hapter ‘S41. GENERAL ‘The ideas of an engineer are converted into reality by an important tool of his ssion, namely, the specifications. It deals with the methods of execution, qualities ssaterials, nature of labour to be employed, proportions in which materials are be mixed, measurement of work done, etc. In this chapter, the topic of specifications will be discussed and it will be followed = set of model specifications for some of the common civil engineering items. DEFINITION drawings of a structure will show the proportions and relative positions of ssrious parts. It is not possible to furnish the data regarding the quality of als and workmanship on the drawings due to shortage of space. Hence, this ation regarding the quality of materials and workmanship is conveyed in ‘=parate contract document which is known as the specifications for the work. term is derived from old French word specifier or Latin specificare meaning to Thus, it is intended that the combination of the drawings and specifications completely define the structure, physically as well as technically. OBJECTS OF SPECIFICATIONS specifications of the work are mainly written for the following three objects: “)) The specifications define the quality of materials and workmanship. Hence, the contractor who is filling the tender for the work will be able to put correct rates for the different items of the work. 2) The information and instructions contained in the specifications will serve as a guide to the contractor as well as to the supervising staff during the execution of the work. +) The main object of the specification is to state the information which the r engineer wants to convey so as to fulfil the needs of his design. The ideal specification framed by the engineer aims'to protect the owner from any damage due to bad workmanship or low-quality materials and at the same time, maximum freedom to perform the work is given to the contractor so as to turn out a satisfactory end product. Thus, the specifications describe and limit the responsibilities of the owner and contractor.66 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [ch. 5 5-4. IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFICATIONS ‘The drawings and specifications form two important contract documents. The informations (such as dimensions, types of construction, etc.) which can be easily expressed graphically are put up on the drawings. On the other hand, the instructions which can be easily expressed well in words are written in the specifigations. But generally, the provisions in the specifications are given more legal strength and most of the contracts state that in case of discrepancy between the drawings and specifications, the provisions of the specifications shall govern. Thus, the specifications play an important part in construction work and heavy responsibility is attached to the specification writer for his job. 5-5. USE OF SPECIFICATIONS The specifications of the project are prepared or written by the engineer on behalf of the owner. But unless the owner is a qualified technical man, they mean no more to him than a doctor’s prescription full of medical terms and symbols. It is quite likely that nobody may read all the specifications except the engineer or architect. However, if the project is to be properly constructed, the specifications serve as the best guide to the contractor and his sub-contractors, material suppliers and architect's or owner's site supervisors. It also serves as an useful legal document in case of disputes between the owner and the contractor. 5-6. TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS ‘The specifications are broadly divided into the following two categories: (1) Brief specifications (2) Detailed specifications. 5-6-1. BRIEF SPECIFICATIONS While preparing the estimate, the quantity surveyor writes down the brief deseripti of every item. These are known as brief specifications and they do not form part the contract document. They are only useful to the person preparing the estimal of the work 5-6-2. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS ‘The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document and they divided into three groups as follows: (1) General provisions (2) Technical provisions (3) Standard specifications. (1) General provisions: These are also known as conditions of contract and 1 apply to the work as a whole, In this document, the conditions governing contract are written. We will study this topic in detail in chapter 16 of the boArt. 5-6-2] Specifications 67 (2) Technical provisions: These specifications describe the technical requirements of each type of construction. The technical provisions contain detailed instructions regarding the desired quality of the final product. They also provide for the inspection and tests during construction to make sure that the specified requirements are being obtained. However, while framing the technical provisions, it should be observed that they are in accordance with the provisions in the drawings of the work, The technical provisions are of three types: (i) Specifications for materials and workmanship i) Specifications for performance Specifications for proprietary commodities. We will now discuss them in detail. (i) Specifications for materials and workmanship: These specifications are written for engineering structures such as bridges, buildings, etc. where it is not possible to conduct any practical test to ensure that the structure will perform its required services throughout its desired period of utility Hence, in such types of engineering structures, a rigid control over the materials and workmanship becomes essential. Hence, in these specifications, the stress is put up on the quality of the materials and workmanship. If materials and workmanship are as per requirements of the specifications, the performance of the structure entirely depends on the structural design of the work. For materials, the following properties should be included in the specifications: (a) physical properties such as strength, hardness, etc.; (b) chemical composition of the materia (c) electrical, thermal and acoustical properties; (a) appearance of the material; (ce) information regarding protection required during transport, handling and storage of the materials; (f) a clear statement regarding the inspection and procedure of test of the material. Also, the place of inspection and test should be clearly specified in the specifications i.e., factory or site or laboratory, etc. For workmanship, the following important features should be included in the specifications (a) The results desired should be specified while keeping in view the practical limits of tolerance. (b) The detailed description of the construction method for each item should be written. (c) The instructions regarding the protection of the finished work as well as of the adjacent property should also be specified.68 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [ch.5 Specifications for performance: These specifications are based on the overall performance of the finished product and hence, they are written for equipments and machinery such as pumps, motors, etc. The principal features to be included in this type of specifications are as follows: (a) General description: The equipment or machinery for which the specification is meant should be described to the contractor in a general way so as to give a complete idea regarding size, shape, etc. of the equipment or machinery. (b) Design and installation: If the equipment required is desired to be of a particular design, the same should be specified. Regarding installation, the minor machinery is usually installed by the main contractor. But in case of large machines, turbines, heavy cranes, etc., the owner invites separate tenders and enters into a separate contract. In the latter case, the specification should clearly state the final responsibility of erection and installation of the equipment and it should also state the facilities to be obtained from the main contractor such as preparation of foundation for the base of the equipment, fixing of anchor bolts, etc. Moreover, the specification should also provide for the co-ordination of the machinery installation with the rest of the work. (©) Provision for special equipment: If the equipment is of a special type, the specification should clearly state the detailed design of the special equipment. The practice normally followed in such cases is to specify the type, power, capacity, efficiency, etc. of the special equipment and to ask the contractor to choose the design of the special equipment. (d) Guarantee: The specification should also provide for the period of guarantee from the contractor for the performance and durability of the equipment. It should also provide for the supply of spar parts, special tools, etc. for a specified period Specifications for proprietary commodities: These specifications includ commercial products which are standardized or patented. Hence, it becom essential to know exactly the quality of the product beforehand becau: there is no control over the materials or workmanship or performan Hence, only thing to be mentioned in this type of specification will to state a name of a particular brand or firm. However, it is not desirable in case of public works to specify cert trade names or brands, due to the following reasons: (a) A monopoly is created for the patented article. (b) A doubt of favouritism is laid down on the officer writing specifications. (©) Itis possible that some other manufacturers may be able to sup] the same article of better quality at a lower cost.Art. 5-6-2] Specifications 69 Hence, to avoid such difficulties, one of the following clauses is added in this type of specification: (a) It is a general practice to specify the selected brand and then, it + is followed by the phrase or equal. It is, however, very difficult to determine equality when a substitute is proposed by the contractor. Normally, the engineer decides this equality. But he becomes a “subject of criticism by the manufacturers and contractors. Also, if two substitutes of equal quality but of different prices are available, it becomes a matter of dispute between the owner and the contractor. Due to all such complications, this phrase of or equal is not used at present, except for minor items. (b) A clause is inserted in the general conditions of contract, stating that, if the contractor desires to use products other than the specified ones, he should clearly state this fact in his tender and he should also state the adjustment to be made, if his substitute is approved by the owner while accepting his tender. The same procedure can be adopted when the work is in progress. But in this case, the decision on substitutes will be taken by the engineer in charge of the work. (3) Standard specifications: The specifications are seldom written completely for all items of the work. It is possible to standardize the specifications for most of the items occurring in works of similar nature. Hence, each office develops its own standard specifications in due course. Thus, the lengthy process of wording the specifications is avoided and thereby much time is saved. Following points are to be noted in this connection: @ Extreme care should be taken to verify that the reference made to the standard specifications is really suitable to the particular work to be executed. (ii) For variable requirements, it is a general practice to provide blank spaces in the skeleton of the standard specifications. These blank spaces should, therefore, be suitably filled up before accepting the standard clauses as specifications. (iii) The standard specifications when accepted for a particular job should be watched carefully and suitable additions, alterations, improvements or corrections necessary should be noted so as to include all such changes while using the same specifications for the next job of similar nature. (iv) The standard specifications are prepared by government or manufacturers of materials or professional bodies. The individual manufacturers sometimes maintain a research staff to prepare the specifications for their certain products. Such specifications are sometimes exaggerated just to make some products popular and hence, care should be taken to adopt such specifications. However, the specifications of reputed firms are reliable. For construction works in India, P.W.D, Handbook is treated as a standard specification.70 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 (v) The standard specifications should be periodically revised to include changes in techniques. Hence, while including a reference to a standard specification in a particular contract, its edition with date of issue, title, etc. should invariably be mentioned. (vi) Every city has got its own building codes to suit the requirements of the locality. Thus, it is possible to prescribe the specifications by law. The only purpose behind this is to make the structures of the city suitable to the local conditions. These codes of a local body assume the shape of standard specifications for a particular locality. (vii) The advantages of standard specifications are manifold. The processes are standardized resulting in simplified field control and in case of manufacture of materials, the costs are reduced due to standardization of production methods. The products are also improved due to research on a co-operative basis. 5-7. CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIFICATIONS Depending upon the method to be used in describing a material or a method of installation, the specifications can be classified into the following three categories: (1) Open specifications (2) Restricted specifications (3) Closed specifications. (1) Open specifications: An open specification gives the physical and chemical properties of the material, the tests it must comply with or the results expected and such other information. But it never gives a specific item of equipment or a trade name or a proprietary commodity. The open specifications are generally used for public works and a true open specification is one which lays down minimum standards and which can be easily fulfilled by several manufacturers within permissible limits. Following are the advantages of the open specifications: (i) Basic materia steel, They are suitable for basic materials such as cement, nd, etc. because the standards of such materials can easily be laid down without regard to the manufacturers. (ii) True competition: They provide an atmosphere of a true competitive market in which the new products have equal chance to compete with the old and well advertised products. It may also result into a lower cost to the owner. Following are the disadvantages of the open specifications: (i) Checking and testing: The checking and testing for each material or product mentioned in these specifications may prove to be time-consuming. Control over the quality: It is feared that if they are not properly drafted, it may result into losing a firm control over the quality of the products.Art. 5-7] Specifications 7 (iii) Effect on design: If a particular product or material fulfils the permissible variances with respect to size, weight, etc. mentioned in these specifications and if the contractor insists to use such product or material, the architect in some cases have to change or alter the design of the project to accommodate such product or material, (iv) Time-consuming: These specifications are by nature lengthy and hence, the architect or specification writer has to spend his valuable time in framing them. (2) Restricted specifications: In case of a restricted specification, the material is described and then, the choice by the contractor is limited to two or more manufacturers or distributors. Thus, an approved list containing the catalogue number or proprietary name of the product is specified and the contractor has to choose the material from this approved list. The important advantage of a restricted specification is that it promotes competition among the manufacturers to get their product included in the approved list by maintaining the standard of quality at reasonable price. However, the specification writer should try to avoid the following possible disadvantages of a restricted specification: (i) Problems of design: The possible use of various products mentioned in the approved list should be carefully considered. In fact, only such products should be included in the approved list which will not disturb the space requirements, connections, equipment for installation, details and other factors of the project. Gi) Quality product: It should be seen that the products mentioned in the approved list are more or less in reality equal in quality and in price. If the price of even one of the product mentioned in the approved list is substantially lower than those of others, it will eliminate the competition and the purpose of restricted specifications will not be served (3) Closed specifications: In case of a closed specification, the material or product ’s designated by a trade name mentioning catalogue number, manufacturer and sometimes a particular distributor from whom the product is to be purchased. It is sometimes argued that the closed specifications result in avoiding the competition and in increasing the cost of the project. This argument has no force in the sense that the material or product which included in closed specifications has stood the test of time and has proved its adaptability in respect of quality and price both. The architect is the agent of ewner and hence, he will select only those materials or products to be included tm the closed specifications which will be helpful in turning out a satisfactory completed project. Following are the advantages of the closed specifications: (Completion of drawings: The architect can complete the drawings of the project before the tenders for the work are invited, when these specifications are adopted. As the complete details are known, the designer72 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 can accurately decide the details such as room dimensions, foundations, fastenings, fittings, etc. (ii) Choice of owner: The owner has a choice of the material he prefers and he can thus enjoy the special features of a particular product. 