Issues explored in these lectures, none of them had at tha time been properly documented in written form so the information could be shared with cthers interested inthe subject and passed ‘on for generations to come. Tat is the reason I have decided ‘oundenake my current project; editing this book containing the papers of those who participated in the last series ofthe lecture project ‘As an outgrowth ofthe idea of editing this book al the speakers were invited o wrteon a opie relatedto culture and foreign language learing and teaching, Consequently, issues such as pragmatics, translation, phonetics and phonology, imereuttaral communication ativude change, cultural deny, cultural beliefs, cultural sensitivity, polities of language teaching, world English (es) and more, are all discussed here under the overarching umbrella of eultur, This hoped that this book can be an ado those whe are interestod in addressing potential problems of foreign language leaming and teaching, especially those issues as they relate to their cultural aspects. tis my strong hope that all who are ‘concerned with English asa foreign language postess abasic ‘understanding ofthe culture within which the language they are studying is embedded. After all, sensitizing ove stents ‘cultural diferences is now more than ever topic relevant ‘o.our mpidly globalizing word, Didgenes Cindido de Lima, Ph.D. CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE OF PORTUGUESEY ENGLISH LANGUAGE USAGE IN ‘TRANSLATION: FINDING SOLUTIONS AND MAKING CHOICES Cia. Aan Be dos Sos ‘Many bilingual individual, such as foreign: or second- language teachers and students (and of course translators), are approached by persons asking them to translate texts, assuming that because they know two languages, a button ‘an be pressed and, automatically out comes the translation, ‘Altbough thee ares few who can translate easily, depending ‘on the topic and text, many bilinguals have found that it not always so simple. Robinson (1997, p. 102) writes that“in Peiree's terms, .. novice translators begin by approaching & text with an instinctive sens that they know how todo this, ‘that they wil be goo! a it, tht it might be fun; [but] with ‘hie rst actual experience ofa text they realize that hey don't know how to proceed”, Or, they may fee relatively good about the praduct oftheir efor, hen theres actually much room for improvement This chapter reflects upon basic issues involved in anslating withthe main focus on finding and ‘considering possible translation solutions for extal tems. making choices among them. The bass fr these reflections ‘emma, anne tase sey brenden she med testa ti rat ee spa re Saka{sa text used in beginning translation practice classes atthe University of Brasilia. The tanslation direction presented is Portuguese into English There are several basic issues tat influence the activity of uanslating. One is, when we hear of say that someone is bilingual, what does this actualy mean? Well, of courte, the answer i that they know two languages. But how well do they know the two languages? They may know both very well, know one much more than the other, ete, Anu thisknowledge may vary according other listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. ‘Another issue sthat people ao differ inthe kinds of ub- {ectmatter and topies they are Familiar with, acconding to their life experiences-—which brings forth the concept of culture. Many definitions have been given forthe term eulture™. One {particularly ike for its succinetnss is that of Katan (2004, p 26): "a shared system for interpreting reality and organizing experience”. Another explaration, subdividing culture into three perspectives, is presented by Nord (2000, p. 204): Caltre tcomplex stem, can be sobvided ino pareere (1 the are: ule sh ene Homa alid foram endve weit) acale (ce the torres conventions prego ‘nthe soe charac amo aepiona fan and ever heute (ie ele of at ‘The concept of culture defined as system that i “sha- ed” between or among societies and groups, with individuals ‘having their own idiocultures, leads tothe interesting relation ‘between language and eulture:in general language exprestes ‘and reflects culture. Here weare going to consider culture in the general tendencies of language usage: by one national culture as compared to another national cultwe, by one group 6 of people as compared to ethers, and by one translator as compared to oters "The issues then become: bow much linguistic and eul tural knowledge the translator has, when further knowledge is needed, and where to aequite that knowledge. Armstrong. ‘2005, p. 1) in regard to translating, language, culture, and knowlege, writs: sit ao ufc, one might wonder, tse quite ‘imply hs eatng sd tangles uch sae, ‘ond tnt iia the very god Iowledgentietwolngungescfinees Since langoge in age part eutalpratic,wery {gon Knowledge of the to languages gossion Implirsbo a high depres of gener! kxowlede, tr seqaitance with the to clare; ein rowed of howto fd this know. Three ‘ure elemen of ety re ogo peer tnmfaige tinal ecopntion of race ac eral nlc ca menos when eFeence ‘ool isremed | “These thre variables (amount und typeof bilingual kno ‘wledge of language usage, cultural knowledge of language usage, and when and where to aequire further knowledge) underlie the items chosen for discussion in this chapter. For ‘Our purposes here, we are going to astme the taslator has ‘rong shils in Portuguese (LI - Brazil) and intermediate skills {in English (L2- US), having leamed English in EFL (English asa Forcign Language) clases, not having lived abroad, and having litle or no experience in translating, ‘The text under discussion (see Appendix forthe Port= _nuese text) as published in Classe, the on-board magazine ‘of TAM Brazilian Airlines, in bilingual version (Portu- fquese — English), and is inlended for general, somewhat formally educated audience. The discussion in this chapter is 7‘ot an evaluation ofthe wunslted text in English, which is ‘ot included here, but a reficction upon some ofthe mainly Tinguistie ultra items tha: could be considered in the tran Tation process. Research for acquiring futher knowledge or sefletng pon possible solaions seid nyc ces EnglishEnglish dictionary, an English dictionary for leamers of English, a thesaurus, online dictionaries (Portuguese, En- lish and bilingual ditionaries), the Internet in general, and ‘ther sources of information (eg: native/near-native speakers ofthe two languages). Ler’ take, for example the inital section ofthe tent — Um cxfcinko wm po de quia. A migina de café ‘omen como um ocomorva. Dep atin po Piscine me de Most beginning translators will enthusiastically set about rendering the words into English with something. ike the following results: =A lite cof an ches breed. The cote machine {ramedncaed ikea osama Af Yun got ‘ite read and pve to ne thas tesa For genera purposes this translation wll have conveyed the idea ofa transaction involving coffee and a kind of bread However, there are items that warrant a second look, which ‘ean mean further reflection or research, cofecinh co: icf ‘Sharan Roser mye ad cer priecieas e e “ssl cote [pial cote i served in smal. ium, or ape sis cafes ‘up of cote ‘These possible choices involve cul which word:for-word translating oF # bil ‘might not have yielded From the start, then, itis evident that the translator will ned todo research, consider option, and make choices. The immediate decision ean be to simply opt for one ofthe above allematives now, and later, upon revising, rake the fins ehoice. ‘Options fore un peo de quetio could include ‘eee ead chee ead ‘chess sty” chose pul ‘fhe matt Pa de queijo isa cultura item commonly found in many areas of Brazil and (unfortunately, ia my opinion) is not ‘typically available in the US, So, one must decide how best to express it in English. “Bread” suggests a format lke a loaf ‘hich can be sliced. "Pasty" is usualy sweet, explained in Webster's College Dictionary (1991) 8 “a sweet baked food ‘made of dough", and in Food Dictionary (retrieved 2009) as “I. Any of various unleavened doughs, the basics of which include batter (or other ft), our and water... A general term for swoet baked goods such as Danish Pasiries". For ‘purposes of helping the English reader visualize the itm, 19“rol, “biseuit’, or pu? might be beter. However, since the later three possibilities are still cultural referents, there are further options such as an explanation in a footnote/endnote ori text forexample, ‘a Brazilian cheese ol’. We now have the posible translation a coffee and a Brazilian cheese rol’ “The question that shoul also come to mind is how im portant tight be, on one hand 0 maintain the text with the attra explanations forthe reader ofthe translation (referred to as “foreignizing” the wx!) or, on te other, to try t0 repr ‘cate similar situation thats more familiar to the receiver the translated text (called "domestcating” the text’ with, for example coe ns dough ‘coffe na bel ‘oe a i” “The answer to this question ean be thatthe entire fext and its purpose a8 a translation should be considered. If you hhave nat been given this information it would be important to find out, if at all possible. In this ease the texts are for an ‘on-boerd magazine for Nights between Brazil and the US Sind wil be published side by side, in both Portuguese and English. This suggests tha since dhe readers wil be going 10 br teturing from Brazil could be intresting to maintain the cultural context of po de queijo as it probably has been tr willbe experienced inthe country. Upon reading the entire {ext twill be even more evident that it would be difficult t9 ‘Completely “domesticate™ it due tothe politiel and economic information it contains A ising de cfe cone: ofce machine” Ren 20 some “The ores machine? Ace maker i aly 3 household pine, as coeed ta ‘coer machin, ehh ely ured oe fre ans sso min ed inter omar Thoth inter ee weld be ood cole ‘Gemeu ai first thought could be: ai eos Gemer aevording to the Michaelis online dict tionary presents the following (notice especially nos. 5, 9 and 10) pn pig pierces coeeeaece peta arteae ace eae ‘ormara genta prado brio saat Sefer eee fone mane eae eo Serco ena fap erent “Agr Vergara (oe. eps ara gue sev seen fot peo nln tng pongo 2‘And the Michaelis online Portuguese English dictionary shows: 140 gous, oa. 21 wal ae 3 10 bewa moun ta inet whine $0 sigh, so 610 ‘hen gue patel (dors, widow) 7 ‘ves whens id). Btosngasivaling ‘rlamentng™ “The translator now needs 19 make sense ofthis infor ‘mation to translate the term, which eould, perhaps, refer 10 tither sound or movement. Asthe contexts emeu como wma Tocomoriva, one now should imagine what kind of sound or ‘movement a locomotive could take that would represent a coffee machine. Based on theabove dictionary entries and further brains toring, the sound could include: ‘cman of eRe 186 2 ‘And movement could include: Sembler ‘sto “ale en be ud vet th) Siva “cone” ‘ointcrel™ “spare ‘Another option is o use two terms, such as shuddered Now let's think about facmoniva, which according t0 Michaelis could be: sod and Veil stan, propulsdo por miguima ava por matron, a compris gue is fens ca earn par pani ‘civaptet pec” uals engine locos vp dear explo. ‘cama dsl das engine loom rice ‘ete engin™| Given this information, perhaps focomotiva could be ‘locomotive’ or ‘steam engine’ ‘Depots could be pours prtmcdraacscane nn nena a RSs Oye Ntitsntvnaeangeindn Pm pnt oes asentence structures reat last somewhat maintained, ‘after’ necds.a complement (eg. after that, afer making the coffe); then” implies an action willbe explained typically im ‘mediately following another action or station; “afterwards {doesnot require a complement but ean suggest some time has gone by and may be a lithe more formal than “then Tolle Wing’ is similar o ‘ater’ also requiring a referent; and “ster” implies a longer passage of time than it would probably ‘tocar out the action