Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 305

Section 5.
3 The Definite Integral 305

" "
20. The area of the triangle is A œ # bh œ # (2)(1) œ 1
Ê '" a1 kxkb dx œ 1 square unit

"
" "
21. The area of the triangular peak is A œ # bh œ # (2)(1) œ 1.
The area of the rectangular base is S œ jw œ (2)(1) œ 2.
Then the total area is 3 Ê '"" a2 kxkb dx œ 3 square units
22. y œ 1 È1 x# Ê y 1 œ È1 x#
Ê (y 1)# œ 1 x# Ê x# (y 1)# œ 1, a circle with
center (!ß ") and radius of 1 Ê y œ 1 È1 x# is the
upper semicircle. The area of this semicircle is
A œ "# 1r# œ "# 1(1)# œ 1# . The area of the rectangular base
1
is A œ jw œ (2)(1) œ 2. Then the total area is 2 #
Ê '"" Š1 È1 x# ‹ dx œ 2 1# square units
23. '!b x2 dx œ "# (b)( b2 ) œ b4

#
24. '!b 4x dx œ "# b(4b) œ 2b#
306 Chapter 5 Integration
25. 'ab 2s ds œ "# b(2b) "# a(2a) œ b# a# 26. 'ab 3t dt œ "# b(3b) "# a(3a) œ 3# ab# a# b
È# #
27. '" x dx œ
ŠÈ2‹
# (1)#
# œ "
# 28. '!Þ&#Þ& x dx œ (2.5)# #
(0.5)#
# œ3
È # #
29. '1#1 ) d) œ (2#1) #

1#
# œ 31 #
# 30. 'È& # # r dr œ Š5È#2‹
ŠÈ2‹
# œ 24
È
$ $
'" ( ŠÈ
'!!Þ$ s# ds œ (0.3)3
$
7‹ $
#
31. x dx œ 3 œ 7
3 32. œ 0.009
33. '!"Î# t# dt œ ˆ 3‰" $

#
œ "
24 34. '!1Î# )# d) œ ˆ 3‰ 1 $
#
œ 1$
#4
È$a #
35. 'a#a x dx œ (2a)# #

a#
# œ 3a#
# 36. 'a x dx œ
ŠÈ3a‹
# a#
# œ a#
È
$ $
'! ŠÈ
'!$b x# dx œ (3b)3
b $
b‹ $
37. x# dx œ 3 œ b
3 38. œ 9b$
39. '$" 7 dx œ 7(1 3) œ 14 40. '!2 È2 dx œ È2 (# !) œ 2È2
41. '!2 5x dx œ 5 '!2 x dx œ 5 ’ 2# #

0#
#“ œ 10 42. '$& 8x dx œ "8 '$& x dx œ 8" ’ 5# #
3#
#“ œ 16
16 œ1
43. '!2 (2t 3) dt œ 2 '"" t dt '!2 3 dt œ 2 ’ 2# #

0#
#“ 3(2 0) œ 4 6 œ 2
È2 È2 È2 #
44. '! Št È2‹ dt œ '! t dt '

!
È2 dt œ
–
ŠÈ2‹
# 0#
#— È2 ’È2 0“ œ 1 2 œ 1
45. '#" ˆ1 #z ‰ dz œ '#" 1 dz '#" #z dz œ '#" 1 dz "# '"# z dz œ 1[1 2] "# ’ 2# 1# “ œ " "# ˆ 3# ‰ œ 74 # #
46. '$! (2z 3) dz œ '$! 2z dz '$! 3 dz œ 2 '!$ z dz '$! 3 dz œ 2 ’ 3# #

0#
#“ 3[0 3] œ 9 9 œ 0
47. '"# 3u# du œ 3 '"# u# du œ 3 ”'!# u# du '!" u# du• œ 3 Š’ 23 $

