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    AC Circuits Krisnaveni

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    1, ALTERNATING CURRENTS. ‘Any quantity which is varying with respect to time is called as an alternating quantity. ‘An altemating quantity may be periodic or non periodic. if an alternating quantity is varying Wart. time by obeying the following function, then itis called as period otherwise itis called as non periodic. f() =f (Ce AT), nis an integer 0,1, 2 vain Tis the time period. The general waveforms are always periodic and the general expression for sinusoidally varying voltage is given V(O= Vin Sin ot +6) called es peak or amplitude of 1 12 t Is called as argument in radians, ® is the angular frequency in rad/s @ is the phase in radians. 2. Average value : The average value of an alter- rating quantity is expressed by that steady ‘current which transfers across any circult the same charge as is transferred by that alter- rnating current during the same time. ‘The general expression for average value of @ periodic function y(t) with time period T is siven by, 24 io Yav oF {you For symmetrical waveforms, if the average value is calculated for one complete cycle, thenits value is zero. So, for such waveforms only half eycle time period is to be taken to calculate the average —_ value. (Ex. Sinusoidal ) For unsymmetrical alternating quantities, the average value must always taken over the whole cycle. 8. RMS Value : The ms value of an alternating our- rents given by that steady current which when 22 23 flowing through a given circuit fora given time produces the same heat as produced by the alternating current when flowing through tho same circuit for the same time, ‘The genieral expression for the ms value of € periodic alternating quantity y(t) with time period T is given by 1 +h Tf roa While finding the rms value for an altemat- ing quantity, time period for one complete éycle must be taken irrespective of whether the waveform is symmetrical or unsymmetri= cal. Both the average and rms values of an al- temating quantity are the de equivalent val- ues, former calculated based on charge ba- sis and later calculated based on heating effect basis. 4, Form and Peak Factors : RMS value ‘Average Value Maximum value alue The following table | gives the RMS, aver- ‘age, peak and form factor details forthe most ‘commonly used waveforms (Given in the next page) From: the tabular form, it can be observed that the average, rms and peak values of ‘square wave form is same and so it will have lpast form factor and peak factor values as compared to other waveforms. The form factor is highest for half wave reo- tified waveform, The peak factor is highest for half wave rec- tifier waveform, Both the sinusoidal waveform and full wave rectified wavetorm, are having same values for RMS, average, form factor and peak fac- tor. at Yems = 32 3:3 ) From factor ii) Peak factor = 4a 42 43 44 46 Eee eecee SPEECH ‘Sti Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA. BAI I A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES ELECTRICAL ENGG. Rectangular rectifier y, Be 0-707 Vm 2V,, 2 = 0.636 Vin| Averagd ra Form it factor Peak y2= 1-414 2 factor Co - Ee 5, Conditions for finding the phase angle be- tween two alternating sinusoidal quanti- ties. Both the alternating quantities must have the ‘same frequency . Otherwise itis not possible to find phase angle. Ex. Lot v4 () = Vm Sin @;t ve (t) = Vm Cos at The phase angle between V1 (t) & V2 () cannot be determined . Both the quantities must be either sinusol- dally varying or cosinusoidally varying . Both the quantities must be expressed with positive amplitude, Both the quantities need not have the same amplitude. 6. Power: Powers the rate of energy conversion. 