Introduction * Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography. I are many ethical decisions that human beings make with to the environment. For example: ild humans continue to clear/ cut forests for the sake of human umption? t envir humans need to keep for future ymental obligations ht for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species venience of humanity? ould humans best use and conserve the space enviropment and expand life? jj tsPOVERTY, RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT \ 1 povert Hone growth and environment are ch other cause and effect of environmental Use of resources are contributory e and degradation of our natural tion and sustainable development are isly with good policies and theit o enhance the efficiency of the form traditional agriculture and at the e keep intact the ecological balanceContinue * Population growth and poverty are responsible for land and forest degradation. eee However poor people suffer disproportionally from the resource imbalance created by various factors. Pollution of all types affect the poor most; in term of sickness, loss of income, loss of amenities that are possible from nearby forest. Poverty is the worst pollutant. The pressure of population causes environmental degradation, which in term causes more poverty. aS ECONOMIC GROWTH CONDUCTIVE TO ENVIRONMENT There is no inherent contradiction between growth and environment if rate of growth is moderate and not competitive. High rate of quantitative growth is dangerous. A growth exercise Based on establishment dirty industries ind exploitation of natural resources is detrimental to environment Population growth rate in very harmful for environment. \ moderate growth rate can be achieved without much damage to the environment.Global Environmental Issues * Global Warming Pollution Natural Resource Depletion Climate Change Loss of Biodiversity Deforestation Ocean Acidification Ozone Layer Depletion Desertification of landsManagement of environment problems Some developed countries are unnecessarily internationalizing the global environment problems to gain some advantages. DCs are interested only in those problems whose solutions will give them some advantages and will lead to effective control over LDCs. In 1996, more than 289 ships came to India for disposal of harmful waste from America. International agencies are interested in making an international treaty on forestry.oblems before dev countries: international inequalities In the areas of environ confronted with mai mental management, LDCs are ny serious problems: In long run it is believed that r reduce the tempo of €conomic growth in such countries. Western polluters are accorded the role of leaders who try to control pollution in all countries, DCs have got the de facto property right to pollute more, the LDCs are punished for that. Global power politics is environment Managem. eduction in emission will being used in case of global ent.F CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Human greed and rapacity. Large and growing population and capitalist industrialization.Effect Of Environmental Pollution On Human Health Breathing polluted air puts you at a higher risk for asthma and other respiratory diseases. When exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people’s lung function decreased and they suffered from respiratory inflammation. Air pollutants are mostly carcinogens and living ina polluted area can ut people at risk of Cancer. »ughing and wheezing are common symptoms observed on city aks. Jamages the immune system, endocrine and reproductive systems. figh levels of particle pollution have been associated with higher neidents of heart problems. ing of fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide in the he b ere are causing the Earth to become warmer tmos}SOCIAL COST OF POLLUTION Externality:- An externality, sometimes called a spillover, occurs when an exchange between a buyer and seller has an impact on a third party who is not part of the exchange. Externalities can be positive or negative. Pollution is a negative externality. Economists illustrate the social costs of production with a demand and supply diagram. The social costs include the private costs of production incurred by the company and the external costs of pollution thg are passed on to society.Continue... The diagram below shows the demand and supply for nanutacturing refrigerators, The demand curve shows the quantity demanded at each price. The supply curve shows the ntity of refrigerators supplied by all the firms at each price if only their private costs into account and they llowed to emit pollution at zero cost. The market u © where quantity supplied and quantity ded are equal, is at a price of $650 anda quantity ofTHICAL TSSUESIN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION/ DAMAGE It is the basic human right to enjoy a clear and healthy environment. Environment pollution deprives human beings of such natural rights hence it is unethical. P endanger the health of poor people because sickness ads to a loss of income and productivity. Pollution increases cost of production. sads to loss of life or extinction of certain species of s, fish and plants and loss of ecological balance. t leads to injustice by distorting the price of land, houses and other habitats. Negative externalities leads to market failure. | ——MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Corrective Pigovian tax Government regulations Market for pollution rights Internalization of externalities Creating property rightsSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development is the organizing principle for reeting human development goals while at the same time 1e ability of natural systems to provide the nd ecosystem services upon which the society depend ces Sa state of society where living urce use continue to meet human rmining the integrity and stability of ment can be classified as development s of the present without compromi: nerationsOPTIMUM POLLUTION ainable development calls for optimum pollution. an optimal level of cleanliness, then there is also | level of pollution. If the marginal cost 0} : batement is just equal to the marginal benefit t, then we have reac hed the point atemen jag been maximized with respect Sust: If there is an optima eT at rom pollution abi where society's welfare to env ironmental quality. «benefit of reducing pollution were al cost of reducing pollution, then duction in pollution The int by which the ded the marginal If the margin greater than the margin orciety would benefit from a re benefit would be equal to the amou marginal benefit of the cleanup excee cost of the clean up.Economists have argued that it is not efficient to reduce pollution to zero. The cost of this reduction would probably exceed the benefits. Waterways and the atmosphere have a natural capacity to assimilate at least some pollution with no associated ill-effects on the environment or humans. To not benefit from this natural assimilative capacity would be wasteful. Moreover, one person's oIlution may be another person's consumption. Rafter's prefer a raging river rile boaters prefer a dammed waterway and a calm lake. Teenagers like to ast rap music, while adults prefer the oldies