5-8. DESIGN OF SPECIFICATIONS [A specification, if it has to serve its purpose adequately, should be designed rather than simply written or copied. Any engineering work such as a bridge, 4 tunnel, aaa aanate: ie designed to fit specific requirements. A similar procedure should be 2 eae dim the design of a specification. In fact, the specification is a complex and lengthy document and it requires considerable skill and wide technical knowledge in its preparation. 5-9. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN OF A SPECIFICATION Some of the important aspects of the design of a specification are mentioned below: (1) Changes: The designer of a specification should be given an opportunity to observe the field application of his specification. Such a procedure will help in increasing the knowledge of the designer and he may utilize this knowledge, if found necessary, to change, to expand, to improve, to modify or to strengthen his specification for future works. (2) Clearness: The design of a specification should be such that it brings the limit of misunderstandings and misinterpretations to a minimum. Such a design will naturally minimize the chances of disputes. (3) Co-operation: The specifications should be designed to provide a motive of co-operation between the engineer and the contractor. The engineer, with the help of a well-designed specification, can assist, encourage and guide the contractor to achieve the desired end product. On the other hand, the contractor, with the help of a well-designed specification, can combine labour and materials to the best advantage of getting the desired end product. Thus, a well-designed specification would prove useful to both - the owner and the contractor. (A) Cost: The initial cost of a well-designed specification may prove to be more. But it forms a small fraction of the cost incurred in extra claims, delays, disputes and bad workmanship due to poorly designed specifications. (5) Designer: The specifications should be designed by competent persons, possessing wide experience and high ability. This is a very important factor Pifluencing the achievement of goal of a specification. If the work of writing the specification is entrusted to a professional man, it simply results into the copying of paragraphs from the existing specifications. (6) Flexibility: ‘The specifications should not be rigid. But they should be dynamic in nature and should be adaptable to new inventions, to new ideas and to new methods of construction. (7) Product control: A well-designed specification aims at product control by the ‘available equipment of the contractor. The automation can also be adoptArt. 5-10] Specifications 73 with advantage to achieve product control. The advantages of product control are ~ fewer samples for testing, reduced costs, early completion and uniform work. 5-10. PRINCIPLES OF SPECIFICATION WRITING The specifications of the work are written by the engineer before it is known who the contractor will be. It should be noted that the technical knowledge of the engineer is of little value as far as writing of the specifications is concerned unless he can make his ideas clearly understood by other contractors, workmen, supervisors, etc., many of whom may have little or no technical training. Following are some of the essential principles of good specification writing: (1) Subject matter: The subject matter of the specifications should relate to the information required after the contract is given to a particular contractor. The requirements which are to be enforced should only be included in the specifications. The use of cross references should be reduced to a minimum: (2) Grammar: All sentences of the specifications should comply with the rules of grammar. The style and tense should remain the same throughout. The hyphens, commas and semi-colons should be used as and when required and the sentence should be framed in such a way that the addition, omission or misplacement of a comma does not alter the sense. As far as possible, the pronouns, especially relative pronouns, should not be used. It is advisable to repeat a noun. (3) Abbreviations: Only those abbreviations which are well-known in the building industry should be used without giving definitions. The use of abbreviations facilitates easy understanding and reduces the typing work without sacrificing clarity. (4) Development of style: It must be remembered that the main aim of specification writing is to present a clear picture of facts and no attempt should Se made to make an elegant and impressive style. The specification writer should @evelop his own style of arranging his ideas with clarity and brevity. There is plenty of scope for improvement even when the specification is being copied from ® printed specification of some manufacturer. (5) Selection of words: While writing specifications, only suitable words with sired meaning should be used. The unfamiliar words or words having more than ‘eee meaning should never be used in the specifications. Also, the use of unusual Schnical and trade expressions and semi-legal words should not be used. (6) Accuracy: The information given in the specifications should be complete sed correct, otherwise the contractor may claim for any extra cost due to damage ‘csrred to him by the misleading information supplied by the owner. Also, care ‘teeld be taken to see that information is not repeated in the specifications. ‘®) Conflicting requirements: The clauses of the specifications should be framed & s=ch a way that no conflicts of any type result. For instance, while writing the ‘Ses Scation for driving piles, both the requirements, namely, penetration of the ‘git sed its bearing capacity, should not be mentioned. In some cases, the piles ‘= Beve reached the required penetration, But the specified bearing power may ‘Gee Reve been developed. In other cases, the reverse may happen.14 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [ch.5 (8) Practical limits and commercial sizes: The specifications should be framed while keeping in view the practical limitations of materials and workmanship and they should not specify practical impossibilities. ‘Also, the specifications should specify use of commercial sizes and patterns of the material. It becomes expensive to manufacture special sizes and it also takes more time to prepare such sizes. For instance, the steel ‘sections and steel bars are readily 10 Eahie in certain sizes only. If other size is specified, a special order is to be given, which requires more time and spectal rate for its delivery. (8) Clearness: The specifications should be clear as far as possible and it should be observed that their meaning is not left to the engineer. 19 fact, both the parties oe oservend contractor ~ should follow the same sense. Also, the specifications Should state what the contractor shall or shall not do and not what the contractor should or should not do. (10) Fairness: ‘The specifications should be fair and they should not be framed in such a way so as to throw all the risks on the shoulders of the contractor. Also, all likely hazards, difficulties, etc. should be specified in the specifications so as to give a clear picture of the work to the contractor ‘The unfair specifications are not Be cable and sometimes they prove to be expensive in the sents that a contractor ofl ascume all such risk and will put a higher price in his tender to accommodate all such risks, in case they come up. (11) Brevity: The sentences of the specifications should be short, simple and concise. This is essential as the main purpose of the specifications is to give directions to the contractor and the supervising staff in carrying ont the construction work. Also, as specification is a legal document, fewer words will involve less risk of legal vithcalties and as straight forward specification would be clearly understood by the persons filling the tenders, it may result into lower cost and early completion of the work. The brevity is the essence of the specification. 5-11. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Following are the main sources of information from which the information regarding the specifications of civil engineering works can De gathered or obtained: (1) Contract drawings: The draft drawings prepared in the initial stage of the project contain useful details which are of considerable assistance to the writer of the specifications (2) Previous specifications: In majority of cases, the specifications of the executed jobs or jobs under execution can be used as basis for the preparation of hew specifications of similar job. This procedure expedites the work. However, care should be taken to avoid unnecessary detai for the new project and to include information for additional features of the new work. (3) Requirements of owner: If the owner desires to incorporate certain requirements in connection with the job, the same should be suitably included in the specifications of the work.Art. 5-12-1] Specifications 75 (4) Site investigations: It is desirable that the specifications include the fullest information for the existing site conditions such as extent of site clearance work, soil conditions, etc. The contractor is thus kept away from making unnecessary allowance for uncertain factors. (5) Standard specifications: The reference can be made to the relevant standard specification and thus, it permits a considerable reduction in the length of specification clauses. It also helps the contractor in easy understanding of the specification requirements. (6) Trade catalogues: For specifications of the proprietary commodities, the reference can be made to the catalogues supplied by the manufacturer of that item. However, if an article is produced to a number of different patterns, it is necessary to quote the correct catalogue reference. 5-12. TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS The specifications of some of the common items are given below. The points to be included in each specification are given in the beginning so as to draw an outline of the required specification. It is hoped that after reading these typical specifications carefully, the reader will get enough practice to form specifications for any other item 5-12-1. SPECIFICATION FOR EXCAVATION Starting of work — workmanship - excavated material ~ protection to existing services — measurement — what the rate includes. The excavation for the foundation trenches shall be carried out in all sorts of soils as per plan and lining approved at site. The sides of the foundation trenches shall be truly vertical and bottom shall be uniformly levelled. The excavated material shall be stacked away from the sides of the trenches of the excavation by at least 2 metres. The excavated material shall be filled in the plinth in layers of 30 cm and well-watered. The surplus excavated materials shall be spread out uniformly upto a lead of 100 metres. All the existing services such as water pipes, sewers, electric cables, etc. which are met with in foundation trenches shall be carefully supported and protected by the contractor as per instructions of the engineer ‘The excavation shall be measured as per exact length and width of the lowest step of footings according to drawing or the engineer's instructions. The depth of the trenches shall be measured vertically from the average ground level taken at site before starting the work. The rate of excavation includes all timbering and other supports which are necessary for securing the sides of the trenches and the contractor shall be responsible for their safety. No extra amount shall be paid to the contractor for the excavation of the working space. The materials or valuables found during excavation shall be the property of the owner.76 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 5-12-2. SPECIFICATION FOR REMOVAL OF WATER FROM FOUNDATIONS Pumps - sumps — safety of adjoining structures. The contractor shall provide necessary pumps and other equipment to keep the foundation trenches clear of water. All the water getting admission to the trenches shall be pumped out so as to keep the trenches dry. No consideration shall be given to the source of water from where it is coming. ‘The sumps shall be arranged in positions which are approved by the engineer. ‘The sumps shall be arranged in such a way that water clear of sand is pumped out. ‘The operations of removal of water from foundation trenches shall be so conducted by the contractor that there is no danger to the foundations or stability of the adjoining structure. 