ABSTRACT

This project work describes about “PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT INSTITUTIONAL
BUILDING ”.This design project is taken up with the objective of
understanding the behaviour of structure under various loads including seismic
load and designing the structures, making use of codal provisions.

The building of TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE comprises of

four storey (G+3) building, which has a plinth area of each floor is 2173 m 2
.This building is proposed to be constructed in Chennai.

In this project work, the institute building is designed as framed

structure for the standard loads as per IS 875 and seismic load as per IS
1893.The design of structure done by using IS 456:2000. Analysis of the frames
was done using STAAD.Pro software.

The structural elements such as slabs, beams, columns, footing and

stairs are designed by LIMIT STATE METHOD using M25 grade concrete
and Fe415 steel.The drawings are prepared using AUTOCAD.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 INTRODUCTION 1
1.3 METHODOLOGY 2
1.4 LIMIT STATE DESIGN 2
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN 3
1.6 INTRODUCTION TO STAAD.PRO 3
1.7 BASIC STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 4
2. METHODOLOGY 5
3. BUILDING DETAILS 6
3.1 DIMENSIONS OF THE BUILDING 6
3.2 LOADS ON BUILDING 7
4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE 12
4.1 GENERAL 12
4.2 SUBSTITUTE FRAME 12
4.3 INTRODUCTION ON STAAD.Pro 12
4.4 STAAD PRO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND 13
DESIGNING PROGRAM
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
4.5 BASIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND 16
STRUCTURAL DESIGN USING STAAD.Pro
5. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 21
5.1 SLAB 21
5.1.1 General 21
5.1.2 Types of slab 21
5.1.3 Loads on slab 22
5.1.4 Basic rules for the slab design 23
5.1.5 Specifications of slab 25
5.1.6 Design of one way slab 26
5.2 BEAM 28
5.2.1General 28
5.2.2 Aim of design 28
5.2.3 Type of beam 29
5.2.2 Design of beam 30
5.3 COLUMN 34

5.3.1GENERAL 34
5.3.2 TYPES OF COLUMN 35
5.3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 36
5.4 FOOTING 39
5.4.1 GENERAL 39
5.4.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING 42
5.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 46
5.5.1 GENERAL 46
5.5.2 TYPES OF STAIRCASE 47
5.5.3 LOADS ON STAIRCASE 47
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
5.5.4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 48
CONCLUSION 54
REFERENCES 55
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

NO

4.1 Axial Force Values STAAD Pro V8i 18

4.2 Bending Moment Values from STAAD Pro V8i 19
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE

NO

3.1 Ground Floor Plan 8

3.2 First Floor Plan 9

3.3 Second Floor Plan 10

3.4 Third floor Plan 11

4.1 Structure Modeling 15

4.2 Bending Moment Diagram 16

4.3 Shear force Diagram 17

5.1 Reinforcement Details of Slab 27

5.2 Reinforcement Details of Beam 32

5.3 Reinforcement Details of Column 39

5.4 Reinforcement Details of Footing 46

5.5 Reinforcement Details of Staircase 53

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A Area of cross section in mm 2

AC Area of concrete section in mm2
Ast Area of tension reinforcement in mm2
Asc Area of compression reinforcement in mm2
Asv Area of transverse reinforcement in mm 2
Asc Area of compression steel in mm 2
P Axial load on a compressive member in kN
M Bending moment in kNm
fck Characteristics compressive strength of concrete in N/mm 2
τhd Design bond stress
∅ Diameter of bar in mm
d Effective depth in mm
ly Longer span of the slab
L Length of column or beam in mm
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel in N/mm 2
τcmax Maximum shear stress in concrete in N/mm 2
τv Nominal shear stress in concrete in N/mm 2
Pt Percentage of tension reinforcement
σcb Permissible compressive stress in concrete in N/mm2
σcc Permissible stress in direct compressive in N/mm
2

σcbc Permissible stress in bending compressive in N/mm

2

σst permissible stress in steel in tension in N/mm

2

σsv Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement in N/mm 2

lx Shorter span of the slab
τc Shear stress in concrete
V Shear force in kN
Sv Spacing of stirrups in mm
t Thickness in mm
T Torsional moment in kNm
Vu Ultimate shear force in kN
Pu Ultimate axial load in kN
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EARTHQUAKE

The word “EARTHQUAKE comes from the greek word “seio”

which means “shake” .Earthquake is defined as the sudden slipping or
movement of a portion of the earth ‘s crust accompanied and followed by a
series of vibrations. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that can be a huge
threat for any building that is not designed and constructed properly to
withstand it

1.2 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake are caused by faults ,which are caused by the sudden

movement of the two sides of a faults with respect to another. The occurrence
by the sudden .the occurrence of tectonic earthquake can be explained by the
theory of elastic rebound .This was first advanced by H.B.REID. the motion
along the fault is accompanied by the gradual buildup of elastic strain energy
within the along the fault

1.3EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION

During an earthquake a building experiences high seismic forces

and swings accordingly in more complex manner . A building need to be
slightly flexible and also have componets which can withstand or counter the
stresses caused in various parts of the building due to these horizontal
movements.

