Professional Documents
Culture Documents
J. A. G. S. TEXT NO. 7
0f
in court-martial procedure. ,
ment contracts.
.
REGINALJI C MILLER,
Colonel, J .A .G . D o ,
Commandant .
United S t a t e s A r m y ,
1 September 1943,
Reissued 1 J u l y 1945,
C O N T E N T S
..ooOo 0
. .
PART I
Chapter Page
General ........................................
Humanity ..................................
Chivalry ..................................
Irre~lars . ...............................
Guerrillas .....................................
HOSTILITIES
0 0 0 0
Chapter Page
I11 . .
HOSTILITIES (~ontd) ..
IV . PRISONERS OF WAR
Discrimination ............................
Internment .....................................
Rations ...................................
Clothing ..................................
Sanitation ................................
Recreation .....................................
. iii .
Chapter Page
Assimiles ................................. 71
of War .................................... 75
Maintenance ............................... 83
.............. . .................. 94
. . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O . O . . . . . . . . .
General
Disciplinary Punishment ................... 96
Air Power
- Spaight, Air Power and War Rightg, 2nd
ed. (1933)
Am. J. Int. L.
- The American Journal of International
Law
Des Gouttes
- La Convention De Geneve pour LfAmelioration
DLI Sort Des Blesses et Des Malades Dans Les
Armees En Campagne DU 27 Juillet 1929 (1930)
Fenwick
- International Law (1924)
Flory
- Prisoners of War, A Study in the Develop-
ment of International Law (1942)
Garner
- International Law and the World War (1920)
Grotius Society
- The Transactions of the Grotius Society
Hackworth
- Digest of International Law (1940)
Hall
- Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 7th
ed. (1917), by A. Pearce Higgins
Holland
- ~ h .Laws
& of War on Land (1908)
L a m ence
- Lawrence, The Principles of International
Law, 7th ed. (1923), by Percy .H.Winfield
Lauterpacht
- L. Oppenheim, International Law, A Treatfse,
6th ed. (1940), by H. Lauterpacht
Moore
- A Digest of ~nternationalLaw (1906)
Phillipson
- International Law and The Great War (1915)
Raamussen
- Code Des Prisonniers De Guerre, Commentaire
De La Convention DU 27 Juillet 1929, Rel-
ative au Traitment Des Prisonniers De
Guerre (1931)
Spaight
- War Rights on Land (1911)
U.S.R.L.W.
- United States, War Department, Office of
the Chief of Staff. Rules of.LandWarfare,
1914, corrected to April 15, 1917, Wash-
ington, 19.17
Walker
- Pitt Cobbett, Cases on International Law,
5th ed. (1937), by Wyndham Legh Walker
We stlake
- International Law (1907)
Winf ield
- The Foundations and the Future of Intey-
national Law (1941)
CHAPTER I
rules.
be, but for trustworthy evidence of what the ,law really is.11 6
and 1929, which deal with the treatment of the sick and wounded.
'
ment of prisoners of war.
the laws and customs of war on land; the actual rules were con-
land.
tween a l l b e l l i g e r e n t s who a r e p a r t i e s t h e r e t o . 13
r e g u l a t i o n s annexed t o t h e Conventions.
14
21
-.
b Humanity. The duty of a commander i s t o seek o u t t h e
c.
- c h i v a l r y i s Synonymous With M i l i t a r y Honor. The p r i n -
7 . M i l i t a r y J u r i s d i c t i o n . - - 2 8 ~ e n e r a l c o u r t s - m a r t i a l have
c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n w i t h m i l i t a r y commissions t o t r y persons
f a c t t h a t v i o l a t i o n s of t h e laws of war a r e n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y l i s t e d
i n t h e p u n i t i v e A r t i c l e s does n o t d e p r i v e c o u r t s - m a r t i a l of juris
of t h e l a w s of war, e i t h e r a s ( a ) d i s o r d e r s and n e g l e c t s t o t h e
a n a t u r e t o b r i n g d i s c r e d i t upon t h e m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , o r ( c )
f o r t h e t r i a l of i n h a b i t a n t s , No-members of t h e Amepican A r m y
m a r t i a l . 32
M i l i t a r y c o m i s s i o n s have by s t a t u t e concurrent j u r i s d i c t i o n
or abandoned property. 35
by a m i l i t a r y commission. 36
t r i a b l e by m i l i t a r y commission. 38
40, p a r , 118,
FM 27..210,
m i l i t a r y personnel, a r e punishable under t h e A r t i c l e s of War,
v i s a b l e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l c o u r t - m a r t i a l be used i n preference t o
42. JAG 250.4, June 12, 1918; Dig, Op, JAG, 1912-40, sec. 3 6 9 ( 5 ) .
are war criminals and are not entitled to the privileges accorded
prisoners.ofwar.45
CHAPTER I1
Thus, the law of war separates the population of the enemy into
-
I
Illust~ativecase
Chapter I1
1. Spaight, p. 35. "The principle has been more and more ac;
t h e p a r t of p e a c e f u l c i t i z e n s and of s o l d i e r s , and
bade them go J o i n t h e ranks of the French a.mies 5f
they wished t o f i g h t .2
Fighting i s
laws of war l i a b l e t o punishment a s war c ~ i m i n a l s . ~
A s a c o r o l l a r y t o t h i s r u l e , a s o l d i e r i s e n t i t l e d t o know when
lations
6
c l a s s i f y la.wf'ul b e l l i g e r e n t s i n t o t h e e groups: (I) t h e
- -
2. Spaight, p a 350
3. ~ ~ 2 7 - 1 0p z, r , 348.
4. Hall, p . 349.
5 A i r P o w e ~ ,p , 360
6. FM 27-10, p a r , go
a. The Army. What forces constitute the regular army of
-
a belligerent is a matter of municipal law. Thus, whether the
matter for international law but one of municipal lawO7 The '
otherwise.
9
The uniform, "dog tags!' or discs, or identity cards
7. Lauterpacht, p. 202.
10
be e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e i r d i s c s o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n c a r d s .
-
b. Irregulars. The Hague Regulations provide t h a t t h e
o r g a n i z a t i o n b e connected w i t h t h e g e n e r a l m i l i t a r y comand o r
11
be a u t h o r i z e d by t h e b e l l i g e r e n t government. Such f o r c e s may
12
be r a i s e d by l o c a l i n i t i a t i v e . The requirement t h a t " t h e y b e
11.' H a l l , p a 55Ge
1 2 . Bordwell, p , 231.
t h e f o u r c o n d i t i o n s of t h e Hague R e g u l a t i o n s r e s p e c t i n g " i r ~ e g -
l o U.S.R.L,W,, p a r . 34.