5-12-3. SPECIFICATION FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE Proportion — coarse aggregate — fine aggregate — cement — water—proofing compound ~ mixing - preparation of base - laying ~ curing. ‘The proportion of damp proof course of cement concrete shall be one part of cement, two parts of sand and four parts of coarse aggregates or one part of cement, one and half parts of sand and three parts of coarse aggregate by volume. The usual thickness of damp proof course shall be 25 mm to 40 mm. ‘The coarse aggregate shall be clean, hard, dense and free from impurities such as earth, coal, dust and other organic materials. The size of coarse aggregates shall vary from 12 mm to 6 mm. The fine aggregate i.e., sand to be used shall be clean and coarse of average 5 mm size and shall be free from any organic or vegetable matter. ‘The cement to be used shall be fresh and shall comply with the standard requirements. The water-proofing compound to be used shall be of standard specifications. The water to be used shall be clean and fresh. ‘The mixing of all the materials in their required proportion by volume shall be done on a clean and solid platform. Dry coarse aggregates shall be stacked evenly on the platform. Sand and cement in their required proportion shall be mixed dry till of uniform colour and then this mixture shall be spread over the stacked coarse aggregate. The materials shall be turned over once without adding water and shall be turned over for at least three times after adding required quantity of water gradually and slowly to give a uniform concrete. Water-proofing compound in proportion as specified shall then be added and mixed with concrete to make it water proof. ‘The base where damp proof course is to be laid shall be constructed with bricks on edge or with frogs of the bricks down. The top of the plinth bed over which damp proof course is to be placed shall be thoroughly cleaned with a steel brush, washed and wetted before laying damp proof course. The wooden straight edges shall be fixed on plinth wall having the same inner width as that of the required thickness of damp proof course.Art. 5-12-4] Specifications 77 Damp proof course shall be laid to the full width of the plinth or of the superstructure as mentioned in the drawing or tender. It shall be laid to the specified thickness over the plinth wall flush with the floor surface and shall not be carried across the doorways or such other openings. It shall be properly consolidated by tamping and levelled horizontally as well as vertically. Laying of damp proof course shall be completed on the same day. The joints shall be given at the openings. The concrete surface shall be roughened and chequered when air dry to impart proper bondage with brickwork above. The work shall be kept well-watered for at least 7 days after laying, if there is no commencement for further brickwork. In no case, brickwork shall be commenced unless the fresh work has been flooded with water for at least 48 hours, 5-12-4, SPECIFICATION FOR BRICKBAT LIME CONCRETE FOR FOUNDATION IN PROPORTION (1:2:4) Proportion ~ lime mortar — brickbats ~ mixing - placing — ramming ~ measurement. The proportion of brickbat lime concrete shall be 1 part of lime mortar (1:2) and 2 parts of brickbats by volume. The lime mortar shall be prepared from one part of slacked lime and two parts of sand by volume. The lime to be used shall not give a residue of more than 10 per cent by weight when tested with hydrochloric acid. The sand to be used shall be clean and coarse and shall not contain any organic impurities. The lime and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in a bullock driven mortar mill Stted with Beale’s tell-tale and situated at site of work. The lime mortar shall Se prepared in required quantities and shall be stacked under a shed and shall Se Kept damp at all time. The lime mortar which has become stale shall not be ssed for the work. ‘The brickbats shall be obtained from thoroughly burnt new bricks and shall be Sroken in sizes of 40 mm to 50 mm. The brickbats shall be free from dirt, dust © such other impurities, The mixing shall be done on a water-tight platform. The materials shall be semned over twice dry and twice again with water, added in required quantities = that whole surface of broken brickbats gets coated with mortar. ‘The placing of concrete shall start after the bottom of foundations is well-dressed, werered and rammed by means of rammers. The concrete shall be laid in layers = 20 cm thickness and each layer shall be well-rammed and well-watered before west layer is laid. The concrete shall not be allowed to be thrown from top but stall be gently lowered in the trenches. The ramming shall be done till concrete becomes solid and compact. The “string on concrete surface shall be done at least for one week. If desired, the ‘“eSecer shall test the consolidation of the concrete by performing water test. ‘The measurement shall be taken for the exact dimensions as per drawings or © P= instructions of the engineer for the consolidated concrete78 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 5-12-5. SPECIFICATION FOR 1ST CLASS BRICKWORK IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of bricks — soaking in water ~ mortar - workmanship — measurement ~ scaffolding. The bricks shall be table-moulded, well-burnt in approved kiln, copper-coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges. The bricks shall be uniform in shape and shall be of standard size and shall give clear ringing sound when struck with each other. The bricks shall not absorb water more than one-fifth of their weight after one hour of soaking in water. Bricks shall have maximum crushing strength of 10.5 N/mm2. The bricks shall be well-soaked in water for at least 12 hours before their use, preferably in a water tank provided at site of work. The proportion of mortar shall be one part of cement to six parts of sand by volume. The cement shall be of standard quality. The sand shall be clean and coarse. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity shall be consumed within half an hour after mixing. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar. The broken bricks shall not be used except as closers. All corners shall be truly in plumb and sides shall be in line and level. The mortar joints shall break for bonding and shall not exceed 10 mm in thickness. Selected best shaped bricks shall be used for face work. Bricks shall be laid with frogs uppermost except in the top course where frogs shall be placed downward brickwork shall not be carried out more than | m in height at a time. All joints shall be raked and faces of wall shall be cleaned at the end of each day's work. Only skilled masons shall be employed on the work and the work shall be kept well-watered for at least 15 days. All brickwork shall be carried out in such a way that no portion is raised unduly above another. The length and height shall be measured as on at site. The thickness of walls shall be paid for as one brick, one and a half bricks, two bricks and so on. To facilitate the construction of brickwork, necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided. The scaffolding shall be strong and sound and with sufficient strong supports and members so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon it. The rate for brickwork includes this necessary scaffolding also. 5-12-6. SPECIFICATION FOR TIMBER DOORS AND WINDOWS Properties of timber ~ fabrication and fixing - design of shutters — frames - workmanship ~ fastenings and fixtures - oil paint — measurement. The timber to be used shall be of the best quality, well-seasoned and free from cracks, knots, flaws, shakes and other defects. The rate for doors and windows includes fabricating and fixing in position of doors and windows.Art. 5-12-7] Specifications 79 The shutters shall be prepared from scantlings 40 mm in thickness as per design supplied. The shutters shall be fully panelled or fully glazed or partly panelled and partly glazed as per plan supplied. The thickness of panels shall be 40 mm The frames for doors and windows shall be of 100 mm x 80 mm size and they shall be provided with M.S. holdfasts of section 30 mm x 6 mm and of length 200 mm. Three nos. of such holdfasts shall be provided on each side of the door frame and two such nos. of holdfast shall be provided on each side of the window frame. The sides of the frame abutting to the brick walls shall be coated with chocolate paint or coal tar. ‘The workmanship of timber shall be of the best quality and only skilled carpenters shall be employed on the work. If any undue shrinkage or bad workmanship is found out afterwards, the same shall be repaired by the contractor at his own cost. The rate for timber work includes all the required fastenings and fixtures which shall be of brass and of approved quality, design and make, and they shall be fixed as directed. The rate for timber work includes three coats of oil paint of approved make and tinge The measurements of the work shall be taken overall including frames and no extra amount shall be paid for any wastage of the material. 5-12-7. SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL DOORS AND WINDOWS Materials - size - fabrication — welded joints — examination ~ fillet weld test ~ galvanizing — fixing. The steel doors and windows shall be manufactured using rolled steel sections of the weights specified in IS: 1038 latest issue. They shall be fixed, centre hung, top hung, bottom hung or composite as specified. The steel shall be of $.T. 32-0 grade confirming to IS: 1977 latest issue. The steel doors and windows shall be according to specified design and size: Their sizes shall be calculated so as to allow clearance of 1.25 cm on all four sides of openings for easy fitting of door, windows and ventilators into opening. The actual sizes of doors, windows and ventilators shall not vary by more than 1.5 mm from those given in drawing Both the fixed and opening frames shall be constructed of sections which have been cut to length and mitered. The corners of fixed and opening frames shall be welded to form’ a solid-fused welded joint confirming to the requirements given below. All frames shall be square and flat. The process of welding adopted may be Mash or butt welding or any other suitable method which gives the desired results. In welded joints welds shall have been made all along the place of meeting members and welds shall have been properly ground. Complete cross-section of the corner shall be checked up to see that the joint is completely solid and there is no cavity visible.80 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 From the two opposite corners of the frame, the flanges of the section shall be cut with the help of a saw. The cut surfaces of the remaining portion shall be polished, etched and examined. The polished and etched faces of the weld and the base metal shall be free from cracks and fairly free from under cutting, overlaps, gross porosity and entrapped slag. The fillet weld in the remaining portion of the joint shall be fractured by hanimering. The fractured surfaces shall be free from slag porosity, crack, penetration defects and fusion defects. (i) Steel door: The hinge pin shall be of electro-galvanized steel of suitable thickness and size. In case of double doors, the first closing leaf shall be the left hand leaf locking at the door from the push side. The first closing shutter shall have concealed steel bolt at top and bottom. The bolts shall be so constructed as not to work loose or drop by their own weight. Single and double shutter door shall be provided with a three way bolting device. (ii) Steel windows: For the fixed windows the frames shall be fabricated as in fabrication. But side hung windows for fixing steel hinges slots shall be cut in the fixed frame and hinges inserted inside and welded to the frame. The hinges shall be of projecting types and the hinge pin shall be of galvanized steel. Friction hinges shall be provided for side hung windows shutters if specified. The handle plate shall be welded, screwed or riveted to the opening frame in such a manner that it should be fixed before it is glazed and should not be easily removable after glazing. The handles shall have a two point nose which shail engage with a brass striking plate on the fixed frame in a slightly opened position as well as in the closed position. All steel surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust, scale and dirt. The steel surfaces shall be treated with rust-proofing by hot dip, zinc spray or electro-galvanizing process if specified. The rate shall be exclusive of final finishing coats but shall include the priming coat. Where openings are flush and with a rendered finish a clearance of 1.25 cm shall be provided between the steel frame and opening. 5-12-8. SPECIFICATION FOR BRICKNOGGED PARTITION IN c.m. (1:4) Properties of bricks — soaking in water — mortar — framework of timber — workmanship for brickwork - plastering - measurement. The bricks shall be ground-moulded, well-burnt in approved kiln, copper- coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges. The bricks shall be uniform in shape and shall be of standard size and shall give clear ringing sound when struck with each other. The bricks shall be well-soaked in water for at least 12 hours before their use, preferably in a tank provided at site of work.Art. 5-12-9] Specifications 81 The proportion of mortar shall be one part of cement to four parts of sand by volume. The cement shall be of standard quality. The sand shall be clean and coarse. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity of mortar shall be consumed within half an hour after mixing. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar. The timber used for preparing the framework shall be of the best quality, well-seasoned and free from cracks, knots, flaws, shakes and other defects. The overall height of the timber framework shall be 2 metres and it shall consist of head, sill, studs and nogging pieces. The section of head, sill and studs shall be 10 cm x 10 cm, Two nogging pieces of section 10 cm x 12 mm shall be provided. The studs shall be provided at a centre to centre distance of 90 cm. The surfaces of timber framework coming in contact with the masonry shall be coated with coal tar. The broken bricks shall not be used except to create bond. The mortar joints shall break for bonding and shall not exceed 12 mm in thickness, Only skilled masons shall be employed on the work and the work shall be kept well-watered before plastering is commenced. The rate of bricknogged partition includes 12 mm thick cement plaster of sagol finish and three coats of white or colour wash on both the surfaces of the partition. The items of plaster and white or colour wash shall be carried out as per specifications contained in this document. Sufficient number of nails shall be fixed on the timber framework to provide foundation for the plaster. The payment shall be made for the actual superficial area covered and no extra amount shall be paid for wastage of materials, etc. 5-12-9. SPECIFICATION FOR RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY Properties of stones — mortar — workmanship ~ curing — measurement - scaffolding. The stones to be used for the work shall be hard, sound, free from decay and weathering. They shall be durable, tough and of uniform shape. Stones with porous matter or with boulder skin shall be rejected. The size of the stones shall sot be less than 15 cm in any direction. The stones shall be wetted before placed in position. ‘The cement and sand used for cement mortar shall be of standard specification. The cement and sand shall be mixed in dry state first in the specified proportion till Se uniform colour is obtained. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required =ntity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity shall be eesumed within half an hour after mixing with water. The mixing of mortar shall Se done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking stall be used in preparing mortar. All stones shall be hammer dressed with wooden mallet on the bed and from “8 ether faces to enable them to come into close proximity with each other seeering close joint. The walls shall be carried up truly plumb. Face stones shall82 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 not be narrower than its height and shall be tail back and bond well into the backing. The stones shall be arranged to break joint on the face for at least half the height with those of courses above or below. Stones shall be so laid that all the joints are quite full of mortar and the thickness of joints shall not exceed 20 mm. Interstices between stones shall be wedged with stone chips to avoid thick beds of joints and mortar. In the interior thickness of the wall, bond stones at least: 45 cm long shall be given one for every half sq m of face so as to approximately provide thorough bond long stones. The masonry shall be carried out together so as to maintain uniform height as far as possible. If any part of the wall is to be raised in advance, toothing must be formed by giving projections to bond with the wall to be built later The finished work shall be suitably protected from sun, wind, rain, etc. and shall be kept well-watered for at least two weeks after completion. The payment of random rubble masonry shall be made on cubical contents. The length, width and height of walls shall be measured as on site. The rate for random rubble masonry includes necessary scaffolding also and no extra amount shall be paid for the same. 12-10. SPECIFICATION FOR COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY Properties of stones — mortar - workmanship ~ curing ~ measurement - scaffolding. ‘The stones to be used for the work shall be hard, sound and free from decay and weathering, They shall be durable, tough and of uniform shape. Stones with porous matter or with boulder skin shall be rejected. The size of the stones shall not be less than 15 cm in any direction. The stones shall be wetted before placed in position. ‘The cement and sand used for cement mortar shall be of standard specification. ‘The cement and sand shall be mixed in dry state first in the specified proportion till the uniform colour is obtained. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity shall be consumed within half an hour after mixing with water. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar. Every course of stones shall be hammer dressed and laid truly horizontal and every vertical joint shall be truly vertical. Faces shall be accurately squared and each face joint shall be dressed at right angles. The face stones shall laid alternate headers and stretchers Each course shall consist of stones of even thickness not less than 3 cm and not more than 23 cm. The width of stones shall be more than its height and ne stone shall tail into the wall less than its height. At least one third of the face stones shall tail into the wall twice their height. The walls shall be carried up truly plumb. Stones shall be so laid that all the joints are quite full of mortar and the thickness of joints shall not exceed 12 mm. The stones going throug5-12-11] Specifications 83 the walls shall be well distributed providing in the whole wall by arranging them in staggered fashion in successive courses. The intervals of through stones shall not be less than 1.5 m in each course. For walls upto 60 cm thickness, a through stone shall extend from one face of wall to another. But in case of walls of greater thickness at least 15 cm side over-lapping headers forming a stone joint shall be laid from face to back. Corner stones or quoins shall be dressed to correct angle. The short bed of the stone shall be at least equal to height. The quoins shall be laid with header and stretcher in alternative layers. The finished work shall be suitably protected from sun, wind, rain, etc. and shall be kept well-watered for at least two weeks after completion. The payment of random rubble masonry shall be made on cubical contents. The length, width and height of walls shall be measured as on site. The rate for random rubble masonry includes necessary scaffolding also and no extra amount shall be paid for the same. 5-12-11. SPECIFICATION FOR ASHLAR MASONRY IN c.m. (1:3) Properties of stones — soaking in water - mortar - workmanship — measurement ~ scaffolding. The stones to be used on the work shall be hard, durable and tough and shall be of uniform shape. The minimum height of stone shall be 20 cm. The length of the stone shall not exceed three times its height and its depth into the wall shall be at least half of its height. The stones shall be chisel dressed on at least five out of six faces. The stones shall be wetted before placed in position. The proportion of mortar shall be one part of cement to three parts of sand by volume. The cement shall be of standard quality. The sand shall be clean and coarse. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity shall be consumed within half an hour after mixing with water. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar Each course shall be made truly horizontal. All corners shall be truly in plumb and the sides shall be in line and level. The mortar joints shall break for bonding and shall not exceed 3 mm in thickness. Only skilled workers shall be employed on the work. The finished work shall be suitably protected from sun, wind, rain, etc. and shall be kept well-watered for at least two weeks after completion. The work shall be carried out in such a way that no portion is raised unduly above another. ‘The payment of stonework shall be made on cubical contents. The length, width and height of walls shall be measured as on site. The rate for ashlar masonry includes necessary scaffolding also and no extra mount shall be paid for the same84 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 5-12-12. SPECIFICATION FOR R.C.C. WORK PROPORTION (1:2:4) Proportion — cement — fine aggregate - coarse aggregate — water — reinforcement — centering ~ mixing — laying and curing — finishing of exposed surfaces. The proportion of cement concrete shall be of one part of cement, wo parts of sand and four parts of aggregates by volume. ‘The cement to be used in this work shall comply with the standard requirements. The sand to be used shall be clean and coarse and shall be free from any organic or vegetable matter. The sand shall be washed, if there is any trace of earth in it. ‘The coarse aggregate shall consist of 67% of black trap metal (known as kapachi) varying in size from 20 mm to 40 mm and 33% of black trap metal (known as grit) varying in size from 20 mm to 6 mm. The coarse aggregate for the concrete work shall be clean and free from impurities such as earth, coal dust and other organic materials. The unclean aggregates shall have to be screened and washed before use. The water to be used in concrete work shall be clean and fresh. All reinforcement shall be of steel which shall comply with the standard requirements. All bars shall be placed as per design given by the engineer and utmost care shall be taken to keep them in the same position while packing concrete around them. Before laying the concrete, the reinforcement shall be got approved by the engineer. The centering for the concrete work shall be sufficiently strong and rigid and in good condition so as to turn out a good smooth surface. The formwork shall include all the forms of temporary or permanent nature required to be used during casting of concrete. The material for formwork shall be of timber or steel plates or plywood planks or any other suitable material as approved by the engineer. The props to be used for centering shall be of timber bullies. The spacing of bullies shall not be more than 120 cm centre to centre. The bullies shall be supported at the base on 40 mm thick wooden plate having area not less than 0.10 sq m. Necessary wedges shall be provided to maintain the level before and during the casting of concrete. The construction and arrangement of formwork shall be such that it can be removed in part as and when required without affecting or damaging the adjoining forms. The surface of formwork shall be oiled before placing of concrete. The centering shall be removed only after obtaining the written permission of the engineer. The mixing of concrete shall be done in a mechanical mixer or by hand operations depending on the quantity of the concrete which shall be decided by the engineer. In the former case, the mixing drum shall be turned at least for 1.50 minutes after all the ingredients are added and the drum shall be completely emptied every time. The concrete from the drum shall be placed on a water-tight platform. In the latter case, the dry concrete shall be mixed at least three times and then required quantity of water shall be added to it. The mixing of concrete in case of hand operations shall be done on water-tight platforms Before starting laying of concrete in position, the centering shall be well-watered. The concrete shall be laid in forms and tapped in such a way that no honeycombArt. 5-12-14] Specifications 85 surface appears on removal of the forms. All edges and corners of the concrete surface shall remain unbroken, sharp and straight in line. The cement concrete work shall be kept well-watered for at least 20 days. All exposed surfaces of the concrete work shall be finished with 12 mm thick cement plaster of sagol finish and three coats of white or colour wash shall be applied on these exposed surfaces of concrete. The items of plaster and white or colour wash shall be carried out as per specifications of the corresponding items contained in this document. 5-12-13. SPECIFICATION FOR REINFORCED BRICKWORK FOR SLAB OF ONE BRICK DEPTH Centering — bricks — mortar ~ reinforcement — workmanship — measurement. The centering for the reinforced brickwork for slab shall be sufficiently strong and rigid and in good condition. The centering shall be covered with earth for a depth of 20 mm. The earth shall be well beaten and fine sand shall be sprinkled over it. The centering shall be removed only after obtaining the written permission of the engineer. The bricks shall be ground-moulded, well-burnt in approved kiln, copper-coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges. The bricks shall be uniform im shape and shall be of standard size and shall give clear ringing sound when struck with each other. The proportion of mortar shall be one part of cement to three parts of sand by solume. The cement shall be of standard quality. The sand shall be clean and coarse. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one Sag of cement at a time and this quantity of mortar shall be consumed within half e hour after mixing. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform © in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar. All reinforcement shall be of steel which shall comply with the standard eequirements. The reinforcement shall be placed as per design given by the eegineer and utmost care shall be taken to keep it in the same position while pecking mortar around it. The bricks shall be well-soaked in water for at least 12 hours before their ss The broken bricks shall not be used. Only skilled masons shall be employed on Be work. The slab shall be kept moist for two days and then shall be well-watered Se a period of 15 days. Care shall be taken to see that the reinforcement is “sempletely embedded in the mortar. The reinforced brickwork for slab shall be measured in superficial contents. reinforcement shall be measured and paid separately. 14. SPECIFICATION FOR TERRAZO FINISH Marble chips — first coat - second coat ~ process of polishing — measurement. The marble chips to be used for terrazo work shall be of approved shade and The chips shall vary in size from 30 mm to 60 mm.86 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [ch. 5 The first coat for terrazo work shall be of cement mortar 1:3 i.e., one part of cement to three parts of clear, coarse, river sand by volume. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The mortar of one cement bag shall only be prepared at a time and the same. shall be consumed in 30 minutes after mixing with water. The thickness of first coat shall be 12 mm. The surface of the first coat shall be kept rough by providing zigzag lines and it shall be well-watered for at least 7 days. The terrazo mix for second coat shall be prepared in proportion 1:3 i.e., one part of cement to three parts of marble chips by volume. The cement and the marble chips shall be thoroughly mixed in dry condition and then sufficient quantity of water shall be added so as to get a plastic mixture. This terrazo mix shall be uniformly applied on the first coat and its thickness shall be 6 mm. The polishing of terrazo shall be done after 3 days of completion of second coat and during this period also, the surface shall be kept wet. The process of polishing shall be carried out in three coats. The first coat of polishing shall be done by means of a coarse carborundum stone and water shall be freely used during this operation. Any patches found during this process shall be repaired with the help of original terrazo mix. After 5 days from the completion of first coat of polishing, the second coat of polishing shall be done by means of a finely grained carborundum stone. Then, the wax shall be applied as final coat of polishing after making the surface completely dry. ‘The measurement shall be taken for the actual superficial area and no allowance shall be given for wastage, etc 5-12-15. SPECIFICATION FOR MARBLE FLOORING Quality of marble - samples - anchors and dowels - vertical and horizontal surfaces — workmanship — finishing — measurement. ‘The marble to be used for the work shall be of first class quality, free from cracks, non-porous, uniform in colour and carefully selected so as to present harmonious veins throughout the finished work. ‘The samples of each type to be used shall be submitted to show the full range of variation and the work shall be completed with marbles in accordance with the approved samples by the engineer. All necessary bronze or brass anchors, dowels, clamps, wires, etc. required to secure the marbles in place shall have to be provided by the contractor and built-in at no extra cost to the owner. No marble shall be face screwed. The vertical work commencing at floor level shall be allowed to set before the flooring is laid and the marble shall extend about 25 mm below the finished floor level. For horizontal flooring, the bedding of 12 cm or 10 cm thick B.B.C.C, of proportion (1:6:12) shall be prepared and ‘it shall be paid separately. The vertical and horizontal surfaces shall be laid in cement mortar (1:3) and the joints shall be finished with white cement. The vertical marble shall be machine polished in the workshop and the horizontal marbles shall be machine polishArt. 