0$
3“
$
’ "3 0$
3 “‹ œ 3 ’ 23
$
1$
3“ œ 3 ˆ 73 ‰ œ 7
Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 307
48. '"Î#" 24u# du œ 24 '"Î#" u# du œ 24 – '!" u# du '!"Î# u# du— œ 24 ” 13

$ ˆ "# ‰$
3 • œ 24 ’
ˆ 78 ‰
3 “œ7
49. '!# a3x# x 5b dx œ 3 '!# x# dx '!# x dx '!# 5 dx œ 3 ’ 23 $

0$
3“
#
’ 2# 0#
#“ 5[2 0] œ (8 2) 10 œ 0
50. '"! a3x# x 5b dx œ '!" a3x# x 5b dx œ ”3 '!" x# dx '!" x dx '!" 5 dx•

$
0$ #
0#
œ ’3 Š 13 3‹ Š 1# #‹ 5(1 0)“ œ ˆ 3# 5‰ œ 7
#
b0
51. Let ?x œ n œ b
n and let x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
x# œ 2?xß á ß xn" œ (n 1)?x, xn œ n?x œ b.
Let the ck 's be the right end-points of the subintervals
Ê c" œ x" , c# œ x# , and so on. The rectangles
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 3(?x)# ?x œ 3(?x)$
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 3(2?x)# ?x œ 3(2)# (?x)$
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 3(3?x)# ?x œ 3(3)# (?x)$
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 3(n?x)# ?x œ 3(n)# (?x)$
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 3k# (?x)$
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 3(?x) ! k# œ 3 Š bn$ ‹ Š n(n 1)(2n
$ 1)
$
6 ‹
kœ1
œ
$
b
#
ˆ2 3
n "‰
n# Ê '!b 3x# dx œ n lim
Ä_
b$
#
ˆ2 3
n "‰
n# œ b$ .
b0
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 1(?x)# ?x œ 1(?x)$
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 1(2?x)# ?x œ 1(2)# (?x)$
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 1(3?x)# ?x œ 1(3)# (?x)$
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 1(n?x)# ?x œ 1(n)# (?x)$
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 1k# (?x)$
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 1(?x)$ ! k# œ 1 Š bn$ ‹ Š n(n 1)(2n 1) $
6 ‹
kœ1
œ 1b
6
$
ˆ2 3
n "‰
n# Ê '!b 1x# dx œ n lim
Ä_
1 b$
6
ˆ2 3
n "‰
n# œ 1 b$
3 .
b0
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ 2(?x)(?x) œ 2(?x)#
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ 2(2?x)(?x) œ 2(2)(?x)#
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ 2(3?x)(?x) œ 2(3)(?x)#
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ 2(n?x)(?x) œ 2(n)(?x)#
n n
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! 2k(?x)#
kœ1 kœ1
n
œ 2(?x)# ! k œ 2 Š bn# ‹ Š n(n 2 1) ‹
#
kœ1
œ b# ˆ1 "n ‰ Ê '!b 2x dx œ n lim

Ä_
b# ˆ1 n" ‰ œ b# .
b0
defined have areas:
f(c" ) ?x œ f(?x) ?x œ ˆ ?x "
# 1 (?x) œ # (?x) ?x
‰ #
? "
f(c# ) ?x œ f(2?x) ?x œ ˆ # 1‰ (?x) œ # (2)(?x)# ?x
2 x
f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ ˆ 3?# x 1‰ (?x) œ "

# (3)(?x)# ?x
ã
f(cn ) ?x œ f(n?x) ?x œ ˆ n?# x 1‰ (?x) œ "
# (n)(?x)# ?x
n n n n
Š bn# ‹ Š n(n 2 1) ‹ ˆ bn ‰ (n)
#
Then Sn œ ! f(ck ) ?x œ ! ˆ "# k(?x)# ?x‰ œ "
# (?x)# ! k ?x ! 1 œ "
#
kœ1 kœ1 kœ1 kœ1
œ "
4 b# ˆ1 n1 ‰ b Ê '! ˆ x# 1‰ dx œ n lim
b
Ä_
ˆ 4" b# ˆ1 n" ‰ b‰ œ "
4 b# b.
È$
55. av(f) œ Š È3" 0 ‹ '! ax# 1b dx
È$ È$
œ "
È3
'! x# dx "
È3
'! 1 dx
$
ŠÈ3‹
" "
œ È3 3 È3 ŠÈ3 0‹ œ 1 1 œ 0.
56. av(f) œ ˆ 3 " 0 ‰ '!$ Š x# ‹ dx œ 3" ˆ #" ‰ '!$ x# dx