1 6 , It i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e y be f u r n i s h e d w i t h c e r t i f i c a t e s of
i d e n t i t y and enrollment i n Lheir o p g a n i z a t i o n , JAG 324.5>
March 9, 1942.,
-
troops, engage i n g u e r r i l l a t a c t i c s .19 They may operate e i t h e r
of t h e enemy.
c,
- Levee en Masse. When o r d i n a r y i n h a b i t a n t s of a non-
a l o n e o r i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e r e g u l a r army, a t t e m p t t o b e a t
c i v i l i a n s f ~ o mengaging i n h o s t i l i t i e s i s t h e l e v e e en masse.
-
20. Bordwell, p , 232.
24
25
fense.
27
ment that each separate town or village must abstain from action
f ol-ces .30
I l l u s t r a t i v e case.-
/a
" I f Kirby Smith - Confederate g e n e r a-
l 7 holds o u t ,
CHAPTER I11
HOSTILITIES
ventions.1
ment also treated the members of the armed forces of the Con-
Chapter I11
be taken by s u r p r i s e , t r e a c h e r y , o r bad f a i t h . It a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d
, of t h e i r d u t i e s of n e u t r a l i t y u n t i l t h e y have r e c e i v e d due n o t i c e
of t h e e x i s t e n c e of a s t a t e of war o r a r e i n fact,a'ware of i t s
cumstances, courts tend to date the war from the first act of
enemy owed by the alien enemymay cause him to assist the enemy
I
7
if not restrained.
American courts have held that the alien enemy has no rights
enemy aliens in the hands of the President who, when war is de-
S.E. (2) 47, where the court adopted t'he date of the 'ap,-
1942, and announced that he would proceed with the gradual evac
11
ment. The court ruled that such measwes were a legitimate ex
12
- 26
the forces of his home state, or assist them in any way, if they
13
14
13
The weapons of war that may be used legitimately are not confined
to those which are openly employed; thus mines, booby traps and
16
assassination.
Illustrative case.-
has not been adhered to by any of the powers in the present war
18
gasesr1
. ly It has been doubted whether this Convention forbids
20
- Article
b. 5 of the Washington Treaty of 1922 for the
21
c.
- The Geneva Protocol of 1925 contains a similar prohibi-
22
bacteriological warfa~e,
25
26
of gas also offends against Article 23 (e) may depend on the nature
28
"the use of poisonous or noxious gases" and has warned the Axis
29
that its use by them will bring prompt retaliation in kind,
30
31
with or without notice, deprives not only the enemy forces but the
32
P ~ Y
Lawrence, p. 542.
i n j u r y under A r t i c l e 23 ( e ) .33
I l l u s t r a t i v e case. -
not be k i l l e d or S i m i l a r l y , combatants d i s a b l e d by
w i l l n o t j u s t i f y a declakation t h a t no q u a r t e r w i l l be given. 45
t h e r e f u s a l of q u a r t e r by t h e enemy.
46
I l l u s t r a t i v e case.-
48. A i r Power, p . l 2 5 .
be a t t a c k e d i f he continues t o r e s i s t .49 It i s not forbidden t o
2 . .
A i r Power, p 143. Cf A r t . 20, d r a f t code of 1 9 3 with
r e s p e c t t o a i r warfare: "When an a i r c r a f t has been disabled
t h e occupants, when endeavoring t o escape by means of pzrachute,
must not be attacked i n t h e course of descent,"
such a s b u l l e t s with a hard envelope which does n o t e n t i r e l y cover
54. P h i l l i p s o n , p , 199=
even if they have been in the service of the invader before the
outbreak of war .63 The line between work permitted and work
tionals tend their wounded, bury their dead, repair and build
ing army may utilize the services of enemy nationals for all its
--
to distinguish between military operations and military prepara-
-
tions and that such work as const~uctionof military roads,
fortifications and the like behind the front is not fu~bidden
in preparation for military operations.
.
65. Cf Phillipson, p. 197
66. Phillipson, p. 197. 1f'the community benefits generally
Spaight, p .
of t h e enemy, e t c . 70
population of t h e enemy t o d e s e r t i o n o r i n s u r r e c t i o n a r e p e r -
69. FM 27-10, p a r . 3 0 ,
70. FM 27-10, p a r s . 41-44; see p. 142, i n f r a , f o r f u r t h e r d t s -
cussf on.
.
72. A i r Power, pp 292, 308, Howevep, such a c t s if engaged i n
by a person i n d i s g u i s e , a r e i l l e g i t i m a t e and t h e perpetPator
i s l i a b l e t o be p u t t o death a s a war t r a i t o r . SPJGW 1943/12516,
Sept. 15.
Illustrative case.-
ing that these signs shall be used for appropriate purposes '
only.79
The
prohibition against bombarding
immune from b~mbardrnent.~~
P. 196.
of m i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t y . A c o n t r o v e r s i a l p o i n t i s whethei. towns
t h e contrary, d e s t r u c t i o n of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e b u i l d i n g s i s
a u t h o r i t i e s t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of surrender. 94 I n such c a s e s , t h e
l e g i t i m a t e m i l i t a r y t a r g e t s cannot be prejudiced by e s t a b l i s h i n g
forehand. 97
94. . .
Lauterpacht, p . 328; cf A i r Power, p 206.. Some w r i t e r s
i n s i s t t h a t d e l i b e r a t e bombardment of r e s i d e n t i a l q u a r t e r s
i s i l l e g a l . See H a l l , p . 575,
b.
- Seizure and Destruction of Property During Opera- .
Illustrative case.--
.
105,. Lawrence, p 536.
pacht, p. 321,
military operations.113
towns and cities. General Sherman in the Civil War burned Atlanta
common.