1.4STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN

Earthquake forces can act an all directions .unlike gravity loads

that are transferred in a downward direction ,earthquake loads start at the
supporting soil and are transmitted to the building .when these direction are
large ,the damage is catastrophic .therefore ,most building are designed with
lateral forces resisting system to resist the effect of earth quake forces .in many
cases seismic systems make a building stiffer against horizontal forces, and
thus minimize the amount of lateral movement and consequently the damage
1.5 GENERAL
Our Teacher Training Institute is planned to be constructed at Chennai.
As per IS1893,it comes under SEISMIC ZONE III having zone factor 0.16 and
importance factor of the building is 1.5. This building consists of four storey
(G+3) which has the plinth area of 2173 m². The building consists of rooms
such as Class rooms, Seminar hall, Office room, Laboratories etc Three Dog-
legged staircases are provided.
An Engineer involved in the construction of the structure, have roles like,
1. Preparation of building plan.
2. Designing the structural members
Following are the objectives of the project work:
1. Preparation of plan for proposed building
2. Detailed design of the structural member using “Limit state method
of design”.
1.6 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
In ancient times people have designed all type structures using
common sense i.e., trial and error and rule of proportion acquired through their
experience. Their effectiveness depends on the knowledge and skills of
craftsman. In ninetieth century, industrialization and the mass production of iron
and steel led to rapid changes in construction types. This in turn; replaces a
traditional trial and error method approach for designing structural principles.
The only scientific calculation called allowable stress design and now method
of Limit state deign is used.
1.7 METHODOLOGY
All structures have two basic requirements, namely safety from collapse
and satisfactory performance of the structure for intended use. The limit states
define the various ways in which a structure fails to satisfy the basic
requirements. Ultimate limits relate to safe the basic requirements. Ultimate
limits relate of safety, strength, stability and very large deformation. Service
ability limit states relate to satisfactory performance and correspond to
excessive deflection, vibration and local deformation. Limit states design refers
to the calculation made by the designer to ensure that these not occur.
1.8 Limit state design:
The dead load, wind, snow, temperature changes etc., are expected to act
on a structure during its project life. They are generally specified in codes.
Loads generally tend to cause failure, but sometime the resist failure as in the
case of dead weight holding a structure in place having a wind storm.
For the ultimate limit states, the loads are multiplied by load factor which
take into account the probability of derivation of the load from value specified
in code, for example, dead load is more predictable than the wind or snow load
so factor is described by means of load combination factor to take account the
shrinkage and creep reduce probability of different load acting simultaneously.
Once the loads are factored the designer, then calculate forces or
deformation within the structure. These calculations are based on a theory of
structural behavior which approximately reflects a behavior of which as the
limit state approach. For example, simple elastic theory, which takes into
account shrinkage and creep, into approximate for most structure for the
serviceability limit states, whereas simple strength or stability theories are
approximate for most structure for the ultimate limit stress.

In the case the serviceability limit states a deflection a stress or

acceleration due to loads is compared with an allowable deflection stress or
acceleration. The later are based on user acceptability and requirement such as
for the operation of equipment.
1.9 Advantages of limit state design:
1. The limits state provides a check list of the basic requirements for
which design calculation may be required.
 2. Limit state design provides both basic calculation tool for designing
and evaluating civil engineering structure and a means for unifying structural
codes and standards.
3. Limit state design by providing consistent safety serviceability ensures
on economical use of wide range of applications.
1.10 Introduction about STAAD.pro:
Computer aided designing increase the productivity of the designer.
Computer can carry systematic reasoning. They can store large information for
a create database of particular project. It requires less time compared to the
analytical method. Hence in this project, the building frame is analyzed using
software some of the software available today:
1. STAAD.Pro
2. GT STRUD
3. ANSYS
4. SAP200
5. RC DESIGN, etc.,
In this project the software STAAD.Pro is used for analysis.
STAAD.Pro implements the most modern technologists in computer
aided engineering. A live unified association data base provides seamless
integration across all mission, critical, application from concept design/analysis
simulation and visualization. Some of the general features of STAAD.Pro are:
1. It is capable of both analyzing and designing the structure consisting of
both frame and trusses.
2. Analysis and designing is done based on IS codes.
3. Almost all structure can be analyzed.
4. Calculation of the framed structure is very easy compared to analytical
method.
5. Joint, member/element, mesh generation with flexible user controller
numbering scheme.
 6. It can easily generate comprehensive customs reports at it can be
exported to Microsoft word or excel.
7. Presentation quality printer plots of geometry and frames using models
can be generated
8. Industry fastest solution algorithm with least requirements of disc
space.
1.11 Basic structural analysis:
Purpose several alternatives configuration for the structure
1. Select one alternative for preliminary design.
2. Create a finite element model including.
3. Tropology (member analysis).
4. Support boundary conditions.
5. Member properties.
6. Independent loading conditions.
7. Dependent loading conditions.
8. Perform analysis (static, linear, dynamic and nonlinear etc.)
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 GENERAL

The successful design of structures goes back to ancient times

.For many centuries ,structures were designed using common sense ,trial and
error ,and rules of proportion acquired through experience

STAAD Pro software is used for the analysis and the design
work the various structural components of the building such as he slab ,beam
,column ,footing ,stair etc.

2.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

The methodology is the procedure how the project is to be

proceeded to complete in time .the methodology adopted in this proceeded the
building ,analysis the structure,design the structure member as per indian
standards , in the limit state method .the limit state method is used both safety
and serviceability of the structure . the limit state method is that used of the
factored loads with the partial factor of safety

2.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORED FOR LOADS AND MATERIAL

STRENGTH

Having obtained the characteristics loads and characteristics

strength ,the design loads and design strength are obtained by the concept of
partial safety factor .partial safety factor are applied both to loads on the
structure and to strength of material .the factors are explained as below

2.4 LOAD COMBINATION USED AD PER THE IS 875 CODE

The serviceability of the limit state method is to design is to

safety and serviceability of the structure with the safety factors for certain
combination of loads

1)1.5(D.L+L.L)

2)1.2(D.L+L.L±E.L)

3)1.5(D.L±E.L)

