Mapua INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ‘School of EE-ECE-CoE “LABORATORY 2 3 Number Exper Sampling Theory and nalog fo Digital Communication UL Experiment Title Course/Section [CF/221 /A/Z2 _ Group Number _2 dD Name Nebres, Pauline O. _ race Date of Performance JONUQry 26. 20/7. Date of Submission H ory, 26. 20/7 | \ for. marichs', Sejcra InstructorASSIGNMENTS ON WoRKBOARD Sampling, AtoD Conversion PART ONE: SAMPLING THEORY BACKGROUND AND Objective OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Investigate a pulse amplitude modulator circuit. PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Observe the source signal at <16>, the sampling square wave at <2> and the PAM signal at <18>. Compare all signals using the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer, Alter the analog source, signal frequency (2) and signal level (1) and observe the results. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 1. Describe the frequency spectra of the following: a. Input sine wave Iwo peaks Con be observed an the spectro b. Sampling signal WPOS YOrWING amplitudes w/ multiole frequencies. c. PAM signal Weole trequencias w/ low amplitudes MW NOs# peaks on the PAM spectrum while increasing the Seen Si8hal frequency and maintaining the sampling frequency constant. State your observation i dbeiween + SOKS INcreQses ee BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 Examine the effects of PAM signal as processed by a sample-and‘hold circuit. PRACTICAL NuMBER 2 Observe the PAM signal monitor point 18 using the oscilloscope. Vary the Signal frequency (2) and the Signal level (1) controls, Observe the Sample Pulses ‘monitor point 3. Investigate the effect of altering the Sample time (4) control Look at the Sample and Hold signal monitor point 19 with the oscilloscope. Vary the Signal frequency (2) and Sample time (4) controls and observe the results.ne 7 QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 1. Why is there a buffer amplifier at the output of the sample-and-hold Greuit? JAS buffer omalitier main the eneroy SE IRE som pie~ anc held circuit. 2. What happens to the spectra of the PAM si ignal when the sample pulse is made very short? Why? he Sampling frequency increases gs it is mane vers short 3. What happens to the PAM waveform when the sample pulse is made long equency of the PAM signal made large? s_somam frequencies Jecrease ang JAS 84M sine! is mode /oroe 4 Account for the ideal requirements for a sample-and-hold circuit in terms of its sample time and charging time constant. somal time sh WG BS shor, More samples t to ebtoin BACKGROUND AND OnyrcTIVEs OF PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Investigate the effects of ali ig on sampled waveforms. PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 A PAM signal of variable frequency is sampled at 8 kHz, resulting in a ed and held 1 filtered. By adjusting the PAM signal's full range you will observe the effects of sampling at a rate which is beiow the Nyquist rate. Set all of the Potentiometer controls to their mid positions, 37it aerve the analog source signal monitor point 16, the Sampled Signal ‘Renitor point 19 and the Filter output monitor point 23 with the oscilloscope. Adjust the Signal frequency (2) control over ite whole range and examine the Fesulting sampled signals. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 1. Slowly change the frequency control for the input PAM signal from * minimum to maximum and observe the sampled output signal. Describe ‘what happens to the sampled signal. makes the. signal. fine and more. accurate of the input signal until the sampled output signal appears to become a square wave at a certain frequency. What is the frequency ofthe input signal when this occurs? ine freguency is Gbous KHz ss 3. What do you think is happening at this point? tis Being equalized a 2. Adjust the FrequencyInvestigate quantization and its sampled sine wave, PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 Monitor the DC signal at monitor point 19. Vary the level with the DC ‘ontrol (5). Now look at monitor point 22, the quantized output. Observe the operation of the quantizer. Now change the number of quantization levels to sixteen and observe the result level «: QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 1. With eight levels and sine wave selected, set the sampled signal level (1) control for 1.4V peak to peak (monitor point 19). Does the quantized signal (monitor point 22) approximate the input signal? the Quontized wg o/s Not B0 et 2. Reduce the level of the input signal to 02V pk-pk, with the numberot ‘quantizing levels still sct to eight. Does the quantized signal approximate the input signal? aes Ibe quantized signa/ does not TREC * RAS, Pe 3. Increase the number of quantizing levels to sixteen. Did the quantized signal change? Why? range of Poss’ ble “values Yes, becouse jhe /S Civided into equal sections. 