111,Spaight, p. 113.
milrtary operations.
because he could not spare troops to hold the town and he could
enemy. The inhabitants were driven out of the city and it was
war. However, it has been denied that such a force may destroy
to prevent the enemy from using them in the future. The popu-
117. For example, Dutch who cut their dykes and let in the sea
CHAPTER I V
PRISONERS OF WAR
c a t e g o r i e s of persons who a r e e n t i t l e d t o be t r e a t e d a s p r i s o n e r s
Chapter I V
They may not be compelled to do work other than the care of the
7. See for details, United States Dept, of State Bull., Vol. VI,
p . 306. j
an army i n s t a l l a t i o n should not be made p r i s o n e r s of war. lo This
p r i n c i p l e i s s u b j e c t t o t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n t h a t t h e invader may
prisoners of war,17
with the army air fomes and supervising air mechanics are en-
1 Spaight, p. 304.
18. SPJGW 1943/7809, June 9; cf. Cir. 33, WD, Jan. 30, 1943,
i
which provides that individuals included in FM 27-10, par,
76b, namely civilians attached to the armed forces, will be pro.
vided with a certificate, by the local commanding officer, iden-
tifying them as noncombatants, See also sec, 111, Cir, 9, WD,
Jan. 14, 1942.
accompanying t h e armed f o r c e s i n t o t h e f i e l d , such a s Treasury
Department a g e n t s , would be e n t i t l e d t o be t r e a t e d a s p r i s o n e r s
'
22. Qde, Vol, 11, p . ,344; Spaight, p , 38; SPJG 383.6, Mwch
21, 1942.
camp 270
S u b j e c t s of n e u t r a l s t a t e s . A c i t i z e n of a n e u t r a l s t a t e
f i e l d 2 8 i s e n t i t l e d t o treatment a s a p r i s o n e r of war. 29
upon t h e s t a t e .
- -- -
p r i n c i p l e t h a t p r i s o n e r s be humanely t r e a t e d r e q u i r e s t h a t a
36
mistreat the prisoners of the other side. This proposal was not
38
adopted.
Illustrative cases.--
Rasmussen, p. 19,
I
Convention.
42
43
of Article 9. Prisoners of war are not criminals and must not
or crimes .45
Illustrative csse.-
prison camps was the subject of protest by the Union to the Con-
47
48
at 420.
ter.
49 Thus, where t h e captor s t a t e t r a n s f e r s p r i s o n e r s of war
t o an a l l i e d power, t h e t r a n s f e r e e ( d e t a i n i n g s t a t e ) i s under an
under t r e a t y o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l law by a t r a n s f e r .
51 I t remains
o r <mentalh e a l t h , p r o f e s s i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , o r t h e sex of t h e
prisoner.
54 Women p r i s o n e r s of w a r must be t r e a t e d with due r e -
55
gard t o t h e i r sex.
I l l u s t r a t i v e case.-
o r h i s s e r i a l number,
questioned, h i s t r u e name and rank - The
It would be c o n t r a r y t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l law t o f o r c e a , p r i s o n e r t o
g i v e m i l i t a r y information about h i s own f o r c e s .
59
60
79. E f f e c t s That, May be Retained by P r i s o n e r s . --The Con
57. ( ~ o n t d . ) of d i s c i p l i n a r y punishment b e i n g i n f l i c t e d i f he
d e c l i n e s t o do s o , and presumably t h e e f f e c t of A r t i c l e I X
i s t o p u t o f f i c e r s and non-comaissfoned o f f i c e r s who r e f u s e t o
s t a t e t h e i r names and r a n k on t h e same f o o t i n g a s a pl-ivate."
6 0 . See p . 127, i n f r a .
61. Baker and Crocker, p , 44, c i t i n g U.S,R.L.W., 1914, and Ed-
monds and Oppenheim.
62
-
A r t . 72, G.O, 100 1i8637.
68
,. see, FM 27-10, p a r . 326; A i r P o w . e ~ ,p , 329.
67
housing facilities.
68
.
Congress.
- Prisoners
Phillipson, p. 220.
67. Thus it was held that prisoners of war need not be allowed
68. SPJGbT 1942/6165, December 28, where it was also stated that
s u b j e c t t o being i n j u r e d by h o s t i l e a c t s undertaken by t h e i r
bombardment t o c e r t a i n p o i n t s by t h e i r presence.
-
b. S i c k and lounded.
*
An exception t o evacuation of p r i s -
c.
- N o t i f i c a t i o n of Capture. A r t i c l e 8 requir-es b e l l i g e r -
soon a s p o s s i b l e of a l l captures of p r i s o n e r s a s w e l l a s t h e o f -
-
b. Segregation of Nationalities, During World War I fre-
and races in a single camp and even in the same barracks.79 The
in a single camp.
83-85. - In
Installation of Camps; Rations; Clothing .--a.
Island of Ceylon".
b a r r a c k s a f f o r d i n g a l l p o s s i b l e s a f e g u a r d s a s t o hygiene and
t h e s e a r e t o be t h e same a s t h o s e provided f o r t h e t r o o p s a t
82
base camps of t h e d e t a i n i n g power.
b
-. Rations, The Convention r e q u i r e s t h a t p r i s o n e r s of
86
c
- . Clothing. The Convention of 1929 p l a c e s t h e d u t y of
.
t i c l e 13 requires the detaining s t a t e t o take a l l s a n i t a t i o n
91, F l o r y , p . 62, s t a t e s t h a t p r a c t i c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s t a n d -
a r d i s r e a s o n a b l e need; c f , FM 2 9 r 5 9 p a r , 83 ( 2 ) ~ (3).~
See
PP. 73, e t s e q . , i n f r a , and p , 83, i n f r a , f o r d f s c u s s i o n of d e - -
duction of c o s t of maintenance from -wages o r pay,
camps w i t h b a t h s and s'howers so f a r a s p o s s i b l e , t o f u r n i s h s u f -
f i c i e n t water f o r t h e b o d i l y c l e a n l i r i e s s of p r i s o n e r s , and i n -
r u l e s . 92 I n a d d i t i o n , p r i s o n e r s of war must be p e r m i t t e d p h y s i c a l
t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e t o p e r m i t p r i s o n e r s t o walk o u t s i d e t h e camp. Y3
-
b, Medical Care. I n addition t o the general injunction
an i n f i r m a r y where p r i s o n e r s a r e t o r e c e i v e every a t t e n t i o n t h e y
-
need; p r i s o n e r s who a r e s e r i o u s l y 4 1 1 o r r e q u i r e major s u r g i c a l
o p e r a t i o n s a r e t o be h o s p i t a l i z e d i n a c i v i l o r m i l i t a r y e s t a b l f s h -
FM 27-10, p a r , 174.
not incompatible so long as the higher of the two standards in a
pb Recreation,.=-During
the belligerents provided recreation grounds for prisoners of
to this effect,
100,Flory, p, 85,
*
vention.lol According to a neutral YMCA Secretary who visited
103 See SPJGW 1943/6093, April 23, where it was stated that the
Communication of orders,-
etc, Regulations, orders, etc,,
rank and age, does not define "assimilesl'. Civilians who follow
at 143.
