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PENGERTIAN
Kualitas adalah sesuatu yang cocok/sesuai dengan selera
seseorang (fitness for use)
Kualitas adalah barang atau jasa yang dapat menaikkan status
pemakai
Kualitas adalah barang atau jasa yang memberikan manfaat
pada pemakai
Maka:
Kualitas adalah suatu standar khusus dimana kemampuannya
(availability), kinerja (performance), keandalannya
(reliability) kemudahan pemeliharaan (maintainability) dan
karakteristiknya dapat diukur (Juran, 1988)
Kualitas adalah keseluruhan ciri dan karakteristik produk atau
jasa yang kemampuannya dapat memuaskan kebutuhan, baik
yang dinyatakan secara tegas maupun tersamar (Brian, 1993)
Kualitas sebagai kesesuaian dengan spesifikasinya (Juran,
Krjewsky, 1987)
*single
By Attribute *double P-Chart
*sequential C-Chart
PENGAWASAN PROSES
Sampling distribution
becomes almost normal
regardless of population
As sample size distribution.
gets large enough
X
X
In general terms, the theorem states that regardless of the
distribution of x ’s (each of which is a mean a sample drawn from
the population) will tend to follow a normal curve as the sample
grows larger.
The theorem also states:
a. The mean of the distribution of the x ’s (called x ) will equal the
mean of overall population (called ). x =
b. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution ( x ) will be
the population standard deviation (), divided by the square root of
the sample size n.
n
(x i x) 2
x ; i 1
n n 1
x -Charts:
Probability of
distribution
-z z
LCL UCL
UCL x z x
LCL x z x
x: mean of the sample means or a target value of set for process
z: number of normal standard deviations (1 for 68% probability,
2 for 95.4%, 3 for 99.7%)
x : standard deviation of sample means =/n
: population (process) standard deviation
n: sample size
Sometimes standard deviations are either not available or difficult to
compute. Another technique using the average range values can be
used instead.
UCL x A 2 R
LCL x A 2 R
R : average range of the samples
A2: values from Table 1
Table1. Factors for computing Control Charts Limits
Sample Size n Mean Factor A2 Upper Range D4 Lower Range D3
2 1.88 3.27 0
3 1.02 2.57 0
4 0.73 2.28 0
5 0.58 2.11 0
6 0.48 2.06 0
7 0.42 1.92 0.08
8 0.37 1.86 0.14
9 0.34 1.82 0.18
10 0.31 1.78 0.22
11 0.29 1.74 0.26
12 0.27 1.72 0.28
13 0.25 1.69 0.31
14 0.24 1.67 0.33
15 0.22 1.65 0.35
16 0.21 1.64 0.36
17 0.20 1.62 0.38
18 0.19 1.61 0.39
19 0.19 1.60 0.40
20 0.18 1.59 0.41
21 0.17 1.58 0.43
22 0.17 1.57 0.43
23 0.16 1.56 0.44
24 0.16 1.55 0.45
25 0.15 1.54 0.46
R-Charts:
In addition of being concerned with the process average, operations
managers are interested in the process dispersion or range.
UCL D 4 R
LCL D3R
Sampling mean
is shifting
upward but
range is
consistent
UCL
x-chart detects shift
in central tendency
LCL
UCL
R-chart does not
detect change in
LCL central tendency
Sampling mean
is constantly but
range is
increasing
UCL
x-chart does not
detect the dispersion
LCL
UCL
R-chart detects
increase in
LCL dispersion
P-Charts:
P-Charts is a quality control chart that is used to control attributes by
measuring the percent defectives in a sample.
UCL p z p
LCL p z p
p: mean fraction defective in the sample
total number of defectives
p
n . number of samples
z: number of standard deviation
p : standard deviation of sampling distribution
p (1 p )
p
n
n: size of each sample
C-Charts:
UCL c z c
LCL c z c
c: mean number of defects per unit