Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(
)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHG&RPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV$QRYHUYLHZ
*XUXUDMD8GXSDD
66KULNDQWKD 5DRE.9*DQJDGKDUDQF
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ NDUQDWDND,1',$
$EVWUDFW
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV )*&0&RPSRVLWH$HURVSDFH6XEPDULQH&17$O
,QWURGXFWLRQ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVV KLXGXSD#JPDLOFRP
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.442
1292 Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
7KH&RQFHSWRI)XQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO
0DQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV SURSRVHG VHYHUDO NLQGV RI SURFHVVLQJ PHWKRGV IRU )*&0.DZDVDNL $ HWDO 3RZGHU
PHWDOOXUJ\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWPHWKRGVRISURGXFLQJ)*0V$QH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVV
E\WKHSRZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\ LVVFKHPDWLFDOO\LOOXVWUDWHGLQIORZFKDUW)LJXUH$WILUVWPDWHULDO$DQGPDWHULDO%
DUH ZHLJKHG DQG PL[HG (DFK RI WKH PL[HGSRZGHU LV PL[HG XQLIRUPO\ E\ D 9VKDSH PLOOEDOO PLOO 1H[W VWHS LV
VWHSZLVH VWDFNLQJ RI SUHPL[HG SRZGHU DFFRUGLQJ WR D SUHGHVLJQHG VSDWLDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ
UHVSHFWLYHGLH/DVWVWHSLVVLQWHULQJ6SDUNSODVPDVLQWHULQJLVRQHRIWKHPRUHDGYDQFHGVLQWHULQJPHWKRGVDQGLW
PDNHVSRVVLEOHVLQWHULQJKLJKTXDOLW\PDWHULDOVLQVKRUWSHULRGVE\FKDUJLQJWKHLQWHUYDOVEHWZHHQSRZGHUSDUWLFOHV
ZLWK HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ DQG KLJK VLQWHULQJ SUHVVXUH 7KH )*0 IDEULFDWHG E\ WKLV PHWKRG VKRXOG KDYH WKH VWHSZLVH
VWUXFWXUHDQGLWLVGLIILFXOWWRSURGXFHWKH)*0VZLWKFRQWLQXRXVJUDGLHQWV7KHFRQWLQXRXVJUDGHGVWUXFWXUHFDQ EH
FUHDWHGE\DFHQWULIXJDOIRUFH 00*DVLN
0DWULDO$ 0DWULDO%
0L[LQJ
6WDFNLQJ
3UHVVLQJ
6LQWHULQJ
)LJ )ORZFKDUWGLDJUDPRI3UHSDUDWLRQRI)*&0
)*&0SURSHUWLHVDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQ
)*0
VVSHFLDOSURSHUWLHV
)*&0 LV D PDWHULDO FRPSRQHQW ZLWK FHUWDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF SURSHUW\ FKDQJLQJ FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQ VSDFH LQ D FHUWDLQ
GLUHFWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH VR WKDW LW FDQ HIIHFWLYHO\ RYHUFRPH WKH VKRUWFRPLQJV RI WUDGLWLRQDO FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOV 5HVHDUFKHUV (UGRJDQ HW DOO SRLQWHG RXW PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV RYHU FRQYHQWLRQDO DQG FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOV)*0KDVWKHIROORZLQJDGYDQWDJHV
x )*0DVDQ LQWHUIDFHOD\HUWRFRQQHFWWZRLQFRPSDWLEOHPDWHULDOVFDQJUHDWO\HQKDQFHWKHERQGVWUHQJWK
x )*0FRDWLQJDQGLQWHUIDFHFDQEHXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVDQGWKHUPDOVWUHVV
x )*0 FRDWLQJ FDQ EH XVHG WR FRQQHFW WKH PDWHULDOV WR HOLPLQDWH WKH VWUHVV DW WKH LQWHUIDFH DQG HQGSRLQW
VWUHVVVLQJXODULW\
x )*0 FRDWLQJ QRW RQO\ HQKDQFHV WKH VWUHQJWK RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQV EXW FDQ DOVR UHGXFH WKH FUDFN GULYLQJ
IRUFH
1294 Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
)*0&ODVVLILFDWLRQ
)*0 GLYHUJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR GLIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ FULWHULD IRU D YDULHW\ RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ.DZDVDNL $ HW DO
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHPDWHULDOFRPELQDWLRQV)*0LVGLYLGHGLQWRPHWDOFHUDPLFFHUDPLFFHUDPLF FHUDPLFSODVWLF
DQG PDQ\ RWKHU FRPELQDWLRQV RI PDWHULDOV ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKHLU FKDQJLQJ FRPSRVLWLRQV WKH RYHUDOO )*0 LV
GLYLGHG LQWR IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGLHQW W\SH FRPSRVHG RI IURP RQH VLGH WR DQRWKHU JUDGLHQW VLGH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH RI
JUDGLHQW PDWHULDOV IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGLHQW FRDWLQJ W\SH LQ WKH PDWUL[ PDWHULDO WR IRUP D FRDWLQJ FRPSRVLWLRQ
JUDGLHQW IXQFWLRQDO JUDGLHQW &RQQHFWLRQ W\SH &RQQHFWLQJ WZR LQWHUIDFH OD\HU EHWZHHQ WKH VXEVWUDWH JUDGLHQW
FKDQJHV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG EDVHG RQ GLIIHUHQW GHQVLW\ JUDGLHQW LV GLYLGHG LQWR WKH FKDQJLQJ QDWXUH RI )*0
FRPSRVLWLRQ )*0 RSWLFDO )*0 ILQH )*0 HWF DQG DFFRUGLQJ WR GLIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ DUHDV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR
KHDWUHVLVWLQJ )*0 ELRORJ\ )*0 FKHPLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ )*0 (OHFWURQLF HQJLQHHULQJ )*0 HWF< 0L\DPRWR
HWDO
7DEOH/LVWRIW\SHVRI)*&095LFKWHUHWDO
6O1R )*&0W\SH 5HTXLUHPHQWV $SSOLFDWLRQ
&RUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQG
6L&6L& &RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV
KDUGQHVV
$O6L& +DUGQHVVDQGWRXJKQHVV &RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV
7KHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHDQG
6L&Z$ODOOR\ &1*VWRUDJHF\OLQGHUV'LHVHO(QJLQHSLVWRQV
FKHPLFDOUHVLVWDQFH
+DUGQHVVDQGGDPSLQJ
(JODVVHSR[\ %UDNHURWRUV/HDIVSULQJV
SURSHUWLHV
'ULYHVKDIWV+XEOOHVSDFHWHOHVFRSHPHWHULQJWUXVVDVVHPEO\
$O&
7XUELQHURWRU7XUELQHZKHHOV
$O6L& )O\ZKHHOV5DFLQJFDUEUDNHV
+LJKPHOWLQJSRLQWORZ 0RWRUF\FOHGULYHVSURFNHW3XOOH\V7RUTXHFRQYHUWHUUHDFWRU
6L&S$ODOOR\
SODVWLFLW\DQGKLJKKDUGQHVV 6KRFNDEVRUEHU
&DUERQDQGJODVV
3URSXOVLRQVKDIW
ILEHUV
*ODVV(SR[\ &\OLQGULFDOSUHVVXUHKXOO6RQDUGRPHV
7L$O6L&ILEHUV &RPSRVLWHSLSLQJV\VWHP6FXED GLYLQJF\OLQGHUV
)ORDWV%RDWKXOOV:LQGWXQQHOEODGHV6SDFHFUDIWWUXVV
%H$O
VWUXFWXUH5HIOHFWRUV6RODUSDQHOV&DPHUDKRXVLQJ
*RRGWKHUPDODQGFRUURVLYH
$O2 $ODOOR\ 5RFNHWQR]]OH:LQJV5RWDU\ODXQFKHUV(QJLQHFDVLQJ
UHVLVWDQFH
'ULYHVKDIW3URSHOOHUEODGHV/DQGLQJJHDUGRRUV7KUXVW