#
$ #
œ "6 Š 33 ‹ œ 3# ; x# œ 3# .
'!" a3x# 1b dx œ
57. av(f) œ ˆ 1 " 0 ‰
œ 3 ' x# dx ' 1 dx œ 3 Š 13 ‹ (1 0)
" "
$
! !
œ #.
'!" a3x# 3b dx œ
58. av(f) œ ˆ 1 " 0 ‰
œ 3 ' x# dx ' 3 dx œ 3 Š 13 ‹ 3(1 0)

" "
$
! !
œ #.
'!$ (t 1)# dt
59. av(f) œ ˆ 3 " 0 ‰
œ 3" ' t# dt 23 ' t dt 3" ' 1 dt

$ $ $
! ! !
$ #
" 0#
œ 3 Š 33 ‹ 32 Š 3# #‹ 3" (3 0) œ 1.
60. av(f) œ Š 1 1(2) ‹ '#" at# tb dt

œ "
3
'#" t# dt 3" '#" t dt
œ "3 ' t# dt 3" '
" #
# (2)#
t# dt 3" Š 1# # ‹
! !
$
Š 13 ‹ 3" Š (32) ‹
$
" "
œ 3 # œ 3
# .
61. (a) av(g) œ Š 1 "(1) ‹ '"" akxk 1b dx

œ '"! (x 1) dx "# '!" (x 1) dx
"
#
œ "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx

! ! " "
" " ! !
# (1)# #
0#
œ "# Š 0# # ‹ "# (0 (1)) "# Š 1# #‹ "# (1 0)
œ "# .
'"$ akxk 1b dx œ #" '"$ (x 1) dx

(b) av(g) œ ˆ 3 " 1 ‰
œ "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx œ "# Š 3# 1# ‹ "# (3 1)

$ $
# #
" "
œ 1.
(c) av(g) œ Š 3 "(1) ‹ '"$ akxk 1b dx

œ "
4
'"" akxk 1b dx 4" '"$ akxk 1b dx
" "
œ 4 (1 2) œ 4 (see parts (a) and (b) above).
62. (a) av(h) œ Š 0 "(1) ‹ '"0 kxk dx œ '"0 (x) dx

œ '"0 x dx œ 0# #
(1)#
# œ "# .
(b) av(h) œ ˆ 1 " 0 ‰ '0" kxk dx œ '0" x dx

#
0#
œ Š "# #‹ œ "# .
(c) av(h) œ Š 1 "(1) ‹ '"" kxk dx

œ "
# Œ'"0 kxk dx '0" kxk dx
" ˆ "# ˆ "# ‰‰ œ "# (see parts (a) and (b)
œ #
above).
63. To find where x x# 0, let x x# œ 0 Ê x(1 x) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 1. If 0 x 1, then 0 x x# Ê a œ 0

and b œ 1 maximize the integral.
64. To find where x% 2x# Ÿ 0, let x% 2x# œ 0 Ê x# ax# 2b œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ „ È2. By the sign graph,
0 0 0 , we can see that x% 2x# Ÿ 0 on ’È2ß È2“ Ê a œ È2 and b œ È2
È # ! È#
minimize the integral.
"
65. f(x) œ 1 x # is decreasing on [0ß 1] Ê maximum value of f occurs at 0 Ê max f œ f(0) œ 1; minimum value of f
occurs at 1 Ê min f œ f(1) œ "