108
grade equivalent to that of officers may.be treated as officers,
The practice of nations in this and the last world war is in con-
the armed forces of the United States haye been assigned .the rank
and ranks used in their respective armies and a similar list for
111
b.
- Officers Pay and Maintenance. Subject to special ar-
titled to receive from the detaining power the same pay as of-
8.
109. See SPJGV 1943/7418, June 10, for extended discussion, See
p a 136, infra, footnote 72.
I)
110. See sec. VI, Cir. 33, WD, Jan, 30, 1943.
.
111. Cf Rasmussen, p, 14.
in excess of the rate in their own servicei112 Customary law
the cost of maintenance which,is debited against the pay they re-
vided by the detaining state and every luxury excluded; that these
'
112. Cf , SPJGW 194317418, June 10. Contra, Air Power, p , 418,
where it is stated that civilians taken prisoners of war
114. Dig. Op, JAG, 1918, Vol, 11, p. 1060, The detaining state
assimiles are not charged for food and clothing, both items being
116
Germany and Great Britain during World War I, officers were gen-
118
116. See par. 5; Cir. 10, FID, Jan. 5, 1943, for monthly allowance
to officers.
they served.119
120
of War.--a.
trary opinion has been expressed by Spaight who states that this
Prisoners of war.
work.124
from being assigned to work for which they are neither fitted
ficers.
.
127, Cf. 13 Am. J. Int L. 406 at 424, where the Berne Agreement,
1918, contained substantially the same provisions the h e r -
ican member of that conference said: "It is notorious that in
the employment of prisoners of war at physical labor the G e m n
authorities had either purposely or carelessly put many a round
peg into a square hole. Men of professional or clerical life had
been forced to perform hard physical labor'forwhich they were
fitted neither in aptitude nor in muscular strength. It was to
correct this abuse that we insisted on the inclusion of these
words -
bptitude and physical ability7.
I - "
Prisoners of war who belong to the armed forces may not be
t h e i r r e q u e s t . 131
The ~ o n v e n t i o n ' ~
p r~o h i b i t s "excessive" work being demanded
quarries 136.
The ~ o n v e n t i o n lexpressly
~~
prohibits unhealthful or dan-
age.1
4' Whether a particular employment is dangerous or unhealth-
dangerous occupations,
underground mining.
work connected with the logging and sawmill industry was per,..
142
units.
I
of the Hague Convention. It is evfdent that the term "direct
7144 and 9145 already provide that prisoners ought not to be kept
.
142. Cf SPJGLI 1943/7350, June 18, and SPJGW 194319948, July 3,
where Department of Labor statistics on accident rates were
used to determine whether open pit mining and logging were dan-
QeYOUS.
only the former would be forbidden. Thus, under this view pris-
tended for combatant units does not prevent the transpo?t of ma-
and the digging of coal in mines which supply military needs are
done by.the prisoners, the fact that the military also secures a
laundry is permissible.155
supplied with food and clothing, and since prisoners (other than
officers) receive no pay except for work done, these items are
done for the state shall be paid for at the same rates as those
charges may be made by the state of origin that they are doing
159, Cf. Dig, Op. JAG, 1912-40,Const. 11, 2(4), 383 "6,July 20,
1918, where Tt was held that under customary internatfonal
r a t e i n f o r c e f o r m i l i t a r y personnel of i t s armed f o r c e s , t h e
oners a r e t o be t r e a t e d l i k e s o l d i e r s of t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e and
d i e r s of t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e , t h e c o s t of maintenance of a p r i s -
There i s no o b l i g a t i o n on t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e t o place a t t h e
167. FM '27-10, p a r . 97; MS. Comp. Gen, B-29149, Oct. 19, 1942,
See, however, Trading with t h e Enemy Act, Oct. 6 , 1917, a s
amended, 55 S t a t . 389, and E.O. 9193, J u l y 6, 1942, requfrfng t h e
issuance of a s p e c i a l l i c e n s e .
If the prisoner of war works for a private individual, he
remains under the protection of the detaining state and the state
ing power shall allow prisoners of way who are victims of acci-
b
dents in connection with their work, the same benefits extended
to its own natfonals doing the same kind of work according to the
172
of t h e victims.
172. F l o r y , p . 80. .
173. S e p t . 7 , 1916, a s amended, 39 S t a t . 742.
174. .
SFJGFr 1942/412, Feb 7. The Convention would not r e q u i r e
payments t o h e i r s i n case of a f a t a l a c c i d e n t s i n c e by i t s
terms t h e b e n e f i t s a r e t o be paid t o t h e p r i s o n e r durfng c a p t i v -
i t y . SPJGW 1943/9602, J u l y 10.
177. . .
Rasmussen, p 36; cf J A G Ops., 1918, Vol, 11, p 572, where .
it was h e l d t h a t a p r i s o n e r of war i n a c i v i l p r i s o n under-
going punishment f o r c i v i l crimes should have no o t h e r p r i v i l e g e s
of correspondence than allowed o t h e r c i v i l i a n p r i s o n e r s .
s h a l l p r o v i d e f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n . o f instruments' i n -
183. . .
See Garner, Vol 11, p 36; .Flory , p 104. I t would seem, ' .
however, t h a t a d e t a i n i n g s t a t e could l i m i t t h e nwnber of
packages s e n t t o p r i s o n e r s i f it unduly burdened t r a n s p o r t f a c i l -
i t i e s needed f o r m i l i t a r y purposes.
188
with its terms. The protecting power may in fulfilling its duties
s
utilize its diplomatic or consular officials or may appoint, sub-
189
in such places.1
9' The implied qualification in the statement
of such visits.
-
rule hold conversation without witnesses was intended to prevent
192
193
ents.
194
1
representatives of the belligerents on neutral territory, The
195
196
I
the military authorities in whose.hands they are and to the rep-
199
200
Throughout t h e Convention t h e r e i s implied permission
must e s t a b l i s h a t t h e outbreak of h o s t i l i t i e s , an o f f i c i a l i n -
202
formation bureau regarding p r i s o n e r s of war i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y .
ments, t r a n s f e r s , p a r o l e s , r e p a t r i a t i o n , escapes, h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n ,
118-140. -
Crimes and Offenses.--a. General. P r i s o n e r s of
p r i s o n e r s of w a r must be t r e a t e d l i k e t h e s o l d i e r s of t h e d e t a i n -
l i g h t , c r u e l t y , c o l l e c t i v e punishment f o r i n d i v i d u a l a c t s , a r e
208
a b s o l u t e l y forbidden. Again, no prisoner of war may be de-
209
prived of h i s rank by t h e d e t a i n i n g power.
