Introductory Concepts 1 and Definitions 1.1 An object whose mass is 6.8 kg occupies a volume of 0.7 m?. Determine its (a) weight, inN, and its average density, in kg/m’, at a location on the earth where g = 9.45 m/s*. (Ans. 64.26 N) (b) weight, in N, and its average density, in kg/m’, on the moon, where g = 1.7 m/s”, (Ans. 11.56 N) aoe (2) 9= 9.45 m|s*; (PY, =m 2 6845 uae IS (ae = ORS 74.11 kyl Foray = mq>(e-BEq3(4. 4Sa\(LN iv __\ Vege mis = 64, 20N <—— Fava, (b) ge namis*; p= dachenped sR Favay = (6 intr 1) = ISON — Feray 12 Determine the mass, in pounds mass, of an object whose weight is 20 Ibf at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 31.1 fus*, (Ans, 20.7 1b) me Eye «(Set (age) = 20.71 lh «+——m1.3 Atomic and molecular weights of some common substances are listed in Appendix Tables A-1. Using data from the appropriate table, determine (@) the number of kmol in 50 kg of each of the following: Hz, Nz, NH, C3He. (Ans. 24.78, 1.785, 2.930, 1.134 kmol) (b) the mass, in Ib, of 20 tbmol of each of the following: air, C, HO, and CO, (Ans, 519.4, 240.2, 360.4, 880.2 1b) (a) Hat Sets ff-o18 5X nai ) = 24.78 é mol N, self 28.0145 Arnel) = 78S £ nol ae sobs | lt1.04 eo 2.93 £ mol CHe: soleaes 4 [2eel) = 1134 Luo] (a) hiv t (20 bmol (28-97 Ib |/bmol) = 879.4 Ib 2! (20 Jbwol Yi2-01 Ibf lomel) = 240.2 Ib Ho: (20 Wome} (18-02 tb] Ibm! = 360.4 Ib CO, ! (20 Ibmoy)(44.0/ lb] bye) = 880.2 lo 1.4 A spring stretches 0.2 cm per newton of applied force. An object is suspended from the spring and a deflection of 3 cm is observed. If g = 9.81 m/s?, what is the mass of the object, in kg? Fepring = 356% 0 = ISN (Ans. 1.53 pres” Sz em yn amen u $= 1.8l m/s Assuming the mass is at rest, the net vertical force i's zero, Fspring = Faray =™4 = . Leys mjs® m Fspring [9 fritye (4a ) = /AS3 4 m1.5 Assystem consisting of 1 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the relationship between pressure and volume is pV!” = constant. The process begins with p; = 1 bar, V; = Im? and ends with V2 =3 m®. Determine the final pressure, pz, in bar, and plot the process on a graph of pressure versus volume. Schematic and given data: pV"? = const. m=lkg on p, =1bar,V, =1m* V, =3m’ os pibar Analysis: on From the pressure-volume relation 02 pM? = pea? or 16 An aircraft cruises at an altitude of 10,700 meters above sea level. Estimate the atmospheric pressure in barat cruise altitude. Assume the acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.8 m/s”. The average specific volume of the air is 1.334 m’/kg. (Ans. 0.227 bar) = pe egh= gh = (4%8m/s*) (10,200 m) Pate” P> IN Fh L334 my = 78,ezS 24 = 78,625 N/m*. 0.178025 bar ms® 70* NX /m* bar pe hoses bar - 0.78625 bar 0.227 bar <——P1.7 A vacuum gage attached to a power plant condenser gives a reading of 27.86 in. of mercury. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.66 Ibf/in.? Determine the absolute pressure inside the condenser, in Ibf/in.” The density of mercury is 848 Ib/ft? and the acceleration of gravity is g = 32.0 f/s”. (Ans. 1.07 Ibffin.2) Pose = 27.86 in, of Hy 1 Pectm * 14:66 Ibe |in® Ry = 848 wiles o= = 320 tfs* The vacuum ae reading is converted to the /ii * using 3 1S as Hows: Puae * Gig = (84-8 lb/ey?)(3z.0 Ht/s™)( 22.86 £4) | II) let ( B46 Ib]e+*)( [$23.8 "(et wallteews) = 1384 Ibe [in From Eq bla, the absolute pressure i's Pabe™ Patn™ Puce = I: 667 /8.59=1.07 lbs a Pebs ro Comment: hs expected, Pass 1s below Patm 1.8 A glass tube is attached to a pipe carrying water as shown in Fig. P1.8. The pressure of water in the pipe supports a column of water 2 ft high. If the atmospheric pressure is 14,42 Ibffin.*, determine the absolute pressure of the water at the bottom of the tube, in Ibffin? The specific volume of water is 0.0164 ft/lb, and the acceleration of gravity is g = 322 fis’ (Ans. 15.27 Ibffin.?) Pam = 14-42 win? The gage Pressure is determined ‘ Using Eg lis Page =OGh = (¥)Gh = 52.2 FYs*)(2 44) Ibe y ie ) 0.016 FEF Y7p) 32:2 Ib FH \ 144 in = 0.847 lhe )in® Figure P1.8 Thus, the absolute, pressure 1s determmed using Eq- 1/3 . Po Poage + Pave = 25:27 /hefinse—P i+Energy and the First Law 2 of Thermodynamics ‘An object whose mass is 2000 kg moves with a velocity of 50 mvs at an altitude of 400 m, both measured relative to the surface of the earth. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g=9.7 m/s’. (@) If the kinetic energy increased by 2400 kJ with no change in elevation, what would be the final velocity, in m/s? (Ans. 70 m/s) (b) If the potential energy increased by 2400 kJ, with no change in velocity, what would be the final elevation, in m? (Ans. 523.7 m) Schemetie # Gwen Dates! = Care = 2ocoky | SV = 5om)s 2, = 4oom . z a Ass A qe 9.7 mis UY The ebject is a closed syshem ® The acceleration of Gravity a is constant (3) In (a), there rs no change in elevation (4) In (6), there is ne change in veloc ty (a) The change th kinetic energy 1s related +o the instia/ and Final velocities by AKE= m(%"-¥;*) Thus, selving for V2~ Vz*= “2dke + Vi m = Zlzseo £3) ( ow. )( 1p -mh*) +50 m™ etee 3S) ( 147 x TN ) s* = $900 m'/s* a Ve = 7om)/s° *+——Ve 2-Problem 2.1 (¢ont'd) (6) The changes in potentia/ ener and elevation are felted & mt BPEs ma az Thus, ple For AE AZs BRE = (240041) lo Nem Bq -m|s* mt (eosees\GTa aE 123 een N ) = 123.7m The Cinel elevation 1s Ze= 2+ Az = 400+ 123.7 m «<——z2, 2.2 A body whose mass is 2 Ib experiences an increase in velocity from 20 ft/s to 50 fils. Determine the change in kinetic energy, in ft-lbf. (Ans, +652 felbf) Sche mati: if tee Gen ma 2 b FIT ae ne Assumption : Sw! Vz +50 F/s The object 18 @ Closed system ~~ Obsect Analysis! The change in Kuietie energy Is AKE= wml - v,*) - Ya 21b\(sc'- 20°) $F ( Llb¢ \ st 32.2 Ib 4/8 = + 65.2 $t- bbe AKe Comment! The positive i) denotes an Inwease jy Kinetic enerqus23 Air undergoes a process from an intial state where py = 14.0 Ibf/in, V; = 500 in.*to a final state where p2 = 60 Ibf/in.?, V2 = 160 in.? The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is p= constant. Determine the value of the constant n and calculate the work, in Btu. (Ans. 1.277, -1.01 Btu) Pz to lh fin’ V2 Seo in? Pex 6 Ib iit. , Vz,= 160 iia’ pV" =@onstant Assumptions! (!) The aiv Is o closed system. (2) The moving boundary tthe only work made. (3) The procéss is polytropic, Analysis: From the pressure-volume. yelation ' PVs = Pe Solving for n= 2 tog (a Fe) = log (i4/oo) 2)27700 log V2/V,) log UUee/se0) Now, using FB 2.17 to determine the work We ([bav const ic = (PMV )-Gv7 XW) wea ee - BY, a-F, % » (60 ts hin leo in®) - (14) se0)/ Let Vie ) = 1277 l2in, 178 F-the s-0/ Ble — WWPROBLEM 2.4 KNOWN: A gas unAergoes a grocets from a known initial oiale. The work ard pressure ~ eis relation are specified. Ein: Determine the firal pressure of the gas. SHEA 4 Given Dare: 7 ~ P= 20 Ibe as P gas. Meo Ht = _ W-lo Be 3 = 1780 Feibet ASnumerions: (1) The gas is 4 closed system.(2) The moving boundary is Fre only work mode.'(2) The process i polytropic. ANMNSISS From EQ. 2.17 7 We J pay * [age av 2 Rv, In e From the pressure-volume velation Va/v, =P, /Pa. Thus a da Wer py, Sn Seivig for q. BR ] a eee) = 39 le 20 Te ee S922 teint a42.5 The input shaft to a gearbox rotates at 2000 RPM and transmits a power of 40 kW. The output shaft power is 36 kW at a rotational speed of 500 RPM. Determine the torque of each shaft, in N-m. Schematic ¢ Gen Data A ZocoRPM | | gearbox [ELS sooRrM Wigeut 40Kw Esl Wourpus 36 KW Analysis ! E%. 2,20 Is applied to determine the forgue 1h each sha cP. Tinput ” Wineut = 40 kw. (123k \(o\ (os Din Gece we lars tkw Min in (Ans. in = 191 Nem, out = 688 N-m) Tey, = 19[ Nem «<——____ J, Teutput = (Bei0* (G0) _ 688 Nim —— our (Seer Comment: If the gearbey operates at sleady- State, the dfFerenee between mput and eutput pouty Is accounkd for through heat transfer between the gear box and the surroundings, 2.6 Anelectric heater draws a constant current of 6 amp, with an applied voltage of 220 V, for 10h. Determine the total amount of energy supplied to the heater by electrical work, inkW-h. Se, sa Date: (Ans. 13.2. KW-h) ps H ; . q H Win ot 7 f amp ( fl 220V Aaa! umptien: The eurrent and yo/tage are. Constant, Analysis: The constant power uiput +o the hearer 13, by =4. 2.2) Wins BE = (220 v)(eampy 1 weap) = 1320W Thus, the total en input i> 5 the a ergy WMput Win = [ieee + Win At = U82ow)/Ji \e 1) 1 toAw 2 /B2KWh ey, 2-52.7 Steam in a piston-cylinder assembly expands from pi = 35 bar to pz = 7 bar. The pressure-volume relation during the process is pV’ = constant. The mass of steam is 2.3 kg. Other steam properties at the initial state are u; = 3282.1 ki/kg and vy; = 113.24 ‘om’/g. At the final state up = 2124.6 kJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, calculate the heat transfer, in kJ, for the steam as the system. Known: Steam expands in a piston-cylinder assembly. The initial and final states and the pressure-volume relation during the process are specified. Find: Determine the heat transfer. Schematic and given data: 3 kg State 1: pr =35 bar uy = 3282.1 KIikg, vy = 113.24 cm’/g State2: pp=7bar pV = constant uz = 2124.6 Kihkg Assumptions: (1) The steam is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The process is polytropic with n = 2. Analysis: The heat transfer is determined from an energy balance. First, determine the work sl al a a PAY, 1 Evaluating v, z a ye (2 y -(FFe 13.24cm*/g) = 253.2cm'/g Thus . (Tar)| 253.25 |_ (3513.24) 8 10° g/kg _||10°Ném?||_ ky we=(2: 3ka) €) 10°cm*/m? || 1 bar |[10°N-m| = 503.9 kT Now, writing the energy balance AE + ADE +AU =Q-W 2-6‘Noting that AU = m (u2 - u,) and solving for Q=m(u,-m)-W = 0.3kg)(2124.6~ 3082.1) + 503.987 8 = 72158 Comment; The negative sign for Q denotes energy transfer from the system. 2.8 — A.closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system changes from 3 mvs to 15 mvs. During the process, the elevation of the system increases 45 meters. The acceleration of gravity is g 9.8 m/s”, Determine the change in internal energy of the system in kJ. (Ans. 28.9 kJ) Analy sis! Using &4 2-35, MAKE +APE TAU =Q-W. Au = ROW - BEE APE = +302T- ml(ve Mi atts - mq(az) zor / 5/45 10 3/8 = +30¥7- 2a, ( s\¢ ~ 2% (29 /s\(+45) m zx” a5 yo* at = +3047 -0.2/16 EF - O9¢2 £5 = +2892 «<————AkK 272.9 Each line in the table below gives information about a process of a closed system. Every entry has the same energy units. Fill in the blank spaces in the table. -100 Process (a): AE = Q-W = (+50) -(-20) = +70 (Ans. shaded boxes) E,= BE +E, = (+70)+(+20) = +90 Paocess(6)i Q: AE +W = (+30)+ (+z0) = +50 E, = Ez, - BE = (+50)-(+30)=420 Process (¢)! KE = Q- We (-25)-(- 80) = +55 E, = £,-AE=(+lGo)-(+55) = t10s Process (d)! Q= AE tW= O+(- 40) == 90 | E,> AE +E, = 0+(450)=+50 Process(e)! Q= MAE+We Veena =+50 Ez = ME+E) =(-loo)+(+Z0) = =B80 2.10 Steam undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1. expansion with u - 4 constant-pressure, p My - Wy = 211.3 Buu, W3:/m =0 ‘There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the heat transfer for each process, in Btu per pound mass of steam. .648 ft'Nlb, v3 = 1.866 f°/Ib (Ans. Or = +40 Btulb 23 = -246.95 Btu/Ib Qs, = 4211.3 Buw/lb) 9.6 Blu/ lb, Wren 30.4 Bie /1b Process [-L i Uz-U, Process 2-3! P= 1/80 lbe/in*= const, v22 2.648 H/ Ib, Vy 1-866 F43/Ib Process 8-1! U,-Ug= 263 Blu/ib, We,/m= ©Problem 2-to(tont'/) kssumptions: Ut) The steam 13 a closed system. ts Kinetie 4 potentia/ effects are neq ligi ble, Analasis! For each Process, sfe rape +AU = Q-W Beginving with process 1-2, US = Gigli = Wie /m or Qe = (u2-u)+ We. = + Eke + B04 BK 16 a 40 Blu/ lb a, m Process 2-3, the ork ts, Wast \ pdv > Mea = pla-%) x (ee Be) (l.e0e- 2048) ft (git Ble ) 778 = 2605 Blu//b Thus, Qzy = (Ug-l2) + Wes ~~ nm To find Ug-Uz, note that AU], "O,~ (ay -U,) + (Ug) +(U,-L4)=0 cycle (U- th, = - (Up -,)-( Uy Ha) =— 9b Bh - 211.3 Be 2 -220,9 Blu lb va 3°, Qos = 220.9) +(-26-05) =- 246.95 Be + Os ma m Process 3-l, Gee (H.-H wa wm m Lenment! /+ 1's read: 4 faritiéd that Chee eal‘The net work of a power cycle operating as in Fig. 2.15a is 10,000 kJ, and the thermal efficiency is 40%. Determine the heat transfers 7 tm Weyele® 19.000k3 | foot A refrigeration cycle operating as in Fig. 2.156 Qin and Dou, each in KI. (Ans. 25,000 KS, 15,000 kJ) 1 = Weyele Qin Bin = Weyele = 12,002 a4 Weucle * Qin ~ Qout Qout® Qin ~ Weyele = 2S,0d0 - (0,000 = ls, 000 £3 <— Quy has heat transfers Qi,= 2000 Btu and Qou = 3200 Btu. Determine the net work required, in Btu, and the coefficient of performance for the cycle, Quupr 8200 Bla Weuyele. Qs DOCOB Le (Ans. 1200 Btu, 1.67) Weyele = Sour” Orr = 3200-zec0 = 1200 Bla — Way = Qin = 2000 Weyele 1200 = 1.47 -=—— 8Properties of a Pure, 3 Simple Compressible Substance 3.1 Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of HzO at the following conditions and locate the states on carefully labeled p-v and T-v diagrams. @ ) © @ ©) a) (b) ? @> p= 500 kPa, T= 200°C. p=5MPa, T= 264°C. T= 180°C, p = 0.9 MPa. p=20MPa, T= 100°C. T=-10°C, p= 1.0 kPa. (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. liquid-vapor mixture) (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. compressed liquid) (Ans. solid) Seo Bh 5 bar 5 bor T Zooe + Seo $F. ISL9C ee fg,°c $1.6 Vv Vv SMR SObar wo te 2-Phase 4 SHE 7 264.06 — liquid-Vaper Pa mPdture- Loe. v V heoz MPR 0.9 MPa = 7 bar looz MR ogee 180 Bo, L___Problem 3.1 (tent) d) Zo Mme 20 MPa 3es.6c P + Subcooled or [Pe leoe = Compressed feo, Kquid v < v 3 ) 1am Pp T o.2eoz ER 16Pe Solid ozo2khe Tew v “ee v 3.2 Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of (a) water at 200°C with a specific volume of 0.1 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.783) (b) Refrigerant 12 at 2.0 bar with a specific volume of 0.07 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.837) (©) Refrigerant 134a at -40°C with a specific volume of 0.3569 m'/kg. (Ans. 1.0) (a) H20; Tez2e0e , v= out m zy Table k-2} Vg = hISGS x15 *m 7s, Vq = 001274 m6 -3 Ol 1, ISOS x0 = 0-783 -—* ©.1274= 11565 x00 (b) Refrigerant 12; ps 2obar, V= 0.07 még Table A.7) Ve = 0.6962 x10. Ps 2.08354 wis X= ‘ o.07- O bIbZYe O.F31<— x 0. 08354-O.69G2Ki5° (c) Refrigeran + /34a; T=-406, V=0.3569 m5 ye 3 Tabe Alo; v= Yq 2.3867 m'/&; Safurated Yapor => X= l0*—xX 3-23.3 Five kilograms of saturated water vapor are contained in a closed rigid tank at an initial pressure of 40 bar. The pressure of the water drops to 20 bar as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings. Determine the volume of the tank, in m°, and the quality at the final state. (Ans. 0.2489 m*, 0.494) t gear Vit hy (dobar) m= Sh V2, Be to baw (x=) 2otar Pe 20 bar iW) Heo tsa closed aystou (2) Volume = Constant, Analysis: Using data from Table A3, the volume Is Vemy, = = 5 £q)(o. 04978 w'/£9) =o, 2489 ae —_——____ Vv With the dade at p+ 20 bay, X22 Ve-Ve, = 0.04978- 1767 wo = 0494 X2 Vaan 0,09963~ 11 767K/0* 3.4 Water undergoes an isothermal process from saturated vapor at 400°F to a final specific volume of 4.5 ft/lb. Determine the final pressure, in Ibffin.?, and sketch the process on T-v and p-v diagrams. (Ans. 110.2 Ibffin.”) Assumptions: (!) H20 is a closed system (2) Tenperotire =const Analysis: Using data from Table Az, v= bebe tt /tb, Since v,=V2, interpolate th Table AFE +o get Be lez Ib in® —-Pp 110.2 Woe qe a fe 400'e P S N10,2 hg Jin? Fees, 3-33.5 Ammonia undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume relation is pv" = constant. The initial and final states of the refrigerant are fixed by p; = 2 bar, T; = 10°C and p2 = 10 bar, T= 60°C, respectively. Evaluate the constant n for this process. (Ans. 1.08) pe 2bar, T= loc Pet 10 bar, T2+ Gon Using data from Table. 15 . Me 5.67820m/&; , ¥z7 0.18/06 my Runs RY a log (B) = n loa(¥) = loglB/R) = lege) ue ¥ 7”) log (eusies Jo. 67820) Log ———————__n 3.6 For Refrigerant 134a, determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions: (a) at p= 140 Ibffin.? and v = 0.3610 ft'7b, determine T in °F and u in Btw/Ib, (Ans. 120°F, 110.9 Btu/lb) at p = 140 Ibffin.? and h = 100 Btu/lb, determine T in °F and v in ft°/b. (Ans. 100.56°F, 0.2675 fb) (©) at T=0°F and v =3.0 ft°7b, determine p in Ibffin. and h in Btw/lb. (Ans. 15.55 Ibffin, 101.36Btu/Ib) (@ Check above results using IT: Interactive Thermodynamics © (a) From Table Mille, v= o33seCH/_ p V 2Vq => superheated yapor Ho lh From Table kh. I2@, Tz 1Z0°F, U2110.9 Be oe, Te LL (8) From Table AWE, he = 114,95 Bl//b he < he hg => hgurd- vapor Mixture : se the T? Tyap = 100.56 °F P me Xt Ache = 00-44,43 20.786 eae hes 7052 7 oa 3-4Problem 3.b (¢ont'd) (by Ye = 5 +x (vq-ve) =O. orseerlaresile 3358-0,0/386) = O,26 () From Table Mil, v. & Me 2. aed d V>Vq => Superheated vapo T ‘sss In ter pe lating In "bleh Nae oF Peis:ss Ibe, he [ol34Sh./Ib 711 Problem Supplement: 3.6 Wa) 140 //totfine 9610 // fb |_PT("R134A\, pa, Ta) ua = u_PT("R134A", pa, Ta) W Answers: Ta = 120°F, ua = 110.9 Btu M (b) pb = 140 / btfin? hb = 100 // Btu/lb 1.Check hg at 140 ilbffin? hhg = hsat_Px("R134A", pb, 1) Answer: hg = 114.9 Btulb ‘This implies the state isin the two-phase, iquid-vapor region. */ hb = hsat_Px("R134A", pb, xb) 1 Answers: Th = 100.6 °F, vb = 0.2676 ft7ib 4(c) rr ve 19F 0 1 Ke/b WI Check vg at O°F. vg = vsat_Px("R134A\, psat, 1) Te = Tsat_P(‘R134A', psat) 7 Answer: vg = 2.144 feb ‘This implies the state itn the superheated vapor region. */ vo = v_PT("R134A", po, To) he = h_PT("R134A", po, Tc) 1/ Answers: pe = 15.43 Ibtfin?, he = 102.4 Btu/lb3.7 Determine the value of the specific volume, in m°/kg, of ammonia (NHs) vapor at 100 bar and 420 K using (@) the compressibility chart. (Ans. 0.013m°skg) (b) the ideal gas model. (Ans. 0.021 m*/kg) (©) Which of the above values is more correct? Explain. (eS Using date frem Table A. I Pe FP = leobar 20.886 FR le.B har Fig he! Tet Ds 4ton . 034 | Ye 2 o74 Te. 406 k Thus, ve Ve (KT Fe : 3.314 AT (0.74) F526 VK (406 k) Thar on) (112.8 ary Nm? 1kT = 0.0/3 m*/%5 + v (chart) () Using the jdea/ ges egatien of state, ve ED 420) = (S33) *e em) = 0.0206 Wi /f=— y 120 Gidea [9es) © The chart value 13 more Correct, HH takes inte Qecount the veal ges behavior of Ammonia at this high pressure and temperature, The idea/ gas mode/ over- predicts the spec Le hime by about ©8%, 3-73.8 Air in a piston-cylinder assembly expands slowly from an initial state where the pressure is 30 Ibf/in.? and the volume is 0.5 ft” to a final state where the volume is 2 ft° and the temperature is 720°R. The pressure of the gas varies linearly with volume during the process and ideal gas behavior can be assumed. Determine the heat transfer, in Btu, if the mass of air is 0.075 Ib. (Ans. 7.878 Btu) Schematic ¢ Given Date! on , ye Pye Bo bby fin? Pw we ba yzos oF Uhg/in?) 0 2 V2 244 Ty 120R ‘m= 0.075 Ib Os to 4S 20 v (et) Assumptions: (\) The ai is a closed system. (2) The aii behaves as Gn tdea/ gas. (3) Kkuehe ¢ potentia/ eects are negligible. Analysis; To determine the heat transfay the work must be found Cee Eq 2.17, we (pdv Vi This integral 13 egue/ fo the area shown shaded on the pr diagcam, Te fird p, use sélea/ gas mode |. 1545 lbs! B= MEL - (Oors bana] bE (7208) ( Lee , * Ve, (2.0 fF? 144th = 10 Ibe fin? Thus, W=_p,(Ve-V,) + Ee VYUF-F) =f’? ee \e~0s) #44 £ (2-on830-2)| (Bis «\ 8) = 5.553 Ble The energ 2 ot balance is MethPe+bU =Q-W. Thus, = AU+ Ws m(u,-4,) + W Usiag the ideal 925 Louation, T,= 540%, wWi'th data From Tabe A.Z Q= (0. 