in this text. So, perhaps the best choice ‘would be “then ‘A mocinha could be: “The youne lady The youre ot Teg “Young iady’ can meara young person from a somewhat high social elass, ora gil whoa now grown up and is ready to take ber place in society, "Waitress? doesnot carry any age implications with it; however, in this context, how impertant ‘would this be? I is probably not that pertinent, "Young gil” points out thatthe gil is young and as the emphasis in this text isnotonher age, would not typically be used here, “Gil” “lady, and woman’ all have age implications: “gi would usually refer to a younger female and “Indy” or “woman to tn older one, Another option would be to provide some infor. ‘mation that i not explicit in the original txt, eferring to the Setting or the person’s role, suchas “behind the eounter"—s0 se translator could choos o say “the gil behind the counter 24 Pegou could be Um paozinho could be ‘ali nd? “ali pi de gui” (Or one of the other options diseussed above for po de queijo E me dew could be “and and ome Sano a ne ‘nde t down in oto and heap to me Putting these pans ofthe sentence tagother to make sense, this could become: lke up oe ques og 0m "rough th po de gree ‘Sto dot roa: Here we have the issues of domesticatingy foreignizing and singularplural forms. Domesticating the text would inclode eplacing yeas with ‘dollars’, nd also an ‘equivalent logical amount for what is being ordered. Singular? plural forms could/should be addressed forthe verb and for the Brazilian currency reas ‘Thereare expressions in English used for communicating the amount owed when a customer is purchasing something 2ssoars ote (rust the mount owe 0 ren plese Reais may not be recognized by reader in English who knows that cureney in Brazil i referred to a8 real, and the reader would assume the plural to be reas. possibilty is to use eas and then make a footnote explaining that rez is plural for rea. ‘Another point that requires sitention isthe manner in ‘which dialogue is expressed inthe text in Portuguese, witha ‘travessio (dash), whereas in English, quotation marks Would be used. So, altogether, the exchange could be translat Tica en po de uct | "A cl ond po de gnc je. Amsuine te cafe gene Some | The cots athe sed od tna locamon Depots mote | shasdarsie vee heh peso pecinta me ew. | he gi bein the conrad PS dora Bee geen to ie “The next section ofthe text reads Paginas ipan ath foenbargue Enawanayio oie songs anc se vin, qotalves nuns vera ae ver sro, sis nb coven Arcs mo pds prs papas tio que aps tom cat comer «po de auc, oan | fran cow oct, ado O Sens ag cn Paguei no caixa could be “tpi te cashier" “Ip a the cash register “paid he pier 26 Any of the above would be good options, withthe fir and third perhaps being more typical ‘lade ombare ‘oarding rsp spestion of movie anlar) “oarsing ae" “depute long A “boarding room is not used for sala de embargue. “Boarding rea and "departure lounge are goo choices, wth “boarding aca’ being more typical inthe US. tease Ponies nade oo Eh et ‘rato "Good futhisa legal tm that is sometimes used in daily language. The Longman English Dictionary Online LDOCE. presents the following dfinton’ 00d {nd doer nx nnd wo decsne anyone, ‘appa “The company had stdin gd ath Senso pet of eo ith ‘Necanfie mas decaed sgn of god fh,‘Good will or good Dictionary (1991) is, according to Webster's College | endl pono kindly sean eneolene. 2. Che- ‘fl seqiescence consent. 