&DUERQ%LVPDOHLPLGH
UHYHUVHU+HDWH[FKDQJHUSDQHOV(QJLQHSDUWV
/LJKWZHLJKWDQGJRRGGDPSLQJ +HOLFRSWHUFRPSRQHQWVYL]5RWRUGULYHVKDIW0DVWPRXQW
&DUERQ(SR[\
SURSHUWLHV 0DLQURWRUEODGHV
6L&Z +DUGDQGWRXJKQHVV 5DFLQJELF\FOHIUDPH5DFLQJYHKLFOHIUDPH
$ODOOR\&17 /LJKWZHLJKWDQGKLJKVWLIIQHVV $UWLILFLDO OLJDPHQWV 05, VFDQQHU FU\RJHQLF WXEHV
:KHHOFKDLUV +LS MRLQW LPSODQWV (\HJODVV IUDPHV FDPHUD
WULSRGV0XVLFDO LQVWUXPHQWV
Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299 1295
5HVHDUFK DQGGHYHORSPHQWVLQ)*&0GHVLJQFRQFHSWV
D )*&0GHVLJQ
)*0 VWXG\ LQFOXGHV PDWHULDO GHVLJQ PDWHULDO SUHSDUDWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV7
)XNXVKLPDHWDO)*0GHVLJQ LVDUHYHUVHGHVLJQSURFHVV)LUVWGHWHUPLQHWKHXOWLPDWHVWUXFWXUHRIPDWHULDOV
DQGDSSOLFDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHQVHOHFWIURPWKH )*0GHVLJQGDWDEDVH WR UHTXLUHG XVHRIPDWHULDOFRPELQDWLRQV
WKHWUDQVLWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKHSURSHUWLHVDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUHDVZHOODVWKHSUHSDUDWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGV
7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ VKRXOGKHOS WRFDOFXODWH DQGIDFLOLWDWHSURSHU WHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ
DQG WKHUPDO VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ ,I \RX DGMXVW WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH DVVXPHG GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ IRU DSSURSULDWH
WHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ DQGWKHUPDOVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ WKLV FRPSRVLWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG DVD EHVW
)*0V\VWHP)*0GHVLJQ UHTXLUHV WKUHHPDLQHOHPHQWV)XNXL<HWDO
x 7R GHWHUPLQH VWUXFWXUH DQG VKDSH WKHUPDO PHFKDQLFDO ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ
x ,GHQWLI\GDWDDQGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO IRUWKHUPDOSDUDPHWHU PRGHO
x 7KH XVH RI DSSURSULDWH PDWKHPDWLFV PHFKDQLFDO FDOFXODWLRQ PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW
PHWKRGFDOFXODWLRQRIVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQRI)*0XVLQJDFRPPRQDQGVHOIGHYHORSHG FRPSXWHUDLGHG
GHVLJQVRIWZDUH)*0LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHGHVLJQDQGPDWHULDOVSUHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVFORVHO\E\PHDQV
RI FRPSXWHUDLGHGGHVLJQV\VWHPIRURSWLPDOGHVLJQ
1296 Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
E)*&03UHSDUDWLRQ
7DEOHRYHUYLHZRISURFHVVLQJPHWKRGVIRU)*0
9DULDELOLW\RI 9HUVDWLOLW\LQ 9HUVDWLOLW\LQ
6O12 3URFHVV WUDQVLWLRQ 7\SHRI)*0 FRPSRQHQW
SKDVH FRQWHQW
IXQFWLRQ JHRPHWU\
&DVHVWXG\
6HFWLRQDOYLHZRIWKHGHYHORSHGPDWHULDODVWDNHQDQGSROLVKHGWRJHWWKHPLUURUVXUIDFHILQLVK6SHFLPHQLQVSHFWHG
XQGHU*(2/2SWLFDOPDFURVFRSH'HWDLOHGYLHZRIPDFURVWUXFWXUH LV VKRZQEHORZLQ)LJXUH
