pee __ List of connectors Mesaing ‘Seateace connectors | Sabordiates ‘Meaning Subordinates [Phrase kers | Cause and eee Teceare | Geealanior erty Saar i eT TTS ir wane CaaS # TE tides sien Cae pCR aa eae crenthougs | depot Cotas Fegan vi ‘eugs inspite of espe te tact | tat he oy € provid that Sean va eae a op wa ae so i eres aiong as ow tat ETE aT nce at Enpaan a RaOT Reale Be tous | eaRTR oT Desie aepic of. Bane For ee ‘ened | Te Porinnance isaac by | such ‘As showy stownby | ee. Ascaempliter by | bei ‘Asthusoated by Galkatar ro Tara ‘Grerng Fis sand Tee Tee Then ater we Caen wcorinacs wi Net consis Now Coniing Porter Fina Re Rear Casi aw can Treonsecion with Focusing on Wh resect toLING ING WOKDS ea. A I Explanations Purpose + So (that) We can use so that to express purpose (the reason why someone does something). So shat is usually followed by can, could, will or would The police locked the door so (that) no-one could get in + Infini of purpose We can also use fo to express purpose. The subject of the main clause and of the purpose clause must be the same. Jack went to England so that he could study engineering. Jack went to England to study engineering. (NOT for to study) If the two subjects are different, we can't use fo, We have to use so that, Jack went 0 England so that his brother would have some help working in the restaurant. = In order t0, s0 as t0 ‘These are more formal ways of expressing purpose, Scientists used only local materials, in order to save money. ‘There are also negative forms: in order not 10, $0 as not 10, The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm the villagers. + For ‘This describes how something is used. This button is for starting the engine. This is for the lights, Result + So, such a So is used with an adjective or adverb stim was 30 tall (hat) he hit his head on the ceiling slim drove 80 quickly (that) they reached the station twenty minutes carly. ‘Such a is used with adjective + singular noun, Helen is such a busy person (that) she never feels bored = So many, so much, s0 few, so litle So manysfew are used with plural nouns. So muckMittle are used with uncountable nouns There were so many passengers (that) we couldn't find a seat There was $0 much noise (that) I didn't get t0 sleep until 3 am + TooINot enough + to Too means more than is necessary or good. Not enough means less than is necessary or good. They can both be used with an adjective + fo. Compare The bookcase was 100 big to get down the stairs. The bookcase was not small enough t0 get down the stairsContrast + Although, though, even though Although often becomes though in speech. Though can come at the end of a sentence, although cannot. Although I asked her, she didn't come. (speech and writing) Though I asked her, she didn't come (speech) 1 asked her, (but) she didn't come, though. (speech) Byen though gives a stronger contrast than although. Bven though | asked her, she didnt come. (which was really surprising) + Mile, whereas While and whereas arc used in formel speech and writing. They compare two facts and emphasize the difference between them, While United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless. + However, nevertheless However is 4 way of expressing contrast in formal speech or writing. Tt can go al the beginning, middle or end of the sentence, and is separated by a comma (ora pause in speech). Normally we don't refund money without a receipt, However, on this occasion 1 do it Normally we don't refnd money without a receipt. On this occasion, however, 1 do i ‘Nevertheless is a very formal way of expressing however {?m not happy with your work Nevertheles, I'm going to give you one last chance + Despite and tn spite of ‘These expressions are followed by a noun (including the -ing form used as a noun), and not by a clause (subject + verb. An spite of the rain, we went out. (Although it was raining, we went out.) Despite losing, we celebrated (Although we lost, we celebrated.)Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence, 4) Janet went out so that she boughtlio buy Harry a present. ') This food is much too hot io eat/o be eaten ©) However/Though it was late, 1 decided to phone Brian, 4) Atihough/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition €) Let's check once more, for beingiso as to be sure. ) We could go to the club. Is it worth it, even houghthough? 8) It was 50 windy/such a windy that half the trees had blown down, hy The batteries were not enough smalléoo small to fit the radio. i) Despite ofthe weatherithe weather, we went sailing J) Bill hed so muchéso that fun that he stayed another week, Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given, Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the ward given a) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television, to Sue went shopping 0 by herself new television +b) You use this to open wine bottles for This. wine bottles ©) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold, would J put the food in the fridge cold. 4d) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus. as Harry to miss the bus. ¢) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike, could 1 saved up some money, 2 motorbike. 4) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to seve money, order Jane gave up smoking. money. g) I come here so that I could see you, to 1 you.Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, Do not change the meaning. 