210
212
214
215
to criminal, offenses punishable by military or civil tribunals.
216
ings. A prisoner may not be punished more than once for the
same offense or charge.217 Prisoners of war who have satisfied
218
b.
- Disciplinary Punishment. The Convention provides that
219
proceedings.
par. 121.
221
223
equal rank in the armed forces of the detaining state under the
225
same circumstances.
226
punishment.227
Prisoners undergoing disciplinary punishnient must
but money and parcels may be withheld until the expiration of the
equal rank230 for the same act and thenonly if the healti of the
'232
27-10,par. 130.
233
235
"company punishment".
235. See 9 Grotius Society 131 at 141 (1924), where General Bel-
c
r
. ~udicialProceedings. The Convention contains specific .
prohibitions which, unless confined by its terms to disciplinary
236
of counsel of his ~ h , o i c e . No
~ ~prisoner
~
may be compelled to
240
latter two may depart in the rules of evidence and the mode of
p l i c a b l e t o t h e members of t h e armed f o r c e s of t h e d e t a i n i n g
242
s t a t e f o r similar acts. The p r i s o n e r i s given t h e same r i g h t
f i c a t i o n of t r i a l t o t h e p r o t e c t i n g power a t t h e l a t e s t a t l e a s t
244
threeweeksbeforetheopeningofthetrial, t h e r i g h t of
245
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e p r o t e c t i n g power t o a t t e n d t h e t r i a l ,
t h e e x p i r a t i o n of a period of a t l e a s t t h r e e months a f t e r t h e
r e c e i p t by t h e p r o t e c t i n g power of a communication s e t t i n g f o r t h
i n d e t a i l t h e n a t u r e and cfrcumstances of t h e o f f e n s e . No p r i s -
tribunal .250
d.
- Escape. Escape i s a very n a t u r a l a c t which i s n o t con
251
t r a r y e i t h e r t o m i l i t a r y honor t h e laws of morality.
254
ing army.
a55
255. Cf. par. 130b, MCM (1928). An attempt to escape was found
where a prisoner began constructing a tunnel to be used for
.
256. Cf par. 139b, MCM (1928) .
7
260
261
262
263
JAG, 1918, Vol. 11, p. 576; see p. 98, supra, for tribunals which
264
f o r c e s of t h e d e t a i n i n g power. Thus, a p r i s o n e r %ofwar who
s t e a l s c l o t h i n g t o e f f e c t h i s escape i s g u i l t y of larceny i f t h e
265
escape i s not s u c c e s s f u l .
t h e i n c i d e n t a l crime. I f t h e l a t t e r p o s i t i o n i s adopted, t h e
t i n u e s u n t i l he has q u i t t e d t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e .
268
269
for "escaping from confinement" since escape for him is not un-
270
271
be tried as a spy.
273
276
undergone punishment.
277
sentences for such crimes need not be repatriated but may be de-
279
-
280
281
"
lation; of military law are essentially violations of municipal
.
278. Rasmussen, p. 50; cf FM 27-10, par. 126. .
-279. FM 27-10, par. 126, relates to repatriation during the con-
tinuance of hostilities.
.
280. Rasmussen, p 5 2 , Other interpretations are possible and it
may well be that a detaining power would not release a pris-
oner who had committed a serious military offense. At the termi-
nation of the Franco-German War in 1871 Germany held that the
pace did not operate in favor of offenders against military law.
Phillipson, Termination of War and Treaties of Peace, p . 240.
281'. .
Cf Rasmussen, p . 52.
crimes (i. e . , v i o l a t i o n s of t h e laws of war) need not be r e p a t r i -
b
-. Return of Sick and Wounded. An o b l i g a t i o n i s imposed
284
by A r t i c l e 68 of t h e Convention on t h e d e t a i n i n g power t o send
of t h e sickness r e q u i r i n g d i r e c t r e p a t r i a t i o n o r h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n
- follow t h e
I n t h e absence of an agreement, t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e may
286
model agreement285 annexed t o t h e Convention. The Convention
charged by a u n i l a t e r a l s e l e c t i o n and r e p a t r i a t i o n by t h e d e t a i n -
28 9
ing s t a t e .
contemplates t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of d i r e c t r e p a t r i a t i o n o r i n t e r
,
300. Hyde, v o l . 2 , p . 529.
e.
- Parole. A p a r o l e i s a promise, e i t h e r w r i t t e n o r o r a l ,
308
made by a p r i s o n e r of war t o t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e by which i n
'should be i n w r i t i n g
31.0 311
an o r a l p a r o l e i s equally v a l i d .
*
p r i s o n e r may be paroled f o r t h e purpose of r e t u r n i n g t o h i s s t a t e
308. A c i v i l i a n enemy i n t e r n e e i s a s s i m i l a t e d t o a p r i s o n e r of
.
war. C f SPJGW 1943/8113, June 1 6 .
n o t required t o a s s e n t t o a p r i s o n e r s s r e q u e s t t o be r e l e a s e d on
315
parole and no p r i s o n e r may be compelled t o accept such a r e
317
318
31-9
320
ject. In the latter case, if the prisoner gives his parole, his
321
318. FM 27-10,,
par. 152.
VII, p. 229, quoting Art. 131, G.O. 100 /i8637: "If the
323. I f t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e r e f u s e s t o accept t h e r e t u r n e d p r i s -
oner, he would be discharged s i n c e t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e i s
bound t o a a t i s f y i t s e l f t h a t t h e p r i s o n e r has a u t h o r i t y t o g i v e
h i s p a r o l e . S p a i g h t , . ~ .296.
328. .
FM 27-10, p a r s . 150, 151; H a l l , p 431. A r t . 127, G.O. 100
/i8637, characterized such p a r o l e s a s void and subjected
t h e in&viduals giving them t o punishment a s d e s e r t e r s . M ~ o r e ' ~ s
Digest, Vol. VII, p . 228.
