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Materi Matematika Kimia Bab 4 Significant Figures PDF
Materi Matematika Kimia Bab 4 Significant Figures PDF
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Itt - 12in
lA - I x l0-'crir
thc numbcrs 12 and I x t0-' irc cxact; ahcf arisc bccausc of thc way thc
inch and thc Angstrom (A) arc dc6ncd. On thc othcr hand, thc numbcrs
which arc uscd to relatc units in two diffcrcnt mcasuring systcms arc in'
exact. Forcxamplc, whcn wc say that
I in'= 2.54 cm
wc do not mcan that onc inch is cxactly cqual to 2-54 ccntimetcrs. Thc
two units, thc ccntimctcr and thc inch. arc dcfincd indcpcndcntly of onc
anothcr; thcrc arc apprctiiakl12.54 ccntimctcrs in onc inch'
Numbcrs which arisc from cxpcrimcntal mcasurcmcn(s arc always in-
cxact. Thc unccrtainty in a measurcmcnt dcPcnds uPon thc skill of thc
cxpcrimcntalist and lhc scnsitiyitl of rhc instrumcnt hc uscs. If
w6 p616
askcd to wcigh out a samplc o[ sodium chloridc on a triplc bcam balancc,
4t
CHAPTER 1
42
Pcrhaps wc
we migh( bc ablc ro cstablish its wcight to within 0'01 g'
would rcPon that it wc-ighcd 1
2.65 + 0.01g
I 2.6518 * 0.0001 g
thc validity
From thc standpoint o[a pcrson who is trying to estimatc
,.p.", it in anothcr laboratory, it is imponant that
of an.cxpcrimcnt.or-to
*. rpi.iry ,t. ,rnc.n"ir,ty associatcd with e mcasurcmcnr' One way to do
thc *0'01'
t,ti, i. ,o ."...,hc'+ notaiion just'shoirn' .Frcqucntty' wc omit
*0.00t, and so gn, and simPlY rcPon:
E
S'GN'F'Q{NT f'GURES 43
lft-12;n
to hivc an inhnirc numbcr ofsignificanr 6gurcs.
EX.ERC'SES
Solurion
a. Sincc wc arc justificd in rctaining only lwo significant
and
figurcs in our answcrr wc round off bcforc multiplying
writc :
6.2x2-8-17
b. ,.t81t.702 - 3.r8/1.70 = 1.87
c. (4.1 x 3.0 x lor)/1.5 = 8.2 x
dcnsity,
Should thc sccond srudcnt drop rhc list digit in his calculatcd
rcponing it as 1"0 g/ml, sincc thcrc arc only rwo significant'figurcs in his
volumc? Common scnsc tetls us that hc should not' Lfuc thc othcr stu'
dcnt, hc has mcasurcd thc volumc to about * t pcr ccnt' lt is quitc
rca-
sonable for him lo rcPorr his ans*cr to *l Pcr ccnt, i'c'' is l'01 g/mt
rathcr than 1 .0 g/ml, which would imply an unccrtainty of * 10 pcr ccnt'.
Situations as cxtrcmc as this do not arisc too frcquently' Thcy
do'
thc limitarions of using significant figurcs as a mcasure
howcvcr, point out
of prccision, and suggcst thar a morc cxad trcatmcnt of cxperimcntal
crrors would bc in ordcr (Chaprcr t I )'
EXERC'SES
,r--:
S'GN'F'Q{NT F'GUf,ES
' Exomptc 4.3 Carry out the following op€ritions, being carcful
- to givc answir: to thc corrcct numbcr ofsignificant figurcs:
. i. 6.829+2.lllg+ 12689
b. 213 g - 0.01 g
c: 5.19 x'10-r cc + l.8l cc + 2-19 x l0r cc
Solution
a. Sincc "1268g" has thc lowcst absolurc prccision (* I g),
thc sum cannot havc a grcatcr prccision. Thcrcforc. wc
write:
7g+2g+12689't2779
b. Thcquantiry2l3gis known only ro - I g, so subtracting
' 0.01 g [rom it has no cffcci. 213 g - 0 g - 213 g
c. In ordcr to obtain thc sum. wc 6rst writc out thc numbcrs
in dccimal lorm:
l.8l cc + 0.01 cc
-2.19 x tOt cc - 2t9 cc + I cc
48 : CHAPTER 1
Sincc thc sum cannot havc a prccision grcatcr than t cc. wc writc:
EXERC'SES
t.9-10+6.23t-? 5. 2.02xtor-9.6xlot-3
2. 8-t62 - 2-39 - ?" . 6. 3.18xl0-t+l-6xtO-t-7
3. 4-30+ 29.1 + 0.345 - ? 7. (6.40x12.1).-2.19-?'
4. 6-23 a 915 - 12.7 - ?. .8. 3.t8x2.4+0.12_?
, t-92
Solulion
a.6.17
b. 2. tl
c. Hcrc, sincc (hc digir to bc rctained, 4, is cvcn. wc incrcasc
it by I to givc 0.00225.
d. dieit to
Thc digit ro bc rctaincd.3,
rctaincd.3. is odd;3130.
odd:3130.
6.19 (thc 6rst digit droppcd, {. is lcss than 5).
49
STGN'flCANI fJGURES
a(ERC'SES
figurcs:
Round off4.3154652 to rhc following numbcrs of signincant
1.7 5. 1
2.6 6.2
3.5 7. I
4.4
Solsrion
e. Rcfcrring to thc tablc of logarithms in .Appcndix 2,'wc
'
6nd: '
, log 6.190 - 0.7917
Wcdcduccthatthc2.digitnumbcrwhoselogarithmiscloscstto
0.62is 4.2:,
EXERC'SES
PROBLEMS
Obscrvc thc rulcs of significant Fgurcs in cxprcssing you' 'nt*tt''
4.1 A studcnt 6nds rhar a samptc of liquid wcighing 12'562 goccuPio a ;
4.2 A blockof mctat with dimensions 5.2 cm x 2-'l cm x 4'6 crn wcighs
109.82 g. Calculatc rhe dcnsiry of the mctal'