1 1# œ "
# . Therefore, (1 0) min f Ÿ '0" 1 " x # dx Ÿ (1 0) max f
Ê "
# Ÿ '0" 1 " x # dx Ÿ 1. That is, an upper bound œ 1 and a lower bound œ "
# .
" "
66. See Exercise 39 above. On [0ß 0.5], max f œ 1 0# œ 1, min f œ 1 (0.5)# œ 0.8. Therefore
(0.5 0) min f Ÿ '0 0.5

f(x) dx Ÿ (0.5 0) max f Ê 2
5 Ÿ '0 0.5
"
1 x# dx Ÿ "
# . On [0.5ß 1], max f œ "
1 (0.5)# œ 0.8 and
min f œ "
1 1# œ 0.5. Therefore (1 0.5) min f Ÿ '0.5 1 " x
"
# dx Ÿ (1 0.5) max f Ê "
4 Ÿ '0.5 1 1 x
"
# dx Ÿ 2
5 .
Then "
4 2
5 Ÿ '0 0.5
"
1 x# dx '0.5 1 " x
"
# dx Ÿ "
# 2
5 Ê 13
20 Ÿ '0 1 " x
"
# dx Ÿ 9
10 .
67. 1 Ÿ sin ax# b Ÿ 1 for all x Ê (1 0)(1) Ÿ '0" sin ax# b dx Ÿ (1 0)(1) or '0"sin x# dx Ÿ 1 Ê '0"sin x# dx cannot
equal 2.
68. f(x) œ Èx 8 is increasing on [!ß "] Ê max f œ f(1) œ È1 8 œ 3 and min f œ f(0) œ È0 8 œ 2È2 .
Therefore, (1 0) min f Ÿ '0" Èx 8 dx Ÿ (1 0) max f Ê 2È 2 Ÿ '0" Èx 8 dx Ÿ 3.
69. If f(x) 0 on [aß b], then min f 0 and max f 0 on [aß b]. Now, (b a) min f Ÿ 'ab f(x) dx Ÿ (b a) max f.
Then b a Ê b a 0 Ê (b a) min f 0 Ê 'ab f(x) dx 0.
70. If f(x) Ÿ 0 on [aß b], then min f Ÿ 0 and max f Ÿ 0. Now, (b a) min f Ÿ 'ab f(x) dx Ÿ (b a) max f. Then
b a Ê b a 0 Ê (b a) max f Ÿ 0 Ê 'ab f(x) dx Ÿ 0.
71. sin x Ÿ x for x 0 Ê sin x x Ÿ 0 for x 0 Ê '0" (sin x x) dx Ÿ 0 (see Exercise 70) Ê '0" sin x dx '0" x dx
Ÿ0 Ê '0" sin x dx Ÿ '0" x dx Ê '0" sin x dx Ÿ Š 1# 0# ‹ Ê '0" sin x dx Ÿ "# . Thus an upper bound is "# .
# #
72. sec x 1 x#
# on ˆ 1# ß 1# ‰ Ê sec x Š1 x#
#‹ 0 on ˆ 1# ß 1# ‰ Ê '0" ’sec x Š1 x# ‹“ dx 0 (see #
Exercise 69) since [0ß 1] is contained in ˆ 1# ß 1# ‰ Ê '0"sec x dx '0" Š1 x# ‹ dx 0 #

Ê '0" sec x dx
'0" Š1 x# ‹ dx #
Ê '0" sec x dx '0" 1 dx "# '0" x# dx Ê '0" sec x dx (1 0) "# Š 13 ‹ $
Ê '0" sec x dx 76 .
Thus a lower bound is 76 .
73. Yes, for the following reasons: av(f) œ 'ab f(x) dx is a constant K. Thus'ab av(f) dx œ 'ab K dx
"
ba
œ K(b a) Ê 'ab av(f) dx œ (b a)K œ (b a) † b " a 'ab f(x) dx œ 'ab f(x) dx.
74. All three rules hold. The reasons: On any interval [aß b] on which f and g are integrable, we have:
(a) av(f g) œ "

