MapUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ‘School of EE-ECE-CoE “¢:ABORATORY 2 Experiment Number oe : oe I Introduction to Digital Communications “Experiment Title i CourselSection £C0/221 /AIZ eee Group Number _2 S name Nedres, Pauline DO. | cae Date of Performance JYONuory !9, 2O/7_ Date of Submission JOnuary !9. 20/7. fnge. Moritdne Sejera InstructorASSIGNMENTS ON Worksoanp: Introduction t. to Di oc PCM Encoding gital Communications Parr : ONE: INTRODUCTION TO DiGrrAL COMMUNICATIONS Backe: KGROUND AND OBJECTIVES TO PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 This practical serves as the introductory part of the course in digital communication where the concept of information and its representation are embraced. PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Set the PCM level control (4) and the PCM bandwidth control (5) to maximum. Set all the other controls to their mid positions. Consider the information sources shown below. Monitor their signals using, the oscilloscope. Click the Change Rate button to change between sources. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 1. Ifa signal of low state is represented by 0 and a high state is represented by 1, what form of information system does this represent? iPrepresenis a Bigilal Intormarron system (6iPery Sits ) 2. What information is carried by the signal with Rate 1? ILis_9 DC Component. 3, Does the signal with Rate 2 carry any information? Yes, Ihe signal with Rate 2 carries information4. How ae about the signal as observed on Rate 3? informarian,. ott also. corries BACKGro UNI P AND Objectives To PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 1 reauired net? the Fate of information transfer and its relationship with the required frequency spectrum, PRACTICAL NuMBER 2 Monitor the signals using the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer (use the buttons to change instruments). Pay particular attention to the bandwidth of the three signals when they are displayed on the spectrum analyzer. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 1. Fill out the table: Bit Duration Bit Rate | [rates | 1 2 ° 2 | o0us 09. 0a KIS /s “6806 3 | 16ms lo2.sKoits/s 19 d® | |Rate 3 What are the values of the frequency components are present for: 3. a. Rated BNOnS Es Selenite ‘dei b. Rate2 [4ktl2 , 48 KH2, 78K? , 12.5kH2 , 193. 7KHZ c. Rate3 B2kH2, POKH2, /60KRH2 , 225 KHz, 290 KHZ, OS2 KH2e 4. Is the bandwidth required by a signal dependent on the bit rate? Yes, cates 2 and 32 have ciffercnt bit rofes ond different sional Seeendency n5. Click rate 2 and set the PCM bandwidth control <5> to minimum. Observe the effect on the waveshape as seen on the oscilloscope. Switch to the spectrum analyzer and adjust the PCM bandwidth and observe the changes in the spectrum Which has a higher bandwidth, a waveform with fast edges or @ waveform with rounded edges? Explain. Awaveform with fast cages has @ higher bandwidth because of its low “Pass. filter. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Investigate the spectrum and bandwidth of a pulse train. PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Consider the information source, as shown below. Monitor its signal using the oscilloscope. Ensure the PCM bandwidth control is at maximum and alter the transmitted patter to the patterns given below using the button block provided ‘A red light indicates a bit is in the 1 state. Use the following bit sequences: ippeeceeeaecr) icra eae aura ae | Pattern 7 0 2Observe their signals on the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 1. Do the frequency components of the spectra vary as the bit patterns are changed? Yes, the frequency Components OF De seectra vary as the bil FOHErN is changed ill out the table. Record the gain as observed on the spectrum analyzer display at the specified frequency. 2. Frequency Pattern in i Ls eer eee aa | 32k 13,3. Are the frequency components the same for Pattern Similar / Different 2and 3 Simitor 4and5 similar 6 and 7 Similar Band 4 Different 4 Which among the 7 patterns will occupy the greatest bandwidth? Patterns 2 and 3 “4PART Two: PCM ENCODING BAcKGRo UND AND OBjectives oF PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Identify . represented how the various digital communication codes are digitally PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Proceed to the Code Simulation Practical to investigate different code jPresentations. Change the letters using the left and right arrow. Click the code buttons to change between codes. The Zoom-in and Zoom-out button may be used to expand and contract window display. ‘Sketch the code representation of the following symbols E Q 7 Ta - fori 153. Are the frequency components the same for Pattern Similar / Different 2and 3 Simitor 4and5 similar 6 and 7 Similar Band 4 Different 4 Which among the 7 patterns will occupy the greatest bandwidth? Patterns 2 and 3 “44 sce ad Question: 1, From the waveforms, which communications codes have the same length for code representation? ASCIL_QNd £0C DIC have the same lengrh for Code rreorssentorion ———— BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 Be familiarized with asynchronous transmission, the need for start and stop bits and its coding efficiency PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 Set controls PCM level (4) and PCM bandwidth (5) to maximum and all other knobs to mid-position. Drag the probe to monitor point 8 and adjust Data 0 (0) control on the workboard to provide best received square wave, as shown on the figure above. On the transmit side, click on the