075) Ib (123.04- 92,04) Bu Jb + 5,553 Ble = 7.875 Ble a 3-93.9 Two well-insulated tanks filled with carbon monoxide (CO) gas are connected by a valve. In tank A, 1 kg of gas is stored at 100 kPa and 330 K. In tank B, 5 kg of gas are stored at 500 kPa and 870 K. The valve is opened, and the contents of the two tanks are allowed. to mix until equilibrium is attained. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the carbon monoxide, determine (@) the volume of each tank, in m°, () the final temperature, in K. (©) the final pressure, in kPa. Known: The contents of two insulated tanks are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained. Find: Determine (a) the volume of each tank, (b) the final temperature, and (c) the final pressure. Schematic and given data: Glee Assumptions: (1) The contents of both tanks form a closed system. (2) There is no work or heat transfer. (3) The CO behaves as an ideal gas. (4) There are no kinetic or potential energy effects. Analysis: (a) The volumes can be calculated using the ideal gas equation of state 330K) Ic ) 1kPa_||10°N-m| O°N- ml} 1kT (b) the final temperature is found by determining the final specific internal energy using an energy balance. ah adh av tw av -0 or With U = mu, this becomes (mtg, + My a — (OMe ay + Mgt) =O 3497Solving for uz and inserting values from Table A-26 (akg 6854kJ/kmol a 18,858 kJ/kmol 28.01kg/kmol 28.01 kg/kmole mg tmp, + S)kg = 602 Kikg Thus, 4, = 16862 kI/kmol Finally, by interpolation in Table A-26, T, = 786K (©) The final pressure is obtained using the ideal gas equation of state (otig, + tg RT, = 393 kPa W, +V_) (0.98 + 2.584) ‘Comments: (1) The solution for T2 could also be ubtained using a constant c, estimated from Table A-20. (2) The validity of using the ideal gas model can be verified by referring to a generalized compressibility chart. 3-103.10 Two well-insulated tanks contain air. Initially, tank A holds 1 Ib of air at 1440°R, and tank B has 2 Ib of air at some unspecified initial temperature. A valve in the line connecting the two tanks is opened and the contents are allowed to mix until equilibrium. is attained at a temperature of 1080°R. Assuming the ideal gas model with c, = constant, determine the initial temperature in tank B, in °R. (Ans, 900°R) mat 216 Tz, 11080 Assumptons: (i) The air is a closed system. (Z) @ and Ware 0. (2) hin behaves a8 an sdeo/ gas, (4) AKE and APE are O., |, Analysis: The energy balance 1s Mee wake eau ay Thus, BW =O = Myq(Uyg- U2) + Mig Ug > Uz) =o Ame my, (AT 4- Te) + mp0 Tin Te) =9 Solvma Cor Tig = ete + Mae = Mig Tia mug 7; Tyg= Glbylosok) + (11) 1080 F)- (I BYI44OR) . P0o@ —a'8 Zh 3.11 Air, initially at 0.75 bar, 1000 K and occupying a volume of 0.12 m°, undergoes two processes. The air is compressed isothermally until the volume is halved. Then it undergoes a constant-pressure process until the volume is halved again. Assuming ideal gas behavior, (a) sketch the processes on a p-V diagram. (b) determine the total work for the two processes, in kJ. (Ans. -10.74 kd) (©) determine the total heat transfer for the two processes, in KJ. (Ans. -23.27 kJ) Assumptions: (1) The air is @ closed system, (2) The air behaves 28 an Sdeal gas. (3)Kitetie and potentsd/ effects are zere. aly 313i @) Feocess 1-2 5 T= T2 Frocess 2-3) P=e T"(Y = 500k Ve.Problem 3.11 (Cont'd) (0) The work for each process 13 determined by using Eg tq Ve Ns Wig Wet Wear (pay + pd y, v, Ve =mRT, \w + pes mer, hee +p.) v1 The mass is determined by using the idea! gas equatiie a+ state |. a 7 * oF me BM = (o7shar)ovlz m) (ae (Les ET (&314 EsV(loook)S bar /\ sohWm 29.97 bk = 0.03/36 Thus, Wy, * (e.03864,\ 88425 (1e00%) dale) + 28-9 7K + us bar(o. O8-2.06)m" (Lot Nat / és \ Y bar “110% Nim ™ ~10.74 25 «<——____ w,, () The heat transfer 1s Found from He enuqy balance oO o Mees oe FAUs Qia~ Wha Thus, Qr = M(Us-4)) + Wis Usias data from Table A.22, Q = 0.08/86 (38949-72756, 94) 45 + (- 10.74 £3) = -23,a7 £7 «—___—_aQ, Comments) (1) The heat transfer could have been determined Ley, eack process separately, Qe = E+ We =- 6.2483 Qeg= SU + Wag? m(Ug-tee) + pl¥3-Ke > -/2032 5 Qis* Gz* Ghz =-23,27EF . 2) The negative 5150 associated wth Wig indicates werk mpur ts ve fired for the 2% Compression Processes, The tegative 5/54 associake/ with Bix denotes that the heat transZer 13 Jecving the system. B-/eControl Volume 4 Energy Analysis 4.1 An ideal gas mixture with an apparent molecular weight of 48 enters a device at3 bar, 157°C, and 180 m/s through a flow area of 20 cm?. At the exit, the pressure is 1.5 bar, the velocity is 120 m/s, and the flow area is 40 cm”. For steady-state operation, determine at the exit (@) the mass flow rate, in kg/s. (Ans. 1.45 kg/s) (b) the temperature, in °C. (Ans, 13.5°C) Schematic ¢ Gwen Date Tais7e Ms try, Visiéog ) peep a lS bay Aye 20cm | =4g82 | Vz =!2omls Pest Jo EME? As docu* Assumptions: (1) Idea/ gas behavier, (2) one-dimensional Clow atentronce and ext. Analysis! (a) Mass Flow rate belonece for tontro| volume is ere my-m, =P tps, 7 Ave EM (A) e Faas (3 bar SE) W143 \la wuss (om a= Ne OF Ci” 3 #8 ix) = h4s &/s eal (0) The exit temperature fs found From Be \(aeNe)= me Thus, Ar Vi = (45x05) 40) (20) hes * te 63/4) lw 3)4.2 Steam enters a turbine through a duct with a diameter of 0.2 m. The steam velocity is 100 nis, the pressure is 14 MPa, and the temperature is 600°C. Steam exits the turbine through a duct of diameter 0.8 m with a pressure of 500 kPa and a temperature of 180°C. Determine for operation at steady state (@)__ the velocity of the steam at the exit, in m/s. (Ans. 94.23 m/s) (b) the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h. (Ans. 4.22x10° kg/h) Schematic ¢ Gwen Date! jp dzto8m djs 02m 1 peceeees V, = looms . a = Soo £R, turbi Fe a Pra M tine 3 TE egos St T. = Ge0%e Steady- State Aasum phon! Flow (s one-dimensional at entrance and ext. Analysis: (4) The Plow is Shedy-stae, So m)= mash, me Ave = AM [ui Ae Ve [Me Solving for Vy and noting that b= Td'/4 Ver eye) From Table het dz! \y Y= 2.02683 m/E, Ve 0.4045 i [85 Se) GaeE too mt) = 44.28 sy, (0) The mass Clow vate may be calculated atthe entrance or ext, m= (dA) = loz) m* (om/s) (2425) vi 4 (0.02683 w? /ds) = 4.22 10° Ls hr <—_—___m4.3 The control volume shown below operates at steady state with water as the flowing substance. Determine W,y in Btwh. Known: Water is the working substance for a control volume operating at steady state. Find: For the given operating data, determine the power. Schematic & given data: = 0 tin? hy laure Wis aon fay = -s00.000 um agp tT Bp q 1 | 3 PERT cont ft | Som f | . , _ dl IF py = 100 win? eminem i ve ioe aay 02 Assumptions: (1) The control volume is at steady state. (2) The acceleration of gravity is g = 32.2 fu/s*. Analysis: ‘The power is determined using steady-state mass and energy rate balances, as follows: tit, = ity —Hy => ity = it, — ing = rig (L— rin, Hi)or, solving for W,, y =6 +mlnr ; v2 .(, ve Woy = Qoy in| By +4 82 | Ia +--+ Bea | hl ++ Bes a) Next, the specific enthalpies are evaluated. From table A-4E, hy = 1421 Brw/lb. Using Table A-3E, hz = 298.6 Btu/lb, and hy = hs +.X3 hygs = 69.74 + (.88) (1036) = 981.4 Btwlb Inserting data into equation (1) and converting units 2 Wey = -500,000 Buh + (2.316210 1421 B® 4 1 (oop | _Mbf_||_1 Btu b To 20s? [32.31b- fas" 778R TOF +(32.2- \eor),_ er || tBu 5 32.21b-fus*|| 7788 -IbF = (4.632x10')| (298.6) +4071 IL . 2 [32.2||778| 1 1 1 1 1 —(1.853x10*)} (981.4) +— 6507 . (asso @s14)+L60"} 1 Fgeeaaveol HLH | = —500,000 + (2.316 x10°) [1421 +.798 +.0257] — (4.632x10*) [298.6 +.002]- (1.853x10°) [981.4 +.05 + .0257] =1.33x10*Btw/h 4-444 — Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 3 MPa and 320°C with negligible velocity and exits at 1.5 MPa and a velocity of 500 mvs. The mass flow rate is 2.22 kg/s. Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, determine (@) the exit temperature, in °C. (Ans, 248°C) (b) the exit area, in cm”. (Ans. 6.71 cm?) Seh ee we D PLES MP} Pu 1 PRTLSN RR Te 820% 75 i ye Soo m]s Yzo Wt in Qy co bPEeO mez kes Assumptions! (1) Contre) volume at shady-shere. * 2) Wey eo Analy sis! Ge) Use energy babence for shady shee process. oe &- ih, evnkh ofr )- tale + Ye 9) o= hy (hit Ve’) => hes hyve o z From Table A.4, h,= 3043.4 45/6, hz* 3043. +45 - £( 500" Ee a .)( Ver ) st lds ms?) Vo Win = agle.4 Py Interpolating in Table AA, Te* 248C+——kh (6) Use m + Lind exit area. = AY Aa > mya lm Ae z Interpolatiny th Table A. 4, Ve * 2.1812 m £5, Thes, Aes (2-22 £,/s)(0.15)2 m/s) (10%em™/n*) (S00 m/s) Az = 6.7/ ca45 Carbon dioxide gas is decelerated to negligible velocity in a well-insulated diffuser. The pressure and temperature at the inlet are 20 Ibffin.? and 500°R, respectively. The pressure and temperature at the exit are 25 Ibffin and 540°R, respectively. The potential energy change from inlet to exit is negligible. The mass flow rate is 1 Ib/s. Determine for steady-state operation (a) the inlet velocity, in ft/s. (Ans. 631.8 fis) (b) the inlet area in in.? (Ans. 1.389 in.) Sechematye Given Date! Ly Coe July) 1 I 5 Be eibefine 1 te dileuser 1% P= as Ihyfin: T+ Sook | Tz = S40 r ITM 1 z me 1 b/s TTT Yeze skady- State Assumplins Qc and Wey are zero. (2) Potentia/ ¢ kinetic effects are negligible. (8) CO, behaves as an ideal ges. Analysiields/ns the skadg- sh energy balance, 0 Wh nfl bY *EA) qa) me, =e ha y+ we = Vie (ETRY Using data from Table A. 1E = 6318 ft/s (b) A, ts found coe Bq. tlh and the ideo/ ges we of ste ft. lhe 2) %) Ay= 27 /pY(m) = ere Merve 7s 1 eg int Comment: The idea/ gas mode/ can be checked usins the generalized Compress ibility chart 4-646 Air expands with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s through a turbine from 5 bar, 900 K to 1 bar, 600 K. The inlet velocity is small compared to the exit velocity of 100 m/s. The turbine operates at steady state. Heat transfer from the turbine to the surroundings and potential energy effects are negligible. Celculate the power developed by the turbine, in KW, and the exit area, in m?. (Ans. 3209 KW, 0.1722 m*) Ss ate. 5 Air ws ws ods /s pr Sbe Pat | baw T, = 900k Tr: 600k YF Ve = leo m/s steady-state zee Assumption! Air behaves as an idea/ qas- Ane lusis; Using the steady-state enerey balence, oe y= Wy + m[thr he) EAE) « led] Wey = ta [thy he) + ("V1 = Go ¥y/s dfs. 98-con 02) iS ego oe AEE, = o[825,9/-S] = 3209 kW Wey Note: values for h, andhz Came from Table A.22, To determine Aa, use Bg. 41h ana! sdee/ ges [end , { 7 Ars tnve = (RT /R) Ve e = (lo 6/ (E34 #. Jewot ( Lger (ee (2a m/s) (1 bar Nu aE Av = 0.1722 m™ Comments: (1) Fawer 1s Positive. (2) Change vA kinete tery 13 Neghgible Compared to the Charge iA enthalpy, (3) The’ valea/ gas mode/ Can be checked 64 referencing the generalized Contpress bl ty herk 4-7 74.7 compressor operates at steady state with ammonia as the working fluid. ‘The pressures and temperatures at the inlet and exit are 2 bar, 0°C, and 12 bar, 60°C, respectively. The volumetric flow rate of refrigerant entering is 0.5 m’/min. Heat transfer from the ‘compressor occurs at the rate of 5 KI per kg of refrigerant flowing. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, calculate the power, in kW. (Ans. -1.23 kW) 12 ber Te 2G0e = 5 = Vie Va 2-2, Ger fin == 8 £5)” Steady-state Analysis: For steady- stake operation) trie tne and sy 27 Gee ofche) + LES + 916/05] Wey = Qey + 0 (hinhe) To determme m, use m=AV . From Table kis, vi Vv, = 2.64648 m/bs + Thus, m = (0.8 ve lmin) Lain\ = 0.013 ¥5/s O.64e4¢ MY.) \60s Obtain the values for h From Table . IS. Wey = (0.013 s/s) [- sar (14¢3.59-/583.08](110) 5 ki/s = -L23kwW Wer Comment: The negative sign on Wey denoles work ints the tontrpel volume,48 ‘A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m’/s through a pipe of diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet pipe, which has a diameter of 15 cm. The pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is neerly constant at 20°C throughout. Determine the power required by the pump, in kW. ‘The acceleration of gravity is g = 9.81 m/s’. (Ans. -48.9 kW) Schematie ¢ Given Dake: by Assumptions: ()Q_,*0, Analysis; Use the @) Heo is compressible, P, qe FBI m/s” shady: state eneray Dsl ext ua ao U0 ad % Steady-State. © Gl ly + ro[hehdoVEMs 464," Constant, Smee T and Pees constant, hts eho eae us, Wey = me lhtehe vy) + qa 2.)]. Using V=Vp@acte » M=(AV)2 = (Q.05 m/s Vv (Leolexa Pw) Since vz, AV), ae ross. Vee AD. s™) = 965 m/s * Fea) 3 w and Y, 7 = los los™4) 2 2.929 m/s Be” EW er So, Wey = (44.9/ “A B29 g2 ( N ) és \i i dw Ens) om | LTA #89 kW Wey 4-9 = 49.06 Ss 196 4 981 he (u00 n|4.9 Steam at | Ibffin.? and 120°F enters a condenser operating at steady state and is condensed to saturated liquid at 1 Ibf/in.” on the outside of tubes through which cooling water flows. The mass flow rate of steam is 200,000 Ibh. In passing through the tubes, the cooling water increases in temperature by 18°F and experiences no pressure drop. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects and ignoring heat transfer from the outside of the condenser, determine (@)__ the mass flow rate of cooling water, in Ib/h. (Ans. 1.16 x 10" Ib/h) (©) the rate of energy transfer, in Btuhh, from the condensing steam to the cooling water. (Ans. 2.088 x 10° Btu/h) Schemati, and Guew Dake? . Steam in gli? Condenser a oa —_ A_cooluig water Tgp? 200,200 1b — p__ Aco = be qf q ATeye 18°F steady. stale IL = —]— 3" ARy+o Pee Vb it hese? ae Set. Ip out UY Heat hensfer across walls of Condenser Is negligible. (2) AKE = APE = 0. (3) Cooling water Is mede dad as an indom pass ble hegurd; With @ Constant specie het, (ay Since the condensing steam and the coo luis Water are separate’ streams, rhj> mat Mgt Gnd Mp = mgt mew! The Steady-3tak enugy balewee becomes os Se-e vrftot is pad] + ew lhe had GZ) + 220] D Msy(hihe) + Mey €CTa-Te) => May® Met (hike) CCT) Using date from Tables A. 38 and A.48, with cz | Ble Phew = (220,000 IW \(1114.0~ 69.74) BuJ/b foe (1 Bebe) FE) F/G xX107 1h (0) Usins tnergy baleme. fer Coolas Water, Rey = Mey (Ag~hg) = they € bTew =( 116 x07 I8)/ bow Yie'e) ~ 2086 gl ’ Mew 4-104.10 Refrigerant 12 enters the expansion valve of a refrigeration system with a pressure of 14 bar and a temperature of 48°C and expands with no changes in specific kinetic or potential energy to a pressure of 4 bar. If no heat transfer occurs with its surroundings, determine the quality at the exit of the valve for steady-state operation. (Ans. 0.267) Schematic 4 Given Data: Valve ' Pix 4 bor Lonf + P 14 bar 2 48% 2 = 4 bay *, T7488 Qe 8% APE=AkE=0 + 4+ bar Assumptions ! Steady-State Wey = © v Analy sisi From the tontre! yolume eneray balance, . h,=ha+ From Table A.%, at p,= I¢ bar, Tayy= %07%, State / ts a Compressed legurd. Using data from Tabse A.7 at 49%, hy = h(n) + Cn \EP- Raalt] 82.3 KI + 0.9199, i [410 ~ 11,639 4 —_—— to alla cy ( dbar Sm) From Table A® @P,> ¢ bay, Stee 2 isa Z-phase miture. Thus, “ = 83,02 ad z Xe hy-he, _ 8302-4364 2 0. 2672—% hea, 147. 33 Comments Note that h, = he(T.), 4-14.11 An open feedwater heater operates at steady state with liquid water entering at inlet 1 at ‘50°C and 1.0 MPa. A separate stream of water enters at inlet 2 with rity /riy, = 0.22 and a pressure of 1.0 MPa. A single stream of saturated liquid water exits with a pressure of, 1.0 MPa. Ignore heat transfer with the surroundings and neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. For the stream entering at inlet 2, determine the temperature, in °C, if, superheated, or the quality, if saturated. (Ans. Supetheated, 405°C) 2 RIM 7 ma Oe 20.22 =) Steady-State oon =O ; MKE= APEZO Analysis: To fix state z, do an enerqy and mess balance on Contre! Volume: 2 4° = o> fly eta ie go)e riers fedemalt igh) z z z and me=mtme to Thus, OF tay hy tmzha #(m,4m,)hs hae (ot tholm) hae hi Mmy/m. 1 . Stete | 150 Compressed hauid, Use Eg 3/4 Grd Table A‘2. hy hg (Tt) + V5 (TL P-PeatlT)| . = 209, s3us + (O12) x/0* pi )[lo-0.1235] bar 5 10% N/m™ ( eg bar ) 1083Hm = 210.3 21/é hg = 762, ¥/ ofe, from Table A.3 Thus, hp o[(/4 0.22) 762.8) - 2103 ]/0.22 = 32762 £5 /ky her hg Babar =? supuheated vapor, From Table At, 72 x ¢08’C «-————_ fz 4-12The Second Law of 5 Thermodynamics 5.1 An inventor has developed a system that undergoes a cycle while receiving energy from a reservoir at 1000°C and discharges energy to another reservoir at 300°C. A thermal efficiency of 65% is claimed for the cycle. Evaluate this claim. (Ans. Impossible) schematic ¢ Sven? Deta ‘ Assumption: System Undergoes a power cycle Tense = 65% : Weyele Analysis! The maximum for any power cyele Is Ee S.8, = 1- §73 .0.s5 Be nes 1273 The claimed thermal e. PPreiency > Amey * There fore, impossible. 5.2 A proposed power cycle receives energy by heat transfer from saturated steam at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and discharges energy by heat transfer to a nearby lake, which is at 70°F. Is it possible for this cycle to achieve a thermal efficiency of 30%? (Ans. No) Assumptons ; (1) Tower Cycle} (2) Steam 4 lake Gre hot ptold Teseryoirs, respectivelg, (3) Steam 'sSatuekd. Analy sis as mMaumum rd For any ates 8 Es 8 With eae aa R (ez) “are Te = 530 B (70°F), 2 /- S302 07)! Anas th The desired thermal etlicienery 13 30%, Which 18 eater than 211% (may. This Cycle 1s fot Peseak. s-/5.3. Atsteady state, a certain vapor power plant generates electricity at a rate of 10°kW. The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 600 K, and the average temperature of the cooling water passing through the condenser is 300 K. Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy must be transferred to the cooling water, in kW. What consequences might result from transferring this energy to the surroundings? Known: Data are provided for a vapor power plant at steady state. Find: Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy is discharged by heat transfer to condenser cooling water. het sates | enter Schematic and given data: | _|__$Qe To _ i teen i at ® np See = tote ‘ — I~ 1 1 1 I a — 4 I se tee Assumptions: (1) The system shown by a dashed line on the accompanying figure operates at steady state. (2) Hot gases in the boiler and the condenser cooling water play the roles of the hot and cold reservoirs, respectively. Analysis: ‘The following equations result, respectively, from an energy balance and the definition of thermal efficiency Wore = Qn ~ Que W, 2, Combining these expressions and solving for 0,., tol heSince Wye. is specified, O,., is a minimum when the thermal efficiency is a maximum. The maximum thermal efficiency corresponds to the case where Q,, is received from a hot reservoir at Ty = 60C K and Q,,, is discharged to a cold reservoir at Tc = 300 K. 300 _ 9.5(50%) 600 Accordingly, the minimum value of Q,., is (ms = (ign fot =torew 0.5 If the cooling water is drawn from a lake or river, the retum water can result in an increase in the temperature of the lake or river, known as thermal pollution. Comments: (1) As the actual thermal efficiency would be less than 7),,, , the quantity of energy discarded to the cooling water would be greater than the minimum value calculated. (2) Although considerable energy is carried away by the cooling water, it has limited usefulness because the cooling water is typically raised in temperature only a few degrees above the ambient temperature.54 55 At steady state, a power cycle having a thermal efficiency of 38% generates 100 MW of electricity while discharging energy by heat transfer to cooling water at an average temperature of 21°C. ‘The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 482°C. Determine - (a) the rate at which energy is discharged to the cooling water, in MW. (Ans. 163.2 MW) (b) the minimum theoretical rate at which energy could be discharged to the cooling water, in MW. Compare with the actual rate and discuss. (Ans, 63.8 MW) Schematic, ¢ Gwen Data! Analysis: | Qy Twe7ss1e (a) 1 Weyele 5 Gy = Get Meyete 4 Weyele — Wleyele = wd) Tet 296K = 163.2 MW <——QGe (b) IF cycle 1s vevers'ble , C1 (nan® (Bie = 0.6106, Weyele = 2oMW = 38% Thus, 0.61062 Weyle => Q. = toomw (L a ™n 106 7 The d/'fFerence between the aelea! = 63.8MW<—@,, Ue esents Fhe ES Lik Phe power cqcle-. A certain system collects solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 100°C to a power cycle that discharges energy by heat transfer to the surroundings at 20°C. Another system focuses solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 200°C. On the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, which of the systems would be preferred? Discuss. Qout Caurp = 2784) (Ans. System 2) dh Weyete Analysis: For Ty * 378k, i; = [= 2932 0.21456 nay = I Rin Ts ofOa7ee (2) 473K For Ts = 473k, 21-293 20/38|, Tmax 473 Ch the bass of the parimum possiple thermal efhicrency, System Z has the potentia/ to Produce larger Weyefe For the sane Qine Thus, System 2 /s preferred, 5-45.6 Apatent application describes a refrigerator that maintains a refrigerated space at 20°F while operating within surroundings at 75°F. The coefficient of performance is listed as 9.0. Is this coefficient of performance value feasible? Discuss. (Ans. No) Schematic, € Given Data! Got ace case) surrboundiags The maximum Coeklicrent of performance possible for ce Yefrigeration cycle 13 (ven by Eg. 5.4 Thus, ree = Te = 490 __ 2 8-78 Te Te = SBS-480 Therefore, the Clam for @ tsset feasible. 5.7 A heat pump driven by a 1-kW electric motor provides heating for a building whose interior is to be kept at 20°C. On a day when the outside temperature is 0°C and energy is lost through the walls and roof at a rate of 60,000 ki/h, would the heat pump suffice? . (Ans. No) . Bout = 0, 0008S] tie fe. f Tus zor w 298k Mogae 1eW The mauimun coefticientok - 0% = 873K performance poss ble for a heat pump cycle 18 91Ven by ees Thus, “wey = Te = 293 = 14.652 Raman sume in 293-273 Weyele For a IKW power input jor the cycle, the Maximum heat butput 1s Qy = 14:65 (1 RW) = 14.65 We Thu, Qulpay = U4 GS HWM! #5/s/4W) (Stoo ]h) = 52, IMokt Therefore, Phi heat pump Is tet acleguate rn AP to maintain Tw = 20°C. a-558 5.9 A heat pump provides 3 x 10* kJ/n to maintain a dwelling at 23°C on a day when the outside temperature is 0°C. ‘The power input to the heat pump is 4kW. Determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump and compare it with the coefficient of performance of a reversible heat pump cycle operating between reservoirs at the same two temperatures. (Ans. y= 2.08, Ynax= 12.87) . . Loup 23x10 Lf, Schematic, 4 Guven Dole! LTR Analysis: = Te 0% A738 KK &, The Coetticient of Performance for the heat pump 18 y= Que = @ x08) *Y a (Uh /2eee0s) 208e—¥Y Weyele +éw The maximum CoeFbicient of Ferformance Ls Xmen = Te 2 296 = 12:87 <— Cmax Tu-Te 296-272 . . Comment! Since Vmax ?7 ¢, there 18 room to improve design» ‘Water contained in a piston-cylinder device executes a Camot power cycle. During the isothermal expansion, the water is heated from a saturated liquid to a saturated vapor at a pressure of 15 bar. The vapor then expands adiabatically to a pressure of 1 bar and a quality of 84.9%. For one kilogram of water (@) Sketch the cycle on p-v coordinates. (b) Evaluate the heat and work for each process, in kJ. (Ans. Qi2= 1947.36 k3, O23 = Qn = 0, Ose = -1542.2 kJ, Wir = 195.971, Was = 403.8 k3, Wy = -115.59 kJ, Wer = -79.07 kd) (©) Evaluate the thermal efficiency. s. 0.208) Schematii. $ 6iien Dotus (rs. 0208) 844-04 €/ ey Sy = R43 BS ¥, = 0.1318 W/k j het 9792 TE YE. With these Values + Uz228 94.5 £5 /£; Que Mslarne dB SW = 1947.36 es a wt Wet 1d US bar)UO8 Nu) [81.8 -Lissqyein® Ke \. 195.976 T= at th oF anf 2S) Frocess 2-3; @Q237O- From the energy belance, Was” Up From Table A-3, Ux = 417.364 Sabb (acne 1.414 88\2 20. TES Thus, Wea Uk) S945 - a140.NkYZ = 403.84Te 4s My Process 3-4) Same as Frecessi-2, Qyg=mlhy-ha); we m(plivyy) Suice this ts a Carnot cele, Oey = Qui Te T Thus, Qag= Ty /— 1947. 3645) = 373 = -1542,245,8% 1 Qe ( 3) 32? 494736) 4 Fa To futd state 4, hy-hg= 1842.2 => hg hg-[s42,2ZT/éy ha = 417, 46 + 0-949(22580) = 2334.5 £3/d5 hee 792.3 £0/ky => Xqe 292.3-417. 460 0.166 2zs¢ Wye [043znd 4 2./66(b94- Lodseredeo.28Zin Uy = 417.36 +0.106(aSe6:|- 417, 36)= 764, 098Y 45 Mse, Va= 1.488 m?/ds os w WI these talues ; W,g - 1/5. 59 Bhs ers, 94S 2— Process 4-/! Qy,20 and Wy,2 mlUg- 4) = Bar We * 125 (764.09~ 843.16) 4Y& = -79.01bTe—" Thermal Bfhicheneg! 7 Weyefe = 125.9724 403.8 -US,S9-79.07 Gi 144736 = 0.20% &gS.6 tan also be used to evaliak t 5-7Entropy 6 6.1 62 Applying Eq. 6.4, evaluate G.yce for each of the following cycles that receive Qy at temperature Ty and discharge Qc at temperature Tc. There are no other heat transfers. (8) Ox = 3000 KS, Ty = 427°C, Oc = 1600 KI, T= 20°C. Ty 2 700K Te = 293K (Ans. + 1.175 ki/kg) (©) Ox = 3500 KI, Ty = 352°C, Oc= 1200 KI, Te = 20°C. TH = ask Te2 293K (Ans, -1.5 kJ/kg) (©) Qu = 1300 Buu, Ty = 840°F, Oc = 900 Bu, Tc= 440°F. a Ty = 1300% Te = 900°% (Ans, =8:03 Buu/*R) (@) Qw= 1500 Btu, Ty = 290°F, Oc = 800 Buu, Te = 70°F. THs 750° Te = 830% (Ans, -0.49 Btw/°R) ‘Which of these cycles is impossible? (Ans. &). @) Write Ey 6.4 inthe form Scyete ~~ $ (2a), = es -2| zo In each of the following cases, determine the indicated property for a process in which there is no change in specific entropy between state 1 and state 2. Solve two ways. Use the appropriate table and use JT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (a) water, p; = 3 bar, T; = 400°C, pz = 10 bar. Find Tin °C. (Ans. 601.6°C) () Refrigerant 134a, saturated vapor at T; = -16°C, p2 = 16 bar. Find hp, in ki/kg. (Ans. 285.95 ki/kg) (©) air as an ideal gas, p; = 3 bar, T; = 300 K, p2 = 10 bar. Find vz, in m'/kg. (Ans. 0.1214 m'/kg) (@) ammonia, p; = 20 bar, T; = 200°C, p; = 1 bar. Find uz, in ki/kg. (Ans, 1287.16 kifkg) (a) $)2525 $0330; Table Ait, Te* GONG" CD $,*S2% 2.9298, Table K10; Table hit, ha* 285.9585 /hs (¢) 5,252, Pes Pre and Yor Vey ap Table A22,R, 2 462 RO, % Yr Ye, = 202.7 V2 BT /p; * (EBI4AB0O) = 0.287 Mig

0.5999 w/ks, Uzi 2 2647.8 LY he, Spt = 72097 AV/heK, by interpolation» Thus, Rare Ay = Ud Llaet?s- 2635) 420.99- 298 (z20t2-¢, e900] =) liz.s0 +29.99- 92-94) =-so.4¢5 £5 +————’)7.3 One kg of air is contained in a closed, rigid, insulated tank. Initially the temperature is 280 K and the pressure is 1 atm. Ninety kJ of work are done on the air by a paddle wheel. For the air as the system, determine the change in availability, the transfer of availability accompanying work, and the irreversibility, all in kJ. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects and let Ty = 280 K, pp = 1 atm. (Ans. 15.64 kJ, -90 kJ, 74.36 kJ) To 2 280K Te ato Toslame = R* latn W2-90d5 Q2O Assumption i Air is modeled as en ideal ges Analysts? Using 110 Aw-Ays asa vrai -Y) - To (3273, s)] 1 = m[WCte) lr) > Te (S°Cra $C TH) ~ R Le Fe/A) The energy balance vredues to - we mlK(t,)-ult)) tS uin)- ne + From Tahle A.2z, Ulta) = 199-78- (-9o]1) = 284, 7S8Y, 2772 40496 The deol gas relationship for a Va process is Bee, Thus, Ae-A, = (143) [40s = agok (A.004z/- 68279 ~ fash 404.9] A847 age 218, 644T (Ar~A,) E Ava! = W- KAY = We- fox5 *+——A Taseiteasy, 1 = w- xv . Ale, . neva Cle B18 -Lw-yfyl-2 1% Thu: Ye H[hea]-W = -15.640T 49087 = 74,3085 Comment: The destruchen of avarleb/i'ly Can be traced tothe shearing of Gir by the Peddhusdeah The effect vs the shine ast the energy transfer had been 12 Phe form of heat 7-87.4 Anisolated system consists of two solid blocks. One block has a mass of 5 kg and is. initially at 300°C. The other block has a mass of 10 kg and is initially at -50°C. The blocks are allowed to come into thermal equilibrium, Assuming the blocks are incompressible with constant specific heats of 1 and 0.4 kI/kg-K, respectively, determine (@) the final temperature, in °C. (Ans, 144.3°C) () the irreversibility, in kJ. (Ans. 276.99 kJ) Let Ty = 27°C. Schematic ¢ Given Dats 210 Bs = ae 4,5 048K T2228 Assumption: Each blek ts modeled as incompress‘ble, with Constant speciGd heat : Analysis: The energy balance for an Isolated system is AWs0er QU), tAU), +0 Thus, M,C, [7%-7] + me ColTe-Tal 2° (ay Tes mie heme ee Te 2 Vdea)(228)+(S)lI)(s78) Mme, + Mele Ua)lO.4) HEIL Te = 417, RK = FE 3% 1 (6) D= To ©, Where © id the entropy produced and found from an entrepy balance. AS* aes, +e ie B= Ase (AS), + (A822 ity fo Te + meee AG 1 Lv = 14) Bn 4104 » (SL) Le 417.49 2 0928825 (oo)lo-4) fo did + , 14 ets Thus, Dx 300K (0.9238 #T/k) = 276, 99£T «—Z= 7-47.5 A gearbox operating at steady state receives 20 horsepower along the input shaft while delivering 18 horsepower along the output shaft. The outer surface is at 110°F. For the gearbox, determine the rate of availability transfer accompanying work, the rate of availability trarsfer accompanying heat, and the irreversibility rate, each in Btw/s. Let Ty =500°R. (Ans. —1.41Btw/s,~0.174Btw/s,1.24Btw/s) Schemoti ¢ Given Data: he 6708, Sy H ithe To Seok “eT ] Fp steady. state pot dt “output Duslysis! An energy fate balance Yrelds Qew, We Wehp - aekp) (ases Bit Bu (t.) 2 = 164189 Bhe/s hp ‘ Thus, @ = + 1.4139 Ble /s = Wwe 2Wee Aw From &g 7/3, Lovett | w nay W eh! Hee Au tre nefer, wor F 2 li it & vom Bq 212, eae vu = Q j =|! = 2 (- 14138) ee: 14 Be ae Mt steady: stele, the avaclabidity tate balance is 2 fie] @ -[we av ]-3 AE [ E/@ [ aA z Thus, 2 = 0,17¢ = (= 141) 2 L24 Bhu/s—F Commenti (tthe system 13 enlarged 20 +hat Q tabes pace at 7, rather than %) Ag=® £ for the enlarged 3ystene would then be L=-W=4/,4/ 5k, The irrevers'b/ [by has increesed: @ poco takes = Place between the temperature di'flarence Ty-To+ 7-57.6 0.2.kg of water in a piston-cylinder device is initially at 0.9 MPa and a quality of 40%. ‘The water undergoes an internally reversible expansion at constant pressure and temperature to saturated vapor while receiving energy through a thin wall from a thermal reservoir at 600K. Let To =25°C, po = 0.1 MPa. (@) For the water as the system, evaluate the work, the heat traisfer, the availability transfer accompanying work, the availability transfer accompanying heat, and the irreversibility, each in kJ. (Ans. 23.0 1), 243.7 kJ, 20.5 kJ, 81.7 kJ, 0) (b) Evaluate the irreversibility, in kJ, for an enlarged system that includes the water and the wall. Compare with the imeversibility of part (a) and comment on the difference. (Ans. 40.82 kJ) Schematic % Give ta! 7 OF MPa, Xn ot 440.55 kc Tot ase i Pot OM, internaty reversible v Analy sisi For the water os the system, We (rev = mplte-%) ~(or2k\ 1114 Vloais-cnory? Thin wa el c = 2323 (Using Table eB Wik ps Qhar and x: 04a — Vi 8 Vat Wy) = 087 w/a, The energy balance yields Q= hi +W. AY, Q= m(ue-u,) We mlhr-hy) bit he exhes, 165-270G = 0.2 #5 (2773.9- isss.27) Ly, = 243,7Z0 «<— Using © g, 7063, Aw Wo PedV = mplter)-plinn) Awe m(Y-4)(P-R)~ 0.2% (ovrerah Ma ndey) = 20545 ‘Aw 7-6Problem 2.6 (cont'd) . A Usiig Egiz, Ag [-z]@ eI [i-sfaus (248,7) = 8h1d5<—* cs 4Agss Usuis Eg. 714, Le ToS = To (mis) - @ ) tT, I= Ty [lozds\ c.ceze - 3.s09Q) Ze 5 392.145] = o+T 4k gangs (b) Ee ¥ and Using &8 ai, bas fie zla -[w -pAVI-Z. Ze Bla - wwe pav]- AA ‘Where Ak = m[e-4,) +B, (ve-y) - %(s-s\] 4, © Ug +k, Uea= 1472.3 " } ss So, 4X, 4" eters dA= onde | (ASte.s- 1477.34 + (we ‘£x\(0.215-0.087) Ye, 4 my ~a9¢,sl6.6226 - 3-Josg)dl [= 61.284T isl jo age | Thus, Zs [i- agtus (a487 ds) -AOShI-Ch2CAT Geo F4e.¢2 £5 —_—___ Ft As @ preeess undergoes an jn ternell revevsible process, Laystem =O. Whdn the system is enlarged +o include. the Wee/ across whieh a temperature difference oeists, the Leustem 22 because the heat transfer takes place over a Cinite ATs 7-77.7 Anelectrical resistor is used in a furnace, as illustrated in Fig. P7.7. At steady state, electrical power is supplied to the resistor at a rate of 8.5 kW per meter of length to ‘maintain it at 1500 K when the furnace walls are at S00 K. For the resistor as the system, determine the rate of availability transfer accompanying heat and the irreversibility rate, ceach in KW per meter of length. Let To = 300 K. Known: Data are provided for an electrical resistor used in a furnace. Find: For the resistor as the system, evaluate the rate of availability transfer accompanying heat and the irreversibility. ‘Schematic and given data: T, = 300K Fig. P7.7 Assumptions: (1) The resistor is the system. (2) This system is at steady state. (3) For the environment, T, = 300 K. Analysis: At steady state, an energy rate balance for the resistor reduces to O-W => O=W=-8.5kWin ‘An availability rate balance at steady state takes the form Pla bg} Or j=|1-Z|9- i-[i Blo w Inserting values, 300 kw f=)1-22 [-3s |_/_ [-iael-*The rate of availability transfer accompanying heat transfer is rate of availability t transfe’ accompanying -[ -2 heat transfer 7.8 An industrial process requires a liquid water stream at 180°F, 1 atm. It is proposed to obtain this condition at steady state by mixing a stream of liquid water at 50°F, 1 atm with steam supplied from a boiler as saturated vapor at 1 atm. If the irreversibility of the mixing chamber cannot be permitted to exceed 145,000 Btwh, determine the range of values allowed for the mass flow rate of the liquid water stream. Neglect kinetic and potential energy and heat transfer with the surroundings. Let To=77°F, po= 1 atm. (Ans. $2.24Ib/s) daquid tke Ly 2 i4s,cc0 u/s 2 Pa Lab To2 77°F = S37R Tes !OF Po = late Marl) Petite . . . Analysis) At steady. stake, tryem, tina, An energ balance Yre Ids O= Hey -yeey th the hs -Msh3, or Combining terms, ME = hacks « . Ver he-ha Ley = ToF, where © + trgSq-tins, 32 — if | waters (se) "| 4) To |tSa-S\47hg -hA(s4-s I Tol aces 2) From Tables A.2E anc! A. BE, h,= 18.06 Blu/lh, 5, £ 0.03607 Ble Ar* S08 Bluff, 3221, ase7gue’® hy */47.296li/hy, sears TP wee HS = tht [Cte s, 1 ling Eg. 0), Dev = Thus, Lev = oH, (5378) ]= 17.9040, oe Smee Ley & /45,000 Bh/Z, 1, & 145, 0003b/h (36004 Yo. 6484) m, & 2241/3 «<———| 7-77.9 ‘Two alternative systems operating at steady state are under consideration for bringing air from 17°C to 52°C at an essentially constant pressure of 1 bar. The systems operate as follows: System 1: ‘The air temperature is increased as a consequence of the stirring of a liquid surrounding a line containing the air. System 2: The air temperature is increased by passing it through one side of a counterflow heat exchanger. On the other side, steam condenses at a pressure of 1 bar from saturated vapor to saturated liquid. On the basis of thermodynamic principles, which alternative would be preferred? Ignore all kinetic and potential energy effects and assume that no significant heat transfer with the surroundings occurs. Use the ideal gas model for the air. Let Ty = 17°C, po= I bar. (Ans. System 2) Analysis; Determine He irreversibility per unit of ae mars Flowing fu each of He 2 sybtems. Use this parameter to evaluate (thermo dynanicolly) the 2 systems, By definition (Eg. 114), q Leufri, = Te Se fim The entropy Production rates are foundin Exé-8, With T = 290k, then System / System 2 The system with Jower Leu) ri, 13 thermodynamicall the better system. This is System Z a Comment: Economic tonsiderstions are a/so important Desisns always reguire hooking at system Costs, 7-107.10 Three devices, each operating at steady state, are under consideration for delivering a heat 7 transfer at a use temperature, T, = 140°F. In each case, the energy loss by heat transfer from the device to its surroundings is 10% of the supply. Energy is supplied to the devices as follows: Device 1: A solar collector system that supplies heat at T, = 240°F. (Ans. 0.525) Device 2: A solar collector system that supplies heat at T, = 340°F. (Ans. 0.40) Device 3: An electrical resistance element that supplies heat at T, = 540°F. (Ans. 0.30) For each case, evaluate the second law efficiency as given by Eq. 7.40. Which alternative is preferred thermodynamically? Let Ty = 40°F. Analysis: With given date, Bg. 288 gives 40-9. Ep, 7.40 be 20,9 (Lo 822/600) 2 0. ecomes € 0.9 | secieee usher £2) Device | Ts = 700k E+ ous/li- $00) = 0.825 +——! 20 Device 2! Ty = BOOK o €+ ous /i- $8) = 0.40 +—? Device 7} Ty? 1O00R soo € = 0S/(l- BGG) = 0-80 «——3 €,> Ex >bas therefore, Device 11s Preferred. A compressor operating at steady state takes in 1 kg/s of air at 1 bar and 25°C and compresses it to 8 bar and 160°C. The power input to the compressor is 230 kW, and heat transfer occurs from the compressor to the surroundings at an average surface temperature of S096, 80°C, (a) Perform a full availability accounting of the power input to the compressor. (Ans. availability increase of air stream = 201.67 kW availability carried out by heat transfer = 14.60 KW availability destroyed = 13.63 kW total = 229.90 kW) (b) Devise and evaluate a second law efficiency for the compressor. (Ans. 0.877) (©) Evaluating availability at 8 cents per kWh, determine the hourly costs of the power input, e,ergy loss associated with heat transfer, and egergy destruction. (Ans. $18/b; $1.17/h; $1.09/n) Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. Let Ty = 25°C, po = 1 bar. 7HProblem 7.11 (¢ont'd) Schematic ¢ Ewen Data} Tye 60's = 358K Air maldsls > 2 Pea Shar To #298 pal bar Tat 483k PR? tbar T,298K Wz - 286 kw Steadiy- State. Analysis: (ad Using Eg. 288, | Wingy Qe) # Pal hark) -To(sesh] Ace +areso = t[Uha-h) - To($° cra) -S°Cr)- R la BY] Date from Table Avz2 yields " th Cae.-ag) = (1As]s 484. 38- age, ty) — ate] ao7ase~ WOIEAT- BBE fy £] 38.97 q m (aga) = +20Lne7dw Caleule te heat transfer from energy balance, Qep = Wey tm (herhy = 230LW tll £5,494, 3¢-298:18) i = -93,78W ‘ ~ie -Ag = -(I- = = (I+ 2¢e\.98,.7EW = 14.6 ku a> “(Yay iss Ley = Te 6 = Tof- Bev on (2% -9107) RM T/R] 4 =7o[+Eu7zkw + ths (07284-16952 8- 431th 8)] 3s3 3 ,a84a7! = 0.057, = /3:632KW/ «———I.y 7-12Problem 7.¢/ (dont 'd) (bh) Eq. 7.438, Ee (Ap @6)m uo 2067 LW = 0.877 <—= 4 ’ Wey 280 kw (ed Hourly Costs: ‘ ) Power Input => (23040) (ik) (0.08 ua) = 18/4 —_— 2) Exergy loss associated with heat transfer > (14, codw) (th)( 0.09 %/éwh) = 1.07 fhe— 8) Exergy destruction == (13.632 w)(1h)008 wh) u = #109/he— 7-13Vapor Power Systems 8 8.1 Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters the boiler at a pressure of 70 bar, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.06 bar. Determine: a. the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.447) b. the back work ratio. (Ans. 0.316) c. the net work of the cycle per unit mass of water flowing, in KI/kg. (Ans. 672.1kS/kg) 4. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser, in kIfkg of steam flowing. (Ans. 832.8 kJ/kg) Schematic ¢ Given Date! 70 bar Goes Assumptions: (Turbine 4 pump are adiabotrd, (2) Kmatie and potentia) elects are neqisible. Analysis: Fie cack of the principal stares, Stak 1: p,*7o bar, x, 10, hy? 2772.1 £Vhy, 5,2 5 8/332 UhK State Zi p, = ete bar, 52°), Ke * Se7Seu 0.6777) he 1788.64 Uy Ste Stefe Bi Pye Mebbar, syrSg= 8,12 BYLK , Xg*5y-Shy 5 03827 hg= 955. 89 £T/£5 58% a)Problem %.1 (Contd) State 4! pis Tobey, ty20, hye 1267.0 LU, (a) Therma / © Fhicieney ef a Carnet tyc/e From Beet ts Amay = bm Te = Ir 303K = 0.447 <————™m Te SSUIK (b) The backwork yatio iS burs Wel = hechy = 12670-9659 20,316 <2" We [m hiche 2772./- 1788.7 (e) The net work of the cycle per unit mass of worer Is Wegte (i = Wa/ti = Wy] id = Chahe) = Che ohs) =(2772./- 1786.8) — (1tet0- 958.9) = ore gt § (4) The heat transferfromthe condenser per unit mess /s ant Sout. haha s 11887-958.9 = 882. 8£Y tg ment! The thermal efficiency Can alte be calulated as Colles. TC Weyes/th « Weyele/m = G22! = 0447 Qin/m hi-h¢ — 2772.l-1eb%08.2 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 60 bar, 600°C. The condenser pressure is 0.10 bar. The steam mass flow rate is 45,000 kg/h. Determine for the cycle: a. the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kw. (Ans. 43.3x10°kW) b. the net power developed, MW. (Ans. 17.26MW ) c. the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.40) Schematic $ Gwen Data! nl ooo Assumptrens | See Example &.! (p. 827), assumptions |-4. Analy s/s: Fin each of the primeipal states. State 1i DP, = 60 b = 00%, hy = BSt. 42X55 7.06772 T re P, = 60 bar, T, mal) FO kek State 2i Py = Ol hav, $a°5), Xo SprSee = 018670, het Remu2gr Sqe aft Stale S} Pye orl bev, x20, bys !9 BEI, Yar hoa y? She ti he that yla-md . 2 = 19.83 + heree x0] 60-2.) £R] 2 19L98 46.08 = 197, 88 AT/L5 (a) The heat treneter rote in 15 Gin = th (hy-hg) = S22 0b/h [86584-1972 LY Ly 3000 /h = 43.3 0° W «<—— Om ¥-3Problem &.2(toxt’d) (b) The net power developed’ is Weyele ®t [Chy-he)~ Che Aad | * Ascool/A [[ses6. 4- 2270, 2)-(i9T88- 194 wer Beoe s/h 45 = 17, 264LWs 1726 MW «<——Wenele (ce) The Hherma! elie sewey 6 nee wrew ~ odo «Ll 7° ra > 43.3xo%W 8.3 A power plant based on the Rankine cycle is under development to provide a net power ‘output of 10 MW. Concentrating solar collectors are to be used to generate steam at 300°C and 2 MPa for expansion through the turbine. Cooling water is available at 20°C. The condensing pressure is 0.08 bar, turbine efficiency is 80%, and pump efficiency is, 70%. Estimate (@) the thermal efficiency, (Ans. 0.254) (b) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/h, (Ans. 4.982x10*kg/h) (©) the cooling water flow rate, in kg/h. (Ans. 1.687x10°kg/h) Schematic 4 “Wen BO We Pso.oP ber cools waterProblem %:3 (toxs a) Assumptions: (i) Each Lompawert operates at sitady- steve, (2) Kmatic and potento/ eects are neglisible. (8) Ne stray heat transfers, (4) Xx*o. vi: Fix each of the primeipa/ states. Hatel! p,zae bar, Ts 30d, hy? 3022.9 ATM, 526-104 bT/h kK State 2: P2008 bar, $2425, has = 26.1 ATE. With Broo, hozh, - at, hirheg) 2 2297.8 45/65 State 3! Pye 0.08 bay, Xgre, ha= 173.98 £I/Es Stated! hes x hy +5 (Py Fe) = 178-8¢ +(Looe#xa Ne>-008 OLR = 178.89 £75 With ape 0.70, hee hat (ha-he)/tfp? 16.78 £Y/hg (a) The terme) efficiency ts 4: We/nt = Wp /nt : in Welm = hy-he = 7aSi4 £5/e4 = 78S.4- 2:87 Wp/m =he-hge 2-812 OtFe,7 Qin [m= hohe? 28461904 se2sq +H (b) The mass Chw vate I$ mo Keele We it~ Vly m = 10,000 €Y/s (seo 5/h) _ 4982 xeot dy —m (as. - ak DLI/SS () The mass flow ra of coolyig water passin through the tondensex depends upon the temperatere Yise ofthe Cooling water, fa bTew Is Qssumed to be 15°C, Mey = mohy-hg) « 4282x008 (22975-17998) ‘ wre - Newt (46, OF -83,96 Mew = 6 687 vie s/h Mew when, bev % he ew) as8.4 A vapor power plant operates with steam entering the turbine at 2500 Ibf/in.”, 1000°F and condenser pressure of 1 Ibf/in.? The turbine and pump operate with isentropic efficiencies of 82% and 77%, respectively. For the cycle, determine a. the turbine work, in Btu per Ib of steam flowing. (Ans. 496.2Btu/lb ) b. the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.353) c. the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in Btu per Ib of steam condensed. (Ans. 891.3Btu/lb) Qin Be hee Schematic ¢ wen Dots! eee Abolegint At lo00"F Assumptions! Same as I-# 1h Example Tl} also mgr Orbe tp O27 Anedsis Fix eack of the primeipa/ states. Stake (/ p,= asoo lbg/int, Ti*loe0"F, hye 1457.2 Bhi//b, 3,8 bS26t Beeb R Stoke 21 Bel Thelin, SegeS) Xeg® 0178516, hag * BS2i! Ble/ib. with gq, hehe + 2te, hes h-alhiches) swhes hee 961.0 Brash Staves! Pye I lbelint, XgeO ,hy® 69-74 Bulb Sheet} = ha +s e-PR) . is (64.74 Bluj/b) + (0.016 14.80 asco lIby (146i0°/* Int \77¢ eth [Bh HOR7A 4746 = 7720 Blu//b with aty = (has~hs feds) » he hav(htc>) Ae 7063 Blu f/b ° o-%Problem #.4(Coatd) (a) We [i = hivhe = (1487.2- 961.0) Ble /b Welt = 496-2 haf/b ¢— Wat. &) ¢ = Wa/n ce Wo/ni Qin/in Wp/m > hqnhy = 2243-69-74 = 9.69 Ble//b Bn [rb = hirhg# 4ST.2- 148 + 1877, Bl / lb = $96-2- 9.69 4 = O.3S3 (877.8 . Qous 961.0- 69,74 5 B93 Blu/ib <«_*_ (©) @ous/mi = hem hs = g-78.5 Water is the working fluid in a vapor power cycle with superheat and reheat. Superheated vapor enters the first turbine stage at 8 MPa, 480°C and expands to a 0.7 MPa. Then, it is reheated to 480°C before entering the second turbine stage, where it expands to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage is 2.63 x 10° kg/h. Each turbine stage operates with an isentropic efficiency of 88%. The pump operates with an efficiency of 80%. Determine for the cycle: a. the net power developed, in kW. b. The thermal efficiency. c. The rate of heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in kW. Known: Water is the working fluid in a vapor power cycle with superheat and reheat. Data at various locations and the mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage are known, Find: Determine (a) the net power developed, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water passing through the condenser. Schematic & Given Data: Assumptions: Same as Example 8.3, except that My = M2 = 0.88, and np = 0.80 Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states. State 1: p; = 8 MPa, T; = 480°C = hy = 3348.4 kJ/kg, s) = 6.6586 kI/kg-K State 2: State 2 is fixed using the turbine efficiency. First, at p2 = 7 bar and s2, = s; x2, = 0.9895 and hz, = 2741.8 k/kg. Thus: — Walt Wi ims Th (hy hey) = 2814.6 Kikg ‘State 3: p; = 0.7 MPa, Ts = 480°C = hy = 3438.9 kJ/kg, s3= 7.8723 kU/kg-K State 4: As for state 2; at py = 0.08 bar, s4, = $3 =9 x4, = .9533 and hy, = 2464.8 ki/kg. Thus ‘ha= hz - Tha (hs-has) = 2581.7 kI/kg. e-¢State 5: Sat. liquid at ps = 0.08 bar => hs = 173.88 ki/kg, State 6: hes = hs + V6 (Pe-Ps) 10° N/m? bar 1kJ 3 fgg, =173.88-+ (1.0084x10™) (80-0.08) bar} - kg 10°N-m| =173.88 + 8.06 = 181.94 kJ/kg Thus, using the pump efficiency LDS tga hy sy, =, 4 lina hs) W, Imi) hg —h, 1 = 183.96 kI/kg (a) The net power developed is found from Woe =Wa + Wr —W, = rif, — ha) + (Ity~hy)~ (hg ~hs)] Inserting values Woeu =(2osn0 Ps eos. 4 2814.6) + (3438.9 -2581.7) — (183.96 —173. oo =101x10°kW (b) The thermal efficiency is Worte Qin For the cycle with reheat Qin = rah, — hg) + (hy — hy )) n= Thus nS (101x10°kW) ‘tes | (2 eaxto* 5 © Jessa 4-183.96) + (34389-28146) ah te [irew = 0.365(36.5%) (©) The rate of heat transfer from the condensing steam to the cooling water is Ques = TA, ~ hs) =(2.63x10° XE \(2581.7-173.88) ti 1kW| 2175.9x10°KW h kg [3600s||1ki/s| &-78.6 Inthe preliminary design ofa steam power plant, a supercritical ideal Rankine cycle with a steam generator pressure of 3500 Ibffin.? and a condenser pressure of 1 Ibf/in.” is under consideration. The maximum temperature in the cycle may not exceed 1100°F. (a) If only one turbine stage is used, determine the quality of the steam leaving the turbine. (Ans. 0.75) () If the first turbine stage expands the steam to a pressure of 300 Ibffin.”, where it is reheated to a temperature of 1100°F before expanding through a second-stage turbine, determine the quality of the steam leaving the second-stage turbine, (4750.92) | Assume in both (a) and (b) that the turbines are isentropic. oalysis's State It pF 3800 Iheline, Tit Heo"r, Ay? 1496.0 Blu /b , S) 65/93 Ba /MR, (2) Paz Ltbelis ) Sa 25, ta > 0,75 «——Tta Ge) Py = B00 bein”, hy = 1ST79E Blu //b Sg e317 Be//b 2 Pye | thelin®, S42Sq =? 44% O72/ «——%& 8.7 Steam at 10 MPa, 600°C enters the first-stage turbine of a Rankine cycle with reheat. Steam enters the second-stage turbine after being reheated to 500°C. Saturated vapor exits the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Each turbine stage operates with an isentropic efficiency of 85%. All other aspects of the operation follow the ideal cycle. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency. It is suggested to use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics for the solution. . (Ans. 0.385) Pie lomMra Teeeoe . We od ee, ee 508s tae bo RCdh es * 2 it Pump Wp ¥-l011 Problem Supplement: 8.7 11 Given data 11 First, fix state 1. ht st \_PT(‘WateriSteam*, p1, T1) s_PT(‘Water/Steam’, p1, 71) 11 Next, skip to states 8 and 4 1sat_Px("WaterSteam", p4, x4) :_Ph("WateriSteam’, p3, h3) ssat_Px("Water/Steam", p4, x4s) hsat_Px(‘Water/Steam", pd, x4s) 83 3 - eta_t* (h3- has) \_PT(‘WateriSteam’, p3, 73) II Fix state 2. hes ho. = h_Ps(Water/Steam”, p2, 51) > eta_t* (ht - h2s) 11 Fix the remaining states, pS = pa hS = hsat_Px("Water/Steam’, p5, 0) ssat_Px("Water/Steam", p5, 0) p6=pt 6 = hS + v5 * (p6 - pS) * 100 1 Calcualte the thermal efficiency. Wt = (ht -h2) (ht = h6) + (h3 -h2) (Wt + W_12-W_p)/Q_in f* Results Qin 3928 W_p 10.08 W_tt 609.6 we 912.1 eta 0.9849 hi 3625 0sProblem %-7Ceontd) h2 3015 h2s 2908 h3 3479 hd 2567 hds 2406 nS 151 ne 161.1 3 9.035 88 A regenerative vapor power cycle has two turbine stages with steam entering the first stage at 2500 Ibf/in.?, 1000°F and expanding to 140 Ibf/in.? Some of the flow is extracted at 140 Ibffin.? and directed into an open feedwater heater operating at the same pressure. ‘The remainder expands through the second turbine stage to the condenser pressure of 1 Ibf/in.? Saturated liquid leaves the feedwater heater at 140 Ibf/in.” (a) For isentropic operation of the turbine stages and pumps, determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Ans. 0.468) (b) Determine the thermal efficiency if each turbine stage and pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. (Ans. 0.406) Pye aSee lhe fin Bin Tye 1000F tt) Assumpdicus; Same as Example #5. Analasist Fiy cack of the prme'pel states. (a) Stake Ii p= 2800 lby/nt, RF. (000°F, hy = 1457, 2 Bru fb 3, % 5262 Blu / ldo Stake 28! = 140 (be/in®, Ses 1) > Hag 09588, he 1/582 Ble G1Problem 2.8 (ont'd) Stake 3: Pye bein: Sgo*Ses =P ¥g,20-7552, hg. BZ. Blu/th State 4! Pet Clb, 446° hq 2 09.74 Bu Jb Stake St het hg tq lPer®) . er Ss an4 s (wrote H,) a4 inideg™ yes lhe 778 Cog | ae, Ta? 264.144 0.412 70.15 BluJlb Sate @! Px ldo lbelint , xze, Ag = 328.1 Bulb State 75: hag? he + %(P,-P) "so gees endieee)( 144) (asve- i492) 71¢ 2380.97 Bke/ Ib ing mass + energy balances to the open feed water Y= herhes 2 BUSI 20UE = o,28S4. ~ US3+2~ 20S erly cater, hesmhss We [m= ~hy) + (4) hes-has) =(1452.2- 1153.2) + (0-7646)(u53.2-852.1) 5342 Bue //b has hed +l -yhss ~he) = (382. 97- B21) + 017646 (70,15 6974) © BF Bla Jib Gin = himhy = 1457, 2- 882-97 = 1/2412 Blu] /b ® Y= Wepptri = $34.2- 16 » 0.467+—71 (a) n/t MEREProblem %.% (¢ontd) Ch) State 2: het hit 4G, (hyn hes) =I Bhe// Spt lh sezl Bc /eR (Table AME) Hate 8) pys lbelin Syp* Sa) Uy, 2 O-79S4S ha'g= 8 83.47 Bhe//b hat han Ary (he ha's) = 930.77 Ble //d Sates: ofp, = (hey he) [Chs-he) hs > ha Hhss -he)/Mp, = 20-22 Ble //h Satet! hy = hy + (nag he/ ty, = 334,36 Bu// Mass qenerqy balance wields Ys he-hs = 0 2es¢ he-hs We/rr,= Ghy-he) # (0-4) (hang) = 465.9 Buse Wp ny = (haha) + (1-4) Uhs-ha) = 9.63 Ble /lb Qin [ny e hyrhq = 22.8 Bul > Wale = elm = 0.406 ~———{) Qin / mm)8.9 The figure below shows a closed feedwater heater, with the condensate pumped into the feedwater line. Using data on the figure, determine the temperature, in °C, at location 6 and show each numbered state on a carefully labeled T-s diagram. (Ans. 244°C) Assumptions Steady-state; Qu 20. Analysis; State & is fixed by mass and eneryy balances associated wi'th streams 4 and © miying, O= mehgtmshs- (matmedhe hy=[brr4 /neg) hg # helfloig/ine +!) «) and om, emezms and myamq Energy balance on closed feed water heater yes O= tng lhirhe) + mag lhg-hg) ov Dg a he~hy mS hs~he From Table A.4 at p= 4obay, T, = 300°C } h.= 2958-6 234s. From Table A-3, hz 1087 SES From Table AVS, fig 168k UK and Ags ont & & Thus, my. (087,38- 29586 - 2,417 ms 16% /-103RE hs=het (hes -he Vt = 108234 (1096.0- 10¢73)/o.¢0 = 1098.2 £Uks (hes ® 1096.0 $F from Table A. 6) Thus, From Eg. (1) ‘ Ag = (247) (1039.8) + 10982 2 y05¢.445/ay (2014741) Interpolatms th Table hS, Tg % 244° +<——T GS8.10 Reconsider the closed feedwater heater, the pump, and the associated piping in Problem 8.9. If the mass flow rate of feedwater to the steam generator at location 6 is 600 kg/s, determine the irreversibility rates in kJ/g for control volumes enclosing (a) the closed feedwater heater. (Ans. 5.842x10*ki/s) (©) the pump. (Ans. 240.3kJ/s) (c) the location where streams 4 and 5 mix to form stream 6. (Ans. 5.37 kI/s) Let To = 20°C, po = 1 bar . . . State points and assumptions same 2 Prob. 89, Lys Te Cy Sit GBSCIA Sg K See 2.6869 NT de ke Set 27964 65/da-k Sgs 2.8007 E1/hg:K Sgt 0.SH2 ES/kg-K Se= 2-728! €t/dy K th mgt Goo ts/s and me/tmer 2.147 2 thgemg* 409.3%3/s and ms mee, = 190-7 ds/s- . + Ty (a) Ley = To Gey = To Lrg (Sg Sq) + mie S2-5)] = S.842 K10 £4/5 95 (b) Ley = Toy = To mg (S752) = 240.3 £7/8 * 1h (6) Ley = Teter * Tole Ser MeSe mg sq]> S87 AI/s <— Ty 8.11 A regenerative vapor power cycle has three turbine stages with steam entering the first stage at 2500 Ibf/in, 1000°F. The cycle has two feedwater heaters, a closed feedwater heater using extracted steam at 600 Ibffin.” and an open feedwater heater operating at 60 Ibffin.? Saturated liquid condensate drains from the closed heater at 600 Ibffin.” and passes through a trap into the open heater. The feedwater leaves the closed heater at 2500 Ibffin.?, 478°F. Saturated liquid leaves the open heater at 60 Ibf/in.”, and the condenser pressure is 1 Ibf/in.? For isentropic operation of the turbine stages and pumps, determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Pix 2500 thy / ist see the/ixt 1 fh Tsleee’r (Ans. 0.475) elit RXProblem tll (dont d) Assumptions! Same as Ex. 3.6, except no yeheater Analysis: Fix each of the principal states. State I! p,= 2800 Ibe/in™, T, = 1000 F => hy 1457.2 Ble//b, Se LS267 Bue /h-R State2: pps ceo bbefiit | sees, =P he * 1283.8 Bu//b Sate 8! Py Go helm’, SgeS, =D Xg 0.20296, has 109, / Blu/ Ib Stated: ppt | Uhelint S425, P Xq = O7SS2, hes BSz/ Blu //b Stades! pon (Ubglint) X20 Phe = 69.74 Blu//b State bi hee he tre (py Pe) = 64744 (ovorer4 Bf (eo i) He tog m/f \ = 69.92 Blu [lb 728 Clb |e, Stake 7! py = G0 Mbelin®, X20 Pha = 262.2 Blu /lb Stale es he = ha t4(Py-P) * cee + @rorise) (aseo-6e\ 124 \ = 270.08 Blu/ Ib Stated! py = 2500 Ibe/pi', Ty 470K => hg= 465.2 Blu (Teble 52) Bintelo! P= Ceolhe/n: , X20 Ph io* 477 Bhu/lb State Wi hus hip = 471.7 Ba/ tb (Throdhig Preeess) Newt, determine y' and y™ Energy balance on Closed feed-water hearer 02 y' (heh) Hhym hq) S-/7Problem @.t/ (dont) y's harhe 2 46%2-220,05 = 0.2879 herhio = '283.5- 4747 Enevay balance on open heater Os vet tlie ey he ty hu nha © uy Uhy-hu) Hho he) = (0.2379) (6992-4717) +(202.2- 69.92) ha-he 1089. 1-6 942) 20.0949 raat balance on turbine sto We 2 Urenke) #Ury Whe hatte yy "Mhs~hq) ™ = (1487.2- 293.5)+ (0, 1621) (l2¢3-S- 10891) #00672) lo89.- 852.1) = 479.9% BJ lb Energy balance on pum Mee Chen ba) 00 gy") Che -he) Mm " lave.o8- 262.2) + 0.6672(64. 92> 6474) = 797 Bu/b Energy, balance on borley Qing hirhg = 1457.2-463.2= 994.0 Bhe//b m, Thus, ag We/m,— Wp)mi - 0-475 -—‘7 Be8.12 For the regenerative vapor power cycle of Problem 8.11, calculate the irreversibility rates of the feedwater heaters per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage. Express each as a fraction of the flow availability increase of the working fluid passing through the steam generator. Let To = 60°F, po = 14.7 Ibffin.” (Ans. closed heater 0.0234; open heater 0.0250) Stake pomts and assumptons Same as Prob: Gil. Ley* Te Sey Closed heater: S_* 18262 Blu/B-R Sq 25q2 0.4273 Blu //b-R Sgt 6.5462 Bl /bR, Sip = 0:6723 Blu//bR Leni, y= Te [i Gip-Sa) +CSqr54)] = 1268 Blu /Mb *emcfater Qg.-aeqs Chi-hy) ty = 126% Mi(Ae-a,,) 540-4 To (SirSq) = S40.98lu/ (3, st62) = 0.0234 Clete heater Open heaters S32 hS762 Blu//b-2, 3¢= 85% 0.1827 Blu/!bk, 34+ 0.4273 Biu//b-e, Su ® 0.1057 Bke/ Ib: Lerl Lee ToL s.-y4"33-Y'30 -U-y'-4") 84] = 18.54 BulIb Spon 7 ze « 1254 = 007s <——— open heater tnlag- ag.) S404 8.13 The steam generator in a cogeneration plant produces 800,000 Ibyh of steam at 400 Ibffin2, 800°F for power production and process heating. A three-stage turbine develops power at a rate of 2 x10® Btwh to run electrical generators and also provides process steam at 100 Ibf/in.? between the first and second stages. Between the second and third stages, some steam is diverted to an open feedwater heater, which operates at 20 Ibf/in.” ‘The condenser pressure is 1 Ibf/in.? The process steam is condensed to liquid at 100 Ibffin., 150°F and retums to the open feedwater heater after passing through a trap. The turbine stages operate with isentropic turbine efficiencies of 85%. The pumping processes can be assumed isentropic. For the cogeneration plant, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in Buh. (Ans, 9.753210*Btuhh ) (b) the mass flow rate of process steam, in Ib/h. (Ans. 431,8001b/h ) (©) the rate of heat transfer from the process steam, in Btw/h. (Ans. 5.019x10* Btuh ) a-lGProblem %,13( Cont'd) . tn, » 820,000 IbJh e 2 atei ppt $eD bby lint Me O85 Wp, 1 X40 Assumptions: Steady-shle tomponentes and hg=hio Ana lyaiai Fix eceh of the Principal states: State lt p,= doo lhe/in*, T= SOO°F =rh,= 1416.6 Blu/lb S1t LG844 Bl JAE State 2! py = 100 Ubg/tHT, 39475 hag 1256-6 Ble//b fe, = huh Uni shes) => he = hy apy, (hirhas)* 128006 Be, Sz =l770 Blu//b:k (Table A.4e) Sate B! hgge 14 2 BMu/lb and hg = he“ Mtalhe- has) = 62, | Ble/b, Sx 7407 Bla//b-R Btutet! hgs* 972.23, hg = Ag ~opglharhgs) § 1000.7 Blu//b, 34217909 Be /bR Stare €1 pee / Ubelint, Ko2o => het 69-74 Blu//b State Gi he ~he + Ve (p-p) = 6474 +(0. overe Neon tgs) = 69, 80 Blu Jib Stare 7/ p, = 20lbg/n?, Xp =O Phz* 196.26 Bu/ib Steet! hee hy +4 re-r,) = 196.26 r(o.oress) ($0- 2 48) = 192 $4 Bu Jib V7 Store 9/ Py = (00 bg /in? , Ty = 150°F => compressed | guid he © hg Use) + V5 USO P-Prate cor | = UA. G6 #0, 0/6 34)(l00- sree) (ued ) = M8 28 Blu //b 778 te te 10! higehg = 0) 625 Be //b ¥-zoProblem %.13 (cont'd) (0) Qin = tay (hirhe) = aco l/h (1416. 