)LJ 0DFURVWUXFWXUHRI&17UHLQIRUFHG$O)*0OD\HUV
1298 Gururaja Udupa et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1291 – 1299
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH PDFURVWUXFWXUH RI GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV RI &17 UHLQIRUFHG $O )XQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHG FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDO7UHDF\HWDO$VREVHUYHGWKHPRUSKRORJ\DQGVL]HRIWKHSRZGHUVSDUWLFOHV GHSHQGVWURQJO\RQWKH
DPRXQWRI&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWV%\+DQVDQJ.ZRQHWDO)LUVWOD\HU ZDVSXUH$ODVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHD
VHFRQGOD\HU)LJXUHEPRUSKRORJ\VOLJKWO\FKDQJHGZLWK&17UHLQIRUFHPHQWRIZW,QFUHDVLQJWKH&17
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ XSWRZWVKRZVWKHJUDGXDOFKDQJHVLQWKHJUDLQERXQGDULHVDQGVWUXFWXUHV 6LJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQ
LQWKHSDUWLFOHVL]HDQGJUDLQVL]H LVREVHUYHG DVDHIIHFWRI&17FRQFHQWUDWLRQYDULDWLRQLQHDFKOD\HU3URSHUPL[LQJ
RI&17LQ$OPDWUL[REVHUYHGDQGPRVWRIWKH&17V DUH FOXVWHUHGRQWKHJUDLQERXQGDULHV$VDUHVXOWVWDJJHUHG
OD\HUHGVWUXFWXUH LV IRUPHGRYHULQFUHDVLQJWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKH&17V+HQFH KDUGQHVV RIWKHFRPSRVLWHVYDULHG
IURP+9WR+9IURPWRSWRERWWRPOD\HURIWKH)*&0)LJXUH I,WLVFOHDUWKDW&17VKDYHDSRVLWLYHHIIHFW
RQWKHYDULDWLRQRISURSHUWLHVRYHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRIFRPSRVLWHV<XHWDO
)*&0DSSOLFDWLRQ
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV
5HIHUHQFHV
DQG:*.QDXVVHGV(OVHYLHU6FLHQFH1HZ<RUN9RO&KDSSS±
1RGD17KHUPDO6WUHVVHVLQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDO -7KHUP6WUHVVHVSS±
%LUPDQ96WDELOLW\RI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG6KDSH0HPRU\$OOR\6DQGZLFK3DQHOV 6PDUW 0DWHU6WUXFWSS±
.D\VVHU:$DQG,OVFKQHU%)*05HVHDUFK$FWLYLWLHVLQ(XURSH056%XOOSS±
&KR - 5 DQG +D ' < $YHUDJLQJ DQG )LQLWH (OHPHQW 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQ DSURDFKHV LQ WKH 1XPHULFDO $QDO\VLV RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG
0DWHULDOV 0DWHU6FL(QJ$±
<LQ+03DXOLQR*+%XWWODU:*DQG6XQ/=(IIHFWLYH7KHUPDO&RQGXFWLYLW\RI7ZR3KDVH)XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG3DUWLFXODWH
&RPSRVLWHV -$SSO3K\VS
%.LHEDFN$1HXEUDQGDQG+5LHGHO³3URFHVVLQJWHFKQLTXHVIRUIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOV´0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
SS±
00*DVLN³)XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOVEXONSURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOVDQG3URGXFW 7HFKQRORJ\ YRO
SS
.DZDVDNL$:DWDQDEH5&RQFHSWDQG30)DEULFDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV&HUDPLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
.DZDVDNL $ :DWDQDEH 5 0LFURVWUXFWXUDO 'HVLJQLQJ DQG )DEULFDWLRQ RI 'LVN 6KDSHG )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGLHQW 0DWHULDOV E\ 3RZGHU