ba
'ab [f(x) g(x)] dx œ b " a ”'ab f(x) dx 'ab g(x) dx• œ b " a 'ab f(x) dx b " a 'ab g(x) dx
œ av(f) av(g)
(b) av(kf) œ "

ba
'ab kf(x) dx œ b " a ”k 'ab f(x) dx• œ k ” b " a 'ab f(x) dx• œ k av(f)
(c) av(f) œ "
ba
'ab f(x) dx Ÿ b " a 'ab g(x) dx since f(x) Ÿ g(x) on [aß b], and b " a 'ab g(x) dx œ av(g).
Therefore, av(f) Ÿ av(g).
ba
75. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval Òa, bÓ into n subintervals of width ˜x œ n and let ck be the right
#a b a b n ab a b
endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P œ Öa, a ba
n , a n , ...,a n × and ck œ a kabn ab .
n n n
ba c ab a b ! c ab a b
We get the Riemann sum ! fack b˜x œ ! c † n œ n " œ n † n œ cab ab. As n Ä _ and mPm Ä !
kœ" kœ" kœ"
this expression remains cab ab. Thus, 'a c dx œ cab ab.

b
ba
76. Consider the partition P that subdivides the interval Òa, bÓ into n subintervals of width ˜x œ n and let ck be the right
endpoint of each subinterval. So the partition is P œ Öa, a b n a , a #abn ab , . . ., a nabn ab × and ck œ a kabn ab .
n n n # n # #
We get the Riemann sum ! fack b˜x œ ! ck# ˆ b n a ‰ œ b n a ! Ša kabn ab ‹ œ bn a ! Ša# #akabn ab k abn# ab ‹
kœ" kœ" kœ" kœ"
n n n
ba ! # #a a b a b ! ab a b # ! # b a #a a b a b# n a n "b ab a b $ nan "ba#n "b
œ n Œ a n k n# k œ n † na# n# † # n$ † '
kœ" kœ" kœ"
$ "
ab a b $ " n" ab ab$ # n n#
œ ab aba# aab ab# † n"
n ' † an "ba#n "b
n# œ ab aba# aab ab# † " ' † "
ab a b $
As n Ä _ and mPm Ä ! this expression has value ab aba# aab ab# † " ' †#
œ ba# a$ ab# #a# b a$ "$ ab$ $b# a $ba# a$ b œ b$

$ a$
$. Thus, ' a
b
$
x# dx œ b$ a$ .
$
77. (a) U œ max" ?x max# ?x á maxn ?x where max" œ f(x" ), max# œ f(x# ), á , maxn œ f(xn ) since f is
increasing on [aß b]; L œ min" ?x min# ?x á minn ?x where min" œ f(x! ), min# œ f(x" ), á ,
minn œ f(xnc1 ) since f is increasing on [aß b]. Therefore
U L œ (max" min" ) ?x (max# min# ) ?x á (maxn minn ) ?x
œ (f(x" ) f(x! )) ?x (f(x# ) f(x" ))?x á (f(xn ) f(xnc1 )) ?x œ (f(xn ) f(x! )) ?x œ (f(b) f(a)) ?x.
(b) U œ max" ?x" max# ?x# á maxn ?xn where max" œ f(x" ), max# œ f(x# ), á , maxn œ f(xn ) since f
is increasing on[aß b]; L œ min" ?x" min# ?x# á minn ?xn where
min" œ f(x! ), min# œ f(x" ), á , minn œ f(xnc1 ) since f is increasing on [aß b]. Therefore
U L œ (max" min" ) ?x" (max# min# ) ?x# á (maxn minn ) ?xn
œ (f(x" ) f(x! )) ?x" (f(x# ) f(x" ))?x# á (f(xn ) f(xnc1 )) ?xn
Ÿ (f(x" ) f(x! )) ?xmax (f(x# ) f(x" )) ?xmax á (f(xn ) f(xnc1 )) ?xmax . Then
U L Ÿ (f(xn ) f(x! )) ?xmax œ (f(b) f(a)) ?xmax œ kf(b) f(a)k ?xmax since f(b) f(a). Thus
lim (U L) œ lim (f(b) f(a)) ?xmax œ 0, since ?xmax œ lPl .
lPl Ä 0 lPl Ä 0
78. (a) U œ max" ?x max# ?x á maxn ?x where