330. F l o r y , p . 125.
on t h e ground t h a t t h e g i v i n g of .a. p a r o l e i s a p e r s o n a l a c t i n
333
which t h e i n d i v i d u a l p r i s o n e r must concur.
n o t r e f e r t o s e r v i c e i n t h e zone of i n t e r z o r such a s r e c r u i t i n g ,
d r i l l i n g r e c r u i t s , f o r t i f y i n g p l a c e s n o t besieged, q u e l l i n g c i v i l
again a g a i n s t t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e i s i n e f f e c t i v e a f t e r t h e
338
peace. A p r i s o n e r on p a r o l e without guard under a promise n o t
ing arms a g a i n s t t h e d e t a i n i n g s t a t e or i t s a l l i e s f o r f e i t s h i s
338. H a l l , p . 432.
339. F l o r y , p . 128.
343
r e s p e c t t o t h e d i s p o s i t i o n of t h e e f f e c t s of deceased persons
CHAPTER V
.
350. C f . Rasmussen, p . 48; F l o r y , p . 141; cf Dig. Op. J A G , 1912
40, Const. 11, ( 4 ) , 383.7, J u l y 29, 1919.
3 FM 27-10, p a r . 163.
353. Dig. Op-. JAG, 1912-40, Const. 11, ( I t ) , 383.7, J u l y 29, 1919.
Chapter V
1. FM 27-10, p a r s . 173-201.
condition of the sick and wounded will be referred to hereafter
marily with the sick and wounded during the period of active
2
combat as distinguished from their'treatment during internment.
are. It is for the sick and wounded who have ceased to resist
5
that the Convention requires respect, protection, and care-.
7 8
5. Spaight, p. 421.
15
The sick and wounded of an army who have fallen into the
hands of the enemy are prisoners of war, and, subject to the care
16
17
field must have search made for the wqunded and dead and must
18
cartels for the return of the wounded to their own lines at the
19
r u l e a l s o p l a c e s t h e d u t y of burying t h e dead on t h e b e l l i g e r e n t
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of f i r e o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n
c e s s a t i o n of f i r e s h a l l be arranged t o permit t h e r e c i p r o c a l
24
s e a r c h and removal of t h e wounded remaining between t h e l i n e s .
b.
- Treatment of Wounded and Dead. A r t i c l e 4 of t h e Con-
25
vention enumerates i n d e t a i l . t h e o b l i g a t i o n s t h a t b e l l i g e r e n t s
21. -
FM 27-10, p a r . 176b.
22. S p a i g h t , p . 428.
as was the Russian custom though its own practice was to cremate
28
the dead. A careful examination is required prior to intern-
c.
- Ownership of Personal Effects. By customary internation-
seized on the battlefield was booty and became the property of the
30
30 Lauterpacht, p . 310,
changed with r e s p e c t t o p r i v a t e enemy property by A r t i c l e 6 of
32
other -
a l l a r t i c l e s of personal use found on t h e f i e l d of b a t t l e
o r t h e dead, b y t h e exceptions s t a t e d i n A r t i c l e 6 of t h e P r i s o n e r s
41
42
be considered mobile:
43
44
and, (2) it must accompany troops in the field, The words "mo-
have completed their duty and are returning to their troops are
51
53
Simi-'
'
to spare the hospitals, would mean foregoing hostilities.
of military necessity.
54
The use of a sanitary formation for
55
m i l i t a r y purposes i s improper, Such a c t s a s s h e l t e r i n g combat-
t a i n i n g w i r e l e s s apparatus. o r s e a r c h l i g h t b a t t e r i e s , a r e i n 3 w i o u s
56
t o t h e enemy and deprive t h e s a n i t a r y formation of immunity,
57
However, a s a n i t a r y f o m t i o n does n o t f o r f e i t i t s p r o t e c t i o n :
58
61
62
tection accorded them means that they must not knowingly be at-
63
ing to conceal the state of his defenses from the enemy, may
64
Gouttes, p. 49; cf. Edmonds and Oppenheim, par. 185, footnote (b).
66
has been given him for the task;67 (2) he has identification
68
time of capture.
69
70
66, FM 27-10, par, 181, 4c, The lack of written orders from com-
petent authorities wiil subject the soldier to treatment as
. .
a prf soner of way. Cf Spaight, p 440,
See, however, Des Gouttes, ppo 44, 112, 117, who contends
sonnel, changed the former rule; that such guards when captured
Gouttes, p. 54.
-
such status. FM 27-10, par, 181, he,
d u t i e s under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e captor, p r e f e r a b l y t o c a r e f o r
80
81
82
mobile sanitary formations that fall into the power of the enemy
83
shall not be deprived of their: (1)materiel, (2) their means
446.
80. Edmonds and oppenheim, pars, 186, 441-442; ske also FM 27-10,
par. 347.
ferred to here.
plies.
not part of thk sanitar; service, i.e., not specially fitted for
rules when used in the evacuation of the sick and wounded. This
86
land, p. 33.
90
91
able to pack up and accompany the army they are attached to and
follow it.
92
When the enemy occupies the territory, the fixed
establishment and its materiel are under his control and are "sub-
confiscated.
94
So long as the establishment contains sick and
95
The b u i l d i n g s and m a t e r i e l of a i d s o c i e t i e s a r e p r i v a t e
97 98
property and, a s such, m h t be respected. It may be r e q u i -
101. Des Gouttes, pp. 94, 103; Renault quoted f n Spaight, p . 4490
f i e l d manual i n World War I viewed such m a t e r i e l a s p r i v a t e prop-
102
e r t y and s u b j e c t t o r e q u i s i t i o n .
103
191. S a n i t a r y Transportation. - - A r t i c l e 1 7 d e a l s 'with
with t h e c o n d i t i o n s s t i p u l a t e d f o r t h e r e t u r n of mobile s a n i t a r y
105
formations. A mixed convoy made up of t h e s i c k and wounded
106
e n t i t l e d t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e Convention.
s e r v i c e , f o r example, h o s p i t a l t r a i n s . I n o t h e r words, i f t h e
t
means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n belongs t o t h e s a n i t a r y s e r v i c e of t h e
106. It i s - n o t a v i o l a t i o n of t h e Convention f o r a b e l l i g e r e n t t o
p l a c e t h e s i c k and wounded i n a troop t r a i n ; b u t it i s a
v i o l a t i o n f o r such a t r a i n t o f l y t h e Red Cross f l a g . Spaight,
p . 452.
ing to the sanitary service but borrowed from military units are
112
113
. for the evacuationof the sick and wounded such as ordinary rail-
utilized for the conveyance of the sick and wounded, are sutject
114
115
1 1 Cf. Hyde,
Val, 11, p. 385.
117
118
booty.
ing
119
.
p 100; see also p. 140, supra.