5-12-17] Specifications 87 after laying. The marble for dado and skirting shall be set in non-staining white cement and of heights described in the drawings. The skirtings shall be plain, rounded or of bevelled edges, as shown on the drawings. The marble work shall be carried out in the best workmanship manner and all necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent staining or discolouration of marble surface due to any material used in setting or any backing or foundation upon which the marble is set. All marbles except those at curvature shall be machine cut with edges square and no under cutting shall be allowed. All joints shall show perfect alignment of surface and shall be grouted to match the colour of marble. All marble work shall be covered or finished with wax or other protective material as may be necessary when set. The payment shall be made for the actual work done on site on superficial area basis and no extra amount shall be paid for wastage of materials, anchors, dowels, etc. The rate of marble work shall include any drilling, cutting, fitting or making any special provisions required in the marble work 5-12-16. SPECIFICATION FOR POLISHED KOTAH MACHINE CUT STONE PAVING Qualities of stones — bedding - workmanship - measurement. The stone slabs to be used for the work shall be machine cut and machine polished of specified thickness and of approved quality, free from cracks and flakes and of uniform colour and shall have an even surface. The edges of stone slabs shall be straight. The rate does not include the preparation of bedding with 10 em thick B.B.C.C. of proportion (1:6:12). The stone slabs shall be laid in level or to slopes as directed by the engineer and with invisible joints. The stone slabs shall be firmly bedded in mortar 25 mm thick and cement floated. The payment shall be made for the actual work done on site on superficial area basis and no amount shall be paid for wastage of materials, etc. 5-12-17. SPECIFICATION FOR BRICK ON EDGE FLOORING Properties of bricks - soaking in water - mortar — sub-grade — workmanship — curing — measurement. The brick shall be table-moulded, well-burnt in approved kiln, copper-coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges. The bricks shall be uniform in shape and shall be of standard size and shall give clear ringing sound when struck with each other. The bricks shall not absorb water more than one-fifth of their weight after one hour of soaking in water. Bricks shall have maximum crushing strength of 10.5 N/mm2. Broken bricks shall not be used in the flooring except Ser closing the line. The bricks shall be laid on edge.88 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 ‘The bricks shall be well-soaked in water for at least 12 hours before their use, preferably in a water tank provided at site of work. The proportion of mortar shall be as per specification. The cement shall be of standard quality. The sand shall be clean and coarse. The cement mortar shall be prepared in required quantity of not more than one bag of cement at a time and this quantity shall be consumed within half an hour after mixing. The mixing of mortar shall be done on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The water fit for drinking shall be used in preparing mortar. The sub-grade shall be provided with the slope required for flooring. In case of concrete sub-grade, the plinth masonry off-set shall be depressed so as to allow the sub-grade concrete to rest on it. In case of lime concrete sub-grade, it shall be allowed to set for seven days. In lean concrete sub-grade, the flooring shall be commenced within 48 hours of the laying of sub-grade. Before laying the flooring, the concrete sub-grade shall be wetted and a coat of neat cement slurry shall be spreaded over the prepared sub-grade in order to get a good bond between sub-grade and flooring. If concrete sub-grade is not provided, the earth below shall be properly sloped, watered, rammed and consolidated. The earth layer shall be moistened before laying the flooring. The bricks shall be laid on edge in plain, diagonal herring bond or other pattern as specified or directed. Bricks shall be laid on edge on 12 mm thick mortar bed and each brick shall be properly bedded and set home by gently tapping with handled trowel or wooden mallet. The inside faces shall be buttered with mortar before the next brick is laid and pressed on it. The vertical joints shall be fully filled from the top with mortar. The surface of the flooring during laying shall be checked! frequently with a straight edge at least 2 m long, so as to obtain a true plain surface with the required slope. Dry brick flooring shall be laid on a bed of 12 mm thick mud mortar with the required slope All joints shall be full of mortar. All face joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of 15 mm by raking tool during the progress of work when mortar is still green in order to provide proper key for the pointing or plastering to be done. If plastering or pointing is not required to be done, the joints shall be struck flush and finished at the time of laying. The face of the brickwork shall be cleaned on the same day of the work done and all mortar droppings shall be removed promptly. For dry brick flooring joints shall be as fine as possible and not exceeding 5 mm and shall be filled up with fine sand. Except dry brick flooring the green work shall be protected from rain by suitable covering and shall be cured for a minimum period of a week. The payment shall be made as per actual superficial area and no extra shall be given for the wastage of materials, etc. 5-12-18. SPECIFICATION FOR CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING IN PROPORTION (1:2:4) Cement ~ fine aggregate - coarse aggregate — water — sub-grade ~ proportion and mixing ~ laying ~ shuttering ~ casting — finishing — curing — measurement.Art. 5-12-18] Specifications 89 The cement to be used for this work shall be fresh portland cement and shall comply with the standard requirements. The fine aggregate to be used shall be clean, coarse and shall be free from organic or vegetable matter. The sand shall be washed, if there is any trace of the earth in it. The coarse aggregate shall consist of 67% of black trap metal known as kapachi varying in size from 20 mm to 40 mm and 38% of black trap metal known as grit varying in size from 20 mm to 12 mm. The coarse aggregate shall be clean and free from impurities such as earth, coal dust and other organic materials. The unclean aggregates shall have to be screened and washed before use. The water to be used shall be clean and fresh. ‘The sub-grade shall be provided with the slope required for flooring. In case of concrete sub-grade, the plinth masonry off-set shall be depressed so as to allow the sub-grade concrete to rest on it. In case of lime concrete sub-grade, it shall be allowed to set for seven days. In lean concrete sub-grade, the flooring shall be commenced within 48 hours of the laying of sub-grade. Before laying the flooring, the concrete sub-grade shall be wetted and a coat of neat cement slurry shall be spreaded over the prepared sub-grade in order to get a good bond between sub-grade and concrete flooring. The usual proportion for of cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be 1:2:4 oF as specified. The mixing of concrete shall be done in mechanical mixer or by hand operations depending on the quantity of the concrete which shall be decided by the engineer. In the former case, the mixing drum shall be turned at least for 1.50 minutes after all the ingredients are added with water about 32 litres per Sag and the drum shall be completely emptied every time. The concrete from she drum shall be placed on a water-tight platform. In the latter case, the dry eencrete shall be mixed at least three times and then required quantity of water shall be added to it. The mixing of concrete in case of hand operations shall be Gone on water-tight platforms. Concrete flooring shall be laid in specified thickness and pattern as given in Be drawing or as directed by Engineer-in-charge. The panel shall be of uniform Se and no dimension of a panel shall exceed 2 m and the area of panels shall et be more than 2 sq m. The whole operation of laying in one panel shall be sempleted within 30 minutes. Normally cement concrete flooring shall be laid in one operation using glass = plain asbestos sheet strips at the junction of two panels. 4 mm thick glass strips == > mm thick asbestos strips shall be fixed with their proper level giving required Sepes. This method ensures uniformity in colour of all the panels and straightness ‘@ Se junction of the panels. ‘The panels shall be bounded by the wooden battens of the same depth that of © flooring. They shall be fixed in position, with their top at proper level, required slopes. The wooden battens shall be well watered before laying ve. The surface of the battens that come in contact with concrete shall be90 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 oiled with raw linseed oil or a coat of soap solution may be applied before casting the concrete. The concrete shall be placed gently and evenly spread within the panel and thoroughly compacted to the required thickness. The surface shall be smoothened with wooden floats. The battens used for shuttering shall be removed on the next day of the laying of cement concrete. The ends thus exposed shall be repaired, if damaged, with cement mortar (1:2) and allowed to set for at least 24 hours. Then the alternate panels shall be cleaned of dust, mortar droppings, etc. The moist surface of the finished flooring shall be kept open and unused. Excessive trowelling shall be avoided. The sprinkling of dry cement or sand over moist surface shall not be permitted, For the finishing of surface cement slurry shall be spreaded over green work. The men engaged in finishing work shall be provided with raised wooden platform to sit on, so as to prevent damage to new work. The work shall be kept well-watered for at least 15 days. The covering of the watered surface with gunny bags shall be avoided as the colour of the surface is likely to be changed with the remnants of cement matter from the bags. ‘The payment shall be made for the actual work done on superficial area basis and nothing shall be paid for the wastage of the materials, etc. 5-12-19. SPECIFICATION FOR POINTING IN c.m. (4:1) Raking of joints — mortar — workmanship - watering — measurement. The pointing work shall be started as soon as brickwork is completed. The joints shall be raked out to a depth of 20 mm to give an adequate key for fresh mortar used for pointing and the surface of the wall shall be cleaned, washed and well-watered at least for two days. The mortar shall be prepared by mixing equal volumes of cement and sand. The cement shall comply with standard requirements and sand shall be clean, fine and free from organic impurities. The materials shall be thoroughly mixed in dry condition before water is added to them. The mixing shall be done on a water-tight platform and mortar of one cement bag only shall be prepared at a time which shall be consumed within 30 minutes after adding water. The mortar shall be placed in the joints in the best workmanship manner. The extra mortar shall be removed so that the edges of bricks shall be clearly defined. The finished surface shall be kept well-watered at least for 10 days. The payment shall be made on superficial contents 5-12-20. SPECIFICATION FOR 20 mm SAND FACED CEMENT PLAST! Preliminary ~ procedure for first coat ~ procedure for second coat ~ measurem ‘The work of sand faced cement plaster shall be carried out after masonry join are raked out to a-depth of 20 mm and the walls are well-watered. The first coat for sand faced cement plaster shall be of cement mortar proportion 1:4 i.¢., one part of cement to four parts of clean, coarse and angulArt. 5-12-21] Specifications 91 river sand by volume. The mortar of one cement bag shall only be prepared at a time and it shall be prepared on a water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The mortar shall be consumed in 30 minutes after adding water. The first coat of plaster shall be uniformly applied in the best workmanship manner after watering the surface of walls in advance and putting dots and preparing screeds for maintaining uniform thickness of plastered surface. The thickness of first coat shall be nowhere less than 12 mm. The first coat shall be well-watered at least for 7 days. The first coat shall be provided with zigzag lines such that the first coat adheres well with the second coat. The second coat of sand faced cement plaster shall be carried out in c.m. of proportion 1:1 and shall be of thickness 8 mm. The second coat shall be applied on the first coat at least after 7 days of completion of first coat. The second coat shall give uniform grey colour to the whole structure or any other colour as approved by the engineer. The sand to be used in the mortar for the second coat shall be perfectly screened so that sand of uniform size shall appear on the surface. The sponge shall be used in the second coat and it shall be applied when the second coat is wet and it shall be so worked that the density of sand grains appearing on the surface shall be equal and uniform. After completion of the second coat, the surface shall be kept well-watered at least for 15 days. The payment shall be made for superficial area covered 5-12-21. SPECIFICATION FOR 18 mm THICK SINGLE COAT MALA PLASTER Preliminary — scaffolding — sprinkled layer of 6 mm thickness - procedure of 12 mm thick regular plaster ~ measurement. Before plastering, all the masonry joints shall be raked out to a depth of 20 mm. All R.C.C. surfaces shall be made rough as required to provide necessary Send and all the surfaces, which are to be plastered, shall be well-watered for at feast 24 hours. The double or single stage scaffolding shall be provided as approved by the eegineer. The holes made for scaffolding work shall be made good by bricks or BCC. to match the work, when scaffolding is removed. The first sprinkled layer shall be of cement mortar of proportion 1:4 i.e., one ee=t of cement to four parts of clean, coarse and angular river sand by volume. ‘The mortar of one cement bag shall be prepared at a time and it shall be prepared ©© 2 water-tight platform or in a steel trough. The mortar shall be consumed © 80 minutes afier adding water. The prepared mix of cement mortar shall be s@mmkled over surfaces. The thickness of sprinkled layer shall be nowhere less ‘ee 6 mm. This layer shall be cured for 4 days. The 12 mm thick regular coat of cement plaster shall be carried out in cement ‘Seer of proportion 1:4. This coat shall be applied on the sprinkled layer and ‘ell be finished hard with steel plate till cement slurry comes to top and surface © s=de smooth and hard simultaneously by rubbing the same slurry with steel92 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [ch.5 plate without stopping work in-between. No finishing material like sagol, neeru or lime shall be used at the time of finishing. After finishing plaster, the surface shall be kept well-watered at least for 7 days. The payment shall be made for superficial area covered. The measurements and deductions shall be made as mentioned in topic no. 4-5-7 of chapter 4 of this book. 5-12-22. SPECIFICATION FOR WHITEWASHING IN THREE COATS Walls to be cleaned - lime and gum - workmanship — cleaning — measurement. The walls to be whitewashed shall be cleaned before the work is started. The fresh white lime shall be slaked at site of work and shall be mixed thoroughly with sufficient quantity of water in a tub and shall then be screened through a clean cloth. The clean gum or rice dissolved in hot water shall be mixed with lime in required quantities The whitewash shall be applied with jute brush and the brush shall be so worked that a surface with uniform colour is obtained. Three coats shall be applied, each after the previous coat has completely dried The stains of whitewash on the floor or other surface shall be removed. The payments shall be made on superficial contents and openings shall be deducted once only to compensate for tops, bottoms and sides of the openings. 5-12-23. SPECIFICATION FOR PAINTING IN THREE COATS Cleaning - paint - coats — workmanship — measurement. The surface to be painted shall be cleaned and made smooth by rubbing sand-papers of different grades. In case of steel work, the dust and scales shall be thoroughly removed, All broken edges, cracks, loose plaster and wavy surface shall be brought up by plaster work and all the holes and undulations shall be filled up with plaster of Paris and rubbed smooth. The paint to be used shall be of approved tint and make. The pure turpentine shall be used as a thinning agent. A priming coat shall first be applied and then all cracks, holes, etc. shall be filled with putty or with a mixture of glue and plaster of Paris. The second coat of paint shall then be applied and after it has dried, the final coat of paint shall be applied. The paint shall be applied in the best workmanship manner. The brushes be used shall be of the best quality and they shall be worked in such a way t a surface of uniform shade is obtained without any hair marks, drops of pai etc. At the end of the day's work, the brushes shall be cleaned by turpentine a shall be kept dry. The painting shall be paid in superficial contents. The doors and windo shall be measured flat on two sides and no extra measurement shall be talArt. 