max" œ f(x! ), max# œ f(x" ), á , maxn œ f(xnc" )
since f is decreasing on [aß b];
L œ min" ?x min# ?x á minn ?x where
min" œ f(x" ), min# œ f(x# )ß á , minn œ f(xn )
since f is decreasing on [aß b]. Therefore
U L œ (max" min" ) ?x (max# min# ) ?x
á (maxn minn ) ?x
œ (f(x! ) f(x" )) ?x (f(x" ) f(x# ))?x
á (f(xn" ) f(xn )) ?x œ (f(x! ) f(xn )) ?x
œ (f(a) f(b)) ?x.
(b) U œ max" ?x" max# ?x# á maxn ?xn where max" œ f(x! ), max# œ f(x" ), á , maxn œ f(xn" ) since
f is decreasing on[aß b]; L œ min" ?x" min# ?x# á minn ?xn where
min" œ f(x" ), min# œ f(x# ), á , minn œ f(xn ) since f is decreasing on [aß b]. Therefore
U L œ (max" min" ) ?x" (max# min# ) ?x# á (maxn minn ) ?xn
œ (f(x! ) f(x" )) ?x" (f(x" ) f(x# ))?x# á (f(xn" ) f(xn )) ?xn
Ÿ (f(x! ) f(xn )) ?xmax œ (f(a) f(b) ?xmax œ kf(b) f(a)k ?xmax since f(b) Ÿ f(a). Thus
lim (U L) œ lim kf(b) f(a)k ?xmax œ 0, since ?xmax œ lPl .
lPl Ä 0 lPl Ä 0
79. (a) Partition 0ß 1# ‘ into n subintervals, each of length ?x œ 1

#n with points x! œ 0, x" œ ?x,
1
x# œ 2?x, á , xn œ n?x œ #. Since sin x is increasing on 0ß 1# ‘ , the upper sum U is the sum of the areas
of the circumscribed rectangles of areas f(x" ) ?x œ (sin ?x)?x, f(x# ) ?x œ (sin 2?x) ?x, á , f(xn ) ?x
cos ?#x cosˆ ˆn #" ‰ ?x‰
œ (sin n?x) ?x. Then U œ (sin ?x sin 2?x á sin n?x) ?x œ ” # sin ?#x • ?x
1 cos ˆˆn " ‰ 1 ‰
cos 4n 1 cos ˆ 1 1 ‰‰
1 ˆcos 4n 1 cos ˆ 1 1 ‰
cos 4n
1
œ” 1
# sin 4n
# 2n
• ˆ #n ‰ œ 1
4n sin 4n
# 4n
œ sin 1
# 4n
Š 14n ‹
4n
(b) The area is '! 1Î#