4)0.9(D.L±1.5E.L.)
 CHAPTER 3

BUILDING DETAILS
3.1 GENERAL
Plinth area = 2178 sq.m

Number of floors = G+3

Floor to floor height = 3.5m

Concrete grade = M25

Steel grade = Fe415

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Column size = 300 x 300 mm

Beam Size = 230 x 500 mm

3.2 DIMENSIONS

Door D1 = 1.5x2.1m

DoorD2 = 1.2x2.1m

DoorD3 = 0.9x2.1m

Window W = 1.5x1.2m

Window W1 = 1.2x1.2 m

Ventilator = 0.9x0.3m
3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN
(All dimensions are in meter)
3.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN
(All dimensions are in metre)
3.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN
(All dimensions are in meter)
3.4 THIRD FLOOR PLAN
(All dimensions are in meter)
 CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
4.1 GENERAL:
Analysis of structure for the considered is the first and foremost stepping
that has to be done in any design work. The method available for the analysis
of structure is Substitute Frame method
4.2 SUBSTITUTE FRAME:
For determining the moments and shears at any floor or roof level due to
gravity loads, the beams at that level together with columns above and below
with their far ends fixed may be consider to constitute the frame.
In this project, the analysis of structure is done by using the STAAD.Pro.
By using the analysis results the design of structural members like beams,
columns are designed.
4.3 INTRODUCTION TO STAAD.Pro V8i:
STAAD.Pro is the most popular structural engineering software product
for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive
GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless
integration to several other modeling and design software products. The
software is fully compatible with all windows opening systems but is optimized
for windows XP. See the new STAAD.Pro V8i from the comfort of your home
or office in a free interactive on line demonstration or watch some online
tutorials at your own leisure.
For static or dynamics analysis of bridge, concrete structure, embedded
structure (tunnels and culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber
buildings, transmission towers, stadium or any other simple or complex
structure , STAAD.Pro has been the choice of design professionals around the
world for their specific analysis needs. To see the new features in STAAD.Pro,
please go through the release report.
4.4 STAAD.Pro STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING
PROGRAM:
STAAD.Pro implements the most modern technologists in computer
aided engineering. A live unified associated data base provided seamless
integration across all mission, critical, application from concept design/ analysis
to detail/ design simulation and visualization. Some of the general features of
STAAD.Pro are
It is capable of both analyzing and designing the structural consisting of
both frame and trusses.
1. Analyzing and designing is done based on IS codes.
2. Almost all Structures can be analyzed.
3. Calculation of the framed structure is very easy compared to
analytical method.
4. Joint, member/ element, mesh generation with flexible user
controller numbering scheme.
5. It can easily generate comprehensive customs reports and it can
be exported to Microsoft word or excel.
6. Presentation quality printer plots of geometry and frames using
models can be generated quickly.
7. Industry fastest solution algorithm with least requirement of disc
space.
8. STAAD.Pro is capable of performing static and dynamics
analysis. Some of the features of dynamics and static are mentioned
below.
4.5 BASIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
USING STAAD.Pro:
1. Purpose several alternatives configuration for the structure
2. Select one alternative for preliminary design
3. Create the finite element model including
4. Geometry (Joint co-ordinates)
5. Topology (Member analysis)
6. Support boundary conditions
7. Member properties
8. Material Properties
9. Independent loading conditions
10. Dependent loading conditions
11. Perform analysis (Static, Dynamics and linear, non-linear etc.)
12. Review and evaluate results.
13. Perform design (Steel, Reinforcement concrete etc.)
14. Reanalyze the current design.
4.1 3D MODELING OF STRUCTURE
4.2 SKELETON VIEW OF STRUCTURE
4.3 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
4.4 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
 4.5 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT

4.6 MAXIMUM AXIAL FORCE

 CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE LOAD
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE LOAD

The earthquake load is the total force that an earthquake exerts on a given
structure.

Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering

which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It
happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with
adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

When earthquakes occur, a buildings undergoes dynamic motion. This is

because the building is subjected to inertia forces that act in opposite direction
to the acceleration of earthquake excitations. These inertia forces, called seismic
loads, are usually dealt with by assuming forces external to the building.

Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will
occur due to seismic ground motion at the base of a structure.

Calculation of base shear depends on:

Soil conditions at the site

Proximity to potential sources of seismic activity
Probability of significant seismic ground motion
The level of ductility and over strength associated with
various structural configurations and the total weight of the
structure.
The fundamental period of vibration of the structure when
subjected to dynamic loading.
5.2 DESIGN CALCULATION OF EARTHQUAKE LOAD

5.2.1Determination of base shear

Dead load:

Weight of roof = weight of slab +weight of terrace

+water proofing +weight of floor finishing

= 21 x18.91 x (5.75+1.5+0.5)

= 2283.38KN

Weight of floor = weight of slab +weight of floor

finish

= 21x 18.91 x (5.75+0.5)

= 1687.72KN

Weight of outer transverse beams = (2 (3.76-0.4/2-0.4/2) x 1.44) + (2

(1.90-0.4/2- 0.4/2) x 1.44) + (2(3.76-0.4/2-0.4/2)x1.44) + (2 (3.83-0.4/2-0.4/2) x
1.44)

= 47.549KN

Weight of outer longitudinal beams = (7x3.4-0.45/2-0.45/2)x1.44)x2

= 63.907KN

Weight of parapet wall = 2(21+18.91)x1x4.6

= 367.172 kN

Weight of external wall = 20x0.23x(20.6+88)x(2x1.5) +

(1x3.36)) x1.44

= 440.06kN

Weight of interior longitudinal beams = (3.4-0.23) x1.44x15x3

= 205.42kN

Length of wall in transverse direction = (3.76-0.4/2-0.4/2)x 2 + (1.90 -

0.4/2-0.4/2)x2 +(3.76-0.4/2-0.4/2) +(2(3.83-0.4/2-0.4/2))x18.51
 = 305m

Length of wall in longitudinal direction = (3-0.23/2-0.23/2)x7x2

= 38.78m

Height = 3.4-.0.4=3m

Weight = 20x0.23x(305.6+38.7778)x3

= 4752.4kN

Weight of column/height = 2x7x0.4x0.4x25=56kN/m

Live load
Live load on roof = zero

Liuve load on floors = 50% of 3.75kN/m2

2
= 1.875kN/m
Total live load on each floors = 21x18.91x1.875

= 744.58kN

Seismic weight
Seismic weight at roof = weight of roof + weight of Outer
transverse beams + weight of outer longitudinal beams + weight of parapet wall
+ weight of interior transverse beams + weight of interior longitudinal beams +
(weight of column/ heightx3.5/2

=2283.38+47.549+63.907+367.172+440.
06+205.416+95.2+1582.14
=5180kN

Seismic weight @ 2nd,3rd,4th floor = Weight of roof + weight of outer

transverse beams + weight of outer longitudinal beams + weight of external wall
+ weight of interior transverse beams + weight of interior longitudinal beams +
weight of interior wall +(weight of column/height)(3.5)
 = 1687.72 +47.549 +1582.124
+440.06+205.416 +4752.444 +(112x(3.4/2))
+744.581