121
122
over the firing line, over the zone situated in front of the
123
123. Des Gouttes, p. 132. Thus, it may be fired upon by the enemy
and in case of a forced landing, its personnel may be held
as prisoners of war.
with a s m o n s by t h e enemy o r a c c i d e n t a l l y , t h e s a n i t a r y p e r -
a i r c r a f t a r e s u b j e c t t o t h e r u l e s a p p l i c a b l e t o convoys.of evacu
127
ation. Thus, t h e s a n i t a r y personnel and t h e personnel of
voluntary a i d s o c i e t i e s a r e e n t i t l e d t o be r e t u r n e d .
l e s s o p e r a t o r s of s a n i t a r y a i r c r a f t . A s a condition precedent
he, like the prisoner of war who breaches a parole, would be sub-
128
129
pilot in the same flight. In the latter case, ioe., where his
130
a 131
132
133
134
vention permits the use of the red crescent, or the red lion and
already use these emblems. Turkey uses a red crescent and Iran
135
flag "may only be displayed over the sanitary formations and es-
-
flag must in the case of fixed sanitary establishment be accom-
neutral countries139
formations may also fly their own national flag during the time
140
belligerent or neutral, fly only the Red Cross flag while-in the
141
142
140, FM 27-10, par. 197. In auch case three flags would be flown:
the Red Cross flag, the belligerent7s flag, and the neutralPs
143
volunteer a i d s o c i e t i e s ; (3) t h e p e r s o n n e l of v o l u n t e e r a i d
144
s o c i e t i e s of a n e u t r a l country. According t o some w r i t e r s ,
t h e b r a s s a r d s a r e f o r t h e s a n i t a r y p e r s o n n e l p r o p e r and n o t f o r
a c c e p t e d p r a c t i c e h a s been f o r t h o s e permanently a s s i g n e d t o s a n i -
p o r a r i l y s e r v i n e a s l i t t e r - b e a r e r s o r a u x i l i a r y a t t e n d a n t s upon
arm. It i s important t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r of s a n i t a r y p e r s o n n e l
146
s h a l l n o t b e p u t on and o f f a t . p l e a s u r e . Both t h e permanent
5 . This
i s t o p r e v e n t . a capturing power from evading t h e duty
of r e t u r n i n g s a n i t a r y personnel. Des Gouttes, p . 162,
2 M 27-10, p a r . 196.
153. FM 27-10, p a r . 193
peace or war, except to designate sanitary formations, establish-
154
1.55
The Act incorporating the American National Red Cross provided,
use the sign or insignia in imitation of the Red Cross for the
156
article.
societies of the Red Cross, use may be made of the emblem of the
158
prior to the date of the Act were excepted from its oper,.
ation.
A P P E N D I X
THE FIELD
General Orders,
No. 100.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Adjutant ~eneral' s Office,
Vashington, April 24, 1863.
E. D. TOWNSEND,
Section I
Retaliation
issued or not. Martial Law is the immediate and direct effect and
same.
is not Martial Law; it is the abuse of the power which that law
a soldier even more than other men, for the very reason that he
or are expected and must be prepared for, Its most complete sway
All civil and penal law shall continue to take its usual
. course in the enemy's places and territories under Martial Law,
unless interrupted or stopped by order of the occupying military
power; but all the functions of the hostile government--legis-
4
of the occupier or invader.
property and business are not exempted. Any delinquency they com-
accredited to itself.
The law of war does not only disclafm all cruelty and bad
acts.
e e p e c i a l l y s o i f committed by o f f i c e r s ,
14
M i l i t a ~ yn e c e s s i t y , a s understood by modern c i v i l i z e d n a t i o n s ,
c o n s i s t s i n t h e n e c e s s i t y of those measures which a r e indispensable
f o r secizring t h e ends of t h e war,-and whlch a r e lawful according
t o t h e modern law and usages of ,war,
- . M i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t y admits of a l l d l r e c t d e s t r u c t i o n of l i f e
M i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t y does n o t admit of c r u e l t y - - t h a t i s , t h e
i n f l i c t i o n of s u f f e r i n g f o r t h e sake of s u f f e r i n g o r f o r revenge,
nor of maimfng o r wounding except i n f i g h t , nor of t o r t m e t o
e x t o r t confessions. It does n o t admit of t h e use of poison i n
any way, nor t h e wanton d e v a s t a t i o n of a d i s t r i c t . It admits of
deception, b u t disclaims a c t s of perfidy; and, i n g e n e r a l , m i l f -
t a r y n e c e s s i t y does n o t include any a c t of h o s t i l i t y which makes
t h e r e t u r n t o peace u n n e c e s s a r i l y d i f f i c u l t .
R e t a l i a t i o n w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , never be r e s o r t e d t o a s a meas-
u r e of mere revenge, b u t only a s a means of p r o t e c t i v e r e t r i b u t i o n ,
and moreover, c a u t i o u s l y and unavoidably; t h a t i s t o say, r e t a l i -
a t i o n s h a l l only be r e s o r t e d ts a f t e r c a r e f u l i n q u i r y i n t o t h e
r e a l occurrence, and t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e misdeeds t h a t may demand
retribution.
A v i c t o r i o u s army, by t h e m a r t i a l power i n h e r e n t i n t h e
same, may suspend, change, o r a b o l i s h , a s f a r a s t h e m a r t i a l
power extends, t h e r e l a t i o n s which a r i s e from t h e s e r v i c e s due,
according t o t h e e x i s t i n g laws of t h e invaded country, from one
c i t i z e n , s u b j e c t , o r n a t i v e of t h e same t o another.
bombarded.
out injury, the ruler of the conquering state or nation may order
them to be seized and removed for the benefit of the said nation.
peace.
the armies of the United States, nor shall they ever be privately
This rule does not interfere with the right of the victorious
uses.
~rivate'~ro~ert~,
unless forfeited by crimes or by offenses
If the owner has not fled, the commanding officer will cause
receipts be given, which may serve the spoliated owner to obtain
indemnity.
, T h e r e e x i s t s no law o r body of a u t h o r i t a t i v e k l e s of a c t i o n
.between h o s t i l e a m i e s , except t h a t branch of t h e l a w of n a t u r e
and n a t i o n s which i s c a l l e d t h e law and usagks of war on l a n d ,
A s o l d i e r , o f f i c e r o r p r i v a t e , i n t h e a c t of committing such
violence, and disobeying a superior ordering him t o a b s t a i n from
i t , may be l a w f u l l y k i l l e d on t h e s p o t by such s u p e r i o r .