sin x dx œ n lim
Ä_
1 cos ˆ 1 1 ‰
cos 4n
sin 1
# 4n
œ
1 cos 1#
1 œ 1.
Š 14n ‹
4n
n
80. (a) The area of the shaded region is !˜xi † mi which is equal to L.
iœ"
n
(b) The area of the shaded region is !˜xi † Mi which is equal to U.
iœ"
(c) The area of the shaded region is the difference in the areas of the shaded regions shown in the second part of the figure
and the first part of the figure. Thus this area is U L.
n n
81. By Exercise 80, U L œ !˜xi † Mi !˜xi † mi where Mi œ maxÖfaxb on the ith subinterval× and
iœ" iœ"
n n
mi œ minÖfaxb on the ith subinterval×. Thus U L œ !aMi mi b˜xi !% † ˜xi provided ˜xi $ for each
iœ" iœ"
n n
i œ "ß Þ Þ Þ , n. Since !% † ˜xi œ % !˜xi œ %ab ab the result, U L %ab ab follows.
iœ" iœ"
82. The car drove the first 150 miles in 5 hours and the
second 150 miles in 3 hours, which means it drove 300
miles in 8 hours, for an average of 300
8 mi/hr
œ 37.5 mi/hr. In terms of average values of functions,
the function whose average value we seek is
30, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 5
v(t) œ œ , and the average value is
50, 5 1 Ÿ 8
(30)(5) (50)(3)
8 œ 37.5.
83-88. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( Student[Calculus1] );
f := x -> 1-x;
a := 0;
b := 1;
N :=[ 4, 10, 20, 50 ];
P := [seq( RiemannSum( f(x), x=a..b, partition=n, method=random, output=plot ), n=N )]:
display( P, insequence=true );

Maple:
with( Student[Calculus1] );
f := x -> sin(x);
a := 0;
b := Pi;
plot( f(x), x=a..b, title="#23(a) (Section 5.1)" );
N := [ 100, 200, 1000 ]; # (b)
for n in N do
Xlist := [ a+1.*(b-a)/n*i $ i=0..n ];
Ylist := map( f, Xlist );
end do:
for n in N do # (c)
Avg[n] := evalf(add(y,y=Ylist)/nops(Ylist));
end do;
avg := FunctionAverage( f(x), x=a..b, output=value );
evalf( avg );
FunctionAverage(f(x),x=a..b,output=plot); # (d)
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=2.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=2.5 );

Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and n may vary)
Sums of rectangles evaluated at left-hand endpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands
Clear[x, f, a, b, n]
Section 5.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 315
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b a)/n;

f = Sin[x]2 ;
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a, b dx, dx}];
yvals = f /.x Ä xvals;
boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals, xvals dx, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b}, Epilog Ä boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1, Length[yvals]}]//N
Sums of rectangles evaluated at right-hand endpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands.
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b a)/n;
f = Sin[x]2 ;
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a dx, b, dx}];
boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals dx,xvals, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b}, Epilog Ä boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1,Length[yvals]}]//N
Sums of rectangles evaluated at midpoints can be represented and evaluated by this set of commands.
{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b a)/n;
f = Sin[x]2 ;
xvals =Table[N[x], {x, a dx/2, b dx/2, dx}];
boxes = MapThread[Line[{{#1,0},{#1, #3},{#2, #3},{#2, 0}]&,{xvals dx/2, xvals dx/2, yvals}];
Plot[f, {x, a, b},Epilog Ä boxes];
Sum[yvals[[i]] dx, {i, 1, Length[yvals]}]//N
5.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
1. 'c (2x 5) dx œ cx# 5xd#! œ a0# 5(0)b a(2)# 5(2)b œ 6

0
2. 'c ˆ5 x# ‰ dx œ ’5x x4 “ %
4
#
œ Š5(4) 4#
4‹ Š5(3) (3)#
4 ‹ œ 133
4
3 $
3. '0
4
Š3x x$
4‹ dx œ ’ 3x#
#
x%
%
16 “ ! œ Š 3(4)
#
#
4%
16 ‹
#
Š 3(0)
#
(0)%
16 ‹ œ8
4. 'c ax$ 2x 3b dx œ ’ x4
2
%
x# 3x“
# %
œ Š 24 2# 3(2)‹ Š (42) (2)# 3(2)‹ œ 12
%
2 #
5. ' 1
$ "
ˆx# Èx‰ dx œ ’ x3 23 x$Î# “ œ ˆ "3 23 ‰ 0 œ 1
0 !
6. '0
5
x$Î# dx œ 25 x&Î# ‘ ! œ
& 2
5 (5)&Î# 0 œ 2(5)$Î# œ 10È5
7. '1
32
$#
x'Î& dx œ 5x"Î& ‘ " œ ˆ #5 ‰ (5) œ 5
#
8. 'cc x2
2
1
# dx œ 'cc 2x# dx œ c2x" d "