4) Sam lost his job because he was lazy. Sam wes so lazy that he lost his job. b) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive. "The house was too. ©) The book was so interesting that 1 couldn't put it down, It was. 4) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech, ‘There was so 2) The house was too stall to live in comfortably. ‘The house wasn't 1) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time There is too 8) I can't come to your party because Tim too busy. Tm toa hh) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students, ‘There were so Complete each sentence with one suitable word a) Icouldn't run fast enough... to catch the shoplifter. b) They were. good roads that we could drive at high speed, ©) Meas atk that I couldn't see a thing ¢) The trousers were Jong enough to fit Jean. ©) We had, ‘a good time that we decided to go there agai 1) Itvas late that we couldn't get 2 bus home. £8) 1 took a taxi as it was. far to walk. bh) The ladder wasn't tall to reach the window. i) There are. Jovely fish that you don't fel like eating meat i) There were. many dishes that I couldn't make up my mind,6 Ex Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. Two Sentences should be rewritten as one. 2) Despite the cold weather, we all went fora walk Although .it was cold, we all went for awalk. b) John has done well in French, but not so well White «) I tred to persuade her. I didn't succeed, however Although 2) Ie was raining, but I went swimming anya. Maths. In spite of ©) Ann fel il, but insisted on going to work. Despite In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost the race. Although #) I'm not going to pay, although I know that I should While hh) We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn't Even though Lary plain whet each object is for, using one of the verbs in the box Jock” pein “stick “dean” Keep. open put —_ wash a) brush ult's for painting things. b) glue ©) fridge @) sink ©) dustbin ) toothbrush 2) corkscrew hy keyKey points t Look carefully at each line, Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct ling. Ifa lino has a word which should not bo there, write tho word in the space. Goodwrites,. A course for you! Jane was one of those students who has problems with writing. First, her handwriting it was so bad that most teachers couldn't to read it, The letters were » so small, that the words were extremely difficult to 2 read. Even though she tried to change her handwriting, 3) she felt discouraged. Secondly, she made so the many 4 mistakes in spelling and punctuation, so that her work 5). always gave a bad impression. As well as this, she 8 had problems with organizing her writing, in despite 0 making plans and writing notes. One day, though, she 8). took @ Goodwriter writing course, s0 to learn how to 9) be an effective writer. At Goodwriters we taught her 10) how to organize her ideas. Although however she found 1 it difficult at first, so she soon made progress. She 12) Tearned to revise her writing, so as to improve it. 13) She started reading so too much that her spelling 1) improved, so while her handwriting became clearer too, 15) ‘The infinitive of purpose must have the same subject as the main clause 1 went 10 the shops. I wanted to buy some fruit. Towent 10 the shops t0 buy some fruit. We do not use for in examples like this. I speech and writing. In normal In order to is more common in fo conversation we just use 1. Contrasts with while, whereas and nevertheless are used in formal speech and writingLINKING WORDS ween 2. Reason Text organizers 186 we Explanations + Because, as and since As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence. Assince it was late, we decided t0 go home. In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot begin a sentence. Poier has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time, + Because of, on account of, due 10 and owing to We can use all these words in place of because of, Everyone was depressed on account oftlue to/owing to the bad weather Note this difference: Sue's success was due to her hard work. (noun + be + due fo) Sue suoceeded owing to her hard work (verb + owing 10) Grammar 13 and the first part of this unit cover linking words that join clauses within @ sentence. There are also linking words that join ideas across sentences and paragraphs. These are sometimes called ‘text organizers’ because they make clear the organization of what we say or write. They are more common in writing or formal speech. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have comma afterwards, but can come after 2 comma in the middle of a sentence + Sequencing We often number or otder the points we are making First (ofa) .., Secondly... Nexto, Then ilyasthy fast of all. In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by: First, Then oy After that.., Finally/in the end .. + Adding ‘We can introduce additional points. Furthermore... Moreover .., In addition t0 ... As well as this, Besides this + Giving opinions We can introduce personal opinions. Personally .... In my own opinion/riew + Giving examples We can introduce examples. For example ... For instance We can also use such as to give an example, bat it is not used at the beginning of a sentence. The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other Kitchen appliances.+ Showing a result Grammar 13 gave some informal weys to show a result, Formal ways include: Consequently» AS a resull.., Thus + Making # contrast Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to make a contrast. Formal ways include: On the other hand .., However ... Nevertheless... In contrast... In comparison + Summarizing ‘We can summarize all the points we have made. In conclusion .... Ta sum upPractice the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence. 8) Many people feel nervous about flying, and worry about the possibility of an accident. Furthermore/fiowever, according to statistics, flying is actually safer than walking dowa the street, ») Our local supermarket no Tonger opens every day, avlon account of very few people live in our village. ©) There are a number of objections to the planned motorway. As well as ‘his/First ofall, the new road will destroy valuable farming land. In contrast/in addition 10 this, it will bring