7. Apparant Power: Ina single phase circuit, the product of rms value of voltage and current is known as apparant power. ‘Apparant Power $ = VI, Volt Amperes re move 2 Sri Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA Pesing 8, Real Power: Itis the product of rms voltage and the in phase component of rms current Real Power P =-(V) (I Cos ¢) cos 4, watts. Reactive Power : Itis the product of rms voltage and tae quadrature component of rms cur- rent Reactive Power Q = (V) (I Sin 4) Sin @, VAr 10. Complex power : . P=ViCos 6 = RP [VI'} aevising = IP [VI"}; S=VI 40.1. The relationship among the three powers is ELECTRICAL ENGG. fined as ‘age and current. 1 the at of gape iti) the ratio of wa {Power Factor : The power factor may be de- ') the cosine of the phase angle between volt- respstance Impedance’ “& ‘The value of pf can never be more than unity. 122 12.Characteristics of elements R, L & C for sinusoidal input voltage. Impedance of a network is defined as the ratio of voltage phasor to current phasor, 12.2 Admittance of a network is defined'as the ratio of current phasor to voltage phasor A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES ¥ Z=— , Ohms T vate dome v Element R Basic Unit Ohms t Henries Cc Farads Opposition to de T= VIR Opposition to ac. tev Effect of frequency Voltage and current ‘expression y, {| Phase angle in phase || Power factor Unity PR=VeIR ‘Average Power Impedance Z = Ree Resistance R Resistance R V (= Vm sin oot i@=42 sin at (andi (Y) are Reactance X, Xp= 2m fl. TeV, V, zero lag vt None (short circuit) X_ increases with increase in frequency V()=Vm sin ot i (ugh ein (@t-90°) 1 () lags v (1) by 90° Infinity (open circuit) Reactance Xe 1 Xe TC I= VX Xe decreases with increase in frequency V()= Vm sin ot y, 1(@ = y™ sin (t+ 90") 1 () leads v (t) by 90° zero load SriKrishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES oC Sti Krishnavent Educational Academy, VJA ra, Summary of result of series and parallel circuits: Series R&L R&C R,L&C Impedance Za\R2+X, VRE TRS RE ORL Re Phase angle | legging leading lag or lead or inphase for current depending on relative values lot X: & Xe Range of phase | 0 << 90° 0<$< 90" Between 0° to 90° angle (iag or lead) x,-X, angle $= Tan* &/R) $= Tan! & JR) g=Tant a8 Powerfactor | 1>pt>0 1>pi>0 > pf>o Power ViCos ViCos 6 Vi. Cos @ Effect of Both Z & will increase | Both Z & will It depends on relative frequency ‘pith inorease in frequency] decrease with inere- values of Xi & Xc ase in frequency Parallel R&C RL&C Admitance VOTE [+ Go-B) Phase angle Tagging feading ‘Lag or iead or inphase for current depending on relative va- lues of B, & Be Range of phase |. 0< $< 90° 0< o< 90" Between 0° to 90° angle (lag or lead) B,-By angle = Tans (B/G) = Tan (B/G) = Tan! Ey Power VICos > ViCos > ViCos > Effect of ‘The phase angle ‘The phase angle @ | The phaso angle } depends frequency srerenos with inere- | increases with incre- | on relative valuos of B. and ase in frequency ase in frequency B 44, Resonance : Acircuitis said to bein resonance ae : ‘when the applied voltage V and resulting ena current | are in phase in a LC - 45. Series resonance : The impedance of the se ties circuit is given by Z=R+j (XL—Xe) 948) 4 ELECTRICAL ENGG. A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES 18.1 The resonant irequency f, is given by 1 1 fy= OF @> = 2n VEC = Ee 152 At resonance, the imaginary part of imped- ance is zero, 15.3 The resonant frequency value is dependent cnly on the values of L & C and Is indepen- dent of R. 15.4 Under resonance, the Impedance Is F only ‘and the current is given by Jy=] (Maximum value). The applied vott- age is avallable across R only. The Power is unity. foliage magnification takes place across L ‘and C. The applied Voitage is magnified by Qo times. 15.6 I the supply frequency (is less than reso- rant frequency ((.) the circuit will behaves as capacitive with leading pt. 15.7 If f= fg the circuit will bohave as resistive at upt. 15.8. Iff> tf, the circuit will be have as inductive at lagging pt. 18,8. Band width (BW) Af=fp ~*. tis the band of 2 frequencies between two points on elther side of resonant frequency where the tent falls to 1A/2 times of its maximum at resonance, 155, fe 7 16.10 The points A & B are also be called as halt power points because at these points, the ower in the circuit is half of the power at esoance condition, (is called as lower halt power frequency), (eis called as upper haif power frequency.) 