3. An mangle table set ‘ring the reputable itcntomers "hones In Weber x Cle Dictionary 1 pins, ntepiy mattis 2 nhs sne- sie nes. 3. een fom Sesto ud. "st at oa peered in Mebtr' reliance onthe itp sent, sii, sy eof a ress cthng onfdence 2 sonic exeain of sane Thing hope. 3. condensin decent payment Ferrer or po ceed, “austworthiness is another form of ust” ‘Thettleofths texts Boa Fé, and the section thats highl- ‘phedasasubitle or “ieaser"is: Confangae oa étém a mesma fingdo da forca que maniém coeso 0 miclea des dtomon. Sem las, asociedade explodira atomicamente, hough any ofthe above tems could be good solutions depending on the place in ‘he text where they are use, since the two erms—confanca and hoa fare used several times, it could be a good option ‘o alo maintain the same tansation ofthese tems in English throughout the text: “bust and “god faith regu an cle The text in Portuguese uss both terms torefer tothe same Person. In English “customer” and ‘cient are typieally used ‘ifferently. Webster's College Dietionary (1991) presents the following definitions for ‘customer’ and ‘client’: 2% lie Tapecsonorgoup that wish profesional adie “Aperson whois receiving the beni, service, ee fa stcil welne pees a government Dare ce SA canoer, ‘hpeson who prchaes goad or services from svat bayer paton, ‘These definitions donot make clear distinction between the two terms for purposes of eur text, insinuating they are ‘synonymous, according to item 3 under ‘lien The Longman Dictionary of American English (1983) offers the following explanations {a pen who pap a poesia person, xp lune fr pad ae 2 customer —seeitomer (gs) 4 eon wn beat or sees fr Unge: When you go ot ob tings yom ae & spy ten ju buy aod fo paisa paying for profsiona services. fom almwyex [oustea' shen burnt cisco ebea veces you are sying a tee So, the usage explanations help differentiate between the wo terms, pointing us inthe diretion of “customer” as Ae best option. The next paragraph reads: 2»ie seceded ded de cna oa fs Towa) cooing aor urna camino Sen more boa tecieda cpr atomcamente or paragees {storm amas no saga do arpa ne cnarm aes ‘rma esd wo soe dtd el gear ser chpe ts cabin dope forea que mamtém coeso 0 nitcteo dos dams ‘A wordefor-word translation of this phrase would not _make sense in English, so we wll need to express indifferent ‘words, for example, the translation that actually appeared in ‘he on-board magazine: the force that hold the nucleus ofan atom together. Notice thal dos domes (pra in Portuguese) ‘ean become ‘of an atom singular in English). es a S35 = Webster's College Dictionary presents the following for meanings 7 and 8 under ‘terminal’ 7. a terminal part ‘of a structure; end or extremity. 8, a. a point of termination ‘ora major junction within a transportation system. b. the structures and service facilities located at a terminal.” Longman’sexplain terminal ab "1. bus o ilroad station usu. inthe center of town, esp. for passengers going to or arriving from an airport. None of these explanations are particularly helpful. One would need to know actual usage in airports terminal’ canbe the passenger part of tn airport, fran atea of an airport, 20 For this context, a ‘concourse is defined by Webster's College Dictionary as arg open space for accommodating crowds as ina railroad station”. The Lomgman Dictionary of American English, for Learners of English, sates that i's large hall or open piace where crowds of people can gather the airport concourse”. In this ease, Langman's is more help ‘Usage of “terminal” or "eoncourse’ may’ depend on the particular airport. For example, the Miami Intemational Airport and the Orlando Intemational Airport both use "concourse", while New York's JFK Airport uss “terminal” for specific tea i an airport”, “lobby” ‘Webster's College Dictionary presents a “obby’ as “an entrance hall, corridor, or vestibule, asin public building, ‘often serving as an antroom: foyer”. The Longman Dictionary ‘of American English presents it a5 “a hallo passuge, not room, which lead from the enance to the rooms inside a building: the hotel lobby” ‘Alter considering these postiblities forthe phrase in Portuguese at parsageiros extariam armados mo saguao «lo aeroporto, a solution could be ‘the passengers would be ‘armed inside the airport, which was not on our origina i Of possible solutions sequetrador “The mai posi ae “wager "hohe or hijacker As with ‘client’ and ‘customer’, there is a difference in usage between ‘kidnapper’ snd hijacker’. However, this, ais not apparent in Hebster‘s