Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agri. Thesis
Agri. Thesis
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food crop in the Philippines. It is
also the main source of livelihood of more than 5 million farmers all over the
country (Manila Bulletin, 2007). In 2011, the average rice yield per hectare for the
first half improved to 3.8tons (or 76 cavans of 50kilos each). This is roughly three
cavans more than last year’s average yield of 3.64 tons per hectare (DA, 2011).
Rice production in the Philippines is important to the food supply in the country
and economy. The country is the 8th largest rice producer in the world,
accounting for 2.8% of global rice production (FAO, 2011). However, the country
was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010 (Reuters, 2011).
Inorganic, organic and bio-fertilizers are the main sources for replenishing
properties, and soil health (Mahajan et al., 2008). The negative impacts of
chemical fertilizers, coupled with escalating prices, have led to growing interests
(Tejada and Gonzaler, 2009). Vermicompost not only increases yield of rice but
can also substitute chemical fertilizer to some extent (Sharma et al., 2008;
Guera, 2010). Many research findings have shown that neither inorganic
production but also associated with mycorrhizae and other root symbionts,
microorganisms that act as pests (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Vermicasts are
directly cycle the nitrogen by excretion in the casts, urine and mucoprotein and
through the turnover of earthworm tissues (Lee, 1985). Joshi and Kelkar (1952)
reported that earthworm casts contained greater percentage of finer fractions like
silt and clay than in the surrounding soils. This change in mechanical
composition of soil was probably due to the grinding action of earthworm gizzard.
3
The chemical analysis of vermicasts revealed that they were richer in soluble
(P) and Potassium (K). The vermicasts contained higher amounts of nitrate
nitrogen and possessed a greater nitrifying power than the corresponding soils.
growth and yield generation in NSIC Rc 216 (also known as TUBIGAN17) and
Red rice (Oryza sativa L.). The most reason why farmers tend to apply inorganic
fertilizer in the field is because it is much easier to apply and they can quickly find
the effect but they do not see by their naked eye that the soil erode, unlike on the
varieties; and
2. Determine the cost and return analysis of two rice varieties as applied
The study focused on the growth (height and no. of leaves) and yield (no.
of tillers and weight of grains) of NSIC Rc216 and Red rice varieties. It covers
During the first semester of school year 2019-2020 and was completed on
CHAPTER 2
Review of Literature
The spread of rice varieties in different water regimes and the factors
affecting adoption of rice varieties have been studied using information collected
from farmers in the rainfed. The coverage of modern varieties has been found to
multivariable probit model has been used to study the factors affecting adoption
of rice varieties. The important factors influencing adoption of a rice variety have
been found as rainfed, tenurial status and irrigation. But, the most important
factor emerged from the present study is ‘rainfed’. Therefore, a wider spread of
varieties that are specifically adapted to these environments. The study has
suggested that development of rice varieties and rainfed along with adoption of
land reform measures will facilitate a faster spread of modern rice varieties in the
affect the physiological processes inside rice plant cells. Improving rice
In the 1950s, vermiculture was started in the United States for the
production of fish baits. In the 1980s, the United States and United Kingdom
started in 1979 (Guerrero 2009). But it was only in 1982 that the composting
earthworm called Africannight crawler (ANC) was introduced into the country
fertilizer’ and more powerful ‘growth promoter’ over the conventional composts
and a ‘protective’ farm input (increasing the physical, chemical & biological
properties of soil, restoring & improving its natural fertility) against the
‘destructive’ chemical fertilizers which has destroyed the soil properties and
decreased its natural fertility over the years. Vermicompost is rich in NKP
micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes and also contain ‘plant growth hormones
& enzymes’. It is scientifically proving as ‘miracle growth promoter & also plant
protector’ from pests and diseases. Vermicompost retains nutrients for long time
and while the conventional compost fails to deliver the required amount of macro
and micronutrients including the vital NKP to plants in shorter time, the
organic wastes and can degrade it into fine particulate materials, which are rich
in sustainable agriculture. Earthworm make the soil porous and help in better
organic materials like sugarcane trash, coir pith, press mud, weeds, cattle dung,
7
increased microbial activity and nutrient availability. The term has its origin
from vermis, the Latin word for worm. The term is also used to refer to the
called vermicompost, mainly through microbial action and the use of certain
management by which organic “wastes” are recycled and made available for
plant growth.
Keeping this fact in mind, the researcher wants to conduct a study if the
vermicompost has the ability to grow rice and capability to produce higher yield
on rice production.