6- 197.44) BK //b in = q1s3K10 Blu JA Cb) Amess and energy balerce on turbine yre ds, We yh =ttghe, ~ mig hy ~ Cit tte tad hg, with Wer ext Blu/h and ty? 8as0° Ib/h. Inserting Values ot h ateack state, the above & becomes 01.327 08-2799 me“ loleG ing Kmess and energy balance on Open Feed-waker heater atl Pi fj fl Yields O= tahatmehio tlrny-mhe-ma he -my hy, solvig For rag! ma Melhe-hedt tr (hehe) ha-he . © 01044856) het 90,619 (O Simultaneous toluten of Eg Ul) and¢e) yrelds Tht 481, $00 bh = ————™r ma = 78,470 lb/h ( Fer the process steam line, process = the (ha~hq) = 43, 00 (120.6 -/%.25) G process = 5.019 K10% Blu/A 8-2)Gas Power Systems 9 9.1 Atthe beginning of the compression process in an air-standard Otto cycle, py = 14.7 Ibf/in? and T; = 530°R. The compression ratio is 8. Determine the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure, in Ibf/in.’, for maximum cycle temperatures of 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000°R. Known: An air-standard Otto cycle has a known compression ratio and a specified state at the beginning of compression. Find: Determine the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure for each of the meximum cycle temperatures. 2000, 0, 5 Schematic & given data: Pp Be ee Assumptions: Same as Example 9.1 Miva = 8 PEtdc7 Webi T.2530°R ! ih =(FJasia0 = 18.9225 = 1190.7°R and u2 = 207.33 Bru/lb. For each value of 7, us and v,3 can be determined from Table A-22E. Then, State 4 is fixed using the relation for the isentropic expansion and us can be evaluated using tabular data. The results are TCR), u3(Btu/Ib) ve Ves. us(Btu/lb) 2000 367.61 4258 34.064 164.23 3000 585.04 1.180 9.44 271.84 4000 814.06 ASI 3.6144 390.76 5000 1050.1 2096 1.6768 516.68 9-1The heat added to the cycle is Qs m and the heat rejected is Qa m Thus, the thermal efficiency is Qu tm Qs 1m a ‘The mean effective pressure is Evaluating v; 1545 ft-Ibf ae | (530°R) Rr, as Lit }=13.35tt'nb Pi 14.7 Ibffin. 144 in For 73 = 2000' SN = 0,539 (53.9% n=)" 367.61~ 207.33 ee and smep = {357.61 207.33) = (164.23 90.33))Btul meee ut asastent(1-#) 1Ber \144in = 39.95 Ibffin? ‘Summarizing results for each value of Ty T3CR) Qaim Qaim Wore [7 1%) mep(Ibf/in.”) 2000 160.28 BI 36.38 33.9) 39.95 3000 377.71 181.51 196.2 51.9 90.75. 4000 606.73 300.43 306.3 50.5 141.67 5000 842.77 426.35, 416.4 49.4 192.59 Plotting 7) and mep 00. 3 3 & se so a ob oo © (000 3000 3000 “00 ooo © 1000 2000 Box 000 Sox G-R B-R 9-29.2 Anair-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2.5. The state at the beginning of compression is fixed by p = 0.9 bar and T= 300 K. Determine (@) the net work per unit mass of air, in KI/kg. (Ans, 886.6 kI/kg) (b) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.544) (©) the maximum pressure in the cycle, in kPa. (Ans, 4853 kPa) (@) the mean effective pressure, in kPa. (Ans. 981.3 kPa) (©) Repeat (a) ~ (d) on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats evaluated at 300 K. (Ans. 875.5 ki/kg; 0.6093; 5148 kPa; 969.1 kPa) Schematic ¢ Given Dota: Assumptions; Same as Example 2 ist Fix each principal State of cycle (Table A.2z) Stat /i T,= B00k => u,e a4.o7 hI ds, Ve,* G22 Shte2i For isentropic. compression, Vvp = Ve Ye, = L (21-2) = 34.5 vy 18 M18 Ve % ens Vee + ¥,20.4 bar 1_T)# 800k 2 Thus, Te = $982 K, Uz> 678.18LYG, hy= 930.9765 /k¢ Statezi For pee process, Tg * Va. 7, = (2.s)(898.2)= 2745.5 K Ve Ags tseo.7 £1/44, Veg = 1877 Liate 4! For isentropic “ orpension, Ye oe WV UB) (L\= 72 \ uy %e x) Veq = y + Veg = (7:2) 877) 73, S14 Thus, Te 2/226.9K, Uge 957.2 £144 (0) For the cycle, Weyete = Qeyele Woyele Weve = Qua — Ber = Chg-hz)~ yy) 2 96.64 Sq ™ 7 Z # 3Problem 2 (eont'd) (b) The therma/ efficieney is 4? Weyele/M = Wevete/a Qe /m harhe 4 (2) Pmay = Fo, For the isentreped process 1-2, Te 2 Pre om Pe * (tet 14 (2.4 bar Nea 47) A Per 13%, ?, = 4953 £Pa ePiay <—— ae o.st4 Ud) The mean efleetive pressure 18 mep = Wuele = Ve Mep > Weyele/m = T8604; mets) y, (i= Yay From idea/ 948 law, V,* BT, = $814 (300k) = 0.95tOm P= -28.97(Fokm) ks Thus, mep + ¥¥6-6 = 9843 2P. mep ‘ a (0.9566) = Yee) a th (€) Fer process (-2, with Kult Crom Teblé h-20, Tez = (s Y(t) = 553K ‘.) 1) For process 2-3, Pps Pgs TAuS, Ts 343) > 23S. 2K Va Fer process 3-4, With kolsF, % 5 oe ve * ‘e(t) 272 Th ay (t)= 1OFUOK For eyele., Weyese = Qeyee * Aes ~ WH m m ™ m Weyeh = Cp (7$-Te) ~ty (% -7) m With Cy 20, 7/8 ET/ks kK and cps neosk Ye 9-4Problem 92 (ont d) Wegie = (1oos\2895,2- 989.8) -(0,7/¢\1082.0-320) ™ 5 8IS.S £35k, + Wegele | “7 Weel = BIST = 0.6095 =——H ea/m — pltg-Te) Pmap * Po® Pg. For isentropic process 1- Ral’ VF, = Sle¢ePe "1 mep = Weyele = ele [mM W-Ve vy, U-V2/V, Vv, = 09566 m/t, From part (d) Pmay, mep = 875.5443 = 969.) Fae 0.9s¢e m (1- he, Z (i-th Comment: Comparing the vesu/ts of Ce) +o (a), [b), (e)+ld) show the ee fecds of assuming constant speci Li heats» 9.3 An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and a cutoff ratio of 1.1. At the beginning of compression, p = 1 atm and T= 27°C. The pressure doubles during the constant volume heat addition process. If the mass of air is 0.3 kg, determine. (a) the heat addition at constant volume and at constant pressure, each in KJ. (Ans. 225.6 KS, 62.4 KJ) (b) the net work of the cycle, in KJ. (Ans. 175.4 kJ) (©) the heat rejection, in kJ. (Ans. 112.6 kd) (@) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.609)Problem %8 (Contd) Schematic 4 bien Dalat 14 aly P Po Mahl a i] % wd ss Hy 2 x y me osdy Ps thar Trare Aseumptions; See Example 9-3 Vv Rnaly sit: Fre cack o€ the principal states. (Table A.22) State (i T) = 800K 27 U,= 2/¢,07KI (he, Ve, 2 62U2 Stote2: For the isentropic Compression, Veg s(Ve/Vi) te, = 4b 413 Thus, Te = 843-21 and Ue* 621: 60 £5/k, Sate: For Vee process, Ve>3 , Ts =(R/R YT =ebe.4k Thus, Uys 1879.5 £0/d5 and hgs !P63.4 £I/45 Sheet Pla m, so Te oYa/ vs) Ts 2IfSE.OK Thus, hq * 2071S £3/ds and V4* 3.8704 States: For isentropic expansion, Vs. We. Va = os) (2 = 13,636 Ye Ve Vy at and Vee = /¥ = 48, O87 SPT 5 2 790-6K d Vg ay s Thus, Us = 889.54 £1/£y (4) Heat addition 13 Lpem 2-3 and 3-4, Ss Qege m(Ug-Uz)=0.3 (18795 - 627. boc 228.6 £Ts— Qyq2 ml hq-hy) = 2-3 (2071-8-1863.4)= ez.gay har 16%. OT LI / ds, Prez OFS Suted! For the isentropic expansion, Pr # (Pe / Fy) Pry = S74 Thus, Te = 840:1K and hy = 866,24 £1/hs la) The therma/ efhevence of = I Qourhi = - -t1\ Qin hs he. (aa I> 266.24- 2901/6 2 0,479 <——_. (6€6.07- 590.47 “Problem % 4 (toutid ) Cb) Use Weyele to determike m. Weyele = va L6ha-ha)=(ha-ky| = 7325 £W ms 2825 kw = 13.8 &/s <——™ Bha-he)dha-h,), () From Table 4.20, beh 40l, Cpe 0otkT/Ock T,2 290K, Tg 2/550 K es! Tre 7 (Bye = S36K Pp, Te = Ta Pe “a alk = es 76h maa) ei-_t = 0-S°7 +——— t (Pda Se Weyele * mI (ha-he) -Cre-k)] +m] (73-74) ple-T)] Ms Whyele = 28zskw pl ta-t4-T 7, (oe4Al [ss - 761.) 54041386] m = 14.9 £,/s ” Comment: Com ering the yesu/ts of (¢) te la) and lb) show the effects of 233 um ing tonstant spec Le heat9.5 Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate of Sm’/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 10, and its isentropic efficiency is 85%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 950 kPa, 8 the temperature is 1400 K. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 88%, and the exit pressure is 100 kPa On the basis of an air-standard analysis, determine (@) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Ans. 0.319) (b) the net power developed, in kW. (Ans. 1641.5kW) Schematic # Given Date! a Qn Fyegso fe z 2/0 Tys lteok Tes look Pa, Tis Book a Mesa Assumpryons ! Ui) Steacly- State dom portent Ys. (2) Working Fluid is assumed to bshave 48 On sdee/ cat. vst Fry each of the principal states (Table 4.22) Stated: T,= 800k => h,*= 300, 1G BIL, Fr,* 8860 State 2! For isentropie. Compression, Pres * (EeyPrs = (B86 =? he, = 579. #6 RT/Bs Py %* heathy =p herh, thegrhy = C22 LYks her hi te State 8! T= oat sAge (515 42 LIE, Peg 45015 Stutet! For isentropic expansion, Pry & (%)Pre = 47,42) => h4as= 820.3) £1/£5 te? a-he = hy # hgraylha-hes) © 908.72 80% 43 (4) ysl herh, 2 l= 208-22 - 30017 5 0.319 <— t fache . 1515. 42- 629.21 Tt 9-4Problem 4S (Cont'd) Ub) Weyeje = ma haha) -Une-hd me (ADF. (s¥[dlicod me) 2 5.807 &/s Eat” GRE) [see Weyele = S807 £4 [1515 .42- $03.72- 624.214 800.19 AT) G = 164. SRW Weyele 9.6 Air enters the turbine of a gas turbine at 400 kPa, 1200 K, and expands to 100 kPa in two stages. Between the stages, the air is reheated at a constant pressure of 200 kPa to 1200 K. The expansion through each turbine stage is isentropic. Determine, in kJ per kg of air flowing (@) the work developed by each stage. (Ans, 219.6 ki/kg) (b) the heat transfer for the reheat process. (Ans, 219.6 ki/kg) (©) the percent increase in net work as compared to a single stage of expansion with no reheat (Ans, 8.7%) (@) Include in the analysis that each turbine stage has an isentropic efficiency of 88%, repeat (a)-(c). (Ans. 193.25 kI/kg, 193.25 kI/kg, 8.7%) Fe tooth Deeer Fe icokha 1 nsi Ui) Steasly-Stete (2) Gir mode tel as (Heal Bar. Analysis! Fix each of the principal stiks (Tadle 4.22) 9-10Problem 9.6 (Cont'd) Sta]: 7,2 200k = h,= 1217.79 b Tbs , Prt 236.0 State 2! Pra = lA /m) Pr, 219 > hee 1058, 19 L/hs Sak Bi Tyerzeck => hgh, 21277, 19LY 8, Prat Py, t 288.0 Stated: het hes lOSBIGAT/Ay, Since PIP, = Pal Py Co) Since bh across eack turhme stage Is equal, then the werk of each stace I's the same. see on We, = We, hy-he,2 1277. 79- 1088, 19 29.08) = 4 Ub) For the veheater, Qi = havhe,= 219.6 80/4, ——S% (€) For @ comphte expansion from | to a, Prez Te, mM Peg = Pr, (PalA) = 54S => hat 73.76 ZT/h5 | Thus, Wie? hirha,# 404,03 £1/€5 o ine Y inesase = 2(319.6)- 404,03 3 0.08724:768— 404,03 Ud) het hin afe, (hi hes) = 1044.54 21/4, ficoty Gy 27. 19 bT/ks | heen Ses. se 4I/hs We, We, © hy- he = 193, es £1/ky We Qin = hyr-Aa = 193, es kT/k, + Qin Wes ape “ha- hey) = 8se.ss £3/k es Yo increase * 2UI9S2S) - 355.88 y199 2 BTS 355,559.7 Atwo-stage air compressor operates at steady state, compressing 0.2 m°/s of air from 1 bar, 300 K, to 10 bar. An intercooler between the two stages cools the air to 300 K at a constant pressure of 3 bar. Calculate the power required to run the compressor, in kW, and compare the result to the power required for single-stage compression from the same inlet state to the same final pressure, if each stage has an isentropic efficiency of (a) 100% (Ans. 54.52kW( two-stage); 64.97kW(single— stage) ) (b) 85% (Ans. 64.14KW (two-stage); 76.44kW (single — stage) ) Schematic ¢ Given Data: Aeauatp duane: Same as Example 9-9 aus: states are the same as Example 4-4, hye hy = 800,19 £1/#,, he> Fil B€T/he, hye 473. PkI hat 874.9 Elks (a) For the 2 Stages, Wes m[(he-h) #(ha- hy] mea) PR » lezw/s)licod me) . 0.2823 h/s eT, Bt Bais Ae (Beo)k aed te Wes o.28z3[234.74Yk] = 54.5 24W Sale For @ Single Stace, Wee tin Uhgehy) = 04, 97 (b) For 2 stages, af, 20:85, We = 545% = O414bW oes Ue ‘stage: Fer a singh Phser my £O.8E, Wee en7 8% 4thw 5 43 We T-Sh ge t Me, eg 20S § ¢ 1 s G-129.8 — Hydrogen enters the turbine of an Ericsson cycle at 920 K, 15 bar, with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. The temperature and pressure at the inlet to the compressor are 600 K and 1.5 bar, respectively. Determine (a) the net power developed, in kW. (Ans. 5882 kW) (b) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.6739) (©) the back work ratio, (Ans. 0.326) lee 218 me 14s Assumptions i(1) Components are at steady-state. (2) All processes are internally Yevers: ble, (8) The Hy behaves as an idea/ gas. Analysis: Work of turbine evaluated using Bgl: 67 Wy oom (vdp + - tRT delpe/P) = S72 ¢KW ' . 4 : Wee -m { vdp= -m R13 Le Py]P>- 2846 KW 3 : w (a) Weyele ® 8729-2946 = SEETKW —_—_ “le 2 Energy balavee on turbine is 0 @,-Ky +m ye) Qiu = We 2 87ZEKW cb) Cia Wete = 5892 2 0.6737 *—— e728 (0) bwr = We = 0.326 *——— bur 9-739.9 Thirty-six grams of helium undergo a solar-activated Stirling cycle with a compression ratio of six. At the beginning of the isothermal compression, the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 290 K, respectively. The temperature during the isothermal expansion is 550 K. The cycle is used to drive an irrigation pump. Determine (a) the net work, in KJ. (Ans. 34.83k3) (&) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.473) (c) the mean effective pressure, in bar. (Ans. 1.926 bar) . 3 Schematic ¢ Given Data! P VJ ee Helium bso oscky , Rel bar ssumptions i () Helium is a closed 845 Fem, (2) Heluim behaves a8 an ideo gas. (R) Processes are internally revers’ ble. Analysis! Wie" (pay = meT, dalVe/4) * vows) nade) fate ' 4,00" = "38,851 27 Ware MET, MelVe/V,)> (0-086)(8.314) (550) fi © 73,.¢6774T 4.003 @) Wyle * Wie? Wag * 34-2343 S———— Waele (b) a7 = I> TT = I- 290/ss0% 0.473 =—— () V+ met, = (o.036)(s3/4)(22e)K = 0.217 mM? A (qcoa) (ood) mep= Weyele 2 Weyele Vi-V2 wus R/V) = BhesdT 192.b tha 2h 926 bar ne (.2ITm l= Ve) 9-149.10 Air flows at steady state through a horizontal, well-insulated, constant area duct whose diameter is 0.2 m. At the inlet, p, = 380 kPa, T; = 400 K, and the velocity is 30 m/s, The temperature of the air leaving the duct is 390 K. Determine (@) the velocity at the exit, in m/s. (Ans. 145.26 m/s) (b) the pressure at the exit, in kPa. (Ans. 16.52 kPa) (©) the magnitude of the net horizontal force exerted by the duct wall on the air, in N. In which direction does this force act? (Ans. -9176 N, opposite to flow) 4 Given Data} Wise pp LLLLLLEL RL LLL LLL LLL Pit 302K | ——> Fy — ices (LRTI ITT Tet 370K V,* 30m/s x Fx t force of duct wal/ dtotm on the air, Assumptions! Steady-state with Qe t Weyte, Air behaves Asan ideal gas. yy 4 ° Bnalusig: Energy balance paids Ordey- f+ [-an-ane fee], Om thi-he) HEV) > Whe Welk z From Tahle A- 22, hi= 400,9¢£T/b, cel hy 390, 88 £1/4, (a) Thus, Ve = ((eay* +2lqoe.98- 890.80) 70" wes = 148.26 m/s Ve Temes AV o Ale Mele or Vine en v vn Ye er, | Ete Pe fe plyine Eg. 931 tothe Centro! volume Hig 8 PAL rhe tFy = m (Very) = Fes liter RA we (rd Vali \\t/et) = s.z0d,/s Qh... p = 76.52 2Pe wT Thus, Fee suzolsasizs- 30)%s +(76.s2- 380)4M (2(0.2)") at 10? N/4w 4 = 44.176 £¥ =- 9176 N <———— Fy acts to the (ele 9-159.11 Airenters a nozzle operating at steady state at 4 bar, 310 K, with a velocity of 20 mvs, and expands isentropically to an exit velocity of 460 m/s. Determine (@) the exit pressure, in bar, and exit temperature, in K. (Ans. 0.9399 bar, 204.6 K) (®) the ratio of the exit area to the inlet area. (Ans. 0.122) (©) whether the nozzle is diverging only, converging only, or converging-diverging in cross section. (Ans. converging-diverging nozzle) Schematic g Given Data; sie © Kew @ Pit + bar —H he a60 Testo — Sepp! Ys V2 do m/s Masumptions: (1) !Sentropic process. = (2) Wey? , (8) Shady State. (4) Mr behaves as weal gas, Bnalys's? Ener y balance yields © mitha-h) We -479] hoe ne =Ve aw Blo. 244 +( cade’ 43 z as = uy | fs = 204, 64 ES/bs = Py. s 0.8653, Te =204%67K @) Pee Pi(Ee\= A bar( 2 3\: 0:9844 bar +—Th Pr USS46 From mass balance, Ai AVe => Mee VAR vi Ve A Oe eT (by Ar/ape Oy 122 Ar/A, (Ce) To defermuie nogzle type , Calculate Mack Numbers M,2=% 2 toms ay 20.06 Yee, Veneqieaysiexie TS/AT) — (Subsencé,) 47 My: Ve, 4boms = hb Yert, (140 $3) {a0 4.6)(10%) (super sense) Dike nosale Noggle must be Convereing -dwergins, “—~ type 9- leRefrigeration and Heat 10 Pump Systems 10.1 Ammonia enters the compressor of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration system as. saturated vapor at -16°C with a volumetric flow rate of 1 m°/min. The refrigerant leaves the condenser at 36°C, 18 bar. Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW. (Ans. 9.976kW) (©) the refrigerating capacity, in tons. (Ans. 9.60 tons) (c) the coefficient of performance. (Ans, 3.38) Sehe matic Yen Date! 7 2 Ty 20% [\ ~ fos \ ‘ \ 716% s Assumptions! See Example (ad Analy sis: Fix eaek of the principal steks Bae Li T, 2 16%, X20 >> hy 1423.05 4T/4; y 3,5 5.8586 £0/GK Shaezi p, 2/9 bar, S2+S) =? hpo/789.74 £04; States! hy & hpl8e%) = 351.69 £T/4s Sek tt hee hy = 35169 4T/k (a) From Table A-v8, Vv, > O.S29/ mks Thus, 1o-tProblem 10.1 (¢ontd) vee (AW) 2 Lelie 189 he Intin My 0.8241 m/8, The Compressor Power is Wet 4 Cheh,) W Wee 189) 4s 1798, 14-1423,05)29.976£W *— © Ch) The reFrcgrating capacity is @iy® te Chika) Cue (184 Eglin | \ (1428.05 -85109)80 2 eaten: le au 8T/aun-ton q O The coe lliernt ot Pactorma ace 1 f=(nheybhe~h) e= B.3¢ 6 10.2 A vapor-compression refrigeration system circulates Refrigerant 22 at a rate of 6 kg/min. The refrigerant enters the compressor at -20°C, 1.5 bar, and exits at 12 bar. The isentropic compressor efficiency is 67%. There are no appreciable pressure drops as the refrigerant flows through the condenser and evaporator. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 12 bar. Ignoring heat transfer between the compressor and its surroundings, determine (a) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 1.94) (b) the refrigerating capacity, in tons. (Ans, 4.62 tons) (©) the irreversibility rates of the compressor and expansion valve, each in kW. (Ans. 2.19 kW, 1.097 kW ) (@) the changes in specific flow availability of the refrigerant passing through the evaporator and condenser, respectively, each in kJ/kg. Let Ty = 21°C, po = | bar. (Ans, -35.46 kJ/kg; -15.43 kJ/kg) Schematic ¢ Gren DalaiProblem 10.2 (Cont'd) Resump bons { Same as BX, 10.3, teept a, = 0.67. Analysis! Fix @ack of the principal States. State 1) T,2-20% pete bar es hy = 244.45 £5/8s , Sit holst ese Sete 2; Be28,) Pat le bar => fos 300.89 43/85 hae hy t Chegh; = 328.24 AT/é. See roeestenee i Stale 31 Pye l@ bar, Xyxo Shas 81-90 LT/es, Sg 0.3029 £I/& sk. Stated! hgahgs eh 90Kt]h, S42 0.8042 £LT/Bs'K (A) The CoefGcrent of Performance 1s em hicks = hee ———# he-hi Cb) The vefrigers tiie Capecihy 18 Oye ma (nih) ae “fg Lelmsi (244,48 - 890) = 4-62 forsee Bul 23 (min ton @® Leomp = To Sump | Geoup = 1 (5,-S2) Leomp © To #(se-S)) =(294 KY eho (oves-hossDeYeek S207 £W Leup10.3 Refrigerant 12 enters the compressor of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle as saturated vapor at -10°F. The condenser pressure is 160 Ibffin.? The mass flow rate of refrigerant is 6 Ib/min. Determine the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity, in tons, for (a) saturated liquid at the condenser outlet. (>) compressed liquid at 105°F, at the condenser outlet. (©) compressed liquid at 100°F at the condenser exit. Known: An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle uses Refrigerant 12 as the working fluid. Operating data are known. Find: Determine the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity for each condenser exit state. Schematic & Given Data: Assumptions: See Example 10.1, assumptions 1-4. Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states. State 1: T; =-10°F, sat. vapor => hy = 76.19 Btwilb, s; = State 2: pz 2. $2. = $1 => hz = 92.469 Btw/Ib State 3: ps a (@) sat. liquid = hy. = 34.59 Bru (©) 73 = 105°F = hyp = by(105°F) = 32.31 Bew/lb (©) Ts = 100°F => he = he(100°F) = 31.10 Btw/lb State 4: Throttling process => hy = hs 1699 Btu/lb-°R The coefficient of performance is 76.19-, [2555 8 16. 