College Dictionary (1991) ot Longman’s American English dictionary (1983) tocar ofa peion)by force ar aude. frase at ahowage extn! atom: adit (Herr) {oak someone say wily onde fo demand money besometing le orb safe ret (Longmans) iu on hihi’ aac anaiplans rte vehi het ry fre, ex. feeranom plies ents 2 10 sel feng fom» tuck or ther vehicle fr Fring tp tora (4 eb alr fering tp (ter) ‘Gtakeconta faehisieor aca} by fc of arms fen Tee polial ims (Longer) ‘The solution here would be “hijacker'or‘highjacker (the oumer being the more eommon spelling). ‘cabine do pote Possibilities could be: ‘ck ck For “cockpit” Webster's College Dictionary has "a usu, enclosed space in the forward fuselage of an stplane ‘containing the flying contol, insrumeat panel, and seats for the plot and copilot or erew", and the Longman Dictionary ‘of American English presen he part ofa plane oF racing ‘arin which the pilot or driver sits ile ‘The Longman Dictionary of American English does not have the entry *pilo's cabin’; under “cabin, however, one 2 {nds “the room atthe front ofan aircraft in which the pilot sits” Webster's College Dictionary also does not contain the nity pil’ cabin’, and under eabin’ presents "the enclosed ‘pace fr the ilo, cargo, or esp. passengers in an ir or space vehicle Which would be the best choice here? Personal ‘communication with two other native American English speakers, one a Portuguese ‘and English bilingual, yielded “cockpit asthe term ofehoice {either of them were familiar with ‘pilot's cabin’) “The remainder of the text includes political, economic, administrative, nstiuiona, ander terms that wll pobably require further knowledge acquisition for translation purposes “The discussion in this Chapter has reflected the influence ofeultural knowledge of language usage in vanslating. Culture ‘sinvolved in every step along the way. This can include frst. ‘ofall dceiding whether to domesticate or Foreignize the txt asa whole orin specific places a question which may depend fn the purpose of the translation), which wil in turn aff choices of terms, syntax, and punctuation. The translator can ‘seek out possible solutions, 1o then make choices, based on caltral language usage ofthe nations or broader societies, of ‘the group of people, and ofthe translator himberslf involved “Most importantly, wanslting requires sufficient ‘bilingual “bicultural knoviledge to recognize when further informa should be acquired [Bibliographical References Armstrong, Nigel. Translation, Linguistics, Clr: A Franch “English Handbook. Clevedon, Uk: Malling Mats, 2008. Gite, Daniel. Baste Concepts and Models Jor Imerpreter and “iameltor Training. Artes: ln Benjani, 1995. aatan, Davi. raslting Clues: An oction for Translators. Interpreters and Mediator. ed. Manchester, UK: St lerome Pubcing, 2008. Longman Ditionary of American Englch, New Yor: Longman, i, Longman English Dictionary Online. Recieved July 201 tr eoceonine com, Michact deionario porta online. pinches. wl com. Retrieved uly 2011, ram hp www oceanline com. Michaelis dconarlo poremutsingler online. Mpimichaelis ‘oleom brmodema.ingua-portgues- ingles. Retrieved Jy 2011, rom hp oceonine com. Nord, Christine. What Do We Know about the Targe-Text Récewer I Beeb Alison; Eminger, Doris Press, Maris. (G8) Investigating Tronlrion. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. | Robinson, Dough. Becoming a Transaror. NewYork: Routledge, 1997, Portuguese ustslston by Juss Simies, Consruind 0 ‘radutor Baa, Sao Pasi: EDUSC, 2002 Rodale, 1. Phe Symonm Finder Urdang, Laurence; LaRoehe, ‘Nancy. (ds) Revisedeition New York: Warmer Book, 186, ‘TAM Linas Aéreas S.A. Clase” Revita de boro da TAM, No 16, no 8, 2D. 23. ‘TAM inias Aéreas 8A. TAM nac mens Sto Paul: Vin ora 2 Produtora Luda, Vo. no 12, December 2008. ‘ebser's College Dictionary. New Yor: Random House, 1991 Appendix —"Text discussed in this Chapter. Boa Fé — Um cafe eum pio de queijo.A maquina de café gemeu como uma locomativa, Depots a mocinha pegs