= 9741.20kN
Seismic weight at 1st floor =
1687.72+47.54+63.90+1582.124+440.06+205.416+4752.44+((3.5/2))

= 9831.801kN

Total seismic weight W

= 5180.008+19428.402+9831.801

= 34440.211kN

Total base shear = A hxW

Design seismic horizontal co-efficient

Ah =ZIS a/2Rg

S /g =Spectral acceleration co-efficient=2.5

a
I =Important factors =1.5

R =Response reduction factor =5

Z = Zone factor =0.16

Period in second T = 0.09h/d0.5

= 0.1717

Ah = (0.16x1.5x2.5)/(2x5)

= 0.06

Total base shear = Ah Xw

= 0.06 x 34440.211

= 2066.413kN
5.1 SEISMIC LOAD IN X DIRECTION
5.2 SEISMIC LOAD IN Z DIRECTION
 CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.1 Design of slab:
6.1.1 General:
Slab is a thin flexural member used as a floor or roof of structures to
support the imposed loads.
6.1.2 Type of slab:
1. One way slab
2. Two way slab
One way slab:
One way-slab are those supposed continuously on the two opposite sides
so that the loads are carried along one direction only. The direction in which the
loads are carried in one-way slab is called the span

It may be in the long or short direction. One-way slabs are usually made
to span in shorter direction since the corresponding bending moment and shear
force are the least. The main reinforcement is provided in the span direction.
Steel is also provided in the transverse direction, to distribute any unevenness
that may occur in loading and for temperature and shrinkage effects in that
direction.

This steel is called distribution steel or secondary reinforcement. The

main steel is calculated from the bending moment consideration and under
the circumstances should it be less than the maximum specified by the
code for such reinforcement.
Two-way slab:
Slab which are supporting on unyielding supports like walls in all
four sides are called two-way slabs. The span in the larger direction is
donated by ly and that in the shorter direction by lx

The distribution of loads in the l x and l y directions will depend on

the ratio ly and lx. When the l y/l x > 2,it can be shown the most of the loads
are transmitted along the shorter l x direction and the slabs acts as a one-
way slab. Beam supports which are sufficiently stiff can be considered as
unyielding and slabs on these beams also acts as two-way slabs.

6.1.3 Loads on slab

Generally, in the design of horizontal slabs, two types of loads are considered:
1. Dead load
2. Imposed load
Dead load

The dead load in a slab comprised the weight of immovable

partitions, floor finish, weathering and primarily its self-weight. The dead
weight are to be determined based on the weight of the materials made
of components as given on table 1 and 2 of IS875(part-I)-1987.
Imposed load

Imposed load is the load included by the intended use or

occupancy of the building including the weight of movable partitions,
load due to impact vibrations and snow loads. The imposed load for roof
slab are given in table 2 of IS875 (part II)-1987.
6.1.4 Basic rules for the design of slab
The two main factors to be considered while designing a slab are,
1. Strength of slab against flexure, shear, twist etc..,
2. Stiffness against deflection.

Normally, the slab is primarily designed for flexure and checked for
shear, stiffness etc.., The thickness of the slab should be sufficient to
satisfy the strength and stiffness criteria as specified in clause 18 to 24 of
IS:456-2000.Generally the thickness of slab required for stiffness
requirement is found to be more than that for strength requirements.

6.1.5 Specifications of slab:

Most of the slabs used in buildings have an overall thickness in
the range of 100 to 200 mm, While thicker slabs in the range of 200mm to
500mm is required in case of bridge decks to resist heavy loads of
vehicles.
6.1.6.DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
CONDITION : TWO LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

DATA :
Ly = 4.4m

Lx = 4m

Grade of steel = M25

Grade of concrete = Fe415

SIDE RATIO :

Ly/Lx = 4.4/4

= 1.1< 2

Hence it is a two way slab.

DEPTH:

Span / Depth = 28

Overall Depth = Span / 28

= 4400 / 28

= 157 mm say 160 mm

Effective depth = 160 - 30 = 130mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

Effective span = clear span + effective depth

= 4.4 + 0.13

Effective span = 4.53m

Effective span = clear span + center to center support

= 4.4+ 0.3

= 4.7 m
 So effective span = 4.7m

LOAD CALCULATION:

Self-weight = 0.16 x 25 x 1

= 4.625 KN/m2

Live load = 4KN/m2

Floor finish = 0.5 KN/m2

Total load = 8.5 KN/m2

Ultimate load = 1.5 x 8.5

= 12.75 KN/m2

Condition: Two long edge discontinuous

αx= 0.043 (Positive moment at midspan)

αy = 0.045 ( Negative moment at continuous edge)

αy = 0.035 (Positive moment at midspan )

Mx(+ve)=αy x W x Lx2

= 0.035 x12.75 x4.53 2

= 9.16KNm

My (-ve) = αy x W x Lx2

= 0.045 x 12.75 x 4.53 2

= 11.77KNm

Mx(+ve)= αxx W x Lx2

= 0.043 x 12.75 x 4.53 2

= 11.25KNm

CHECK FOR DEPTH :

Mulim = 0.138 fck bd 2

 d = √(Mulim)/(0.138 fckb)

d = √(11.77x 10 6)/(0.138x25x1000)

d = 65.3mm < 130 mm.