5-12-25] Specifications 93 for mouldings, etc. The gaps of grillwork shall be measured on one side only for painting both sides of the grillwork. The half of the glazed part shall be deducted from the measurements of flat area. The louvers and venetians shall be treated as one and a half times of the corresponding flat area. 5-12-24. SPECIFICATION FOR FRENCH POLISH French spirit polish ~ preparation of surface ~ filler coat ~ workmanship — measurement. ‘The French spirit polish shall be of an approved make confirming to 1S: 348-1968, { French polish is to be prepared on site, it shall be made by dissolving 0.7 kg of best shellac in 4.5 litres of methylated spirit without heating. To obtain required shade, the pigments shall be added and mixed The surface to be polished shall be cleaned. All unevenness shall be rubbed down smooth by using different grades of sand-papers. All visible knots shall be covered with a mixture prepared from red lead and glue. The resinous or loose Knots and gaps shall be made level with the surface. All the holes and undulations shall be filled with putty which is made of whiting and linseed oil After preparing surface, a filler coat shall be applied on the surface. The filler coat shall be prepared by mixing 2.25 kg of whiting with 1.5 litres of methylated spirit. When the filler coat is dried, the surface shall again be rubbed down perfectly smooth with sand-papers and shall be cleaned. The French polish shall be applied in best workmanship manner. A piece of clean, fine cotton cloth made into shape of pad shall be moistened with polish and jubbed hard on the surface. The polish shall be applied on the surface sparingly but uniformly and completely on the entire surface. The first coat shall be allowed to dry and then second coat of polish shall be applied in the same manner. To give finishing coat, the pad shall be covered with the fresh piece of clean, Sne cotton cloth. The pad shall be slightly damped with methylated spirit and subbed lightly and quickly with a circular motion till the finished surface gains uniform texture and high gloss. The work shall be approved by the engineer. The payment shall be made for superficial area covered. 5-12-25. SPECIFICATION FOR WAX POLISH Wax polish ~ preparation of surface ~ filler coat - workmanship — measurement. The wax polish shall be prepared from a mixture of pure (bees) wax and linseed ed. turpentine oil and varnish in the ratio of 2:1.5:1:0.5 by weight. The bees wax 224 boiled linseed oil shall be heated over slow fire. When the wax is completely Sssolved, the mixture shall be cooled till it is just warm. Then turpentine oil and Semnish shall be added into prepared wax in the required proportion and the tire mixture shall be well stirred. The surface to be polished shall be prepared as described in the specification ef French polish.94 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 ‘The filler coat shall also be applied in the same manner as described in the specification of French polish. When the filler coat is dried, the final rubbing shall be done with the sand-paper which shall be slightly moistened with linseed oil. ‘The wax polish shall be applied in the best workmanship manner. The wax polish shall be applied evenly with a clean cotton cloth pad in such a way that no blank patches shall be left. The surface shall be rubbed continuously for half an hour. When the surface is quite dry, a second coat of wax polish shall be applied in the same manner and shall be rubbed continuously for an hour or until the surface is dry. Then the final coat of wax polish shall be applied to the surface and rubbed continuously for two hours or more until the surface gains uniform texture and high gloss. The surface shall be quite dry showing no sign of stickness when touched. The gloss of polishwork depends upon the way of rubbing. Hence, the rubbing shall be continuous, with uniform pressure and frequent change in direction. The work shall be approved by the engineer. The payment shall be made for superficial area covered. 5-12-26. SPECIFICATION FOR SUSPENDED CEILING OF PLASTER OF PARIS Quality of powder - fixing and workmanship ~ measurement. The work shall be carried out of the best make plaster of Paris bags of approved quality by the engineer. The boards shall be 20 mm thick and shall be 600 mm x 600 mm except for closures ‘The boards shall be fixed on teak wooden main battens 100 mm x 50 mm at 80 mm centre to centre by means of brass screws. The screw face shall be driven in the board face 15 mm deep and the screw heads shall be hidden by spotting them with plaster of Paris trowelled flush with wooden trowels. The joints in the boards shall be flush and shall be filled in with plaster of Paris paste. The main battens shall in turn be fixed to teak wooden cross battens 50 mm x 25 mm at 400 mm centre to centre by means of iron screws. The framework shall be supported by mild steel flats for hanging from the ceiling slab. he measurement shall be taken for the actual superficial area and the rate shall include boards of plaster of Paris, teak wooden main and cross battens, screws, framework, scaffolding, etc. The cornices, if required, shall be paid extra and shall be measured in running metres. 5-12-27. SPECIFICATION FOR MANGLORE-TILED ROOF Properties of timber - properties of tiles ~ laying — finishing — measurement. The timber to be used for battens shall be of the best quality, well-season and free from cracks, knots, flaws and other defects. The tiles shall be double channelled Basel Mission Manglore pattern. The til shall be sound and shall be of regular shape and uniform size. The tiles shallArt. 5-12-29] Specifications 95 free from any cracks and shall be well-burnt and shall give a clear ringing sound when struck. When soaked in water for 24 hours, the tiles shall not absorb water more than L/6th of their own weight. The ridge tiles and hip tiles shall also be of Manglore pattern. The tiles shall be laid in such a way that they properly fit with each other and rest firmly against battens. The battens shall be of 30 mm x 30 mm section and shall be fixed at 300 mm centre to centre. The battens near the eaves shall be of section 60 mm x 60 mm. The work shall be cleaned and finished in proper way. The contractor shall be responsible to keep the roof water-proof for at least one monsoon The payment shall be made on actual superficial area covered by the tiles. The rate also includes provision of battens with three coats of oil paint. 5-12-28. SPECIFICATION FOR CAST-IRON ARTICLES Casting — properties of metal — samples — rate and payment. The casting shall be sharp, clean and free from cracks, flaws, air bubbles, blow holes, honeycombing or from any other defects. The casting shall give clear ringing sound when struck with a light hammer. The metal to be used shall be free from cinder or other inferior iron. The fracture ef the metal shall present a uniform diffused dark grey colour with pronounced lustre. Two samples of the cast-iron articles shall be submitted by the contractor to she engineer for ready reference and these samples shall be returned at the end ef work. The rate of cast-iron articles includes fixing them in position and three coats of steer paint or anti-corrosive black paint. The payment shall be made per number ef article. 312-29. SPECIFICATION FOR FIXING ASBESTOS CEMENT CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEETS ON STEEL PURLINS Sheets — laps — fixing — precautions — ridges - measurement. The asbestos cement sheets to be used shall be of the best quality and free Sem cracks. The sheets shall be laid with a side lap of at least one corrugation with a uum of 150 mm end lap. ‘The fixing of sheets with steel purlins shall be done by 8 mm diameter galvanized bolts. All hook-bolts shall be provided with curved diamond washers, The ion joints shall be provided on long stretches of roof as recommended by engineer. The holes for fixing sheets shall always be drilled and not punched. The iers, roof boards or similar devices shall be used by the contractor while so as to protect sheets from any possible damage.96 Estimating, Costing and Valuation. [Ch. 5 The ridges, hips and valleys shall be fastened securely on each side with a lap of 300 mm. The payment shall be made for actual area covered by the asbestos sheets and no amount shall be given for wastage, laps, corrugations, etc. The payment of ridges, hips and valleys shall be on running length. 5-12-30. SPECIFICATION FOR FIXING 1 mm THICK CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS ON WOODEN PURLINS Sheets — laps — fixing - precautions — ridges — measurement. The corrugated galvanized iron sheets shall be 1 mm thick, sound and free from any injury in carriage or otherwise. The sheets shall be laid with a side lap of at least two corrugations with a minimum of 150 mm end lap. The fastening of sheets shall be done with the best galvanized iron bolts. All such bolts shall be provided with lead washers. The bolts shall be placed 200 mm apart on the sides and at every second corrugation on the ends. The sheets when so fastened shall be secured with alternate wooden purlins by means of galvanized iron screws and washers about 150 mm apart. The holes for the bolts or screws shall always be drilled and not punched from the inside towards the outside. All such holes shall occur in the ridge of the corrugation of the sheet as laid. The ridges, hips and valleys shall be 1 mm thick and fastened securely on each side with a lap of 300 mm. The payment shall be made for actual area covered by corrugated galvaniz iron sheets and no amount shall be paid for wastage, laps, corrugation, etc. TI payment of ridges, hips and valley shall be on running length. 5-12-31. SPECIFICATION FOR DRIVING PRECAST R.C.C. PILES Piles ~ verticality ~ piling machine — set ~ measurement — finishing. The precast piles prepared from Portland cement shall be driven after weeks of curing, and if prepared from high alumina cement, they shall be driv after four days. All piles shall be manufactured in all respects in conformity wi the specification clauses of reinforced concrete. All piles shall be driven in vertical alignment unless otherwise instructed by engineer. If piles are 50 mm out of their position, such repairs as recommen| by the engineer shall be carried out by the contractor without any extra cost. The piling machine shall be of sufficient power and efficiency and shall steam driven. The weight of ram to be used shall be decided by the engin depending on the type of piles. The drop of ram shall not exceed 2 metres any case. The pile-heads shall be protected by an approved cap of C.I. or plate during driving.Art. 5-12-32] Specifications 97 The bearing piles shall be driven to a set of 25 mm for eight successive blows of a 2 tonne hammer whose free fall is one metre or such set as instructed by the engineer for each individual case. A continuous record shall be kept of the penetration per blow as each pile is being driven. ‘The payment shall be made for each length of metre driven. The piles shall be cast to the lengths determined by the engineer and these lengths shall be adopted as the basis for payment. At the completion of driving, the concrete of each pile shall be cut away to cut-off level and the steel reinforcement projecting above the cut-off level shall be cleaned, bent or built into the pile cap. 5-12-32. SPECIFICATION FOR UNCASED CAST-IN-SITU R.C.C. PILES Materials and workmanship - method of construction — location of piles - verticality - load test - measurement. The piles shall be cast-in-situ R.C.C. piles and the materials and workmanship of all piles shall be in all respects in conformity with the specification clauses of reinforced concrete. The piles shall be constructed by digging a bore into the ground by inserting 2 casing fitted with cast-iron shoe at its bottom. The casting tubes shall be driven Sr the full length of pile and it shall be withdrawn, when concrete is placed, in such a way that the shoe is left into ground. The concrete shall be poured and sensolidated in a manner which permits the cementation of the surrounding strata. The method of construction shall ensure that any water that may be present in * she boring is excluded before the concrete is placed and rammed in position. The Sell details of piles together with steel reinforcement and method of construction stall be submitted to the engineer for approval. The piles shall be bored in the required positions relative to the structure as sewn on the drawings. A maximum tolerance of 25 mm in any direction shall be Qermitted in the position of any pile. The piles shall be bored vertically with a maximum tolerance calculated at the = of 25 mm for each 2 m length of pile. The error in yerticality, when issible tolerance exceeds shall be rectified either by providing additional or by increasing the size of pile cap or by such other method as directed she engineer and no payment shall be made to the contractor for such works rectification. ‘The piles selected by the engineer shall be proof-tested in a manner directed *Be engineer. The details regarding the construction of loading platform and Sg of loads shall be supplied by the engineer and in all, maximum three shall be tested. The loading and unloading of loads shall be carried out * imparting jerks, impacts or shocks. The settlement of pile during test Se accurately measured by the contractor as per instructions given by the and the contractor shall supply to the engineer complete records of Sehaviour of the pile together with neatly drawn time-settlement graphs.98 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5. No extra payment shall be made to the contractor for all the procedure of load test of piles. The payment shall be made for the total length driven into the ground. The measured length of the pile shall be taken as the length from the tip of the shoe to the cut-off level as shown on the drawings. The rate includes cast-iron shoe also. The pile reinforcement shall project 600 mm above the cut-off level and shall be subsequently bent over to lap the pile cap or slab reinforcement as shown on the drawings. The rate also includes any extra excavation necessary to construct the piles to the required levels. The penetration of the pile into the ground shall be as shown on the drawings. But the same shall be amended by the engineer in the light of soil conditions revealed either by the borings or by the information obtained from the proof-loading tests. 