75 Neeecan : (0)2.770 10-4The refrigerating capacity is Q,, = rah, ~ hy) (a) 1.248 tons Ib ) Bru lton =(6 7619-60 5 (ss |e (8)1.316 tons ( ma 1 (20 Bevin } (654.353 :0ns Comment: Subcooling at the condenser exit tends to increase the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity. 10.4 A vapor-compression refrigeration system, using Refrigerant 12 as the working fluid, has evaporator and condenser pressures of 1.4 and 12 bar, respectively. The refrigerant passes through each heat exchanger with a negligible pressure drop. At the inlet and exit of the compressor, the temperatures are -10°C and 80°C, respectively. The heat transfer rate from the working fluid passing through the condenser is 15 kW, and saturated liquid exits at 12 bar. If the compressor operates adiabatically, determine (a) the compressor power input, in KW. (Ans. 5.732kW ) (b) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.21) Bours 1S LW Assumptions! Same as Example 10-3 except Compressor elliciency 18 not Speci Lied: e pe Mnalgsis! Fix each of the princ*pal States State |! p= F¢ bar, T s-v0% =7h,= 194.97 £1/ks, 3,2 0-7878 ET/a,K Stake! p= 12 bar, 7y = 80% =>rhz= 230.574 Y¥,, S27 0.78 t0 Z3/45:kK 10-5Fro blem 10, # (Cont'd) Slade 3) py= Izbar, xgro => hg= 84.2/haT/ds Sate 41 pps lthar, hgh, > hq < eter ey (a) Cale mi From Qos, our 2 *(Ae-hy) =? oH? Qouwr[Che-hs) me 18 £W/(203,57- e421) = 0.1257 ks /s oo w Compressor Power's Wet mlhe-h,) = 5.73240 — Q) @shiche see) ° he-h . p 10.5 Ina vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 exits the evaporator as saturated vapor at 35 Ibf/in.” The refrigerant enters the condenser at 250 Ibf/in.” and 180°F, and saturated liquid exits at 250 Ibf/in? There is no significant heat transfer between the compressor and its surroundings, and the refrigerant passes through the evaporator with a negligible change in pressure. If the refrigerating capacity is 5 tons, determine (a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in Ib/min. (Ans. 16.50 Ib/min) (b) the power input to the compressor, in Btu/min, (Ans. 386.27 Btu/min) (©) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.59) (@) the isentropic compressor efficiency. (Ans. 0.929)Problem 10.5 (tent'd) ons! Same as Ex. 10.3 ekcept fe. unknown. a: Fix cack of the princi! pal states Stalel! p= as Ubglid, X,21.0 => h,= lono7 Blu/b, S1= 0.224985 Bee H/b State2: p = aso lb/th™, Te= BOF > hes 127.48 Bu Jb See 3} P= 280 Jheliny Xyno =P hye 43.46 Bulb P Pye BS Ube [th*, hashy => hg 243.46 Buu/l (OY Use @in to Lind mm. Qin 2m Unyrhy) > vee Qu /Chy-ha) M a (S ton)(a00 Bki/min-ten) = 16.50 !b/ mr —am 10 4,07- 43.46 (b) Compressor Power! , We = ™ (he-h,) = 886.27 Blu/men <——we © Cocfhidvent of Ferlormancet Qe Bin = (Ston)lzo0 Rhu/win-bn) = 259 +—B We B€6-27 Blu/min (4) Isentropi: Compressor ECiéiewcey! Me * hegt hi = (2S. ¥2 -104, 07 5 0.924 Me hea, 121, 48-104, 07 10-710.6 A vapor-compression refrigeration system with a capacity of 10 tons has superheated Refrigerant 12 vapor entering the compressor at 15°C, 4 bar, and exiting at 12 bar. The ‘compression process can be taken as polytropic, with n = 1.02. At the condenser exit, the pressure is 11.6 bar, and the temperature is 44°C. The condenser is water cooled, with water entering at 20°C and leaving at 30°C with a negligible change in pressure. Heat transfer from the outside of the condenser can be neglected. Determine (a) the power input and the heat transfer rate for the compressor, cach in kW. (Ans. 5.974 KW, -0.6945 kW) (b) the coefficient of performance. (Ans, 5.89) (€) the irreversibility rate of the condenser, in kW, for To = 20°C. (Ans. 3.049 kW) gealing Water A Beh a Peele bar Te 18% Qi, 10 tons ions (!) Zach component 13 at Steady-state. (2) Aull the heat leovine the Condenser goes into the Cooling Water 1 Fix cack of the principal states, felipe¢bay, T, 21S hy + 195.56 2LT/£, S15 0-708 £T/Ey kK, Vj 0.044735 ni] zs S£ 2) Pp = 12 bar, Soe Ve a(FiJPp) WU, = 0.018236 M/E => hp 218, 10S ds ) S2* 0.7008 LT/By-k Svave 83 Ty 44°C, bompressed Jigurd => haehyG4'c)=78.06 Sg % Se(4t*e) © o.2¢. £5 /heK Sta te 4 he phy = 18.6% 43/ty h. a (@) We = \odp =(2,) reve -n) = (02 [Lizxo*£ mo. 015286 Ps dtd rloceerscstl] Oz *s 10-%Problem 10.6 (¢ont'd) we = 19.849 B3/bs Detecmuie m by using Qin me Qin 2 Votone\(2u£T/min-lon) 2 0.301k /s Riche G9S.Se- 28. one 0 5/min) Thus, the Compressor power is Weem (e\= S.97¢£wW +————W, Compressor heat ee vate ts Qc =e - Wet lhenh) = - 0.6945 LW — Ae B= Qin = Go ters\Ceubt/nein-ton) = 5.89-— 8 We (5.974 RW)( Go 4/min) Co FL tene = Te Seong, From assumption Lt), Tiong © HUSgSe) + mew (Seuo” Seyi Usemeny balance around Condenser to evaluate they © = wa (ha-hy) + rewlhes: = hewe reo *( lnschy \w =( : (38 ilo - 19.68 (0. t0rds) (See, 128.79 = 3-90 Mew? 0.9673 £5/s Thus, Leong «(22 3k)[(0.30) £5) (0.2846 ~0, 7208 £U/ks-k + (0.9673 &))(0.4869- 0.296 8k] | = B.049 Bw <= ee ry10.7 _ A vapor-compression refrigeration system with the cascade cycle arrangement of Fig. 10.6 is used to obtain refrigeration at a low temperature. Refrigerant 12 is the working fluid in the high-temperature cycle and Refrigerant 13 (chlorotrifluoromethane) is used in the low-temperature cycle. For the Refrigerant 13 cycle, the working fluid enters the ‘compressor as saturated vapor at -30°F and is compressed isentropically to 250 Ibf/i Saturated liquid leaves the intermediate heat exchanger at 250 Ibf/in.” and enters the expansion valve. For the Refrigerant 12 cycle, the working fluid enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 20°F and is compressed isentropically to 160 Ibf/in.? Saturated liquid enters the expansion valve at 160 Ibffin? The refrigerating capacity of the cascade system is 20 tons. The following table gives data for Refrigerant 13: 2 ‘Specific Pressure Temperature Entropy (ibffin.*) ¢ (Btu/lb °R) 106. Tas 46 Sp 250.0 250. Determine (a) the power input to each compressor, in Btu/min. (Ans. 586.3 Btw/min (R -12), 1177.2 Btw/min (R -13)) (b) the rate of heat transfer from the Refrigerant 12 passing through the high temperature condenser. in Btw/min. (Ans, 5763.7 Btu/min) (©) the overall coefficient of performance of the cascade cycle. (Ans, 2.27) (@) the irreversibility rate of the intermediate heat exchanger, in Btu/min, for Ty= 90°F, po= 14.7 Ibffin. (Ans. 2.2 Btu/min) Qeut Assumption: Refer to Example sos! Koelysiss Fre Principal stakes E-13 State /: 7,2 - 30°F, ¥ 21.0; Aye S4.4 Bui /lb, 9,4 0.1208 Bl/b-e. Stee 21 pre 280 Mbg/in® 15 25)! hes b0.0 Buse Ste te 8! Py = aSe lbglin’ X32 OF hg ® 16.2 Blu//h, S42 0.088% —-Pyzasowlint 2 Perasolbe & Pye 10 Ihe int W, oa Ts: 208 O Xs 210 Sheet! he hy 2/62 Blu yo ad bee er X20 2 | peezere 10-10Problem 10.7 (eontd) Bez States; Ty + 20°F, xgeho =? he = 79.34 Blu//b Ss * ObT2 Rl /lb-R State ds Py = 160 dbelin®, SoeSp Phe = F0.876 Beeb State! py = 160 elit, X20 => hy = 84.89 Blus/b State €: hg thy =SHS9 Blu//b, Kg 2 0.3267 . Sgt 0.0738 Blu /sR Mes * Qin/hi-hs) *Beten(Ree Balnirnden) = 10447 Ib/mor . hy -he . We, = treag Ghe-hy) = S€6.3 Bhe/mns <————We, (a! Energy bolance around heat excharyer! Hipergthenhg) # ti poe (hg he een * teas bachs)) = 102.4 Ib Jmi . hs-he Wee? Mere Uhe-hs) = tte Blu/min <— We, (6) Qout = Mergbhy-hy) = S267 Ble /wits — Gous @ 6s Bin (Redons)(300 Bhu/mtin- don) = 2.208+—f We,+Wer SFO 3+HI7AZ > Eye = To Giz! Gia * tpg (Sa Se) ty ig (Se-S) Lyx 2(Ss0 2)L(t047 (0.0882 o.:zes) + (102.4) (0.le72-0.0738)] = 2. 214 Bla foern Lyx so-ul10.8 Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in a vapor-compression heat pump system with a heating capacity of 7 KW. The condenser operates at 14 bar, and the evaporator temperature is -20°C. The refrigerant is a saturated vapor at the evaporator exit and a liquid at 40°C at the condenser exit. Pressure drops in the flows through the evaporator and condenser are negligible. The compression process is adiabatic, and the temperature at the compressor exit is 70°C. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/s. (Ans. 0.037 kg/s) (b) the compressor power input, in kW. (Ans. 2.22 kW) (©) the isentropic compressor efficiency. (Ans. 0.816) (@) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 3.15) Assumptoas! Same @s Ex. 10.3 exeept Compressor effierencey unknown. Arma liyay's Fix pritcipal states State // 7) = - 20°, x, = ho =ph,> 23S. 314T/bs, S12 0.9882 AT/b 5K Stare2! p= 1¢ bar, Te +70°% = haz 278, 3/LT/k; State Bs py /4¢ bar, Ty > 40% =p Comp. lige, Ag ® he (40%) = 106.19 2/&s Steed! hg whys 100./9 45/4; (@) m= Qour - ZOdw = 0.037h/s ~—m he-hg — 298.81- 106.19 10-12Problem 10.8 (Contd) (be) Wee mChe-h,) = 22z2dw We (c) State 28: pls 14 bar) Seg = 5S, > hey? 284.29 43/84 ches-h_ oes e TES . @) Fora heat pump, C= herhs = 3.15 +——¥ eo hy 10.9 Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 1 bar, 280 K, with a volumetric flow rate of 1.2 m’/s. The temperature at the turbine inlet is 320 K. The pressure ratio across the compressor is 3.5. Determine (@) the net power input, in kW. (Ans. 36.1kW) (b) the refrigerating capacity, in kW. (Ans. 84.59 kW) (c) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.34) Se, oy * : Assumptions | See Ey, so. 4 Gin (AVI 2 bo me Analysis! Fie the principal states. (Table h-12) shite iT) = 280K => hy = 280.13 £5/&, py,* hove? State2! P,.* Fr, (Fe/h) = 3811 D hz 4onl3 £0/& State3: Ty + 820K > hs= 320, 294/85, Pye h 2378 State 4! Deg = Poy (Fe/F)= 04964 => hy t 223 472 Y ds 10-/3Problem 10,4 (Cont'd) @) me ay) tMeRT/p. Thus, > (VT, eT, =(L2 1 is \lioo£R) = 1493 &/s “(GEE Bleek) Weyele = m Rhe-hi) tha- hi] = Revokn Waele (by Quy = me lhichg) = 84.59hwW <——— d, (3) p= Qin = S47 2 2.34 <———— 8 Weyele Bato 10.10 The Brayton refrigeration cycle of Problem 10.9 is modified by the introduction of a regenerative heat exchanger. In the modified cycle, compressed air enters the regenerative heat exchanger at 310 K, and is cooled to 280 K before entering the turbine. Determine, for the modified cycle, (@) the minimum temperature, in K. (Ans. 202.5 K) (b) the net work input per unit mass of air flow, in kJ/kg. (Ans. 33.28 ki/kg) (©) the refrigeration capacity, per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 47.56 ki/kg) (4) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 1.43) Rt lbar Th? aoe Weyelee bssumpticnt Ho stray heat lots from heat exchonger, 10-/4Problem 10-10 (toxt'd) hngly sis: Fin the principal states (Table A.22) From Problem 10.9, h,= 280/83 21/ bs hee FOU.13 £T/bs, ha = sze.zg d5/es- State 31 Ty = 290k hg 2290./6 E5/é Pegs 1.231! Stated Poy Pry Py/Py) = 2.85174 => he? 202.44 4YG, (a) Tes ez.8 & -—— Tui State bi For heat exchanger, o= (hy-h,) Hha- ha), hy = 280-045 /5 (bd Weyer, /m4 ® Uhe-h)\-tha-hg) = 83-28 65/4, wee © in [re = hy he = 4786 £1/25 3 @ B= @ilm , 043 Wagele [ni 8 10.11 Reconsider Problem 10.10 but include in the analysis that the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%, respectively. Answer the same questions as in Problem 10.10. (©) the minimum temperature, in K. (Ans. 213.0 K) (® the net work input per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 65.16 ki/kg) (g) the refrigeration capacity, per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 37.03 ki/kg) (h) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 0.568) Ah we ‘ ta ssumptions: See &x.0o.s, No heat trans tar from heat exchenser to Surroundings, Jo~1s"Problem 10.1/ (towt'd) Analysis: From Problems 10:9 # 10.10, his awo.13 £3/€s ha ago,1e kt/ky hog ® 40013 b1/8s5 hes > 20z.44 £3/ks ha + 320.29 83/5 het aso.o £1/d5 Stak 24 oy, sh a> hes ht (hush) hee *e Z hee an “1/2; , ep Share 4: a hgche mp hes hgmag (her Ag, “Ce” ae * hqs tied7 Ades =P Ty 2 2038.0K Series (bY Mreyele =z Che-hi)-Cha-he) = 65,16 £ E/E, <—Weple 1” mm (O Qin 2 hy-he* 87.038 £1/£, ~—— @u nm m dd) e: ‘ma < 3703 2 OSH ~—6é eye | Gs.le 10-16Thermodynamic Relations for ] 1 Simple Compressible Substances 11.1 Consider Refrigerant 12 vapor at 160°F, 0.5 "1b. Estimate the pressure at this state, in atm, using the (a) ideal gas equation. (Ans. 7.487 atm) (b) van der Waals equation. (Ans, 6.957 atm) (©) Redlich-Kwong equation. (Ans. 6.857 atm) (@) compressibility chart. (Ans. 6.813 atm) Compare with value from the Refrigerant 12 tables. (Ans. Tables: 6.822 atm) Analysis: From Tab/e A- 98, p= too, 289 the/n: * b.F22 atu. i a ile ll” pe kre 54/120. sol Ee Yezor ( 22 ..) los 43//b) 04-696) 44) 2499 abe (+ 70%’ hich) ae (6) van dey Weeds Equeten w'th a ond from Table A-298, Pe Er _ & us4s tub Nozee) | [es liste \ . 2eeoabw - ve Spat Esty Ther) (14-096 Vida) (bo. Fe)* eS a = atu (~ 2% high) bey where V2 My= lizo,¢2to. S)* 60.46 ¢t7//bwa) (e) Eedlik Kwong Eguatiin, with & ond b Crom Tobk h-27& Peer & = C545 )loz0) |_ Lave F=Bb F487 (60,46- eC 48 OFS) a Le8s) abn (60.44) (G0,4er1. orad{eze)® = 6657 alm (+ 05% high) ue) " (e)Problem el (tont’d) 4) ibe hi ) Tet 6982, Pee Gobet Crom Table ite Tee 20/693 =O-89S and vp = VRE 2 (b0.46 Vou, L406 x. 696 x 144 Te (1s 4S Gtrlbe ) (693 2) baa) = 4852 => From Fishel, 2% 0.9/, pr ger. 0-91 (2.487) = 6+813(~ 011% low) ~——(d) From Tab 96, P= 6-822 atm. 11.2 Determine the mass of steam, in kg, contained in a tank whose volume is 0.14 m’ if the temperature is 750°C and the pressure is 600 bar, using the (@) ideal gas equation. (Ans. 17.8 kg) (Ans, 20.94 kg) (©) van der Waals equation. (Ans. 20.48 kg) Schematit # Siven Data; Analysidi, (a) Usuig the ‘dea/ gas eguation of Strike: pY=mkT => m= pV ar m= (600 x10 W/n*)(O1tm) 2 108 x4 *——H (s3/4 gim\[l028 5) (8.00 ASK. MeeProblem 1.2 ltont'd) (b) From Table A-l, Te# 647-3BK, pes 220-9 bar. Thus, Tet 1083/6473 = 158044 p = boofaac.g = 2.7/6 From Fig Ae2, B*O, 8S =D m= pVi[er 12 = g0.94f, =!) ze 08s CC) With Constants «@ and b from Table he27 for the vou dev Waals gua tien, P= kT - & 7b OT Nom boo ber + [ies Eure) went) ( Lier \- S53! (bar) V -0, 0805 (oA /m” ye boon Fs.0osz VU - 0.0308 - £53! Relig iteratively, V= 0.1232 w/dmo/ ~7 VG 837 Km lds Thus, m= ot4am® = ode éo<+— © Olam, 2.887270 m/e Comment: This stave 1s out of the vange of Table k-4, However, Yeterence to the oricina! Source at 600 bay and 750°C ges v= Gee7 yo mV/s. Thus, ms 0.14 m® = 208345 oee7x/0- 3m Uf,11.3. Using the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, determine the pressure of nitrogen (N2) gas, in MPa, at 193 K and a specific volume of 4.5 cm’/g. Compare this with the values obtained using the ideal gas equation of state and the generalized compressibility chart. Known: Nz is at 193 K and a specific volume of 4.5 cm’/g. Find: Determine the pressure using the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state and compare with the values obtained using the ideal gas equation and the compressibility chart Analysis: Using the ideal gas equation (8314/28.01) \(193K), P f a us — SSA |=12.73 MPa (ideal oy (4.5/1000)m’/kg [aes ee) From Table A-1, T-= 126 K, pe = 33.9 bar. Then, Ty = 133/126 = 1.53 and (4.5/10°)_ |(3.9x10° Nm’) YP. ke vp = ee RT, « (g314s28. on Jo299 From Fig. A-2, pe = 3.05, giving p = (0.34 MPa (compressibility chart), With constants from Table A-29, 7 = Mv = (28.01)(4.5/100) = 0.126 m’/kmol,, and R =0.08314 bar-m*/kmol-K , Eq. 11.12 gives © (147 142% lexp(- wT, ( * ve Jeo( v } ovaia 2 Ttonk) Aes = +] (0.04074)(0.08314)(193) -1.0676— 8166210" )_1_ 0.126m*/kmol (193) (0.126) _, {(0.002328)(0.08314)(193) 0.0254] | (0.0254)(1.272x10*) | (7.381x10) 0.0053 ] (0.0053 ” (0.126)° (0.126)* (0.126)°(193""|' * 0.126" |"? | (0.126) = 127.35 - 39.88 + 5.98 + 0.81 + 9.46 = 103.72 bar (Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation) ‘Thus, p = 10.37 MPa. The ideal gas value is about 23% higher. The value from the compressibility chart is closely the same. M~ 411.4 Using p-v-T data for saturated water from the steam tables, determine h, — hy at 200°C. Compare with the value obtained using hy and h, from the steam tables. (Ans, 1941.3 ki/kg (Tabular Value: 1940.7 ki/kg) duclysis:; The value of (hehe) Can be obtined Crom sadurated Water date using the Che peyron equation, Egil 40: hgrhe = Thy rede The Value of ldp/dT) sex 18 obtamed from the turve below using date from Table h-2. Inserting Values Mle Eg. 11-40, hg -hg= (478.15 KY(0.1274 - isos x3) ™ Yes (onseste (rh dalle \ * bar hg ~he = 19418 EXE, The value Swen tn Teble Az at avote is 14 40,7 £5/de, There is Good acreemeat 11.5 Carbon dioxide gas flowing through a heat exchanger operating at steady state is heated at an essentially constant pressure of 7 MPa from 27°C to 427°C. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, determine the heat transfer, in kJ per kg of CO» flowing, and compare with the result obtained using the ideal gas model. (Ans. 610.5 ki/kg, 402 kI/kg (ideal gas)) Schematic 4 Crven Deke} 7 2 ——— — co. SF ——— T= 800K Te* Tock Pi ?M Pe Pet 7h Assump2nsi Ui) Contre! volume Shown operates af Steody state with Vley *© and AKE = APE +0, (2) The acedracy of kh usms an enthe/py departure chard 1s sats factory UrsProblem i. (ont ‘d) Analysis: At steady stok, the thass aud energy habnes Veduee to => Qyy = ha-hy wheh becomes, using EQU.es, Qe L [MF en fehy-(E)]] 0 Ete 2 VET From Ta ble h-27, h* = 448/£5/buo), he = 27,125 &T/8 mel, , ' z The heat transfer predicted from the idea/ gas mode! ts Lint -hP)+ 1 [ewes- gaa]: ¢ozer ™ ads, F ’ Zs For Coy, Te 804K, Pe= 739M Pa (Table Ad, Pe = Pep > 2 = 0098 Rr Re 739 Te, = B20 4 0-97 , Te, » 202 2280 BeF¢ Bee From Fis A:S, Es") ase and (ie p\ eou7 ze 41 a Inserting values inte Eg. Ui) @ey 2 L [27 1es-748)- 8-814 (se4)(0./7- 3.8)] 7h . 44.21 = Glos L/L Quy 7 Comment: The value of Ceri obtaried usii¢ the enthalpy Correction Chars ts over 50% Sreater than the Va/ue using the sdee/ gas meds, Une11.6 For a gas obeying the van der Waals equation of state, determine the relations between T and v and between p and v in isentropic processes for which ¢, is constant. h a ’, oP Ne vs 1 Zt, v s Aneluais; For Se, Eg (uae vedues to or gd Bel dv. o (Ans. T(v-b)* constant, ( res }o-of) = constant) From the van der Wee! equation, (2r\- 2 @) OT WW v-h Combini ng Eqs Udand (z) => of wdT+E d¥ => T Vb ty dtr red baly-b) 20 = d[u7 +E balu-b) [ui tye const thus, T lv-b) = coned. . lay Solum, Van der Weals Subsdd da tinc in & etree (ort? Ts vat \(Pta,) (a)° fer T, fren (by meat) beam 2 tonstent = ('P +a.\v-) +e te) 11.7 Nitrogen is contained in a closed, rigid tank. Initially the temperature is 360°R and the pressure is 98.7 atm. If the nitrogen is heated until the temperature is 630°R, determine the heat transfer, in Btw/lbmol. (Ans. 1411.3 Btu/lbmol) Schematic ¢ Ewen Date: ions \') The system has no change 1 potentia/ Kssumptjansi 4 ge 18 Pi or kinetic energy and W=0+ (2) Generalized property plots provide Values with suttrcient aceurecy.Problem 17 (tont ad) Anelysist An energy balence Yields Q-h= buy or Q sh,-%, and her pv, D=h-Pr eh -ekT Thus, Qs he-h, -@L2.7.-2,7,] “ 7 From Tab/e h-IE, Te = 227°R) Pee BBS alm, Thus, Pe, = (8:7 2 2.95 5 Te= $60 = S97 | Taps G80 227% 33S 2.7 227 Referring to Fig AZ, B, & OBS, And Smee Vp * Ve,) Tey 0:7 And Beal, Using Eg. wes, . oo - ar eo he-h, * Wer ery - Bef rh) -(4 +] Tele \ BTA Usuiy data Crom Table Av 23A and Fig d-4, Tet = 4376.75 - 2498.9 ~ (U-2e)(e27)Jo-s2-1/9] = 2179.9 Btu/ lbmeot Inserting values inte &3 ce), Q - 2179.9 - 1. 9861 U1 lo3e) - (0.¥5)(360)] h = (BU, 3 Bhe/fbyo) ~—————— & UM11.8 A gaseous mixture consists of 59.4% carbon dioxide and 40.6% methane (molar basis). ‘The mixture is at 38°C and has a specific volume of 0.221 m°/kmol. Estimate the pressure, in bar, using (@) the ideal gas model (Ans. 117 bar) (b) the Redlich-Kwong equation of state together with mixture values for the constants @ and b, (Ans. 83.86 bar) (©) Kay’s rule together with the generalized compressibility chart. (Ans. 84.8 bar) Schematic. 