Hence safe.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Long span

Negative moment at continuous edge

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(Ast fy /bdfck) ]

11.77 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 [1-(Ast x 415/1000 x 130 x25)]

11.77 x 106 = 46937Ast – 7.49 Ast2

Ast = 261.7 mm2

Minimum reinforcement = 0.12%bD

Minimum reinforcement =( 0.12/100 ) x 1000 x 160

=198 mm2

Provide 10mm dia @ 250 mm c/c

Ast provided = 314 mm2

Positive moment at midspan:

Mu = 0.87 f y A std [1-(A f /bdfck ) ]

9.16 x 106 = 46936.5Ast – 7.49 Ast2

Ast = 201.64 mm2

Minimum Ast = 198mm 2

Provide 10mm dia @ 300 mm c/c

2
Hence Ast provided = 235 mm
Short span

Positive moment at midspan

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(Ast fy /bdfck) ]

11.25 x 106 = 46936.5Ast – 7.49 Ast 2

Ast = 249 mm2

Minimum Ast = 198 mm2

Provide 10mm dia @ 250mm c/c

Ast provided = 314mm2

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Vu = Wu l/2

= (12.75 x 4.53 )/2

=28.88 KN

Ʈv = Vu / bd

= 28.88 x 103
/1000 x 130
2
= 0.22 N/mm

% reinforcement = 100 A st/bd

=(100x314)/(1000x130)

= 0.24

From IS 456:table 19

Ʈc= 0.33 N/mm2

K =1.28

KƮc = 1.28x0.33
 = 0.42 N/mm2

Ʈv<KƮc

Hence the shear stresses are within the permissible limit..

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

(L/d)basic = 20

(L/d)actual = 4530/130

= 34.85 mm

fs = 0.58 fyx (Astrequired/Ast provided)

= 0.58 x415 x (249/314)

= 190.87

Kt=1.8 , kc =1 , kf = 1

(L/d)permissible = (L/d)basicxkt×kc×kf

=20 x 1.8x1x1

= 36mm >34.85 mm

Hence deflection control is satisfied.

TORSION REINFORCEMENT:

Torsion reinforcement is provided in two layer at top and two layer at bottom
over the length = lx /5

= 4.53/5

Area of torsional reinforcement = 3/4 x A st provided at midspan

= 3/4 x 314

= 236 mm2
Provide 8mm dia @ 200 mm c/c for a length of 906mm in 4 layer.

6.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF TWO WAY SLAB

6.1.7 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

DATA

Ly = 8.7m

Lx = 2.7m

Grade of steel = M25

Grade of concrete = Fe415

Live load =5 KN/m2

SIDE RATIO

Ly/Lx = 8.7/2.7

=3.22>2

Hence it is a one way slab.

DEPTH OF SLAB

Span / Depth = 25

Overall Depth = Span / 25

=2700 / 25

=108mm

say 110mm

Overall depth (D) =110+25

=135mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN

Effective span = clear span + effective depth

= 2.7+0.11

Effective span = 2.81m

Effective span = clear span + center to center support

 =2.7+ 0.3/2+0.3/2

=3m

So effective span =2.81 m

LOAD CALCULATION

Self-weight = 0.135x25

=3.375 KN/m2

Live load = 5KN/m2

Floor finish = 0.625 KN/m2

2
Total load = 9 KN/m
Ultimate load = 1.5 x 9

= 13.5 KN/m2

MOMENT CALCULATION:

M =wul2/8

=13.5x9(2.81)2/8

=13.32KNm

CHECK FOR DEPTH :

Mulim = 0.138 fck bd 2

d = √(Mulim)/(0.138 fckb)

d = √(13.32x 10 6)/(0.138x25x1000)

d = 65 mm < 135 mm.

Hence safe.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS :

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(Ast fy /bdfck) ]

13.32x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 135 [1-(Ast x 415/1000 x 170x25)]

13.32 x 106 = 48741Ast – 4.76 Ast2

Ast = 280.99mm2

Minimum reinforcement = 0.12%bD

=( 0.12/100 ) x 1000 x 135

=162 mm2

Provide 8 mm dia @ 250 mm c/c

Ast provided = 201.06 mm2

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Vu = Wu l/2

= (13.5 x 2.8 )/2

=18.97 KN

Ʈv = Vu / bd

= 18.97 x103/1000 x 110

2
= 0.172 N/mm

% reinforcement = 100 Ast/bd

=(100x314.6)/(1000x110)

= 0.28

From IS 456table 19

Ʈc= 0.376 N/mm2

K =1(less than 180mm slab)

KƮc = 1.3x0.376

= 0.488 N/mm2

Ʈv<KƮc
Hence the shear stresses are within the permissible limit.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

(L/d)basic = 20

(L/d)actual = 2810/110

= 25.54 mm

fs = 0.58 fyx (Astrequired/Ast provided)

= 0.58 x415 x (314.16/280.99)

= 269.11 N/mm2

=270 N/mm2

K=1.3,

(L/d)permissible =1.3x20

=20 x 1.3x1x1

= 26mm> 25.54 mm

Hence deflection control is satisfied.

6.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF ONE WAY SLAB
6.2.DESIGN OF BEAM
6.2.1 GENERAL
A beam is a structural member which is included at zero degree to the
horizontal that is designed to support a given system of external loads such as
walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. Reinforcements in beam designed for
flexure and shear forces along the length of the beam based on structural
analysis.
6.2.2 Aim of design
A beam forms an important structure. Beam supports slab which in turn
supports walls. The failure of beam takes place due to collapse if structure. With
an appropriate degree of safety they should sustain all the loads and
deformations of normal construction and adequate durability and adequate
resistance to the effect misuses and fine.
Effective depth of beam
Effective depth of beam is the distance between the centroid of the area
of tension reinforcement and maximum compression fibre, excluding the
thickness of finishing material not placed monolithically with member and
thickness of any concrete provided to allow for wear.
Design of beam flexure:
A beam has to generally designed for the actions such as bending
moments, shear forces and twisting moments developed by the lateral load. IS
456-2000 recommends the grade of concrete shall not be less than M20 grade in
R.C.C works.
Principal of shear design
IS 456-2000 specified a simplified procedure for designing shear
reinforcement in beams. In the process, a part of shear force is assumed to be
resisted by the concrete clone nominal shear reinforcement is being suggested
since shear stress distribution due to transverse shear will not be uniform in a
beam section; the design will be based on the average or nominal shear stress at
the section considered.
Design of shear reinforcement for beam:
When the nominal shear stress exceeds the shear strength of concrete,
shear reinforcement shall be provided in anyone of the following in IS 456-
2000.
1. Vertical stirrups.
. 2. Bent-up bars along with stirrups.
3. Inclined stirrups.
6.2.3 Types of beam
Depending upon the end conditions, it is of 5 types. They are:
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply Supported beam
3. Over-hanging beam
4. Fixed beam
5. Continuous beam
1. Cantilever beam
This type of beam is fixed on one end and free at the other end. It is
provided in sunshades.
2. Simply supported beam
The beam resting freely on supports at both ends is called simply
supported beam
3. Over-hanging beam
If the end portion of the beam is extending beyond support, it is called
Over-hanging beam.
4. Fixed beam
If both ends are fixed or built-in walls, it is called fixed beam. It is also
called as encased beam.
5. Continuous beam
 If the beams are provided with more than two supports, it is called as
continuous beam.
Depending upon Reinforcement provided, it is of three types.
1. Simply reinforced beam
2. Doubly reinforced beam
3. Flanged beam
6.2.4 DESIGN CALCULATION OF BEAM