thousands of vehicles and tourists. As a resuli/For ‘example, our peaceful way of life will be destroyed forever. ‘We conducted a survey of accommodation in the town, and came up with some interesting results. The hotels we saw were rather expensive, and é consequently/morcover the actual facilities on offer were not always impressive, Besides this/In contrast, there were many guest houses, offering just bed and breakfast, which were not only good value but also had much better rooms than the hotels did. Finaily/Personally, 1 would recommend The Oaks, particularly impressive guest house in Long Harbour Road. ©) Owing to/Since the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park. Consequenily/Nevertheless the exit road on the west side of the car park will be closed from Monday to allow building work to begin. Put one suitable word in each space DucsdM..... conclusion, 1 would like to thank you all for your help dy). ‘it's too late to finish the work today, we'll come back tomorrow. ¢) The flight was delayed a result of the high winds 4) This radio is expensive, but the other hand it has very good reception e) First, all, 1 would like to welcome you to our annual dinner. §) John is « hard worker, As a this, he is completely relisble. ) Science has not entirely changed the way we think instance, Wwe still speak of the ‘sunrise’ although we know it is the Earth that is moving. h) Although this building project seems attractive, in my it would be a mistake to spend so much money on itKey points 1 LINKING WoRDS 2 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Ovning 2 car Owning 2 car has several advantages, (I).......A....... YOU can go wherever you want, whenever you want, Yau don’t have to depend on public transport and @. you feel more independent. (3). you are able to sive lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4) + there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5). pettol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) + most people feel that the sdvanteges of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. o. most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can, (8) think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I «algo feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) they are noisy and irty. (10), « the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities ate organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. 1) A First of all BAsazesult’ C Personally Besides this 2) A however B personally C since Dasa result 3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However 4) A On the other hand BTo sum up C Thus D For example 9) Aas Beuchas — C owing to D then 6) A Finally B Secondly C However Das 1) AFor BNext CAs well as this D Consequently 8) A For example B Personally Nevertheless. D In comparison 9) A for example Bhowever C thus D since 10) A Asa result B Moreover C Personally In comparison. Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an argument, Most of the expressions listed are formal in use. Because text organizers make links across sentences, their meaning is ooly clear when you study the ideas that come before and after them (the whole context),LINKING PHRASES: In spite / Despite the noise we managed to sleep. Eyen so / Even though the plane took off late, we still reached our destination on time. We moved quietly around the flat, so as not to / in order to wake the baby. He had a terrible cold. Even so / Even though , he insisted on going swimming, He looked at me as if/as although I were crazy. Even if / Even though I became a millionaire, I would carry on working, Egypt was so /such an interesting country that we plan to go back next year, Since / Therefore it was getting dark she decided to take a taxi home, ‘We arrived late because of / due the traffic. It was a lovely day. However / Although , we had to stay indoors and paint the living room. ‘Though / Even they were going on holiday for just a week she took two suitcases, They found him guilty however / despite the fact there was very little evidence, an on clothes. He would rather spend his money on CDs as The exam was really tough. He managed, despite / nevertheless , to come top of the class. T'll go to the party as long./ provided you go too. Lwent to the party. It wasn't much fun, although / though. ‘Amanda will get her birthday card in time, as long as / so long you send it today. It looks as although / as though it's going to rain. Nina left work early for / so she could go to the dentist.In addition / besides to a spacious apartment in Manhattan, the family owns a house in the South of Spain. It was so / such an awful film that many people left the cinema halfway through it. ‘They managed to win the match, as a result / even though they played really badly. Schools and businesses stayed open yesterday despite / in spite the terrible weather. Patrick did very well in most of his exams, Although / However , he failed his German exam and will have to take it again in September. ‘They are reducing bus and train fares in order / so as to encourage more people to ‘use public transport. Since / Therefore we have got an hour until the plane leaves, let's go for a coffee. Even so / Even though Pamela is still at school she's already a bestselling novelist. ‘You can use my laptop computer, as long / provided you promise to take very good care of it. Mrs Smith wants to go snorkelling in Florida this summer, however / whereas Mr Smith wants to go and play golf in Scotland, As / Though Julian had the necessary qualifications, he didn't get the job. The photography exhibition was a great success in the United States. The organizers have decided, so / therefore , to take the exhibition to the UK. Studying a second language can be very good for your career. As well as / Furthermore , it can introduce you to fascinating cultures.