18.11 Atfet, ;2=R-jR ; IZia RVD =ReIR 5 eR 16. Quality factor or Q-factor: The quality factor’ of coils, capacitors and circuits is defined as Masimam enesgy sored in the cet Qe 2m ergy disipated per eye in the cca ol For RL series circult Q = => ‘The quality factor of a ALC series circuit un- der resonance condition is given by oL 4 ao- Se - L Re” @,CR 16.1 The relationship among quality factor, band width and resonant frequency is given by § O = BW 16.2. Tho relationship among fo, f, and fis given by Ravi 163" If the BW is more, selectivity will become: _ less. 17. Parallel resonance: The admittance of the cir- ‘cuit shown in figure is Y=@+j (@-B) ‘Under resonance condition B, = B of 17.1. Tho resonant frequency is same forboth se- ries & parallel circuits. 17.2 The impedance offered by the circuit under resonance condition Is maximum and the ‘current is minimum l=YV=GV 17.3. If te fo, the circuit will behave as inductive with lagging pfs. 174 If =o, the circuit will behave as resistive with unity ph 17.5 {> fo, the circuit will behave as capacitive with leading pf. In paralle! resonance circuit, current “magnification takes place through inductor and capacitor under resonant condition, The rent is magnified by Qo times. The 17. Sri Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA. A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES. ELECTRICAL ENGG. current drawn {rom supply flows through re- sistance only. ‘The quality factor Qo under resonant condi- tion is given by R = — = @,cR Q% asl CI 177 18 Three phase balance and unbalanced cireuits: Athree phase system Is said to be balanced, + ifthe Voltage magnitude Is same in all the three phases and if they are displaced by +120*trom one another (ot) the vectorial sum of the three phase voltage system must be zero. If either of the above two conditions is not fulfilled, then it is called as unbalanced volt- age system, 19. Phase sequence: It is the order in which the ‘three phases attain their peak or maximum, values, The phase séquence depends on the direction of rotor in an alternator. As the ro- tor will have only two possible directions, there are two types of phase sequences, 19.1. For ABC phase seuence (positive phase sequence) Va=Vmsin cot Vim sin (ot — 126° Vc = Vm Sin (Cot + 120°) 19.2 The peak values are taken as same: since each phase is assumed to consists of equal number of tums. 19.3 For ACB phase sequence (Negative phase sequence) Va = Vm sin ot Vo = Vm sin (cot - 120°) Ve Vm sin (cot + 120") 19.4 A three phase voltage system may be con- nected in star or in delta. 20, In Star: I) Line voltage Vi = ¥/3 x Phase Voltage Vph li) Line current 4, = Phase current Ipn ii) Line voltages are balanced if phase volt- age are balanced Iv) The line voltages will lead {or lag) 30° with respect of their phase voltages if the phase sequence is positive (or negative) v) The phase angle between line voltage and line current is (30° + $) depending ‘on nature.of load. 18.2 21. In Delta : 1) Line voltage = phase voltage {i) Line currant = 3 x ptiase current i) The line currents are batanced if the cor- responding phase currents are balanced. iv) The line currents wil lag (or lead) by 30° with respective to phase currents if the phase sequence is positive (or nogative) v) The phase angle between line voltage ‘and line current is (30° + ¢) depending on nature of load. 22. Balanced load : Aload is said to be balanced it & the magnitude and phase anglé of imped- Banco [6 same i all the thee phasos. Other ‘wise Its Called as unbalanced load. 23. Power in a 3 phase balanced load : It the load is balanced, 8 phase power = 8 x Power in one phase or Active power