5-12-33. SPECIFICATION FOR PROVIDING AND LAYING 150 mm DIAMETER S.W. PIPE Properties of pipes — excavation ~ laying — test — refilling - measurement. The stoneware pipes shall be of the best quality, regular in size and shape, free from flaws, cracks and glazing blow-holes. The internal and external surfaces of the pipes shall be smooth and perfectly glazed. The stoneware pipes shall be able to resist a bursting pressure of 0.21 N per sq mm without showing any sign of leakage. The thickness of stoneware pipes shall not be less than one-twelfth of. the internal diameter of the pipe. A stoneware pipe shall not absorb water more than 4 per cent of its own dry weight after 48 hours immersion in the water. The trench for laying the pipe shall be excavated as per levels given an no pipes shall be laid until a distance of 15 metres is excavated and prepar completely to receive the pipe. ‘The stoneware pipes shall be laid true to the invert level. The spigot of t pipe shall be carefully adjusted in the socket of the pipe previously laid. TI joint shall then be finished with the help of a ring of rope yarn dipped in liqui mortar. The joint shall then be finished with c.m. of proportion I:1. Each joi shall be neatly cleaned off and shall be cured at least for 7 days. ‘The line laid shall be tested for leakage by plugging one end and allowi water to flow from the other end under a head of 150 cm. The trench shall kept free from water before this test is made. The leaking joints shall be repair by the contractor. The refilling of the trench shall be started after getting written permissi from the engineer. The refilling of the trench shall be done in layers of 30 and each layer shall be well-watered. ‘The payment shall be made for the actual length of pipe laid and the rate s include excavation of the trench, laying and joining the pipes, testing, refilli and spreading the surplus earth within a radius of 60 metres as per instructis of the engineer.Art. 5-12-35] Specifications 99 5-12-34. SPECIFICATION FOR PROVIDING AND LAYING 900 mm DIAMETER R.C.C. HUME PIPE Manufacture of pipes - properties of pipes - collars — laying — test - refilling = measurement. The pipes shall be manufactured according to the standard process, The -materials used and the workmanship employed shall be of the best quality. The formwork of pipes shall be truly circular and the length of pipes shall be such that they can be easily and safely handled. The work in general shall be carried out as per specification of R.C.C. items. The pipes shall be non-sweating, smooth inside, truly circular, free from cracks or any sort of imperfection. The thickness of the pipes shall be sufficient to withstand a maximum earth pressure of 750 cm height. The pipes shall withstand without leakage a head of 750 cm of water. The pipes shall be strong enough to sake up the weight of a road roller upto 140 kN when laid under a cover of a epth not less than half the diameter of the pipe. The R.C.C. spun collars for the pipes shall be made in the same manner as pipes. The internal diameter of the collars shall be sufficiently large to allow perfect “pants around the outside surface of the pipes. The pipes shall be carefully lowered into the trenches excavated for this purpose sed shall be laid true to the gradients. The pipes shall be straight from manhole © manhole. The joint at the collars shall be finished with the help of a ring of e=pe yarn dipped in hot asphalt. The joint shall then be filled with cement mortar © proportion 1:1. Each joint shall be neatly cleaned off. The line laid shall be tested for leakage by plugging one end and allowing “ss to flow from the other end under a head of 150 cm. The trench shall be free from water before this test is made, The leaking joints shall be repaired she contractor. The refilling of the trench shall be started after getting written permission the engineer. The refilling of the trench shall be done in layers of 300 mm each layer shall be well-watered ‘The payment shall be made for the actual length of pipe laid and the rate shall excavation of the trench, laying and joining the pipes, testing, refilling spreading the surplus earth within a radius of 60 metres as per instructions engineer. SPECIFICATION FOR 160 mm WATER-BOUND MACADAM ROAD FOR HEAVY TRAFFIC of the metal - preparation of the sub-grade — placing of the road metal ~ final coat ~ measurement. seed metal shall be brought from the approved quarry. In direct compression seed metal shall give a strength of 145 N per sq mm. The abrasion Se road metal shall not be less than 17 and the attrition number shall100 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 be between 7 and 8. In impact test, the road metal shall withstand a height of 180 mm to 200 mm and in cementation test, it shall withstand 100 blows. The subgrade shall be prepared to the camber of 1:36. The subgrade shall be well-dressed and a base coat of sand of depth 100 mm shall be placed. ‘The road metal shall be placed on the finished subgrade and properly compacted if two layers. The thickness of each layer shall be 12 cm so that after consolidation, the thickness shall become 16 em. Each layer of the road metal shall be rolled dry so that a dense and proper inter-locked surface is obtained. The rolling shall be continued till the stones do not move under the weight of the roller. The roller shall pass equally over the entire surface and its speed shall be slow and uniform. The roller shall start from the edges of the road and shall be taken to the crown. Each successive strip shall overlap the preceding strip to avoid formations of the weak points. The finishing coat shall consist of sand blindage and then, the required amount of water shall be spread over the surface. The rolling shall then be started and continued till a loaded cart goes over the finished surface without making any mark. The road shall then be opened for traffic. The payment shall be made for the actual work done on superficial area basis and nothing shall be paid for the wastage of the materials, etc. 5-12-36. SPECIFICATION FOR 50 mm FULL GROUT SURFACE ON AN EXISTING ROAD Preparation of the road surface - spreading the metal ~ applying the binder — applying the blindage — rolling — seal coat — measurement. ‘The old existing road surface shall be properly re-shaped as per instructio of the engineer. The metal to be used shall be clean, dry and durable. The metal shall be of fairl uniform size of 40 mm. The metal shall be spread uniformly on the surface at rate of 0.06 cu m per sq m and the surface shall then be rolled by a light roller After the rolling, the surface shall be properly cambered and heated asphi shall be poured on this prepared surface at the rate of 100 N per sq m. The blindage of stone chips of size 12 mm shall be immediately applied aft the application of the binder when the asphalt shall be sufficiently hot. The ra of the blindage shall be 0,02 cu m per sq m The rolling shall then be carried out with the help of a 100 kN roller and shall be continued till there is no movement of the metal under the roller. After rolling, the surface shall be checked by a camber board and any I depressions shall be located and removed. On this surface, the hot asphalt sl be applied at the rate of 28 N per sq m and then, it shall be binded with 6 size stone at the rate of 0.01 cu m r sq m and rolled. The final rolling shi be carried out till the small stone chips are thoroughly embedded in the bindArt. 5-12-38] 101 The payment shall be made for the actual work done on site on Superficial area basis and no extra amount shall be paid for wastage of the materials, etc. 5-12-37. SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORK FOR ROAD IN EMBANKMENT Clearing land width - setting of alignment - borrow pits - watering and consolidation — finishing — measurement. ‘The land width for road shall be cleared by removing trees, bushes, etc. The useful materials shall be stacked within a lead of 50 m and the useless materials shall be burnt off. The alignment of true line, curves, slopes and grades shall be set and the profile of earthwork shall be maintained at intervals of 10 m to 50 m with the help of bamboos, pegs, nails, strings, etc. For alignment on curves, proper super- elevation and widening shall be provided as per the drawings. The earth shall be brought from borrow pits along the road alignment and such carth shall be free from tree roots, debris, etc. The loose earth shall be spread in layers not exceeding 250 mm in height and clots greater than 150 mm size shall be broken before rolling. ‘The watering and consolidation shall be done with the help of roller of proper weight to achieve the required optimum moisture content. The next layer shall be laid similarly over the consolidated layer. The embankment shall be finished in confirmation with alignment, levels, cross- sction, side slopes, shoulders, etc., as per the dimensions given on the drawings. The earthwork shall be paid in cubical contents by applying average end area sscthod for finding out the volume. The rate for earthwork includes all the above- sentioned operations and no extra amount shall be paid for labour, materials, =ssipment, tools, etc. required for the earthwork in embankment. 12-38. SPECIFICATION FOR LIGHTENING CONDUCTOR Selection of metal for conductor — properties of air terminal — design and placing eenductor The lightening conductor shall be of copper, aluminium or iron as specified, = shall be made of the same material throughout including the points of J and the earth plate if not otherwise mentioned. The air terminal shall be sem solid rod and pointed at top and shall be extended at least 30 cm above Seghest point of the structure. For flat roofs, air terminals shall be provided 50 m apart. In case of 36 m or more high building, air terminals shall be = apart and shall be connected with a band of same material. The size of the ‘ors shall be according to the recommendation of code of practice. ‘Sey metal coming within 1.2 m or heavy metals even beyond 1.2 m of the course ‘eeductor shall be connected with it. The runs of the down conductors shall be along with the corners and as straight as possible following the most pert without sharp bends or turns. The radius of bends when unavoidable102 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 shall not be less than 30 cm and the change of direction not greater than 30°. Conductors shall be secured by clamps along the walls without any insulation. ‘The lower extremity of the conductor shall be buried in permanently damp soil beyond 3 m of the foundation of the building. 5-12-39. SPECIFICATION FOR CAST IRON PIPES Properties of pipes - fixing and jointing - other C.I. fittings — measurement. Cast iron pipes shall be of approved manufacture, true, smooth and cylindrical. They shall be sound and of uniform casting, free from laps, pin holes or other imperfections and shall be neatly finished. C.1. Pipes shall be of the specified diameter and shall be in full length of 1.8 m including socket ends of the pipes, unless shorter lengths are required at junctions with fittings. The pipe length in each case shall be with socket. The pipes shall be supplied without ears unless otherwise specified. The pipes shall be painted smooth on both inside and outside. Each pipe shall give clear ringing sound when struck with a light hand hammer. When shorter length pipes are cut from full length pipes, they shall be cut with a hacksaw. Nominal weight of 1.8 m length pipe without ears shall be 11 kg for 75 mm diameter and 14 kg for 100 mm diameter with a tolerance of 10%. The thickness of the pipes shall be 3 mm Pipes shall be fixed on the face of wall or shall be concealed in the wall or floor. Pipes without ears shall be secured to the walls at all joints with M.S. holder bat clamps. The clamps shall be made from 1.6 mm thick M.S. sheet 30 mm width, bent to the required shape and size so as to fit tightly on the socket of the pipe, when tightened with screw bolts, The clamp shall be provided with a hook made out of 27.5 cm long 10 mm diameter M.S. bar, riveted to the ring at the centre of one semi-circular piece. The clamp shall be fixed to the wall by embedding their hooks in cement concrete blocks of size 10 cm x 10 cm X 10 cm and proportion (1:2:4) for which necessary holes shall be made in wall at proper places. ‘The Clamps shall be kept about 25 mm away from the finished wall, so as to facilitate cleaning and painting of pipes. ‘The pipes shall be fixed vertically or to the lines as directed. The spigot of the upper pipe shall be properly fitted in the socket of the lower pipe such that the isa uniform annular space for filling with the jointing material, The annular sp between the socket and the spigot shall be filled with a few turns of spun yal soaked in neat cement slurry. The joints shall be filled with stiff cement mort of proportion (1:3) and finished smooth at top at an angle of 45°. The joints sh be kept wet for not less than 7 days by tying piece of gunny bag around the joi and keeping it constantly wet. The other C.1. fittings such as bends, heads offsets, branches and shoes s confirm to IS. standards. The shoe shall be fixed 15 cm above the ground level all other fittings shall be fixed and jointed as specified earlier in this specificati ‘The payment shall be made for the actual length of pipe laid and the rate s include laying and joining the pipes, making zaries for concealed pipes, testi painting, making good the holes and zaries, etc. complete.Art. 5-12-41] Specifications 103 5-12-40. SPECIFICATION FOR SUPPLYING AND FIXING INDIAN TYPE W.C. WITH FOOT REST Materials — laying and fixing of pan — foot rests ~ measurement. ‘The Indian type water closet pans shall be either of white glazed earthenware, white vitreous china or white glazed fire clay as specified. The pan shall either long pan with size 430 mm or Orissa pattern with size 580 mm as approved by the Engineer-in-charge. Each pan shall have an integral flushing rim of suitable type. It shall also have an inlet or supply horn for connecting the flush pipe The flushing rim and inlet shall be of the self-draining with weep hole at the flushing inlet into the pan. A pan shall be provided with a 100 mm sand cast iron trap ‘P’ or ‘S' type with approximately 50 mm water seal and 50 mm diameter vent horn. ‘The pan shall be sunk into the floor and embedded in a 150 mm thick bed of brickbat cement concrete of proportion (1:6:12) or as specified. The joint between the pan and the trap shall be made leak-proof with cement mortar (1:1) After laying the floor, as specified, a pair of foot rests not Jess than 25 cm x 13 cm X 3 cm of white glazed earthenware shall be set in the cement sortar (1:3). The position of the foot rest from its inside back edge shall be 175 cm of the pan. All sanitary and plumbing works shall be carried out through licensed plumbers. = completion of the work the site shall be cleaned and all rubbish shall be Exposed off as directed by Engineer-in-charge. The payment shall be made per number of water closet provided and fixed as specification including a pair of footrest. 4. SPECIFICATION FOR PROVIDING AND FIXING EUROPEAN TYPE wW.c. Materials - fixing — measurement. Esropean type water closet shall be either of white glazed earthenware, mee vitreous china or white glazed fire clay as specified. At the base of each » water closet there shall be four holes having a minimum diameter of sex for fixing it to floor. Each water closet shall have an integral tap either se S type with at least 50 mm water seal. In order to enable an efficient he inside surface of water closets and traps shall be uniform and smooth eeenection of flush pipe from cistern to W.C. shall be made by means of er putty joint. senitary and plumbing works shall be carried out through licensed plumbers. sion of the work the site shall be cleaned and all rubbish shall be off as directed by Engincer-in-charge. seyment shall be made per number of water closet provided and fixed specification.104 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 5-12-42. SPECIFICATION FOR PROVIDING AND FIXING WASH BASIN INCLUDING ALL FITTINGS Materials and their fixing — measurement. The wash basin shall be of white glazed earthenware, white vitreous china or white glazed fire clay as specified. The size of basin may be 630 mm x 450 mm or 550 mm-x 400 mm flat back as specified. For angle back, the size may be 600 mm x 400 mm or 400 mm X 400 mm as specified: Basin shall be provided with single or double tap holes as specified. A circular waste hole shall be provided at the bottom of each basin to which the interior of basin shall drain. Each basin shall be provided with a non-ferrous or approved brand 32 mm diameter waste fitting. To discharge the waste water from a basin, 32 mm diameter G.I. or P.V.C. waste pipe coupling at one end fitted with brass or aluminium nut. To receive the brackets on the underside of a wash basin stout slots not exceeding 13 mm diameter, 5 mm high and 300 mm from the back of basin to the centre of stud shall be suitable. Each basin shall have an integral soap holder recess or recesses which shall fully drain into the bowl. All waste fittings shall be chromium plate of grade ‘B’ type confirming to LS. specification 1068. The basin shall be provided with one or two 15 mm chromium plated brass pillar cocks as specified and one G.P. stop cock on the supply line of grade ‘B’ type confirming to LS. 1068. The lead or porcelain connecting pipe as specially mentioned shall be of the specified diameter and length 30 cm to 45 cm with wiped solder joints. The fixing of wash basin shall consist of fixing wash basin, pillar cocks, stop cocks, bib cock, C.1. brackets confirming I.S. 775, lead or porcelain pipe, waste pipe, waste coupling, etc. The height of wash basin from the finished floor level shall be 80 cm. The basin shall be supported on a pair of C.I. cantilever brackets with two coats of approved paint. The brackets shall be fixed in position by means of wooden plugs and screws. If not otherwise specified, the brackets shall be 40 mm x 40 mm X 6 mm angle or T iron brackets. After fixing the basin, plaster of the wall to which basin is fixed shall be made good and surface shall be finished to match with the existing one All sanitary and plumbing works shall be carried out through licensed plumbers. On completion of the work the site shall be cleaned and all rubbish shall be disposed off as directed by Engineer-in-charge. ‘The payment shall be made per number of wash basin provided and fixed as per specification including all other fittings mentioned above. 