arrows to alter transmitted characters and observe the characters received. Questions: 1. Does the letter received account to the transmitted letter? Make sure that the start and stop bits are removed. Repeat for a number of times. yes ibe /etrer received account fo the transmitter Je rrer 162. ‘hy do you think this happens? mm ane BERENS since. the waveforms at the 7+ Oren ale _are_similor. eae ee a red lights on both the Tr and Rr side. In what ; red lights sitar? the lights. on th Je _ore shifted 10 — the righp We ore shirted —10— 3. The red lights and display use the convention of the least significant bit (0) lst on tg he wots dw ee wth first. Why does the oscilloscope show the waveform with the LSB on the left? re form with the L£s® The. oscitios cope sine tt shows the wove form with 4 onihe left Because ils plo ce o) Fiest FGASiniss/00 This time, add the start and stop bits. Observe the transmitted characters with the characters received, Are they in correspondence? Yes, they are 1n corres PONGENCE.— 4. With the addition of the start and stop bits, observe the transmitted waveform on the oscilloscope display. What is, then, the main disadvantage of padding the start and stop bits to our data bits? wun digadvontoge of mading the start and s/o ne _ag/o Hits 1s rhe Gecreose iN ©. FFI CEO RY ‘at will be the efficiency of transmitting an CDIC character on an asynchronous link if it uses one start bit, one stop bit and a parity bit? 72-73% BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Realize the importance of bit clock recovery for serial synchronous transmission PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Monitor the signal of any information source using the display and the ‘oscilloscope. Set PCM bandwith (5) control to maximum, noise level (6) control te minimum, data 0 (9) control for data at monitor point 8 and the rest of the controls at mid-position. 7Questions: 1 Set the transmitted letter to character A. With the sync word 0011010, the received letter the same as the transmitted charactes> ie yes. the received letter 1s the same as the _ Observe the display of the recived charm display is flashing between two letters? [ne Display is floshing between two lettens Because of the rescence Of the Syne word. Are the received letters related to the transmitted character and the ayne word? iter. Why do you think the Yes, the received letters are related to the Fransmilfecl characier SUNG wore Retransmit the character A using a sync word 01010101. Are the received letters related to the transmitted character and the syne word? ‘Account for your observation Ihe_tronsmittec! setter is Cifferent from the receiver fetter — ~ the it e received data the same as what you. Vi the transmitted letters. Is the senresnitied? Experiment with different syne words and observe that some 5 and sore results to a poor performance. will show good results and sc Yes. jhe received Ic/ter data 4 fo what was Francmilted. Tse the Sync on One Bit this time. The synchronizing word is transmitted ag the right-hand bit, With the syne word as 00011010, is there a usin; 5 i i .d bit in the received pattern? : Se ee ne sight hand Sif of rhe re ceived Rofrern 188 How many different letter patterns are received with the letter A transmitted? What are these patterns? tne_o ther characters ore‘? £@" P, 6, 3 9. Change the sync word pattern, Is there any change in the received patterns? None. Ege esses ee eeesceea 10.Set the syne patterns to all zeroes. How many received patterns are observable? Repeat with all ones for the sync word. There are two (2) patterns when the syno _ PaHFErns are all set fo zeroes ano four _ Patterns When ai) set to OneNeobres, Pouline OD fept. + Interpretation of Results: Experiment one is all about the Introduction to Digital Communications and PCM encoding. There are itwororts of the exeerimens. she first part discusses the concens of information. rate of infor mation transfer and its relations hip with the Te~ guired frequency spectrum, and the spectrum and bandwidth of a pulse train. Moreover, the first practical employs rote chonge of signalks to determine whether any informaron is BeINg carried. For the second rroctical, it sii uses rate Chonge but with continous observation on the spectrum anolyzer 10 identify differences iN baorowidih between the three rotes: for rhe last, the number of frequency componenhs differ with the chonge of Sit posterns The second part of the experiment asso focuses on identifying how the various cl/o/ta/ Communi - cation codes are digi/olly represented; familiQrn2za. tion wh asynchronous information, whe neeo for stop and stort bits and its Coding efficiency ; and lastly *he importance of bit Clock recovery for senol synchronous transmission. (Poutell,.Conclusion : Upon performing the exeeriment the following conclusions were drawn "To represent high and low stoles a binary form of information systems uses 73 ond O's ‘In the practical type of bandwidth, only those harmonics with significant magnitudes are Consi- oered os frequency components “The number of bits transmitted per unittime is called 6if rate or information fransfer rore ‘The bandwidth required 4ya signal is dependent on the bil rate “Compared with round edges a fost-edge wave form has a higher bandwidi th ‘ono pulse train, frequencies and bandwidth varies accordingly ‘Not all transmitted bits rdates foo message Same transmitted bits qreused for ming, control, and synchren/2anon. ‘The number of *he fofal bits ond the wrescence ot the stort, stop, and parity Oit js where the efficiency of on asynchronous sink relies. Paula