PeV3xVx Lx Cos 6, watts. ‘where ¢ isthe phase angle between Vpn and pp only. Reactive power Q = V3 Vik sin 6, VAR Apparant Power S= 3 V, t., VA SavPP+@ 24, Unbalanced star connected load : i) In the case of 3 phase, 4 wire unbalanced star connected load, the neutral wire carries the sum of unbalanced currents flowing through three phases. Vint = Ma + Ip + lot ii) If the load is balanced, the neutral wire car- rlas zero current. iii) The three phase power is estimated as the sum of three individual phase powers. iv) The line currents are not balanced if the load is unbalanced. v) | Floating neutral exist in a 3 phase, 3 wire star connected unbalanced load. 25. Unbalanced delta connected load : i) As the load is unbalanced, the phase cur- rents are unbalanced and liné currents are also unbalanced. But at any instant of time, the sum of the three line currents is zero. li) The three phase power is estimated as the ‘sum of three independent phase powers. 26. Power Measurement in 3 phase circuits: a) Three wattmeter method : In this method, three watt meters are inserted in Sri Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VA ELECTRICAL ENGG. 26.3 26.4 each phase. Algebraic sum of thelr readings ives the power consumed by 3 phase load. Wo= Wi + We + Wo This Is method. is valid for both balanced or lunbalariced Y/A connected loads. ) Two wattmeter method : | the load is balanced and inductive the two wattmeter reads as follows. Wi = Vib Cos (90° +4) We = Vi h Cos (30°— 9) Total Power = P= Wy + Wo = VB Mh Cos @ io, Pf is unity or the load is resistive fo=0%, then Ws = We = Vit. Cos 90° WE Vole i.e. Both the wattmeters read equal and posi- tive readings with kalf magnitude, 1 = 60°, or pf = 0.5 (lag or lead) then Wy = 0, hence the total power is measured by Wo alone. 11.90% @ > 60° ie., 0< PI< 0.5, then Wy is negative and We stil reads positive value, but both are not equal in magnitude. 1 @ = 90° or Pf = 0, then Wy and We will fead equal and opposite values and.the re- sultant power is zero, For a balanced load, Pf.of the load can be. estimated from the two wattmeter readings. V5 (w, = w,) wy V3 (w, —w,) Ww, +W, Tang= or pf=Cos 4 = Active Power BVI, “For measuring power in a balance load, the ‘minimum number of wattmeters required is one. For measuring power in an unbalanced load, the minimum number of waitmeters required is two. 1 10. nt 12. A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TOPIC ‘The average value for a symmetrically varying altemating quantity is given by 1 1 Yor “@) f yOu For unsymmetrical wave form 1 re Yo = fy Oa The RMS value for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical wave from is estimated as ia a tf” (dt. The phase angle between two alternating Quantities can be determined only they have same frequency. ‘The power factor of an ac circuit will vary in between 0 to 1 andit can never be more than unity, The impedance and admittances of an cit- uit are complex numbers, For an inductive circuit, the phase angle is lagging whether R and L are connected in ‘seties or in parallel For capacitive circuit, the phase angle is lead- ing whether R and C are connected in series oF in parattel, A circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage aid resultant current phasor dre in phase. Under that condition power fac- tor is unity. The quality factor is defined as = 2rt Maximum energy stored in the circuit Q=2n erry dsspted per even he eT ‘Asie power P = apparent power x power factor Reactive power Q = Apparant power x Sin Apparant power 8 =P? + e ‘The power in a circuit can be measured by using a waitmeter, ‘The minimum number of wattmeters required to measure power in a three phase balanced. load is 1. SriKrishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES ELECTRICAL ENGG. ‘Where as in a unbalanced load the minimum number is 2. The reactive power in a three phase circuit by using two wattmeter method isQ= V3 x (W,—W,) VAR WORKEDOUT EXAMPLES ‘An ac current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of 50 Hz has an rms value of 415A. Calculate the instantaneous value of current at (a) 2.6 ms after the first current zero and (b) 2.5 ms after its positive maxi- mui value. At what time after the posi- tive maximum will the Instantaneous value of current be 10.607 A. frequency He; I, = 5A 1()= by Sin t= 15x42 sin 100 nt 5 ms i()=15x 2 Sin 100xxx 25% 10% =15A 1 =2.5 ms (after maximum value) time to reach peak value = 5 ms time from zero crossing .