5-12-43. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SUPPLYING, LAYING AND FIXING GALVANIZED IRON PIPES Properties of pipes — cutting, laying and joining — testing — measurement. ‘The pipes shall be seamless, screwed, socket tubes and welded galvanized mild steel pipes of specified diameter confirming to 1S. 1239 of medium grade. The pipes, sockets and other fittings like bends, elbows, brackets, clips, etc. shall cleanly finished, well galvanized and free from cracks, surface flaws, laminatio:Art. 5-13-1] Specifications 105, and other defects. The fittings shall have screw threaded ends, clean and well cut. ‘The ends shall be cut cleanly and square with the axis of the tube. Female threads on the fittings shall be parallel and male threads shall be tapered. The pipes shall be inspected thoroughly before laying and their ends shall be carefully filed out before cutting or rethreading the pipes. The end of the pipes _ shall then be threaded with pipe dies and taps confirming to I.S. 554 in such a way that it will not result in slackness of joints when the two pipes are screwed together. The taps and dies shall not be used for turning the threads so as to make them slack, resulting in the joints being not water tight. The screw threads of pipes and fittings shall be protected from damage until they are fitted. For joining the pipes, the inside surface of the socket and screwed end of the pipes shall be oiled and rubbed over with white lead and a few turns of spun yarn wrapped around the screwed end of the pipe. The end shall then be screwed in the socket, Tee, bend with the pipe wrench. Underground and concealed pipes shall be coated with approved anticorrosive paint. The pipes shall be laid open or in concealed manner as specified in tender. If the pipes run on the surface of wall, the fixing shall be done by means of standard pattern holder but clamps of required shape and size so as to fit tightly keeping the pipes about 1.5 cm clear of the wall. The clamps shall be embedded in brickwork in cement mortar (1:3) at regular intervals. The clamps shall be fixed at shorter interval near the bends and fittings as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. All open pipes and fittings shall be coated with three coats of paint of approved quality. If the pipes are in concealed manner, the work shall include making holes in slab, making zaries in walls and making them good after fixing the pipes. All the concealed pipes and fittings shall be coated with hot asphalt. The laying of underground pipes shall include making trenches in the ground before laying and refilling the trenches and levelling the ground after laying. After laying and jointing, testing of the pipes shall be done for any leakage or defects by plugging all the outlets and filling the pipes with water from overhead tank for 6 hours with hydraulic pressure not less than 6 kg/cm2. The payment shall be made for the actual length of pipe laid and the rate shall Seclude laying and joining the pipes, making zaries for concealed pipes, testing, painting, making good the holes and zaries, etc. complete. 5-13. SPECIFICATIONS IN OUTLINES The outlines of specifications of some of the other common civil engineering items a= given below and with the help of the points given, a complete specification Se the item can be written down. $13-1. SPECIFICATION FOR THE BRICKWORK IN ARCH IN c.m. (1:4) Properties of the bricks — soaking in water ~ mortar — workmanship, rough arch or seed arch or gauged arch as the case may be — shape of the arch — centering of the arch measurement — scaffolding.106 Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 5-13-2. SPECIFICATION FOR 2ND CLASS BRICKWORK IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of bricks which are to be ground-moulded and burnt in kiln — soaking in water — mortar — workmanship, mortar joints not to exceed 12 mm in thickness — measurement = scaffolding. 5-13-3. SPECIFICATION FOR 382 CLASS BRICKWORK IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of bricks which are to be ground-moulded and burnt in clamps ~ soaking in water — mortar — workmanship, mortar joints not to exceed 12 mm in thickness — measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-4. SPECIFICATION FOR THE BRICK PARTITION WALL IN c.m. (1:4) Properties of the bricks — soaking in water ~ mortar — workmanship, every third layer to be provided with a steel bar of 6 mm diameter without any extra cost ~ measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-5. SPECIFICATION FOR REINFORCED BRICKWORK FOR WALLS IN cam. (1:3) Properties of bricks which are to be table-moulded and burnt in kilns — soaking in water — mortar — reinforcement of 6 mm diameter steel bars at the rate of one bar for half-brick thickness of wall and to be placed at every third course ~ workmanship, mortar joints not to exceed 10 mm in thickness and reinforcement to be given a cover of 12 mm in all directions — measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-6. SPECIFICATION FOR COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY | SORT IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of stones, to be of equal height and face stones to be dressed by hammer — soaking in water - mortar ~ workmanship, each course to be of equal height and thickness of the joints not to exceed 10 mm ~ measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-7. SPECIFICATION FOR COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY I! SORT IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of stones, to be of different height — soaking in water — mortar — workmanship, only two stones to be used to make up a course and thickness of the joints not to exceed 12 mm — measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-8. SPECIFICATION FOR COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY III SORT IN c.m. (1:6) Properties of stones, to be of different height — soaking in water — mortar — workmanship, only three stones to be used to make up a course and thickness of the joints not to exceed 16 mm — measurement — scaffolding. 5-13-9. SPECIFICATION FOR R.C.C. SLAB 12 cm THICK PROP. (1:2:4) Proportion — cement — fine aggregate — coarse aggregate, 67% kapachi and 33% grit — water — reinforcement not to exceed 1% — centering — mixing — laying and curing = finishing of exposed surfaces — measurement.Art. 5-13-17] Specifications 107 5-13-10. SPECIFICATION FOR R.C.C. BEAM PROP. (1:2:4) Proportion — cement — fine aggregate — coarse aggregate, 67% kapachi and 33% grit ~ water — reinforcement not to exceed 2% — centering — mixing — laying and curing - finishing of exposed surfaces — measurement. 5-13-11. SPECIFICATION FOR R.C.C. STAIR OF 1 METRE WIDTH PROP. (1:2:4) Proportion — cement — fine aggregate — coarse aggregate, 67% kapachi and 33% grit — water — reinforcement ~ centering ~ mixing — design of stair, riser and tread, railing 80 mm thick and of height 1 metre, wooden handrail with French polish — laying and curing ~ finishing of exposed surfaces ~ measurement, four steps for half landing and two steps for quarter landing. 5-13-12, SPECIFICATION FOR 40 mm THICK INDIAN PATENT STONE PROP. (1:2:4) Proportion — cement — fine aggregate — coarse aggregate to be only of grit — water — mixing — preparation of bedding with 12 cm thickness of B.B.C.C. of proportion (1:6:12) and to mention that the rate does not include this bedding - laying and finishing with square or diagonal lines - curing — measurement. 5-13-13. SPECIFICATION FOR WOODEN CUPBOARDS Properties of timber — fabrication and fixing — design of shutter — frames, usual size being 120 mm x 50 mm — shelves, 3 nos. and 30 mm thick - architraves 100 mm x 40 mm — workmanship ~ fastenings and fixtures — oil paint to all woodwork — measurement. 5-13-14. SPECIFICATION FOR 12 mm THICK CEMENT PLASTER IN c.m. (1:4) Preliminary — process of first coat — second coat of sagol finish after six hours of first seat ~ watering — three coats of while or colour wash ~ measurement. 313-15. SPECIFICATION FOR MANHOLE OF SIZE 1 m * 1 m AND DEPTH NOT EXCEEDING 2 m Layer of B.B.C.C. proportion (1:6:12) = brickwork in c.m. (1:3) = plaster work in ¢.m 4) — measurement per number and the rate to include formation of channel, brick arch wert or R.C.C. slab, CI. cover with seat and C.1. steps. 3413-16. SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Type, make, casing, etc. — speed in r.p.m. — supply, usually 440 V, 3 phase — total sure head required — properties of the liquid to be handled ~ fixing to be done at the shown — guarantee period — deposit to be kept for guarantee period. 3-17. SPECIFICATION FOR MOSAIC TILES FLOORING Properties of tiles such as shape, type, make, etc. — cement mortar (1:3) — preparation Sedding with 10 cm thick B.B.C.C. of proportion (1:6:12) and to mention that the rate not include this bedding - workmanship — polishing — measurement.108 Estimating, Costing and Valuation (Ch. 5 5-13-18. SPECIFICATION FOR 80 mm FULL GROUT SURFACE ON EXISTING ROAD Preparation of the road surface — spreading the metal, size of the metal 150 mm and rate 0.09 cu m per sq m — applying the blindage of the stone chips, size 20 mm at the rate of 0.02 cu m per sq m — rolling — seal coat — measurement. 5-13-19. SPECIFICATION FOR 50 mm THICK ASPHALTIC CONCRETE ROAD SURFACE Preparation of the road surface - proportion of stone and sand to be 2:1, size of stone to be 20 mm — binder at the rate of 1138 N per cu m of stone and 2453 N per cu m of sand — mixing, stone and 2/3 quantity of binder to be taken first and then after proper mixing, sand and the remaining quantity of binder to be taken — placing on the road surface — rolling — seal coat — measurement. 5-13-20. SPECIFICATION FOR 150 mm THICK CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD (1:2:4) LAID IN SINGLE LAYER Proportion — cement — fine aggregate - coarse aggregate — reinforcement (if any) ~ preparation of subgrade ~ layer of sand on subgrade, depth about 50 mm to 70 mm and to be rammed and well-watered — centering - mixing — laying — provision of expansion and contraction joints — curing — cleaning — measurement. 5-13-21. SPECIFICATION FOR CEMENT MACADAM ROAD ON EXISTING W.B. ROAD SURFACE Materials, coarse aggregate (size 75% of 50 mm to 25 mm and 25% of 12 mm to 6 mm), sand, cement and water - dry cement mortar proportion 1:2 — preparation of the road surface — placing of a thin layer of sand 12 mm thick on the subgrade — placing of the forms ~ placing of the first layer of stone, depth 57 mm to 64 mm and rolling — spreading of the dry mortar, depth 40 mm — placing second layer of the stone, depth 57 mm to 64 mm — application of water at the rate of 20 to 22 litres per sq m — rolling — finishing — curing — measurement. 5-13-22. SPECIFICATION FOR FABRICATING STEEL ROOF TRUSS BY WELDING Members to be of section as per design — properties of the steel to be used — plates — process of welding — one coat of red lead - measurement to be on weight the truss. 5-13-23. SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORK FOR ROAD IN CUTTI Clearing land width for roadway, gutters, side slopes and catch water dre if any and also removing trees, bushes, etc. — setting of alignment — excavation roadway section as per details on drawing — side gutters and catch water drains any — all excavated material to be disposed off as directed by the engineer — fini — measurementQue. 5] Specifications 109 QUESTIONS 5 1 2. 3. 4. Seen aen Define specifications and mention their objects. Describe specifications for materials and workmanship. Discuss specifications for performance. Write short notes on: (1) Importance of specifications (2) Use of specifications (3) Technical provisions (4) Advantages of the standard specifications (5) — Restricted specifications (6) Closed specifications. What are the specifications for proprietary commodities? Mention the important aspects of the design of a specification. What are the essential principles of good specification writing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of open specifications? What are the points to be noted in connection with the standard specifications? Suggest the possible disadvantages to be avoided by a writer of the restricted specifications. Write specifications for the following: (1) Removal of water from foundations (2) Brickwork I class in ¢.m. (1:6) (3) Timber doors and windows (4) R.C.C. beams prop. (1:2:4) (5) ‘Terrazo finish (6) 12 mm thick cement plaster in c.m. (1:4) (7) Painting in three coats (8) Manglore-tiled roof (9) Providing and laying 150 mm diameter S.W. pipe (10) Marble finish (11) 20 mm sand faced cement plaster (12) 18 mm thick single coat mala plaster (13) Whitewashing in three coats (14) Wax polish (15) Suspended ceiling of plaster of Paris (16) 900 mm diameter R.C.C. hump pipe (17) Earthwork for road in embankment (18) Brick partition wall in c.m. (1:4) (19) R.C.C. slab 12 cm thick prop. (1:2:4) (20) Mosaic tiles (21) Driving precast R.C.C. piles (22) Providing and laying galvanised iron pipes110 12. 13. (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) Estimating, Costing and Valuation [Ch. 5 Providing and fixing Indian type W.C. with foot rest 160 mm water bound macadam road for heavy traffic 150 mm diameter S.W. pipes Lightening conductor Random rubble masonry ~Coursed rubble masonry, What are the main sources of information for specifications? Differentiate between the following: (ly (2) (3) (4) (5) Give reason for the following: qd) (2) (9) (10) ad) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (1s) (19) Drawings and specifications Brief specifications and detailed specifications General provisions and standard specifications Open specifications and closed specifications Bye-laws and trade catalogues. In case of specifications for materials and workmanship, the stress is put on the quality of the materials and workmanship. It is not desirable in case of public works to specify certain trade names or brands. The specifications are seldom written completely for all items of work. A specification should be designed rather than simply written or copied. The specifications should be designed by competent persons, possessing wide experience and high ability. The information given in the specifications should be complete and correct. The architect has to spend his valuable time in framing open specifications. It should be seen that the products mentioned in the approved list of a restricted specification are more or less in reality equal in quality and in price. The designer of a specification should be given an opportunity to observe the field application of his specification. A well-designed specification would prove useful to both - the owner and the contractor. The specifications should not be rigid. The specifications should specify use of commercial sizes and patterns of the material. The unfair specifications are not desirable. The brevity is the essence of the specification. The standard specifications should be periodically revised. Every city has got its own building codes. ‘The restricted specification promotes competition among the manufacture All sentences of the specifications should comply with the rules of grami It is desirable that the specifications include the fullest informati for the existing site conditions.