Dream of Restoration", 76–86)
35. Article on Shakespeare's Globe Theatre(http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=367150&sid=ZNS) Zee News on
Shakespeare, accessed 23 January 2007.
36. Dobson & Wells (ed), The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford University Press, 2001, p.28.
37. Boehrer, Bruce, Environmental Degradation in Jacobean Drama,Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp.208-9.
38. Schoenbaum, Samuel,Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life, Oxford University Press, 1987, p.234.
39. Dobson & Wells (ed), The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford University Press, 2001, p.128.
40. See Schoenbaum, S, William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life , p. 284-5. Schoenbaum concludes that
"any attempt to interpret the passage is guesswork, and no more". It has also been suggested that the word "bear"
(spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar" - meaning that Greene would not be able to stop the
enclosure. See Lois Potter, The Life of William Shakespeare: A Critical Biography, John Wiley, 2012, P.404. Palmer,
A & Palmer V, Who's Who in Shakespeare's England, Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p.96.
41. Schoenbaum, 1977, pp. 272–274
42. Pogue, Kate, Shakespeare's Friends, Greenwood, 2006, pp.42-3.
43. Ackroyd, p. 476.
44. Honan, pp. 382–383.
45. Honan, p. 326.; Ackroyd, pp. 462–464.
46. Honan, 387.
47. His age and the date are inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument:AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR
48. Schoenbaum, Samuel.Shakespeare's Lives. Oxford University Press. 1991.ISBN 9780198186182. Page 78.
49. Rowse, A. L. William Shakespeare; A Biography. Harper & Row. 1963. Page 453.
50. Kinney, Arthur F., editor. The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare. Oxford University Press. 2012.
ISBN 9780199566105. Page 11. Verse by James Mabbe printed inthe First Folio.
51. Aubrey, John (1680). "William Davenant, Knight".Brief Lives. London.
52. Cultural Shakespeare: Essays in the Shakespeare Mythby Graham Holderness, Univ of Hertfordshire Press, 2001,
pages 152–54.
53. Dowdall, John (1693).Traditionary anecdotes of Shakespeare: Collected in Warwickshire, in the year MDCXCIII(htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=OwpJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shakespeare+john+dowdall&ei=T_7QSJ
aSDqG2jgGFktzmAw&client=firefox-a#PPA11,M1) (quoted in William Shakespeare: A Documentary Lifeby Samuel
Schoenbaum (1975) ed.).

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Southworth, John (2000).Shakespeare the Player: A Life in the Theatre
. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2312-5.
Wells, Stanley (1997). Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31562-2.
Wickham, G. (2000). English Professional Theatre 1530-1660. Cambridge University Press.
Wood, Michael (2003), Shakespeare, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-09264-0

External links
The Shakespeare Birthplace trusthas an excellent discussion of Shakespeare's life on its website.
A Warwickshire Lad by George Madden Martin
The Internet Shakespeare Editionsprovides an extensive section on his life and times.
The Stratford Guide A visitor Guide to Stratford Upon Avon. Has sections on Shakespeare's life, Attractions in
Stratford and much more.
The Shakespeare Resource CenterA directory of Web resources for online Shakespearean study. Includes a
Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and language resources.
Timeline of Shakespeare's life with links to pictures of documents along with historical events. This is part of the
interactive PBS web site with other resources as background for the documentaryIn Search of Shakespearewith
Michael Wood from the BBC.
The Shakespeare Paper Trail with Documenting the Early Years and Documenting the Later Years are two sets of
interactive articles written byMichael Wood to go with his BBC documentary In Search of Shakespeare
Shakespeare's family tree
The Literature Networkdiscusses Shakespeare's biography, his plays, and the history of them. There are lists of all
of his plays and the order in which they were written.
Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to ShakespeareA comprehensive resource that includes historical information and
background on Shakespeare's plays and in depth literary critiques.

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