0HWDOOXUJ\-RXUQDORIWKH-DSDQ6RFLHW\RISRZHUDQGSRZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\YRO
.LHEDFW%1HXEUDQG$3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQLTXHVIRU)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$
/LX*5+DQ ;;X<*DQG/DP.<0DWHULDO&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVE\0HDQVRI(ODVWLF:DYHVDQG
D3URJUHVVLYH/HDUQLQJ1HXUDO1HWZRUN&RPSRV6FL7HFKQROSS±
+DQ <0ROHFXODUG\QDPLFV VLPXODWLRQVRIWKHHODVWLFSURSHUWLHVSRO\PHUFDUERQQDQRWXEHFRPSRVLWHV&RPSXW0DWHU6FL±
+DOLFLRJOX76WUHVV&DOFXODWLRQVIRU&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV 7KLQ6ROLG)LOPV9ROSS
+HUQDQGH](DQG*R]H&(ODVWLF3URSHUWLHV RI6LQJOH:DOOHG1DQRWXEHV $SSOLHG 3K\VLFV$9ROSS
/X-3(ODVWLF3URSHUWLHVRI &DUERQ1DQRWXEHVDQG1DQRURSHV 3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ/HWWHUV 9RO1RSS
<0L\DPRWR:$.D\VVHU%+5DELQ$.DZDVDNL5*)RUG)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV%RVWRQ
95LFKWHULQ%,OVFKQHU1&KHUUDGL(GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ6WUXFWXUDODQG)XQFWLRQDO
*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV3UHVVHV 3RO\WHFKQLTXHVHW8QLYHUVLWDLUHV5RPDQGHV/DXVDQQHSS±
0<XNL70XUD\DPD7,ULVDZD$.DZDVDNL5:DWDQDEHLQ0<DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD(GV )*0¶
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV6HQGDL)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
1&KHUUDG3URGXFWLRQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVE\3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\²(XURSHDQ$FWLYLWLHVLQ3URFHHG LQJV
RIWKH(XUR30¶%LUPLQJKDP8.±SS±
.$WDUDVKL\D<,VKLGD71DJDLLQ-%+ROW0.RL]XPL7+LUDL=$0XQLU(GV &HUDP7UDQV)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW
0DWHULDOV$PHULFDQ&HUDPLF6RFLHW\:HVWHUYLOOH2+SS±
$.DZDVDNL5:DWDQDEHLQ0 <DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD(GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
6LQQRWW6%6KHQGHURYD2$:KLWH&7 DQG%UHQQHU': 0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI1DQRWXEXOH)LEHUVDQG&RPSRVLWHV'HWHUPLQHG
)URP7KHRUHWLFDO &DOFXODWLRQVDQG6LPXODWLRQV &DUERQ9RO1RVSS
7UHDF\0- ([FHSWLRQDOO\+LJK<RXQJ¶V0RGXOXV2EVHUYHGIRU,QGLYLGXDO&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV 1DWXUH9ROSS
<DR1DQG/RUGL9<RXQJ¶V0RGXOXVRI6LQJOH:DOOHG&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV -RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3K\VLFV9RO1RSS
<X0)/RXULH2'\HU0-0RORQL. .HOO\7)DQG5XRII56 6WUHQJWKDQG%UHDNLQJ0HFKDQLVPRI0XOWLZDOOHG&DUERQ
1DQRWXEHVXQGHU7HQVLOH/RDG 6FLHQFH0DJD]LQH 9RO1RSS
0LQWPLUH-:DQG:KLWH&7 (OHFWURQLFDQG6WUXFWXUDO3URSHUWLHVRI&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV&DUERQ9ROSS
7HUVRII-DQG5XRII56 6WUXFWXUDO3URSHUWLHVRID&DUERQ1DQRWXEH&U\VWDO 3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ/HWWHUV9ROSS