4. What can you say about the number of quantizing levels used and the distortion of the quantized signal? The higher the Quantity icvel, the less he ClistOr HON 39Back ‘GROUND AND OsyectIvEs oF PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 Investigate the binary coding of quantized sampled signals, PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 Use the same procedure as in the previous practical to examine the ‘waveforms at monitor points 19 and 22. Observe the effect of the quantizer on a variable sine wave or variable DC level with eight o sixteen qu: ' nizing levels. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 2 1. For eight quantizing levels, how many bits are needed to code each sample? —_I_ bits ore needed. 2 How many bits are needed for sixteen quantizing levels? ——i_Bits are needed. 3. How many will be required for 256 quantizing levels? _6 bits are needed _ BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 Investigate companding and its effects on the transmitted signal. PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 On the dual-irace oscilloscope the yellow trace is always connected to monitor point 16, Compare the compressed and uncompressed signals monitor points 17 & 16 while altering the signal level (1) control. 40fare apes Examine the quantized signal at monitor point 22 with and without compression, and with eight and sixteen quantizing levels. Also examine the received signal before the expander at monitor point 23 and after it at monitor point 24 while altering the signal level. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL NUMBER 3 1. Compare the compressed and uncompressed signal as the signal level varies from small signal to large signal. mail signals are more compressed — “thon jorge signals at 2. With the companding off, observe the unexpanded output signal at monitor point 23. Is the unexpanded output signal sinusoidal for a large input signal? Why is this so? No, the outau! signal is clin ged because the signal excceded ihe range 7he Quontzer 3. Set the quantizer to sixteen levels. Reduce the input signal level until a square wave is seen and observe the quantizer output. Now tum the compression on. What happens to the quantized signal? Explain how this happened. from a square wave, SiQna/ turns quan tized sinisoidal Signal 4, Compare the expanded output signal while companding is on with the ‘unexpanded signal while companding is off. Which output is less distorted for a small input signal? Why? aAtoa Ihe ousout thar is fess is torte small inpuk signal i ihe. Pies output 4Nebres, Rouline O Exerd Interpretation of Results Fxeeriment 3 focuses on sampling theory ond Qnaleg to Aigital conversion. for Prachca/ 1 we will vestigate apulse amplitude amplitude modulator circuit. As observed. ere is 9 BEAK Near O Hz for he (WRU? sine wave, he peaks Cecreases as the frequency Mncreases for sampling signal, and lastly. for PAM Signal which is similar to the somaling signal Sur With shorter peaks Ond if ts doubled On the next practical, we will examine the effects Of PAM signal as processed YQ sample and hold cirewit Looking at the output, there is @ bUSfer amplifier w/C was used fo obtain the input.When fhe samA/e pulse is made very short. the signal spectra was clecreased. For the third prociical, we will investigate the effects of aliasing on sampled waveforms. As we adjust the Signal freguency 10 its MAXIMUM, The waveform become square in shqpe. Unlike, when if is OF MAXIMUM the square wave is visible Moving on to analog to AigitO! conversion, we will first investigate Quantization and its effect ong varioble OC /eve/ and ona somplec Sine wave. With cight levels and Sing wave selected ,/2€ Quaontized signal is not aprroximok, the input signa/ sing clipping occured at he guaniized signal j)Conclusion “The PAM signa! will hove zero amplitude when Nis at Roinis where the omplitucle of the Sguare wave is 2ero. *Afportions where the amplitude of the PAM Wave is zero, NO iN formation about the woveform carried. */n sample mode. a signal is connected 70 a Capacitor via switch. The switch is determined Sy input sompling pulse *When the switch is on, it Provides low impedance. Path for the analog signal 70 be Aeposited fo +e caracifor. *For undersam pled waveforms, an alias of Ihe origina! intelligence signal will be produced. * Quantization is KNOWN as assigning PCM codes to absolute magnitucles ‘The conversion of comple pulse height to PCM codes recluces the vulnerable of the siong/ fo noise Auning transmission. *Companding is The process of comaressino higher amplitude analag signals or expanding the smaller amplitude prior 2 TrANS Mission ano! the cxpanding at ihe receiver lo remove some of the effects of guanhzahon Cistrhoy Cub.