4 Giiew Dob; Te 88% Yeo, = 0.594 V = 0.220 m/dme/ Yen, * 0.426 Analysis; (a) Ideal Gos Mode/ Pe ET. (Seidnen lems )(8 4) | ber J: 117 bere ®) v de.2z m?/€no!) 105 W/m (b) Redick =Kwens Bouatian. With Bg 1.96 and Tebke 29, aslosqe lea.asy + 0.406 (seu } Se. oT belt yes b = 0.594 (0.02963) + 0.406 (0.02965) = 0.02964 wut Usung Eg. 1.77, pa (SBF Nem /day)- HD (2/0) [ | bere iF So.07 ber lo.zzt- 0. 02964) Mma] | 10°N/m' zo zel+o.00nee) tht = 83,86 bar = <——_&)) (¢) Kay's Bule plus 2 edart, wi'th E4.1h47 and Table &- |, Te= yy Tey + Ye Ter © (0.594)(304)+(0.406)(9/) * 25601k Fei R, + Ge Pez = (S94) 78.9)? (0.406 )(G-4)= 62 7t bar uneProblem Ws (towed) Thus, Tet BL 2 h2os 258.) 7 . 2 Ver VPe = (o.221 leno (62-1410 Nm") . 0.646 Ble (8814 Nom haw K)(258.1 K) From Fig Wet, B2 0,72 Thus, P = BET = & Pijeas * (O-72S)(UIT) = $48 bar gO) Comment: At this high pressure, the ideal ges mode! 18 Unsatisfactory: Parts Cb) and Ce) are th Sood acreement wth each other. 11.9 A binary solution consists of 20 Ib of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 80 Ib of decane (CioHz2). ‘The partial molal volume of CO, is 0.792 ft'/Ibmol, and the partial molal volume of CioHzz is 3.128 fr°bmol. Determine the total volume, in ft’, and the specific volume of the solution, in ft° per Ibmol of solution. (Ans. 2.118 f°; 2.083 f'Abmol) Meoz = 22 Ib Veo, 2 01792 4°//b no! Mewtar® 22 !6 — Vewyyy® 3/28 Olney bnaly ss? Applying Eg W103 te the volume, V = NeaVeos + Mejgtiee Vemwer “(22 )le-r9z) 4 £2 \(aree) 221g <—vV 44.0) 142.3. =I ~Vie 2g = 2093 HY bys) +——* n Ze) y80 (feo) Ue: M- 10Nonreacting Ideal Gas 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 12.1 A closed, rigid tank having a volume of 0.1 m° contains 0.7 kg of Nz and 1.1 kg of COz at 27°C. Determine (a) the composition in terms of mass fractions. (Ans. Nz: 0.389; CO»: 0.611) (©) the composition in terms of mole fractions. (Ans. yx2 = ycor = 0.5) (©) the partial pressure of each component, in bar. (Ans. pra = poor = 6.2355 bat) (4) the mixture pressure, in bar. (Ans. 12.471 bat) (©) the heat transfer, in KI, required to bring the mixture to 127°C. (Ans. 129.8 kJ) (Othe entropy change of the mixture for the process of part (¢), in kJ/K. (Ans. 0.3729 kI/K) 27% Te* let Assumphons? (1) System 1% Stationary. (2) Myhue behaves as an deal cas, and ack tomponent of mit pres ache as an ideal! gas. Eack tomponent occupis the entive Volume @% the Mipture temperature. Analy srs: (a) mg; = mi/m (mg, * 22 2 0-389 Fie oreel —— @ (ms) 0, = ul O64 7th] 12-1Problem 12.1 (Contd) Ue) nee mi zp nye 0.7 2 0.0258 mol Me ato} Neopet tl = 0.0zskwo/ 44,01 Thus, Yus* Yeo, = NE = 2025 2 0,.S «——lb) n 0.050 ©) Pe = nceT/y 5 Mt Nog and Vas Y, coe ” Paes Roz? (o.0%s dno!) (8.314 £Nm /tray-k) (300 Ovtm3) (10° 2N/m*/bar = 623s bar te) @) P= Py ty = 262858) = IZ87/ bar eed ©) The energy bebnee is Q-f's ou Q= Aus my [Uy ln)- By lryl+ng, Leet) -%, (0) Using data from Tables A- 23,27, Qx (0.028 Emo/)]¥814- 6229] EU byy) + lo02s) lo, 0f0- 6989] = 12GR %T (ey ® Ass ne ASy, tne bStoy USIHS &3 12-86 Gnd yalues of 3° from Tables A-23,27- F és: (o.0rs)dnoi[ zoe. 071-191, o62- 8-314 a PHP, JE + lo.ozs) nw! [ ees, ezs -2/3, US - 514 bap Ve typ Teenen/y ( Ts Tes 402 2% Pr nk /V a T, «300 Thus, $2 (0.0291 5.9972] + (0.025)8.9/92] = 0, 8729 €1/k (4) Wee12.2 A mixture having a molar analysis of 66% Nz, 17% COz, and 17% water vapor enters a turbine at 1000 K, 8 bar with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and expands isentropically to a pressure of 1 bar. Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine for steady- state operation. (@) the temperature at the exit, in K. (Ans. 618 K) (b) the power developed by the turbine, in kW. (Ans. 950.3 kW) Schematic 4 Gwen Detar ther Tx1000k 4,7, “Te Ne [os wet oa 2 | 0,17 uret B Se ma} Heo | 0.17 hasuaep hin Q) Turbine Operates at steady state and is isentropic. (2) SPE =AKE FO. (3) Midure Sollews Da/tons mode/ and Compost ion ts Constant. Analysis! Siice expansian_1s [séutropie, 5,2 Fa. 5473) * Yup BeS nat Yeo FeS lent Yayo (3475) iee Usevaluated with Eg (2.36, (S2-3, 9, = ye [82 Gn) - rg « E M%/p,] BS, = Yu, [BUD Sl) Ee] Hy, [Beg ST) BLT] + Yeo LSpeglT2> “Sigh -B Le ede] = O Thies, Yu Fg Te) + Yeor Seg Te) Yan Sale) = Yu, ST + Yeos Sen) * Yoteg Eley (Ti) + B Le /F; ® (oa)(228-0 52) +(0,17)(269 8/5) + (0,232 S97) + Belt Vy = 21% 687 £4/Lna} From Fablos h-23, 25,27, Tr tan be determined by an Iterative procedure. The results Te = GIFK (a) (b) The macs and eneroy halame 4 3 heady welds Wey= a (h,~ Ae) 2 a zg lve G, Eh" 12-3Problem 12.2 (tont'd) M = Ye Mart YeoMeort Vireo Mio = (06 6)(2S0l) H011TX 44-01) +l.17)( 18.02) = 29.0 3X6 Umry) Loot (mix) h date 1s tote Crom Tables h-23,a5, 27, Wey = adels [ogo (soreg-1e0e)+ 0,12(42769-28/86) + OY" 308% [bwie 0.17 (38882-21051) |8ffoo! Wey = ¢50.3¢W Wey 12.3. A mixture consisting of 2.8 kg of Nz and 3.2 kg of O2 is compressed from 1 bar, 300 K to 2 bar, 600 K. During the process, there is heat transfer from the mixture to the surroundings, which are at 27°C. The work done on the mixture is determined to be 2300 KJ. Can this value be correct? (Ans. yes) a prtbar ps Zbar 3+ Ti? Bee Te * G00k LS imine ite Surroundings Mesumptions | () Syetem Consists of mitture and immediate surroundings. (2) There 18 to Change of State of tra imme diate Surroundings. (3) The mixture and each Component of the mixture behaves as an ‘deal ges. Analysis! The cpproack taken has the objective of a determininy 8, the entre Producten, from a de fermion of the peguired Q and’ &S jor the system with the giuen data. bS2 A/T, +o. (NYProblem 12-3 (tonr'd) The energy balace for the Miekere ist Q-ws th > Q=hUrwe Ty iAH, 4 (Ad) FW We -2ee0kT; Atty, Owe bY, arefound in Tables Ae23,24, Q= (us Saui\(12814- b229) 60 + 22 (12940-6242) - 2800 €T 2.01 tml 38% = - 995,98 £5 Thus, using Eg. lu) Tz my (Ay, Moy AD, — &/Te , whee Se, El 1 = 28 [eiz.0 ge - Ieee 3/4 be z] ato! + gz [eze.s4e- 208.213 - 8-3/2] - [ steeas Be Boe FLO IL Ee WSBTH 3.398 =76. B184F £Y/K oe Smee © 15 posthve, the process 1 possible because Here ove no Violations of any thermodyuamié principles. 12.4 Two cubic feet of gas A initially at 60°F, 15 Ibffin.” is allowed to mix adiabatically with 8 f° of gas B initially at 60°F, 5 Ibffin” Applying ideal gas mixture principles, determine (@) the final mixture pressure, in Ibffin. (Ans. 7 Ibffin.?) (b) the entropy change of each gas in Btu/lbmol°R. (Ans. AS, = 3.1963 Btu/lbmol-°R, AS, = 0.4432 Btu/lbmol-°R )Problem 12.4 (tonr’d) Assumption: The qas mixture and the indiv'dua/ gases behave a8 idea/ gases. The Delton mode/ apples to the mixture. Anelgsis: (@) The fina) pressure ts found usmg the tdleal gas egue Hien, penker/y, Whre nentng and V=Vyt Vg. TAT. = TR. n= ping? Prva + Py Va RT BT. They plait» Taio) ET = |), Use] = ZS) + & [s) = 7 bbe/iee <——— lo 10 le) Ftd ASp and Ag using Eg: one. = . _ AS 4 se dT + Rav = Lo Bee (fn 2) = 3,193 Be * par Io) Re = ° = <—_—+¥) ASn + \ojedT +e MeV = 196 fe le = 0.4982 Be vr Ys ¢ Yas R 12.5 Two kilograms of Nat 450 K, 7 bar are contained in a rigid tank connected by a valve to another rigid tank holding 1 kg of O2 at 300 K, 3 bar. The valve is opened and the gases are allowed to mix, achieving an equilibrium state at 370K. Determine (a) the volume of each tank, in m’, (Ans. Vx2 = 0.3816 m?; Voz = 0.2598 m*) () the final pressure, in bar. (Ans. 4.93 bar) (©) the heat transfer to or from the gases during the process, in KJ. (Ans. -73.0 kJ) (@) the entropy change of each gas, in kI/K. (Ans. ASy2 = 0.01484 KI/K , ASo2 = 0.37432 KI/K 12-6Froblem 12.5 (Cont'd) Tes 870k hssumptions: The miktere and the individue/ gases obey the ideal gas law. The Delton model applis to the mixhere: Analyse, (2) Apply idea/ gas law to Me ond Op chanbere, Bid Vie * Mug Cee Twe = 2)(Hvet) (450) = 0.8816 m? Phy (710) - (a) BIG Von * Mor Bo, Toe a yl BR )(200) 2 o.e59¢m? Mor Foxton (iyi se 7(20e, Pow (3K or) (b) The fine] pressure i's determined from tote! V and toed ne 3 Po nk VE Ne + og = OBE1G4 0.2596 = Oned Gm Da nytngs = +L = olorz7dtucs aB.o) 32% Pe = (0.1027) (009314375) = 4.93 bar «—(6) 0.6414 ° @ The energy balance reduces te a-fl= au. Usiic da from Tobles A-23, 24, _ Qe A= ny, (Oe, - MTD) + Noy eo, MTD) zz - L . Been 8es)+ dt, (7788- ez4z) =-7325 (e) (4) The entropy change for each gos 13 bets alls (igh> Bt te Bat] Reler to Tables 4.23,24 for 5° dala, (2-7Problem 12-5 (ton? 'd) Suyt ZB 147.794 -203.828- 881 the Betis] = coer BT a asus 2h oe ad eT ‘2t-0! where Pays = Yao Pe“ ea) 493 * 3.4275 bar (d) dope [ue 423-205, 213- 8.314 fa see 0.314328 a Bu 3 K a, Yar where Feo, *YouPe vt 93 =Lsore bar 12.6 Hydrogen (Hz) at 77°C, 4 bar enters an insulated chamber at steady state where it mixes with nitrogen (N2) entering at 277°C, 4 bar. The mixture exits at 3.8 bar with the molar analysis 75% Ho, 25% Nz. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Determine (@) the temperature of the exiting mixture, in °C. (Ans. 127.5°C) (b) the rate at which entropy is produced, in kJ/K per kmol of mixture exiting. (Ans. 5.7131 ki/kmole-K ) Sehemotic ¥ Gwen Dara i rar ces uyyi gs0k Ys a | eas + ber . to» Ts Ma aeber Nef oes SsSowm 4 Fear hesumptions’ (1) Steady ste and Qy=e (2) Zack gas and the miture Moy be Medea asan vdea/ gas. Deltou's model apphis to the mivdeves (3) Kme tic and potentia/ effects i cnoreds Ana lysiit (2) The energy balance for the stredy she process Js O= Qi, - Wey t hh thgha~ hahs Thus, As =n, h, + fe he « 2.75 hy +025 as na Velees Sor hh, and Fe ore found in Tables h-23,2F 12-9Problem 12.6 léour'd) hae 0.75 (997/) + 0.25 1064) = 11494, 2S £/fne/ Tig = 0-78 Tyg ltg) + 0,2chy(%) = 1494.25 Splusig Sderately usiig Tables h-23,28, Ty = goose) (by The entropy tate balance 1% 37 07S 8, -02S8, By oS Sy (Ty, osm) HOT Ty (Ty OS Obtaining values for 3° from” Tables Ae 23,25, > : : 7 18 Pr Seve Ov7s [Sy ta)- Sli -B de AE Ma Trors]&i- 80-26] = o.7s[ (84,7974 ~/ 38.2085 - care Lolorsis) | + os feo. 1072 - 309,44) - 8-314 Lr (o. 28) a0) = 8,131 £T/dmo) K (b) 12.7 The temperature of a wall in a dwelling is 16°C. If the air within the room is at 21°C, what is the maximum relative humidity the air can have before condensation occurs on the wall? (Ans. 0.731) Scheme Liz wen Deve! re somple of mtu Pale’) moist tr ) weil \~ (aris oT 2/o ae ft op lah zie eae intend we 12-9Problem 12-7 (tox) Mesumptious! As Sample of movs+ air @pproackes the wall, the system undecoes o Coo/vic process at tonstent tote! pressure Crom aie te 16°C. Ruely sis; As long a8 no Condensation of worer occurs, there r& Ko Change 1 the partial Pressure of He water vapor, Py =YyP and Yy *Coxstert Wthe inthia’ yapor pressure, py) is less than Pe ue’c), © as Shown on the T-v diagram, the Sample Will Coo/ to °c without condensation, [the initia’ vaper pressure ts Greater than Ps(lse), © as shown on the T-v diagram, Condensedion Wild eccur duriie the coohnc process and the sample of moist air will be Satuvated af 16°C. The vapor pressure wet) then be egue/ to Pe ee). Thus, Bray = Palle’) = 2.01818 bar 20.78) — Ky Palai%e) «0 0 UF RT ba 12.8 An auditorium having a volume of 10° ft° contains air at 80°F, 1 atm, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 Ib of water vapor per Ib of dry air. Determine (a) the relative humidity. (Ans. 0.459) (b) the dew point temperature, in °F. (Ans. 57.3°F) (c) the mass of water vapor contained in the room, in Ib. (Ans. 723.4 Ib) Py (eee) Vy T Befe dew pene tem pera tape. 12-10Problem 12.% (Cont'd) Assumptions: () The Contents ef the volume 1s a Chsed system. (2) The moist air gels ae on ‘deal gas wiklure, Citewrng Dalhon's Lew. . uelysit.: The relative hum'diity 1 quvtn by Eg. 12.4, ps Pw + Te Gikd Py) use Bg. 12.43, 7 eer prt 2P mw (Oot) (14-7 tbelie®) 20-2326 Uhe/in® W 40.622 lo.el)+ 01622 Thus, P+ 0.2326 = 0.459 —4@) ©.S078 Py cbtamed from Table ke () Ty, 2 S7.3F Crom Table A2E at pe 02826 lblis® «~—_&) © Use salen) gas equation te Find my 6) my 2 PV 2 (o2szerradlewa? lio" te) . 728.4 Ibo CT ay) Commend i we My /ma, => Mas My = 728.4 5 72, 340 Ib, we 0.0! 12.9 Moist air at 30°C, 2 bar, and 50% relative humidity enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 600 kg/h and is cooled at essentially constant pressure to 20°C. Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the rate of heat, transfer from the moist air stream, in kJ/n. (Ans. — 6055.6 kJ/’n ) T,xade Tes ace przber 9,+50% me Coeds Jh 12-11Problem 12-9 (tont'd) Assumptions: UW) Steady state wrth Wey? And OkE=SPE+0, Most air acts as an ideal qas mixture followin, Wal fon's rhode /. Analysis! The energy vate balance i's OF Qa - Wt Tinaha thy], Ditaha +m yh], or Qey * mall halt) -halt,)] + w Lived -berdt 5) To Solve this eguation, Severa/ Paramerers need to be determmned, % are (dew pom? temperature fo determine if Condensation Occurs, (2) W} G)may #) Valuce of halt) halt), hye), and helt), (Py = , rylae’e) = lo. sedoodees) = 0.02/28 bar 21,3 (ete. 18.440 4 30%, thus there Is no bondensation, Therefore, Wy 2 We. @ we mye overe) Be |e eee? oewes | Tae PB, 2-0.02/28 = 000667 ges . yay @ was m = Cooke / = SG 02 Xs cay/h +o 400667 @) halts) and halt) may be ob towed from Table h22, hy (Te) and hy (7%) are & hg lt), See Eg 12.47 and Table. A-2. Suborder toes into Bg. li); Gey = 5%, or jlegar- Bo38,2i]+ 0. soee7fesat.l-esse.3]} 89t.02 J-toog- Ozh VA - 6055.6 £T/) ——— &er d2-1212.10 A closed, rigid tank contains moist air in equilibrium at 80°C with liquid water. The Tespective masses present are 10.4 kg of dry air, 0.88 kg of water vapor, and 0.17 kg of liquid water. If the tank contents are heated to 160°C, determine (@) the final pressure, in bar. (Ans. 5.01 bar) (®) the heat transfer, in kJ. (Ans. 1058.65 kJ) Schematic € Given Data: z °, Te 80e + 1eore Tht [bo%e Mas 10.4 ds Oe My, 7 088 Rs ' Mw, * 0.17 bs Vq\ieo'c) hssumptiows; Ui) Closed system. (2) Most air acts as an ideal gas obeyritg Dalton’s model Analisis! (a It fs necessary to determine the Volume of the tank in order to determine Pe. Viren . Vaapony? Vicguia,? My, Vat mw Ye = 2.¥8 (8.407) + 0417) [o.001024) mw 1 Mie My, * Mw, ORE+ OLI7 vz Bessem/ey > Vy (100% \e 0.807! w/e, ) 32 Vapor at State Zz is superheated. Ml Naw hos been Neperied Pet DBT. 2 (!04/20.97 + boS/itct bw (aaieay, Ne 38) Vv (2.9983 m3) 10° £Pa/bar = S.0) bar 3 (a) lb) The ensrgy balance Is Q-0% AU, QelTma Ug tmy ucd,-[me Ua, + My, Us + My, Up 1 = Malla (Ta) - a 6%) + my Ue tTe)= thy, UelTi) -muy, Ue (7) Usiic data Lrom Tabses A-2, 22, Q* (0.4 (300, 1¥- 252,19) +08 (2509.4) - (o.es)z482.2) ~ (0,/7)(334, 86) Q= 603.096 026 96,92 -2184, 386 - 56,926 = (05%, CSKT <«—-(0) Comment’ Siee water 1's Present as both a liguid Gnd ae Yopor, Steam table Porta should be used) 12-1312.11 Dry air enters a device operating at steady state at 27°C, 2 bar with a volumetric flow rate ‘of 300 m/min. Liquid water is injected, and a moist air stream exits at 15°C, 2 bar, and 91% relative humidity. Determine (a) the mass flow rate at the exit, in kg/min. (b) the temperature, in °C, of the liquid water injected into the air stream. Ignore heat transfer between the device and its surroundings and the kinetic and potential energy effects. Known: Dry air at a specified temperature, pressure, and volumetric flow rate enters a device operating at steady state. Liquid water is injected and a moist air stream exits at a known temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Find: Determine the mass flow rate at the exit and the temperature of the injected liquid water. Schematic and given data: 1 Dry air Ti=2rc 4 Pi =2bar (AV), =300 2 min Liquid water Tr Analysis: (1) The control volume shown in the accompanying figure is at steady state with ., =W,, =0 and negligible kinetic and potential energy effects. (2) The liquid enters as saturated liquid. (3) The dry air and moist air streams act as ideal gases. Analysis: At steady state, mass rate balances give rit,, =, =r, and rit, =r, The mass flow rate at 1 is obtained using the volumetric flow rate and the ideal gas equation of state: 3 Av), (200 N Vf 300 ‘ ; min z Ting, = = = 696,90 $8. M8314 Nom Vso xy min 28.98 kg-K ‘The mass flow rate at 2is mi, = rh, +m,, =m, (1+@,) a) To find ©, pys = apg (Ts) = (0.91)(0.01705 bar) = 0.01552 bar, and so /2- 1412.12. At steady state, air at 42°C, 1 atm, 30% relative humidity is mixed adiabatically with a second air stream entering at 1 atm. The mass flow rates of the two streams are the same. A single mixed stream exits at 29°C, 1 atm, 40% relative humidity with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. For the second entering stream, determine (a) the relative humidity. (Ans. 0.40) (b) the temperature, in °C. (Ans. 16°C) (6) solve (a) and (b) using the Psychrometric chart. (Ans. same as (a) and (b)) Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. Schematic ¢ Gen Data! Ted yay yyy Ty2 29° $+ 3% + Te Ss bys 40% fay ET OR tls het OG R ms 6 at WSS Pat hehe s late Assumptions! (1) Contre/ volume 1s ar steady store with Qy> wy =o Aone ly sss: mass balance at steady state, Sir: ma, + tha, > mas . . . eters my, thy = whys =? Wma, +r Ma, Hy May gack Stream: Ms mat my = aq (i+w) Pt O Plt) = eB loeeze 2) 5 0.024% bar Prat $574 (Ty) = 0.4(0.04008) = 0. 0/6038 bar w= cure | cnet = 00156 Ev) 02d LO1 328-0. As lay Wy oraze/ 0.01603 |; ove! dl) H01B2S- 0.0/603. 45) Magt Ms x Z = bd gor Me) | rast = 0.98 tH Kec) Fry ber 3 hose 3 " Wy thay" Wimar = (erol)(h4#ou) = (e,0/86)(0, 9844) Tar thas - May LIGOL 0.9946 = 0.004 £ety) Aslad Pre= Ur = (o.00#S)lLesszs) = 0.0072" har O1eze Hey oeeesProblem 2.12 (¢oar'd) (0) Q. + Pe = Qeores UW) Pa lTe) Py (Te) : : Use an energy vate bane to determine Te it ovder to determme Peta) o > . . 02 Loy Wey HDtiasba, trv, hor] Diag hegt hag hae ~ Tiraghag t va vg] © = ta Lea, +4 hg # thgy Okay hgy) ~ Dag Uhagt alg, Usuig Tables k-2 , 22 j . hart Wehye * Wray hast Maks )— Ma, (has #24 he.) Maa- ma, 5 1.41902 (302.24 0,01 (a8 54-5) - 0.9¢46(8/3.2740,0/ 56 (3577 €¢)) 149802 -0.9946 Raat we hg, = 800-3 £T/4@) | @) Solving Mteratire ly »Tr 16° From Eq.U) Q, = 9.00728 = Odo <———(4) elle 3) & 99% &) w &) Ie3-2 isa = i straight lie adiate tic. muting meme, le, wee age gore Ti-T3* Ty-Te le-1712.13 Liquid water at 100°F and a mass flow rate of 10,000 Ib/h enters a cooling tower operating at steady state. Cooled water exits the tower at 80°F. Atmospheric air enters at 70°F, 1 atm, 40% relative humidity. Moist air exits at 85°F, 1 atm, 90% relative humidity. No makeup water is provided. Determine (@) the mass flow rate of the entering atmospheric air, in Ib/h. (Ans. 9162 Ib/h) (b) the rate at which water evaporates, in Ib/h. (Ans. 158.4 1b/h) (©) the mass flow rate of the exiting liquid stream, in Ib/h. (Ans. 9842 Ib/h) Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. Schematic ¢ Ewen Data} . 