7DOD\ 7&HUUR- /HSVFK5*HOKDXVHQ3DQG*X\QQ0 6\VWHPV$QDO\VLVRI1DQRWXEH7HFKQRORJ\SXEOLVKHGLQ WKH1DQRWXEH
7HFKQRORJ\$VVHVVPHQW1DWLRQDO$HURQDXWLFVDQG6SDFH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ2IILFHRI$HUR6SDFH7HFKQRORJ\:DVKLQJWRQ'&$XJXVW
6FKLOOHU&6LHGOHU03HWHUV)DQG(SSOH0 )XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOVRI%LRGHJUDGDEOH3RO\HVWHUVDQG%RQH/LNH &DOFLXP
3KRVSKDWHVIRU%RQH5HSODFHPHQW XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG0DWHULDOV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6L[WKLQWHUQDWLRQDOV\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\
*UDGHG0DWHULDOV7KH$PHULFDQ&HUDPLF6RFLHW\:HVWHUYLOOH2+SS±
7)XNXVKLPD 6.XURGD6.LWDKDUDLQ0<DPDQRXFKL0.RL]XPL7+LUDL,6KLRWD(GV )*0¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDOV6HQGDL)*0)RUXP7RN\RSS±
*XUXUDMD8GXSD66KULNDQWKDUDR.9*DQJDGKDUDQ )XWXUHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI&DUERQ1DQRWXEHUHLQIRUFHG)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGHG&RPSRVLWH
0DWHULDOV 3URFHHGLQJVRI,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDQG0DQJDJHPHQW
)XNXL < )XQGDPHQWDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGLHQW 0DWHULDO 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 6\VWHP XVLQJ &HQWULIXJDO )RUFH -60( ,QW -
6HULHV,,,9RO1RSS,661
,QDJXPD < 6DWR + 0LXUD)XMLZDUD ( U$ 1RYHO )DEULFDWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV XQGHU &HQWULIXJDO )RUFH
7KH&HQWULIXJDO0L[HG3RZGHU0HWKRG0DWHULDOV9RO1RSS(,661
0LXUD)XMLZDUD ( 6DWR + )DEULFDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG 0DWHULDOV E\ &HQWULIXJDO 6OXUU\3RXULQJ 0HWKRG DQG &HQWULIXJDO
0L[HG3RZGHU0HWKRG--SQ6RF3RZGHU3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\9RO1RSS ,661
&DVWUR5RGUL¶JXH].HOHVWHPXU3URFHVVLQJDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGLHQW$O$6L&SFRPSRVLWH-RXUQDO
RIPDWHULDOV6FLHQFH
)XNXL< )XQGDPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQDOO\*UDGLHQW0DWHULDO0DQXIDFWXULQJ6\VWHPXVLQJ&HQWULIXJDO)RUFH-60(,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDO6HULHV,,,
:DWDQDEH<)XNXL<)DEULFDWLRQRI IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGDOXPLQLXPPDWHULDOVE\WKHFHQWULIXJDOPHWKRG$OXPLQXP7UDQV±
:DOWHU/HQJDXHUDDQG.ODXV'UH\HUE )XQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGKDUGPHWDOV -RXUQDORI$OOR\VDQG&RPSRXQGV±
%\ +DQVDQJ .ZRQ &KULVWRSKHU 5 %UDGEXU\ DQG 0DUF /HSDURX[ )DEULFDWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQDOO\ *UDGHG &DUERQ 1DQRWXEH5HLQIRUFHG
$OXPLQXP0DWUL[&RPSRVLWH$GYDQFHGHQJLQHHULQJPDWHULDOV1R
&</LQ&%DWKLDV+ %0F6KDQHDQG5'5DZOLQJV 3URGXFWLRQRIVLOLFRQFDUELGH $ODOOR\ IXQFWLRQDOO\JUDGHGPDWHULDOVE\
PHFKDQLFDOSRZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\WHFKQLTXH3RZGHU0HWDOOXUJ\9RO1R