um plozinho e me dev "— Sto dois reais. Paguei no caixa e fai para a sala de embarque. Esta ‘runsagio entre pessoas que nunca se viram, que alvez nunca 4 vvenham a se ver novament,basei-se em boa fée confianga. ‘A mocinha nao pedi para pagar antes, confiando que, pos tomar o café e comer 0 pio de queijo, o freguts ia pagar a conta no eaixa, ao lado, O cliente agiu com boa ‘A vida em sociedades civilizadas depende de confianga boa £6. Tem a mesma fungao da forga que mantem cocso © nicleo dos somos. Sem eoafianga © boa f, a sociedade explodiri atomicamente ~ 0s passageltos estariam armados ro sayuio do acroporte, no avito enrariam apenas ma fortes, eo destino do voo seria determinade pelo seqdestrador aque chegasse ante i eabine do pilot Fiz ocheck im entre eafundei na poltrona do aviso, Abri 0 jomal que esticava o prefeto da cidade, pois seis meses 1p6s a posse ainda nko haviaresolvido os problemas de po- bez, tinsto,favelas, O editorial vigaros pede ane forte, utoridade e solugdo rida dos problemas. A Assembiéia Legislativa do Esiado quer o impeachment de govermador ‘que contatow a empresa onde trabalhow der anos atris. No ‘eaderno de politica nacional, ojomalconservador reclama da falta de investimentos de enerpa e pede asteridade fiscal — ‘como seria possivel cortar gastos ¢investr em energia. Que Jomnais! Que pais! ‘A vida piblicaearcee da boa fé do baleSo do cafezinbo todos os politicos sto coripto,ineapazes ou de ms fe © pais vivew cinguenta anos sob inflagao. Ao se ivrar eta instalow-se completa alta deconfianga no seta pablico, ‘que no merece dos joralistas ¢ dos letores nem os poncos ‘segundos de boa f& da moga do eal omens pblicos cumprem 0 papel de culpados de tudo. E as leis da administrgio pablica supdem que tos sea Adesonestos. Se tiver vindo da universidade sor critcado por ndo ter experignciaadminisativa e quanto visjar para o exterior, alugar um carro ou pagar ma conta do restaurant, ser erticado por nto ter experiencia administrative e quando. asviajar para 0 exterior, lugar um earro ou pagar uma conta {do restaurant, Ser citicado por excesso de mordomias. Se for bem sucedido e vier da iniciativaprivada pode gastar & vontade em mordomias. Mas, coitado, todas as empresas em ‘que trabalhou, de quem comprou, para quem vendeu, ou teve hair oro eaconanent, oman upto eg do. ‘Aomesmo tempo, espera-se que administrador pibieo do Estado fraco “gi, efciente”e amarradopelas lei, pelos Jnguéritosparlamentares pelas investigagbes do Ministrio Piiblico sea capaz de resolver todos os problemas nacionais ‘novos ou histricos, nos primes seis meses de manda © politico € responsivel pela depressio dos eleitores, pela hitie dos cBnjuiges de cada un, pelo tio, medo,ansicdade € prineipalmente, pela absoluta falta de sentido das coisa. ‘O desemprego cresceimigrantesinvadem todos os lug res sio mal reebidos, as fonts de 4gua doce sto poli ‘0 mundo vai icando mais quent, seea a boa £8. Os jorais lo exagerados? Ou vames explodir? ‘TAM Airlines, Classe: Revista de Bordo da TAM. Vol 16,0, 88, 2001, p22. 36 FOR THE UMPTEENTH TIME, THE “NATIVE SPEAKER": OR, WHY THE TERM SIGNIFIES LESS AND LESS IN THE CASE OF ENGLISH ‘AS IT SPREADS MORE AND MORE ‘THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ‘anvil Raglan By way of Kik- starting the discussion Consider the following passage: ‘Now imagine fas moment ht you are ete on the verndaofshangstow In in Toe imps ‘ing oreo he drened the ics, the ees Is ‘nating the chit eral ad oving he cao {thle Arley cows hry workers In dimenesr oy win hie folowers + ater ‘anim pan ip 9 plang group of natch (Sls: atrcive Inthe aie ed drases and ‘Str tun tir nae igi adthetoa Shampooed hat sresning in he wind: Soy all Sr a on i Has, his jor in and et choy pont aoa hs lpn ning Ie uzernat A pra dog harks at Tenens (ris mongoose) nthe pdt etd ‘le mabe twierin te aia ing. ibs Inensecare ther ctmarn andes te ple! ‘itt ck cortoper Thre nmin cae home pone io he pty to have neha. Eventing io diferent ighy (atone, 1980:11) ”