8
Chapter 3
The following methods and materials are to be done before, during, and
Land preparation. A total land area of 34m x 21.5m (731 m 2) will be used
(20m2). This is thoroughly prepare one month before planting using carabao and
tractor drawn implements. Plowing one and harrowing is done twice at one week
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Variety of rice
is the main plot variables, while different rates of vermicast served as sub-plot
variable.
V1 = NSIC Rc216
V2 = Red rice
9
prepared. This is divided into two plots with a distance of 0.25 separating each
plot. Approximately 500 grams of seeds of each variety (NSIC Rc216; Red rice)
will be prepared. These is sun dried to break the dormancy of the seeds for about
24 hours the seeds are soaked in water, and then remove and place in mat to
drain the water. Drained seeds are incubated by covering these with a wet sack
for another 24 hours to allow pre-germination of seeds. Later the seeds are sown
in the prepared seedbed. The seedlings in the seedbed will be applied with urea
exactly one week after emergence for fast and uniform seedling growth.
experimental area. This will be composted, air dried, pulverized, and will be
submitted to Philippines Root Crops Soil Laboratory, VSU, ViSCA Baybay Leyte,
for the analysis of pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
broadcast method. These would be applied after the preparation of the plot. The
amount of vermicast as source of organic fertilizer to the rice plants will be based
Plant population/ha kg
experimental area at the rate of 2 seedlings per hill, one day after vermicast
per row.
plants growth like during transplanting time, booting stage and flowering flowers
initiation stages. Water will be applied as furrow irrigation along the furrows of
every plots
Weed control. All weeds that grow in the experimental area and within
the vicinity will be removed regularly by hand weeding using bolo for them not to
Control of Insects Pest and Diseases . As soon as pest and disease will
be observed, plants will be sprayed with insecticide at the rate of 1 tbs/16L water.
This is specifically done during the critical period of rice growth or reproductive
stage like flowering and milking stage to control insect pest that will attacked the
grains particularly the stem borers, armyworms, rice bug, leaf folder, green and
Finally, to scare and drive away birds, scarecrows are strategically installed the
panicle are ripened. The panicles from harvestable area will be cut at the base
using sharp sickle. All sample plants will be threshed and sundried for about two
(2) days. The grains will be cleaned by winnowing before gathering the
necessary data.
Data to be gathered
A. Agronomic characteristics
the reproductive phase of rice development. It is when the actual panicle or head
begins to form in the base of the shoots or stem, just above the soil surface.
12
number of days from planting up to the time when 90% of the panicle in each
treatment turned yellow which indicate that the rice was already ripe and ready to
harvest.
from planting up to the time when 80% of the plants in every treatments
produced flowers.
total number of tillers produced per hill. At least 10 sample plants per treatment
5. Plant height (cm). This will be determined by measuring the height of ten (10)
randomly sample plants per treatment from the ground level up to the tip of the
6. Straw yield t/ha. All the plants within the inner rows in each plot excluding the
borders rows and the end hills of each rows will cut from the ground level and the
The yield will be converted into tons per hectare basis using the formula.
7. Leaf Area Index (LAI). This was determined by measuring one healthy leaf of
the ten (10) sample plants at the grain filling stage. The area of each leaf
obtained by multiplying each width measured at the broadest and then multiplied
by a correction factor (9.39) and the divided by the ground allotted per plant. The
total leaf area occupied by the one sample as shown from the formula below;
1. Panicles weight (g). This will be obtained by weighing each ten (10) sample
least ten (10) samples panicle per treatment plot from the base up to the top of
3. Number of Filled Grains per Panicle. This will be determined by counting ten
(10) randomly selected panicles of the number of filled grains to obtained from
number of grains from the ten (10) randomly sample selected panicle obtained
5. Weight of 1,000 Grains (g) per treatment replicate. This will be determined
by weighing 1,000 seeds obtained at random from the sample panicles per
treatment plot. The seeds are sundried at approximately 14% moisture content
6. Weight of grains per plot (kg). All the filled grains harvested in the inner rows
excluding borders rows and hills per treatment per replicate will be sun-dry for 3
7. Grain yield (ton/ha). All the panicle in the harvestable area in each treatment
plot will be harvested and threshed. These will be sundried for three (3) days
before weighing. The weight of the total harvest per plot was converted into per
incurred starting from the land preparation up to harvesting. The gross net
is determine by multiplying the grains of rice per hectare by its current price
(per kilo) in the market the net profit obtaining by subtract the gross income
Data Analysis
References