= 5 + 2.5 =7.5ms 16 x V2. sin (10x 1x7.5 x 1079) 15A igs 1sx V2 sinftoont] 40.607 = 15 x ‘V2 Sin{ (r2 + 100 nt] => 05 = Cos (100 rt) i 1 300 + 8 2. time = 8.383 ms after positive maximum value Calculate the maximum value of gener- ated emf In a coll which is rotating at @ speed of 50 revolutions / second in a unl- form magnetlc field of 0.8 wh/m?. The coll Is wound ona square former havingsides ‘of 5 em fength and wound with 300 turns. ‘Speed = 50 ips ; B=08 A=5X5X 104m? Tums = 300 Em= 2 2BANN =2mX 08x 25x 10% x 60x 300 = 188.5V A current of (8 + J6) A flows through a clrouit when an alternating emf of (120 + [200) Vis applied across it. Calculate the true power and reactive power of the cir- cuit, = (6 + j6) A V= ( 120+ j200) V ‘Active power P = re [VI"] = [(120 + j200) (6-6)] = 120 (8) +200 (6) = 2.160 KW reactive power Q = In [VI] = In {(120 + j200) (8-F6)] [-120 (6 + 200 (8)] = 880 VAr Alternating voltage (80-{60) V Is applied to a circuit and the current flowing Is (4-43) A. Calculate a ) impedance of the circuit b) the power consumed c) the phase angle. Voltage = 80 + | 60 Current =~4 + 3A _Noltage _ 80—j 60 Impedance = Corent = A=}3 100 2-36-86° 52-36-86° = 20202 Power consumed = Re [VI*] =Re[ 100 2-36.865x5 2 36.86)} = 500 Watts: Phase angio = 0" A circult having a power factor of 0.8 Grawe a current of 300A at 11000 V. Calculate the active and reactive compo- nents of power drawn by the circuit, Active Power = VI Cos: Active Power = 11000 x 300 0.8 2640KW Reactive Power Sin @ Reactive Power = 11000 300 0.6 }980 KVAr A single phase ac motor operating on 230V, 50 Hz supply develops 3.73 Kw with an efficiency of 80% and a power factor. of 0.6 lagging Calculate a) the input KVA b) the input current. Voltage = 230V; f = 50 Hz Output power = 3730 Watts: Sri Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA. we AC. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES ELECTRICAL ENGG. efficiency = 0.8, Pf=0.6 (lagging) Indicate 1000 watts and 3732 watts re- a) speotively. Find the power factor of the Input power = 5730 cireutt, Sol We = 5782 ; W; = 1000 ie, Vicos = 4662.5 W,-», aa tno= V3 ar Input KVA= Vix “9823 7770vA 3732-1000 = v3 (Feo) 4 input cuenti= 2222 a 337 8 Grrr 1000 7. A10 Ohms resistor is connected in Adina i series with an inductance coll and a || 4 ower [acer Coe 15 = O70” edt capacitor across a 100v, variable fre- || 10. Adeltaconnect supplied from a quency source. When the frequency-is 210 x ¥3 V,3 phase, 50 Hz supply. The 300-Hz, the clroult current reaches its current through any line Is 30A and the maximum value and voltage across ca- power consumed by load per phase is. pacitance Is 240V. Calculate the inductive 630W. Calculate the Impedance of each ‘and capoitive reactances and also qual- branch, the line current and power con- Ity factor. sumed if the load is star connected, Sol. R =100hms V= 100 V Ve = 240V Sol. A.connection : Peeeea te fine voltage = 210 x V3. V Maximum current b= 42 = 104 line current = 308 Phase Power = 630 watts 240 line current _ 30 Xe = FO 224 Phase current = = a vB NB 240 . Phase voltage auetty tactor= 80-24 Impodanceofoad = Phase alage 8. Abalanced delta connected 3 phase load has an impedance of ( 12 +] 16) across 2103 each phase. If a 3 phase, 400V source 30 Ya) = 212 feeds the load, calculate (a) phase cur- (G0v3) got, PETE) tal power consumed Total power = 630 8 = 1890 watts Impedance = 12 +16 Ohms ayes Pe V3 x V,x I, x cos Line voltage = phase voltage = 400v Phase voltage _ 400 Phase current = Fae = OO = 20A Line current = V3 x Phase current = V3 x 20=84.644 Total power consumed = V3 V, I, Cos ¢ Lh V3 x 400x 34.64% 0.6 14.400 Watts ‘Two watimeters corinected to measure the input to a balanced 3 phase circuit 1890= ¥3 x 210x V3 x 30% cos 1890 008 9 = iggy = O41 yeonnectior __ Phase voltage 210 _ Phase current “freee” = “BI = 1A Line current = 104 Power= V3. x.V, x 1, x Cos > = 3x 210% VB x 10x 04 = 680 Watts. Sri Krishnaveni Educational Academy, VJA. A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES. Reciprocal of reactance Is 1) admittance 2) conductance 8) suspectance _4) resistance : 11. The power generated in the machine of same os fe cuca wave fn tof factor is Hindepral ony worsiyp past nid 222 4055 sem gfeater than, when the machine Is oper- 2. For sinusoidal voltage, the rms voltage is beta leprae AyVmIN2 ¢ — 2)2Vpl 8) 50% 4) 300% 8) V/2 4) Vit 12, Ina star connected balanced 3 phase cit- 8. For sinusoidla wave form, the crest factor is {41 24.15 8) 1.44 4) 1.414 41) Line voltage = — Phase Voltage 4, Toa condenser ac supply is given 2) Line Current — Phase current (equal to) 4) The current will not flow 9) current in the neutral wire is — (zero) 2) There is no continuous flow of current in The wattmeter reads ied avons poner 8) The current tlows Gontinuously 3)maximum power 4) RMS power, 4) None 44, In the measurement of power by two watt- 5. Which of the following statement is correct ‘meter method in a three phase circuit, fone 1) In a purely resistive circuit, there is self of the wat! meters gives deflection in reverse induced emt to oppose the applied volt- direction, age 1) Connections of pressure coil terminals are 2) Ina purely inductive clroult, there is self reversed induced emt to oppose the applied volt- 2) Connections of current coll terminals aro age teversed : 8) Ina purely capacitive circuit, there is selt 8) Connections of pressure and current col induced emf to oppose the applied vol- terminals are reversed age 4) Phase sequence is reversed 6. Pick out the wrong statement. 18. Fora balance 3 em the reective 1) WX, > Xe the current will lag the ee ce voltage pera 2) If X_ = Xe the current will lag the 3Vt.Cose 2VIVKSING applied voltage 3) V3 Vpn lon Sin & 3) IFX, < Xe the current wil lead the applied 4) NB Vil Cos voltage 46. One wattmeter method of power measure- 7. The resonant frequency for a series RLC oir. ment can also be used for unbalanced load cuit is given by ina three phase system et y— 1) True 2) False Woe Le 1, The neutral point of load will be known as 1 7 % floating when 3) = aCe 4) the load is connected in detta 2nvEC 7 2) the load is connected in star and its 8. The band width in terms circuit parameters ‘slats otuiadiad Ww bapals atari by DRL ae earthing oe ee 8) tho load is connected in star and the un- fee ee ee balanced load is supplied from a $ phaso, 2nfyL 4 wire system Ue en 4) the unbalanced 3 phase load is 3) 2m ij connected in star and neutral is not con- nected to supply neutral at all, ELECTRICAL ENGG, Sri Krishnayeni Educational Academy, VJA ELECTRICAL ENGG. 18. 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. A.C. CIRCUITS & A.C. MACHINES The power supplied to a 3 phase, star con- nected resistive load when the line voltage and line currents are 200V and 10A respec- tively, is 1) 1.73 Kw 23 kw 3) 3.46 Kw ay Kw The AC system is preferred to DC system because 1) AC Voltages can be easily changed in magnitude 2) DC motors do not have fine speed controt 38) High Voltage AG transmission is less ef- ficient 4) DC voltages can not be used for domes- tic appliances, In AC system, we generate sine wave form because 1) itean be easily drawn 2) it produces least disturbance in the cir- cuits 8) Itis nature 5 stand 4) Other waves cannot be produced easily. sree wll produce AC voltage 1) Friction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Thermal energy 4) Crystal

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