2 Tat OS7F, Pye ata, x2 90% 2 te ciguid af Tat 00°F RF Lt focco ib/h fe tiqess ad Tee B0°R (===> > Aesump tions! (D Contre! yolume is at steady- Siete. By = Wey 20, (2) For streams 2 and +) h = helt) benalysisi dt steady sie, the Mass balances aves tg, # Mag tte and thy, thes ivy tg, Thus, tag © mig tty, ~ Miyg = Mat tha lW-ws) (1) " i f tra litw,) ro) a tayyge thy, zag ly) (8) Py, = ©; PylT) + (01408682) + 0.74528 Ibe / in’ Pra 2 Oy (Ta) + (0.9)(0,597) * 0,88703 Ibelit WO, = 0.62% Py, /y, = 0622 (0/4828) = 0.0067 thy 14.096 -0, 4529 ‘bes Wg 20.622 Pe [Pa = 0-622(053708) = ,0236 Ibi) 14.696 ° OS87O3 'bea) At stecdy state, the energy balance (st pt gt ; O= Gr~ we + [ohe, he, ta, bry Lt tighs -Ltiashegt my, byy ] ~ nie he 12-16Problem 12-/8 (tont'd) Introducing EGU), © tha (ha, +Hrhg,l em, helte) - ris lhag tig hg.) - (nine a nha Ws - Me) he (Tay Solving Gor ha, Maem (4) =he LT Cha, hag) #1; hg, —ahqy -Uo,-uy)hglta) = 10,000 [44.04 - 68.05] 0:24 (20- $5) + 0,006 2 (1042) ~ 0.0236 (109¢,55) -(0,0062- 0.0286 )48.04 = 9106 Ib ay h Insevtnig Vales into Eq (2), (a) ray = mq (1ew,) = Oo ooee cer —_ (b) From £3. (9), Tate of evaporation = ma bru) = Ul0b (0.0236 - 0.0062) + (SB41b 4 <— 4) From =¢ uy Mae Mar tma lWw,-W,) = 10,000 -1S 848 9842 bg OO) h 12-19Reacting Mixtures 13 and Combustion 13.1 Determine the balanced reaction equation for complete combustion of octane (CH) with (a) the theoretical amount of oxygen. (Ans. CeHig + 12.5 02 > 8 CO? + 9 H20) (b) the theoretical amount of air. (Ans. CsHig + 12.5 [02 + 3.76 Nz] 38 CO? + 9 H20 +47 No) (©) 50% excess air. (Ans. CeHis + 18.75 [02 + 3.76 Nz] > 8 CO2 + 9 H20 + 6.25 02 + 70.5 Nz) Assumption: in parts thdand (el, Np is inert, and 3:76 moks of Ny Gecompany each ele of O, im air, Analysss! (a) Fer Complete Combustion of Cytig with the thesvetiza/ ameunt of On, Cetig t+ XO, > Cor + rH LO Ci es Hi l@e 26, v29 O! ams tare ar de Leta) +dl/es 2s hb Cgtig +128 O, —~ BCOr+ PHO lay (h) Complete tombustion wth theoretical air, Ce Aig + 12, SJo, +3-760,1 + € Cort VHrO+ 47Nz Gy (¢) Complete tombustion with 50% epess aw; Coie + (1.8)U2S) [02+ 3-76 Na] Con +B Hoot Yo,tTe.8He Ci Pak Hi Ime 2@, B29 OF WS) (izs\2z) = 2a+ Be 2E re ozs Coby + 1,75 L024 8:26N2 1 8 lon Peor 6.250,+ 70.5 Ne es 73-)13.2 Butane (C4Hjo) burns with air. If the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis is 12, determine (a) the air-fuel ratio on a molar basis. (Ans. 24.07 kmol air/kmol fuel) (b) the percent excess or percent deficiency of air, whichever is appropriate. (Ans. 22.2% deficiency) Assumphion! 8:76 moles of Xp accompany each mole of Oz ththe air, Nets inert. Analyars sayReferrimg te Bg. 18-2, KF © (Meuely AF = Se hs fue ( 12 EgGit)) Mawr 28-47 hear [Ruy * Fe Gaul = 24.07 x£mo/ (air) (ay ‘mel Fue!) Cb) For Complete combustion wi'th theoretice/ air, Ce Kn +X Ont3-76N2) RCo HK HO +3. 70ND, Ci 428 Hitos 2s, Fs BD! ans zt C =a ae (e458 Yo os AF), = (es)470) 2 30.94 Lael ind 1 Amo) (Cust) Lr delidient ain ® 20.94- 24.07 2 0,222 222.2%, 80, 94- =—%6) 13.3 A fuel mixture having a molar analysis of 60% CH, 30% C2Hs, 10% Nz is supplied to a furnace where it burns completely with 120% of theoretical air. Determine the air-fuel ratio ona (@) molar basis. (Ans. 12.852 kmol air/kmol fuel) (b) mass basis. (Ans. 17.361 kg airfkg fuel) Assuptptiens! 3:76 moles ot Nz per mole of Or n air. Ne 3 snort, Anelysis( Bose 0” 2 nolo of Lue/, (0.6 Cg 40:3 Cth, HON a )t of (024 3: 76Ne)— BlOyt V0 No (3-%Problem 13-3 (tent'd) Balance: C1 06406 = idl elk Hi 24¢18e 20 a weZl 2a z 2(Lz)t2 oO: lay WI 120% theoretical aii, Pee Ue AF = Uadlaes\(e7e)/ (b) Fd M quel 1z.@S2 Zmel(air) ~ (a) Ene (Ful) HM pues = 0.6 (16-04) $0.3 (30,07) + 0,124.01) = 20.446 i Te (Baw « This, we = Re (Fer) easel: 28.47 \ = 1736/8 lair) 2.444 Ay (Gael) tb) 13.4 Coal with a mass analysis of 80% carbon, 3% sulfur, 17% noncombustible ash bums completely with 120% of theoretical air. Determine the amount of SO; produced, in ke per kg of coal. (Ans, 0.0602 kg SOzikg fuel) Kssumptionsi()3-76 moks of Nz per mole Op wwair, Nevis inert a) The ash is noncombustible. are: ZO 266i kme [100 ky Coal I%.e) Rualysis; On the basis of 10mb: of Coal, moles of C ands Pualysis s fi ne = nge 3 21094 Kmos/ 100 ky coo / 32.06 Combustion with theoretical air yields, (6.6616 + 0109#S HAsh\ + ob (02 +3,76 Nz) —e Bo, + USO +3, 7E RK Net Anh ce: @F 6661; Ss: ¥2 0.094; CO: ke G7 te (6.6616 40,0944 Agh) 42) (6.756)(0243-76 Ne) — x COg+ SOz + 0, +12) 6.755N2) tAsh Mewerer, the antounk of So_ toes nor change, thus, the mass of 50x Produced és, so, » (0:09 4) (64.ctYieo = e.c6or Kl ode tSee tess) (3-313.5 Ethane (C;Hg) bums completely with air. If the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis is 18, determine (a) the percent excess or percent deficiency of air, whichever is appropriate. (Ans, 12.12% excess) (b) the dew point temperature of the combustion products when cooled at 1 atm. (Ans. 54°C) Assumptions: There are 3:26 moles of Xx for every nels of Or mm the air. We Is snert, Products of Combustion are modehkd as an deal gas mixfure Aralgsis! (0) Use Eg. 132, (BF) © Lt fuss (AF) = 30.07 (18) = 18.68 Xue! lav) Mate 28.97 Ena (fuel) The reaction for tomplete Combustion 1%, C,H, + ¢. Bee\lO2 +3.76 cc) eof Coy + B Heo +(3.92)(8.70) Na 4476 san +O, Gi 2 mes Mi GeZA, p23} O1 2(892)=443+7¥ vn 0.42 Ss Colt + 3.92 (OptB.76 Mp) > 2 CO, +BHpO +14,74Ng 1 O42 Og The reaction with theoretica/ air js, Cot, + B.5(On43,7GNz)—> 20Oz +BH20 +/3,/G Nz (RF Jy. = BSH TE)/) = 66.66 Ls (ain) 2rta! (fuel) % decess Air = Fe] = [rssesctesee Ts o,ies 2% OP neo Meobe —f@) GU) Moles of Product! N= 2+3414:74¢+0,42 5 20.16 Lua Ee (Guu) Py 2/3. \ (1.07828 bar) = O50 bar G2 ) Dew print temperature 1s T at p> Pe, Table di2, 8 Ty, FAC —_—_7— 73-413.6 Octane (CsHjs) is burned with air. The molar analysis of the products on a dry basis is 9.19% COz, 0.24% CO, 7.48% Oz, and 83.09% Nz. Determine the percent excess air used. (Ans. 49.9%) Assumption; 3/7 mekes Ne foveacd mole Op ju Gir. Ne ts ihert. Analysis Based on joe males of dry products Oe Cg Hig + b(Op FB TONe) © 9:19 COR+ 0.24 COz +114 FO, FELON HCHO Cia tUl9 402g Paz hsT4 £18 (bI79) ere * es ool OL the 2419) $0.24 +2 48) tobi =P bz 2z,096 AF (ee oa ey(4.7e)/1i74 = 84.2) For complete Combustion with theoretical air, _Catig HES (Ot B.76N2) ™ BCOLtG HO + 47Ne FP, = das) (#20)/10 = SUS A % epeess cain = KE - FP yy = BU2RSES = 0499 = 499% ar) ahes SUS — 13.7 A hydrocarbon fuel mixture represented by C,H, bums with air, giving products with a dry molar analysis of 11% COz, 0.5% CO, 2% CH, 1.5% Hz, 6% Oz, and 79% Nz. Determine the percent of theoretical air used. (Ans. 105%) Assumption; 3.76 moles Nz for each Mele Ov hair, Na is inert Analysis} Based on comoks ef dy products, the peactert ist Cy ty + ACO,+3, 76a) MlogtorScoe 2CMy + LSHitb On +19 Na Ch ys lltes+2 xr IS +b Hed Hi ys @+B+2@b = ys l+eb Ot 2a 2 22+O.S tlet+b & ta2 BHSHb Net Blea = 79 =p aeZlell baZS2z =? Y= 26.044 Wetth Pheorebicn) air t Cis.gHogsggg t M02 #8.26 Me) >B lo, +E Ho +8:260 Ny 13.58 ej Hi 26,04b 22 a 2 75,0225 Of 2k = 2U8S)4/3.022 =? of = 2e.00/ % theo, aip = AE wey = (they! . 1.05% 105% =— AP Vien (20. 01/NEMY) (5% evecss air) 13-513.8 Gaseous methane (CH) at 77°F, | atm enters a furnace operating at steady state and burns completely with 150% of theoretical air entering at 77°F, 1 atm. The products exit at 640°F, 1 atm. Determine the rate of heat transfer between the furnace and its surroundings, in Btu per Ibmol of fuel. Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. (Ans. -281,171 Btu/lbmol fuel) Schematic _¢ Given Date fm 4 IS 3 Preducte et Cmbur ton ne YLT eee, lab aE ae Assumpbions iW) 3:76 mks Ne pir wok Op 1h air, Ne! tert, (2) Control uslume at steady stote. Wey 20, BEE+APE*O. (3) ldia/ qas mede/ applicable to Fluid at states 1 and 3. Rualy sit; Theoretical air! CHy * 2 Ort 3:76Nr) 7 COg+ ZHpO#ASZN, Qmplete Combustion, 150% theoretical air: thy + ns (tort s.26 Ne) Co, t2Heor 1 Ont 1L2ENe Energy Rate Balance gives: + Gy ye thpohe ne (Me _ _ 8 Qer z heogtMnee tho tee Buda” Chen 7 heytee Ty), Faw, . Usiig k= he +h, — - wv = [he +h (wd herr],* phy +h(wwo)-h (lye Reus, fe _ “eo _ . " ayes too) “hlsavy,,+ wee tit eTlues)-htss7] ~ Ueag > 80 -un2e Ne With date from te b/es A-238, 248, USE, a7E, BOE [O Bev a [leg 30049 802.6 ase 2[-104, ofo+ 994z.—428¢] Reig +17850,4-8725.i] + 1h 28 [7695-3724 §]- [- 32,210) B16 8S2S- 1987/24 4/28 + $4731 +32, 210 By 2 281,17) BH/bnes) (fuel) <——— Sev Tee Fey 13-613.9 Propane gas (C3Hs) at 25°C, 1 atm enters a furnace operating at steady state and bums with 20% excess air entering at 25°C, 1 atm. Of the carbon entering with the fuel, 94% (molar basis) appears in the products as CO, and the rest appears as CO. Heat transfer from the reactor occurs at arate of 1.4 x 10° KI per kmol af fuel. Determine the temperature of the combustion products, in K. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Use JT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (Ans. 91 K) 17 Problem Supplement: 13.9 [* For complete combustion of C3H8 with the theoretical amopunt of air C3H8 + 5 * (02 + 3.76 N2) 3.002 +4H20 + 18.8N2 ‘Combustion with 20% excess air, with 94% ot the entering carbon goes to CO2 and the rest goes to CO is described by C3H8 + 6 (02 + 3.76 N2) 2.82 CO2 + 0.18 CO + 4H20 + 1.09 02 + 22.56 N2 At steady state, the energy balance reduces to */ 0 = Qdot / ndott + hfuel + 6 * (hO2_in + 8.76 * HN2_in) - (2,82 * hCO2 + 0.18 "CO + 4 * hH20 + 1.09 * hO2_out + 22.56 * hN2_out) W Known quantities Qdot = -1.4E6 // kJ/kmol of fuel dott = 1 Tiuel = 25 + 273.15 IK Ta =25 +273.15//K 1 Obtain other data hCO2 = h_T(*CO2",Tp) hCO = h_T(’CO",Tp) hH20 = h_T(H20",Tp) hO2_out =h_T(‘02",Tp) hN2_out = h_T('N2"Tp) Results Tp hco hco2 hH20 RN2_in N2_out 13-713.10 A closed, rigid vessel initially contains a gaseous mixture of 1 kmol of octane (CeHis) and 300% of theoretical air at 25°C, 1 atm. If the mixture burns completely, determine the heat transfer from the vessel, in kJ, and the final pressure, in atm, for a final temperature of 1000 K. (Ans, -2,098,250 kJ, 3.42 atm) Schematic J Gwen Data! hat Cees = Products | eae q Tes tock | as’ lahn 4] it ! , pt?! tel Mesumptrons! 3-76 moles Ne pey mole Op im air. Nz is thert, (2) del Gas mode / applicod/e to initial aud Final mixtures. 3) K2O Bualy sis: Combustion equation for 300% thee. air is, Cg Hig + B(IZS)Og+B7GN2) > ¥ Coy +220 HZSOz+ 141 Kp, The energy balance reduces to Q = Up- Up? (prin ~Uinitct) 6 Qe (Wg +I Dy, tesMot 141Tiy,,- (Bie y 87S Hogt tn); For the ideal gas, =h-@T Lo. Subst luting Gor TZ and colleednig RT devms, — _ QC Trgen* Tue t2SHogtl4l bya” regu gh 3150, # (41h), ~B ear, -1745T) | . pefuie h = hy tsk and Rp ee for Op aud Nes ls date from Tables A-23, 24,25, 27 and 80, Qe oF 898,520 + 42,269-9,364],,+ W241, 820485, rt2-9, 904] tes[ ti 362-8687], + I41[30,129- Ge6 Gat, ~ (208 4) we =83/4C(188) W200) — "74.sh298)] Hels) = -2,09%,251 4° a Using the deal ges sguatien fora torstut Volume Process, PBVenRT, BV= ney Fe (At)( Te), 183 (SP). 3,42) EeGlB)= trae ( B98 ake BR Pe ® B42) p, = 34211) © 3.42) a het e— (3-F13.11 Methane gas (CH,) at 25°C, 1 atm and a volumetric flow rate of 27 m°/h enters a furnace operating at steady state. The methane bums completely with 140% of theoretical air, entering at 127°C, 1 atm, Products of combustion exit at 427°C, 1 atm, Determine (a) the volumetric flow rate of the air, in m’/h. (b) the rate of heat transfer from the furnace, in kJ/h. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Known: CH, at 25°C, | atm and a volumetric flow rate of 27 m°/h enters a furnace and bums completely with 140% of theoretical air entering at 127°C, 1 atm, Products of combustion exit at 427°C, | atm. Find: Determine (a) the volumetric flow rate of the air and (b) the rate of heat transfer from the furnace. Schematic and given data: CH, 1 25°C, 1 atm (AV) =27 mh Products at 427°C, | atm 140% theor air 127°C, 1 atm Assumptions: (1) The control volume shown in the accompanying figure operates at steady state with W,, =0 and negligible kinetic and potential energy effects. (2) 3.76 moles of No accompany each mole of O2 in the air. Nz is inert. (3) The ideal gas model is applicable to the combustion air and the products of combustion. Analysis: Complete combustion of CH, with 140% of theoretical air is described by CH, +2.8 0, +3.76N, }—> CO, +2H,0+0.80, +10.528N, a (@) The molar flow rate of the fuel is _ (AV), _ (AV), _ (27m*/h) (1.01325x 10° N/m’) = 1,104 kml (CH) % Rn s3i4 N-™_ 9x) Pi kmol-K From Eq. (1), (2.8 x 4.76) kmol of air are required for each kmol of fuel. Thus, the molar flow rate of the air is fig, = (2.8 x 4.76) (1.104) =14.714 Kmol(ai) And so (AV): = ig.) RB = GAD C314) 400) 493.93 Pr 1.01325 x 10° h 13-9(b) An energy rate balance reduces to give it +7700) —(298)].,, + 2[h; + (700) - (298), ,.,, +0.8[5(700) 298), + 10.528 [4(700) - (298), ~ (i?) y, ~2.8[5 (400) —(298)],, -10.528[f (400) - h(298)],, Inserting data from Tables A-23, 24, 25, 27, 30 oe =[-393,520+ 27,125 — 9,364] + 2 [-241,920 + 24,088 - 9,904] +0.8 [21,184 8,682] + m 10.528 [20,604 — 1 1,640] - (-74,850) —2.8 [11,711-8,682] = -660,287 kI/kmol (CH) Thus Oey = (1.104) (-660,287) 728,957 kn 13-1013.12 Liquid octane (CsHs) at 77°F, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns completely with 400% of theoretical air entering at 77°F, 1 atm. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature, in °R. Use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (Ans. 1731° R) 17 Problem Supplement: 13.12 7 The balanced reaction equation for CBH18 buring compleetely with 400% theoretical air is obtained as follows. First, for theoretical air (C8H18 + ath * (02 + 3.76 N2) ===> 8 CO2 +9H20 + ath "3.76 N2 "7 ath =8 + 9/2 11 Now, for 400% theoretical air a=4"ath Results: ath = 12.5 anda = 50 C8H18 + 50 * (02 +8.76 N2) ===> 8CO2+9H20 + 37.502 + 188 N2 At steady state, the energy balance reduces to */ AR ~ hfuel + 50 * (hO2_in + 3.76 * AN2_in) P = 8 * hCO2 + 9 * hH2O + 97.5 * hO2_out + 188" hN2_out bP =hR 1 Known quantities Ta=77 + 459.67 1/°R 11 Obtain other data hue! hO2_in 1_T(°C02",Tp) \_T(1H20",Tp) f° Results Tp 1731 ~«——_ hCO2 -1.557E5 hH2O -9.34864 hN2_in 6.845E-19 hN2_out 8695, hO2_in 7.82E-13 hO2_out 9196 7 13-0113.13 Propane gas (C3Hs) at 77°F, | atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns completely with oxygen (O;) entering at 77°F, 1 atm. If the combustion products exit at 2540°F, determine the percent excess oxygen used. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. (Ans. 687%) Schematic # Gwen Uatei stalleagy 4 (= ar, Ts ta bs = foe Products , Tz = 2S40°F FST o TIE S15 bs Assumptions: US Contre! volume opuretes af Steady ctote; Qey * Wey #0. (2) Lomplete Lombuskon occurs, (8) Preclucts rhe deleel as an sdeal 4 Analysis; Complete Combustiew with exeess ali is, Calg + SKO, - 3C0,+4H,0 + S(x-1)0, x= | Sor theoretice/ amount of On The energy balance at stad, tek 1s hp=he ov [3 host thio t 5 (x1) Fea]. Theatnegt fs x red], Note that Lhe t&h, hy eo for On, and da Grom Tohks A-24E, 252, 21, aud A-30E AYE Applied. BUM Hh (eee) isan), +4 (hy + hdece) -h (537), # SGT h (se00-h(s37i] 9, = Che eres +sx lo) Sowing Gor kt cee . X= (hE ests 7 3UE HF Ged (sell. - aThe Fh (oooh Loot] tio Til S[k (3000) - Fl s3lo, = (- #4 6e0)- 3(-169,30034907- 4024)~ 4(-104, 040 +2B3¢7~4 258) 45(28919- 3725) 6 (23/8 -3725) X= 287 %o Wess Oz * [Glee -s] - 6.87 = 687% <—% s 13- 12Chemical And 14 Phase Equilibrium 14.1 An equilibrium mixture at 1 atm has a molar analysis of 86.53% CO>, 8.98% CO, and 4.49% Oz. Determine logioK for CO, * CO +% Op. (Ans. -1.658) Assumption: Ideal gas principles apply Analy 315.1 Ee 14.32 Gor te present Case takes the form: 1 ve iekel K = (4e0)( Yond [Z| * 7 Pre (Yeo with Px Pref) Yo k= (o.089#)(0.0449)" . log,,k #- 6s +— 0. €653 Comment’ Usvig the taleuaed value for loggk ) Table A-82 indicaks that the temperature of the egurh briieme Mivture ( near 24/0 K (4-114.2 One Ibmol of CO; dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of CO2, CO, and Ozat 4710°F, Determine the equilibrium composition if the pressure is (@ Latm. (Ans. 0.6568 COz, 0.3432 CO, 0.1716 O2) (b) 10 atm. (Ans. 0.82 COz, 0.18 CO, 0.09 02) Use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. 1! Problem Supplement: 14.2 1” Applying the conservation of mass principle co: (1-x) CO2+yCO +202 i =x)+y oF y= (1-x) ty oF z=x/2 (1x) CO2+x CO +1202 Now, the composition can be expressed as 7 n= nCO2 +nCO +02 For the reaction CO2 <===> CO + 1/2 02 1/ Equation 14.35 takes the form K = ((nCO * nO2%(1/2)) / nCO2) * ((p I pref) / n)*(1+1/2-1), pref=1 0 1/ Using data from Table A-32 at 5170°R. K=02 PF Using the SOLVE button, obtain the solution for p = 4 Then, change p to 10 and solve again. The results are p=tatm ACO 0.3492 nC020.6568 n02 0.1716 x 0.8432 p=10atm nCO 0.1803 nC020.8197 n02 0.09014 x 0.1803 4” l4°2%14.3 One kmol of H,0 dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of H2O, He, and Op. Determine the equilibrium composition for a pressure of 1 atm if the temperature is 3000 K. Repeat for a pressure of 10 atm. Known: One kmol of HO dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of H2O, Hz, and O2 at 3000 K. Find: Determine the equilibrium composition if (a) p = 1 atm, (b) p = 10 atm. Assumption: The equilibrium mixture is modeled as an ideal gas mixture. Analysis: Applying the conservation of mass principle. 1H,0 > (1-x) H,0+ y Hp +zO, He (1-x)+2y>y=x O: 1=(1-x) +22 z= 2/2 Thus 1H,0 (1 - x) HO +x Hy +x/2 02 Where | - x is the amount of HO, in kmol, present in the mixture. The amount of mixture is n= (l-x)4x4x/25(24+x)/2. At equilibrium H,0 = H;+% Oz. Accordingly, Eq. 14.35 takes the form (lpg) Q+x2 eit (Gels) © From Table A-32 at 3000 K, logioK = -1.343 giving K = 0.04539. Thus Eq. (1) gives 0.00206 = | *—|/—_] _P 2 1x) 24x bbe (a) p=1atm. Eq, (2) becomes 0.00206 = | *~] { *~ | x=0.148 1-x}(2+x The equilibrium mixture is then {0.852 H20, 0.148 H, 0.074 O2} 1 LIKE =x) (b) p = 10 atm. Eq. (2) becomes 0.000206 = { *~ }/*_) + x=0.0716 1=x }\2+x The equilibrium mixture is then {0.9284 H,O, 0.0716 Hp, 0.0358 O2} 14-314.4 Determine the temperature, in K, at which 1 kmol of CO; dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of CO;, CO, and O» containing 0.9 kmol of CO, at a pressure of 2 atm. (Ans. 2490 K) hsssumptions Equilibrium miyture Modeld as an ideal ges. Analysis t The Teaction 18 + 100, 0.900, +Ato +02. Ci te O.ge a Hp ade oil OL LaLeHOI+7B =7 BOOS Thus, 1C0,—~ 0.960, +0./00+ 0,050, The amount of miylure Is nz 0.94014 0,05> 105 dno! Ateguil'brium , C0, @ CO+KO,~ EG, 14.35 takes Heform! Le. itfe.og) Pleat] '* [o:-47 [ Les Ke With P/Preg = 2 Ye [Pree 22, Pe offsets) “> leq ke 4048 oF hes lnterpolatnig 1h Table ke32, Tx 2490K *——T 14.5 One kmol of CO and 1 kmol of O2 react to form an equilibrium mixture at 3000 K consisting of CO2, CO, and O2 in which 0.807 kmol of CO is present. Determine the Pressure, in atm. (Ans. 5.014 atm) tion! Bgurlibrivin mizture modeled as ideal sas. Analy s13! The reaction t's} 1COz+ 102 0.807 Copt ACPO, Chile O8OTHA Hm KE ONES ©! 3=2lo.8ol) 40.193 +28 = 6 = O.S96S Thus, 1CO+ 10, 0.307 Coz + O.1F3C OF O.SVOS O7 The amount of mivture Is Nz 0.8014 0:198+ O,S9L52 |. S76 Sbm) At eget briiene , fo, = CO+L On. Eg i435 becomes ra [01193] fo. 8465] | P/ Pree ]* [e807] US951 From Table A-32 at 2000k, los K=- O14 8S =>K = 0.32734, , Thus, Ke 2732784 = (2123)( 28906)" (r/p,,) Ye Wrref 2 6,0) 9 =? P= S:014 Aine 4-4 P