Data
Size of beam =300mm × 450 mm
Clear span d'=50 mm
Effective depth d=400 mm
fck =25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Mu =298.23kNm
Vu =208.110 kN
Limiting moment of resistance:
Mu,lim =0.138f ck b 2d

=0.138×25×3002×400

=165.6 kNm

Mu > Mu lim

So it is doubly reinforced beam.

Reinforcement Details:

Mu – Mu,lim =fsc × Asc× (d-d')

fsc= 0.87 fy

=0.87×415

=361.05 N/mm2

fsc =0.0035{(Xu,max – d')/Xu,max}Es

Xu,max/d =0.48

Xu=192 mm

fsc =0.0035{(192 – 50)/192} 2 × 10 5

=517.71N/mm 2

Hence fsc is 361.05N/mm 2

(298.23 -165.6) ×106 =361.05×Asc(400 - 50)

2
Asc =1047.72 mm
Provide 6 no. of 16 mm dia bars. (Ast,p=1206.367 mm2)

Find Ast:

Ast = Ast1+ Ast2

Ast1 =(0.36 fckb Xu,lim)/ 0.87fy

=(0.36 × 25 × 300 × 192)/361

Ast1=1429.123 mm2

Ast2=Ascfsc /0.87 fy

=1047.72 mm2
 Hence, Ast = 2476.8mm2

Provide 2 no.of 28 mm dia bars& 3no.of 25mm dia bars on tension

side (Ast=2704.13 mm2)

Check for shear:

Vu= 208.110 kN

τv=Vu/bd

={208.11×103}/{300 × 400}
2
=1.734 N/mm
100×Ast
P=
t bd

100×2704.13
=
300×400

=2.25%

From IS456-2000 Table 19,

τc=0.85 N/mm2

Here τv>τc, Therefore shear reinforcement is to be provided.

Using 2 legged of 8 mm dia bars:

1) Sv= (0.87×415×Asv ×d)/V us

Vus = Vu- τcbd
3
Vus =208.11×10 –(0.794×300×400)

=112.83 kN

Sv =302.47 mm

2) 0.75×d =300mm

3) 300mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrups at 300 mm c/c spacing.

Check for deflection:

(L/d)basic = 20

(L/d)actual =9000/400 = 22.5 mm

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic×kc×kf×kt

= 20 × 1.2× 1× 1

=24mm > 22.5mm

Hence Deflection is within safe limit

6.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAM
6.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:
6.3.1 General
A column is a structural member provided to carry a compression load
and whose effective length exceeds three times its least lateral dimensions. In
building, columns are provided to support the roofing, flooring systems
effectively and to transmit the load safely to the foundation.
Unsupported length of column
The unsupported length ‘l’ of a column shall be taken as the clear
distance between end restraints. In beam slab constructions, it shall be the clear
distance between the top floor slab and bottom of roof beam.
Classification of column
Depending on the system of loading on the columns, they are classified as:
1. Axial loaded columns
2. Eccentrically loaded columns
3. Columns subjected to axial load and moment
Codal provisions
IS 456-2000 specifies certain rules regarding minimum eccentricity of
loads, the minimum and maximum permitted areas of steel reinforcement,
requirement of lateral bars, cover to reinforcement etc., for R.C columns.
Minimum eccentricity
All compression members should be design for a minimum eccentricity
equal to the unsupported length of column/500 plus lateral dimension/30,
subject to be a minimum of 20 mm. Where the calculated eccentricity is larger,
it should be considered in the design. When the eccentricity does not exceed
0.006 times the lateral dimension, the load may be assumed as axial.
Longitudinal reinforcement
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 1.8% or
more than 6% of the gross area of the column to avoid the difficulties in placing
and compacting concrete, lower percentage of reinforcement is recommended.
Transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement, in the form of lateral ties or circular rings is to
be provided in the RC column to given effective lateral support to the
longitudinal bars against the building in according with clause 26.5.3.2 of IS
456-2000.
6.3.2 Types of column
Based on the slenderness ratio of length to diameter ratio, the columns
can be divided into two types. They are:
1. Short Column
2. Long Column
1. Short Column
The length less than eight times their respective diameters or slenderness
ratio less than 12 are called short column.
2. Long Column
Columns having their length more than thirty times their respective
diameters slenderness ratio than 12 are called columns.
6.3.3 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMN
Data

Grade of concrete = M25

Length = 3.5m

Grade of steel = Fe415

Column size = 300mm×300mm

Pu = 1838.19kN

Effective length = 0.65×3000

= 2275mm

Slenderness Ratio

Le
Slenderness ratio = k

= 2275/300

= 7.58<12

Hence it is short column

Minimum Eccentricity

3500 500
= +
500 30

= 17mm

0.05x500=25mm > 22.7mm

Hence ok.

Puz = (0.4fy Asc +0.67fy Asc)

 = 0.4fckAg - 0.4 fckAsc+0.67 f y Asc

=0.4*25*(300*300) - 0.4x25xAsc + 0.67*415*A sc

Asc =3500mm2

Minimum Reinforcement

0.8% of gross sectional area=0.8/100 x 300 x 300

= 720mm2

Maximum Reinforcement

6% of gross sectional area=6/100 x 300 x 300

=5400mm2

Provide 6nos of 28mm dia.