Battlefield
49
No b e l l i g-e r e n t has t h e r i g- h t t o d e c l a r e t h a t h e w i l l t r e a t
every captured man i n arms of a l e v y en masse a s a brigand o r
bandi t .
I f , however, t h e people of a country, o r any p o r t i o n of t h e
same, a l r e a d y occupied by an army, r i s e a g a i n s t i t , t h e y a r e
v i o l a t o r s of t h e laws of war, and a r e n o t e n t i t l e d t o t h e i r pro-
tection.
I f a h o s t a g e i s accepted, he i s t r e a t e d l i k e a p r i s o n e r of
war, according t o rank and condition, a s circumstances may a M t .
58
The law of n a t i o n s knows of no d i s t i n c t i o n of c o l o r , and if
an enemy of t h e United S t a t e s should enslave and s e l l any captured
persons of t h e i r army, it would be a case f o r t h e s e v e r e s t r e t a l i -
a t i o n , i f n o t redressed upon complaint.
A l l p r i s o n e r s of-war a r e l i a b l e t o t h e i n f l i c t i o n of r e t a l i -
a t o r y measures.
expect no quarter.
war, and, indeed, modern war itself, are means to obtain that
, I
ful,
Outposts, s e n t i n e l s , o r p i c k e t s a r e n o t t o be f i r e d upon,
70
Y
of w a r .
72
-
Money and o t h e r valuables on t h e person of a p r i s o n e r , such
a s watches o r jewelry, a s w e l l a s e x t r a c l o t h i n g , ape regarded by
t h e American Armyas t h e p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y of t h e p r i s o n e r , and
t h e a p p r o p r i a t i o n of such valuables o r money i s considered d i s -
honorable, and i s p r o h i b i t e d .
'
They may be required to work for the benefit of the captor's
in his flight; but neither death nor any other punishment shall be
inflicted upon him simply for- his attempt to escape, which the law
punished, even with death; and capital punishment may also be in-
they shall not be punished for thefr escape, but shall be treated
stricter confinement.
the enemy information concerning their own army, and the modern
SECTION IV
army, but belonging to a corps which acts detached from the main
body for the purpose of making inroads into the territory occupied
.
82
apout the lines of the captor, are treated as spies, and suffer
death.
ment or not. They are not prisoners of war; nor are they if dis-
SECTION V
Safe-conduct--Spies--War-traitors--Captured
Messengers
or,by travel.from one territory into the other, can take place
it to the enemy.
law. They may cohunicate with foreign parts; or with the inhab-
of this rule.
103
A s u c c e s s f u l epy o r w a r - t r a i t o r , s a f e l y r e t u r n e d t o h i s own
army J and afterwards captured a s an enemy-, i s n o t s u b j e c t t o punish-
ment f o r h i s a c t s a s a spy o r w a r - t r a i t o r , b u t he may be h e l d i n
c l o s e r custody a s a person i n d i v i d u a l l y dangerous.
SECTION VI
f u s i n g t o r e l e a s e such p r i s o n e r s .
t o exchange p r i s o n e r s of war.
s a r y frequency i s c a r e f u l l y t o be avoided.
appearance of a f l a g of t r u c e i n b a t t l e .
I f t h e b e a r e r of a f l a g of t r u c e , p r e s e n t i n g himself during
an engagement, i s k i l l e d o r wohded., it f u r n i s h e s no ground of
complaint whatever.
I t i s customary t o designate by c e r t a i n f l a g s ( u s u a l l y
yellow) t h e h o s p i t a l s i n p l a c e s which a r e s h e l l e d , s o t h a t t h e
besieging enemy may avoid f i r i n g on them. The same has been done
i n b a t t l e s , when h o s p i t a l s a r e s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e f i e l d of t h e
engagement.
Honorable b e l l i g e r e n t s o f t e n r e q u e s t t h a t t h e h o s p i t a l ~ ~ w i t h -
i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e enemy may be designated, so t h a t t h e y may
be spared.
SECTION VII
The P a r o l e
No noncommissioned o f f i c e r o r p r i v a t e can g i v e h i s p a r o l e
except through an o f f i c e r . I n d i v i d u a l p a r o l e s n o t given through
an o f f i c e r a r e n o t only void, b u t s u b j e c t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s g i v i n g
them t o t h e punishment of death a s d e s e r t e r s . The only admis-
s i b l e exception i s where i n d i v i d u a l s , properly separated from
t h e i r commands, have s u f f e r e d long confinement without t h e pos-
s i b i l i t y of being paroled through an o f f i c e r .
No p a r o l i n g on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d ; no p a r o l i n g of e n t i r e bodies
of troops a f t e r a b a t t l e ; and no d i s m i s s a l of l a r g e numbers of
pr'isoners, with a g e n e r a l d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t they a r e paroled, i s
permitted, o r of any value.
?n c a p i t u l a t i o n s f o r t h e surrender of s t r o n g p l a c e s o r
f o r t i f i e d camps t h e commanding o f f i c e r , i n c.ases of urgent ne
c e s s i t y , may agree t h a t t h e troops under h i s command s h a l l n o t
f i g h t again during t h e war, u n l e s s exchanged,
t o r e c e i v e him, he i s f r e e of h i s p a r o l e .
SECTION VIII
An a r m i s t i c e i s t h e c e s s a t i o n of a c t i v e h o s t i l i t i e s f o r a
p e r i o d agreed between b e l l i g e r e n t s . It must be agreed upon i n
w r i t i n g , and duly r a t i f i e d by t h e h i g h e s t a u t h o r i t i e s of t h e con-
tending p a r t i e s .
*
An armistice m y be concluded for a definite time; or for an
the agreed commencement; but the officers of the armies are respon-
sible from the day only when they receive official information of
its existence.
140
that the armistice is not ratified, even if a certain time for the
be allowed, if any.
force.
new works of the defense within the place during an armistice, this
SECTION IX
Assassination
-any captor, any more than the modem law of peace allows such inten-
ized nations look with horror upon offers of rewards for the
SECTION X
view.
150
Civil war is war between two or more poytions of a country
or state, each contending for the mastery of the whole, and each
of government.
154
T r e a t i n g , i n t h e f i e l d , t h e r e b e l l i o u s enemy according t o t h e
law and usages of way ha? never prevented t h e l e g i t i m a t e government
from t r y i n g t h e l e a d e r s of t h e r e b e l l i o n o r chief r e b e l s f o r high
t r e a s o n , and from t ~ e a t i n gthem.accordingly, u n l e s s they a r e i n
cluded i n a g e n e r a l amnesty.