Asc provided=3694.51mm2

Lateral Ties

Tie diameter = 28/4 = 7mm

Assume 10mm dia

Tie spacing:

i) Least lateral dimension = 300mm

ii) 16 times of bar diameter = 16x28 = 448mm

iii) 300mm

Provide 10mm dia @300mm c/c.

6.4 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMN
6.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
6.4.1 General
Foundation is the most important component of a structure which lies
well below the ground level. Even though it does not provide any aesthetic
appearance to the elevation of the building, it has to be well planes and carefully
designed to ensure the safety and stability of the structure. The foundation
provided for R.C column is called base or a column footing.
Basic requirement of column base
The main purpose of providing a base to a column is to transfer the load
carried by the column to the soil on a large area safety of the soil. As per clause
34.1 of IS 456-2000 a column base should satisfy the following requirements.
1. It should be strong structurally to sustain the applied loads moments
and induced reaction. (It should have sufficient thickness and reinforcement).
2. To avoid failure of foundation the area of the base should be large
enough to ensure that pressure on the soil under the base does not exceed its
safe bearing capacity.
3. When the column of a structure carries different magnitude loads. The
size and shape for their base should be planned such that the pressure
distribution on the soil under columns is almost uniform to avoid uneven
settlement of the structure, which will cause the failure of other component.
Types of column footing
The following are the different types of base or footing for R.R columns,
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strap footing
4. Solid raft foundation
5. Annular raft foundation
In this project Isolated rectangular footing is used.
Pressure distribution
The mode of distribution of the upward pressure of solid under the base
depends on the type and nature of the soil and rigidity of the footing. It differs
for cohesiveless soil. For practical purpose, when a column carries only the
axial load and when its base is rigid and concentric with the column, the
pressure distribution under the base is assumed to be uniform. However, in the
case of column bases subjected to eccentric loads or moments, the pressure
distribution will not be uniform. Here, an appropriate is made on as assuming
the pressure to vary linear. In this case, it is to be seen that the maximum
pressure does not exceed safe bearing capacity of the soil and no tension is
developed at the base.
Depth of the foundation below ground level
A detailed of the properties of the soil is necessary to decide the depth of
the foundation. To avoid the lateral escape of soil from under the footing due to
the upward life of the soil around the base, the depth of the bottom of footing
below the ground level shall not be less than the values given by:
H = W ɣ {1 – sin ɸ} / {1 + sin ɸ}
1/
Where,
W1 = Pressure intensity on the soil under the base
(Restricted to the safe bearing capacity of the soil)
ɸ = Angle of Internal friction of the soil
ɣ = Unit weight of the soil
Action of column bases
The column bases, while transferring the loads from the column to the
soil, are subjected to the action such as bearing pressure etc.,
Bearing pressure on the bases
The load carried by a R.C is transferred to the top of base/footing by
bearing. The bearing pressure on the bases is calculated as:
σp `= P/A
 Where,
P = Column load
A = Area of cross section of the column at the bottom.
As per the clause 34.4 of IS 456-2000, this pressure on the loaded area of
the footing should not exceed the permissible stress in direct bearing multiplied
by a value equal to √A 1/A 2 but not greater than 2.
Where,
A1 = Supporting area for the bearing footing, taken as area of the base
of the pyramid or cone formed inside the footing, with its top face as the loaded
area and side slopes 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, and
A2 = load area of the footing.
In limit state method of design the permissible bearing stress in concrete is
taken as 0.45f ck, where f ck is the characteristic strength of the concrete.
If the actual bearing stress exceed the permissible value, reinforcement
should be provided for developed excess force, by extending the longitudinal
bars of the column into the footing by dowels.
6.4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION OF FOOTING

Data

Load from Column = 1839 kN

Column size = 300 x 300 mm

Bearing capacity of soil = 200 kN/m2

Size of Footing

Axial load = 1839kN

Self weight = 10% of the load

= 183.9kN

Total load = 2022.9kN

Total load
Area of footing required =
SBC
= 2022.9/200

= 10.115m2

For square column, square footing is provided.

Provide footing size = 3.5x3.5m

Net upward design pressure at

Total load
The base of footing =
Self Weight

= 2022.9/12.25

q = 165.13kN/m2
<200KN/m2

Hence ok

Bending Moment Calculation

Cantilever projection from face of column (x) = 0.5(3.5-0.5) =1.5m

q x²
Maximum design of B.M =
2
 = 165.13×1.752 /2
= 185.77 kNm
Effective Depth

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

185.77 x 10 6 = 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d2

d = 235mm
To avoid the punching shear, overall depth is multiplied by 2 = 2x235= 470 mm

Effective depth of layer. d = 470 – 50 = 380 mm

Reinforcement
Ast x fy
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d [ 1 – ]
fckbd

185.77 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 470 x [ 1-Ast×fy ]

fckbd
Ast = 1344.89 mm2

Adopt 20 mm bar @ 200mm c/c

Ast(provided) = 1570.8 mm

Check for Shear 2

V = (165.13 x 1.2)

= 208.11 kN
Vu
Nominal shear τV =
bd

208.11×103
= 1000×400

= 0.52 N /mm2

From, IS 456 : 2000 , Table 19

% of tension reinforcement = 100 x 1570.8/1000 x 400= 0.73%

τC = 0.558 N /mm2

For K = 1.0,
 K τc = 1x 0.36

<
K
=
τV< τ
C
0.558N /mm²

Hence footing is safe against shear.

6.5 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF FOOTING
6.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
6.5.1 General
Staircases are generally provided for connecting successive floors of the
building and in small building they are the only means of access between the
floors. The staircase comprises of flight of steps generally with one or more
intermediate landings provided between the floor levels.
The structural components of a flight of stair consist of:
1. Tread which forms the horizontal portion of the step. The tread is
usually 250 mm to 300 mm wide depending upon the type of the building.
2. Riser is the vertical distance between the adjacent treads or the vertical
projection of the step, generally in the range of 150 mm to 190 mm depending
upon the type of building. The width of stair varies in the range of 1 m to 1.5 m
with a minimum value of 850 mm. Generally public building should be
provided with larger widths permitting free passage to the users.
3. Going from the horizontal plan projection of an inclined flight of steps
between the first and last riser. A flight of steps consists of two landings and
one going with 10 to 12 steps.
6.5.2 Types of staircase
Over the years several types of staircases have been developed with
varying geometrical shapes and structural behavior. The most common types
are classified as follows:
1. Dog-legged staircase is the most common type used in all types of
buildings. It comprises of two adjacent flights running parallel with a landing
slab at mid height.
2. Open-well staircases is generally adopted in public building where
large spaces are available. This type of staircases consists of smaller flights and
provides accessibility comfort and good ventilation due to open well at the
center.
 3. Tread-riser type staircases is very popular due its superior aesthetic
appearance without any waist slab and comprising only the horizontal and
vertical slabs in the form of folded plates.
4. Isolated cantilever type staircases comprising only the horizontal tread
slab projecting from the wall or inclined beam seriving as a fixed end with open
risers.
5. Double cantilever precast tread slab staircase in which cantilever tread
slab projects on either side with a central inclined beam.
6. Other sophisticated types of stairs which are aesthetically superior are
the spiral, helicoids and free standing staircases.
6.5.3 Loads on staircases
The various types of loads to be resisted by the staircases are grouped under
dead and live loads.
1. Dead loads which include the self weight of stair (waist slab), tread and
risers and self- weight of finishes.
2. Live loads to be considered are specified in IS 875-1987 (part II)
For residential buildings a uniformly distributed live load of 5 KN/m2 is

specified in the code.

Effective span of the staircase
When the stair flight is supported at the ends by the landing beams, the
effective span is the project horizontal distance between the center lines of the
landing beam.
The effective span of stairs without stringer beam, shall be taken as the
following horizontal distances as per IS 456-2000 code clause 33.1
1. Where supported at the top and bottom risers by beams spanning
parallel with the risers, the distance is centre to centre of beams.
2. Where spanning on to the edge of a landing slab, which spans
parallel with the risers, a distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each
and either half width of the landing or one meter, whichever is smaller.
 3. Where the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs,
they shall be considered as acting together to form a single slab and span
determined as the distance centre to centre of the supporting beams or walls, the
going being measure horizontally

6.5.4 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR STAIRCASE

Data

Height of floor = 3.5m

Rise value = 160mm

Tread value = 250mm

Number of steps

Width of each flight = 2.4m

Height of each flight = 3.5/2

= 1.75m

Number of rise required = 1750/160

= 10.93 ≈11Nos

Number of tread required = 11-1

= 10Nos

Assume width of tread = 250mm

Horizontal width of flight = 2500mm

= 2.5m

Provide 1.23m for width of landing

Provide 1m for width of passage

Effective span

Effective span = 2.5+1.25+0.2/2

= 3.85m

Effective depth of slab = Effective span /20 x modification factor

= 3850/20x1.2

= 160.42mm

~ 165mm

Load calculation

Dead weight of waist slab W = 0.19x25x1

= 4.75KN/m

The corresponding load = [Ws √R2+T ]/T

= 4.75(0.162+0.25
2 2)0.5/0.25

= 5.6KN/m2

Live load = 3.5KN/m2

Floor finish = 0.75KN/m2

Dead weight of step W2 = (R/2)x1x1x25

= 0.5KN/m2

Total load = (3.5+4.75+2+0.75)

= 11KN/m2

Factored load = 16.5KN/m2

Bending moment and shear force

Mu = Wl2/8

= 16.5x(3.85) 2/8

= 30.57KNm
 Vu = Wl/2

= 16.5x3.85/2

= 31.8KN

Check for depth

Mumax = 0.138fckbd2

30.57x106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2

d = 95mm < 165mm

Hence safe

Main reinforcement

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(f y Ast )/(f ck bd)]

30.57x106 = 0.87x415xAst x165[1-(A stx415)/(1000x165x25)]

Ast = 496.93mm2

Using 10mm dia bars,

Ast provided = 549.78mm2

Provide 10mm dia @140 mm c/c.

Distribution reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement = 0.12% bD

= (0.12/100)x1000x190

= 228mm2

Using 10mm dia bars the spacing

Provide 10mm dia bars @ 300mm c/c

Check for shear stress

Ʈv = Vu/bd

= (31.76x103)/(1000x165)
 = 0.192N/mm2

Pt = 100 Ast/bd

= (100x549.78)/(1000x165)

= 0.33%

Permissible shear stress in table 19; IS456:2000

KƮc = 0.5 N/mm2

Ʈ < KƮc
v
Hence the shear stresses are within the permissible limits
6.6 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF STAIR CASE
 CONCLUSION
The planning, analysis and design of earthquake resistant institutional
building has been successfully completed. Analysis of the framed structure was
done using STAAD.Pro v8i.
Bureau of Indian Standard codes, IS 456-2000 plain and reinforced
concrete code of practice, SP16 Design aids for reinforced concrete has been
used for analysis and design of structural elements. We have manually designed
and analyzed using STAAD.Pro v8i.
Limit state method has been used to design all the structural
components. Slabs and Beams are designed as under reinforced sections.
Columns are designed as axially bending column. Footings are designed as
Isolated footing.
We got a better knowledge about the planning, designing and analyzing
of structure subjected to seismic load.
 REFERENCES

1. IS 456:2000-Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforcement Concrete.

2. IS 875:1987-Code of Practice for Design of loads for Buildings.
3. IS 1893:2002 – Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
4. Pankaj Agarwal “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”
5. Ramamrutham. S, (2002) “Design of reinforced Concrete”, Fifteenth
Edition, Dhanpat Rai publishers company, Delhi.
6. SP16 – Code of practice for Design Aids for Reinforcement Concrete.
7. Varghese. P. C, (2002) “Limit State of Reinforced Concrete”, second
Edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.