2
1
ˆ 2 ‰ ˆ 2 ‰
# œ 1 # œ 1
9. ' 0
1
sin x dx œ [cos x]1! œ (cos 1) (cos 0) œ (1) (1) œ 2
10. ' 0
1
(1 cos x) dx œ [x sin x]1! œ (1 sin 1) (0 sin 0) œ 1
11. ' 0
1Î3
2 sec# x dx œ [2 tan x]!
1Î$
œ ˆ2 tan ˆ 13 ‰‰ (2 tan 0) œ 2È3 0 œ 2È3
12. ' 1Î6

51Î6
&1Î'
csc# x dx œ [cot x]1Î' œ ˆcot ˆ 561 ‰‰ ˆcot ˆ 16 ‰‰ œ ŠÈ3‹ ŠÈ3‹ œ 2È3
13. ' 1Î4

31Î4
$1Î%
csc ) cot ) d) œ [csc )]1Î% œ ˆcsc ˆ 341 ‰‰ ˆcsc ˆ 14 ‰‰ œ È2 ŠÈ2‹ œ 0
14. ' 0
1Î3
4 sec u tan u du œ [4 sec u]!
1Î$
œ 4 sec ˆ 13 ‰ 4 sec 0 œ 4(2) 4(1) œ 4
15. ' 1Î2

0
" cos 2t
# dt œ ' 0
1Î2 #
ˆ" "
# cos 2t‰ dt œ "# t "
4
!
sin 2t‘ 1Î# œ ˆ "# (0) "
4 sin 2(0)‰ ˆ "# ˆ 1# ‰ "
4 sin 2 ˆ 1# ‰‰
œ 14
16. 'c ÎÎ " cos

1 3
1 3 #
2t
Î
dt œ ' ˆ "# "# cos 2t‰ dt œ "# t 4" sin 2t‘ 1Î$
Î
1 3
1 3
1Î$
È3
œ ˆ "# ˆ 13 ‰ "
4 sin 2 ˆ 13 ‰‰ ˆ #" ˆ 13 ‰ "
4 sin 2 ˆ 13 ‰‰ œ 1
6 "
4 sin 231 1
6 "
4 sin ˆ 321 ‰ œ 1
3 4
17. 'c Î#Î# a8y# sin yb dy œ ’ 8y3

1
1
$
cos y“
1Î#
œŒ
8 ˆ 1# ‰
3
$
cos 1# Œ
8 ˆ 1# ‰
3
$
cos ˆ 1# ‰ œ 21 $
3
1Î#
18. 'cÎ Î% ˆ4 sec# t t1 ‰ dt œ 'Î Î% a4 sec# t 1t# b dt œ 4 tan t 1t ‘ 11Î%Î$

1 3
1
#
1
1 3
1‰ 1
œ Š4 tan ˆ 4 ˆ 14 ‰ ‹ Š4 tan ˆ 13 ‰ 1
ˆ 13 ‰ ‹ œ (4(1) 4) Š4 ŠÈ3‹ 3‹ œ 4È3 3
19. '"" (r 1)# dr œ '"" ar# 2r 1b dr œ ’ r3 r# r“ " œ Š (31) $ $

(1)# (1)‹ Š 13 1# 1‹ œ 38
$
"
È3 È3
20. 'È (t 1) at# 4b dt œ 'È at$ t# 4t 4b dt œ ’ t4 t3 2t# 4t“ÈÈ$ % $
3 3 $
% $ % $
ŠÈ3‹ ŠÈ3‹ Š # È 3 ‹ ŠÈ3‹ #
œ 4 3 2 ŠÈ3‹ 4È3 4 3 2 ŠÈ3‹ 4 ŠÈ3‹ œ 10È3
21. 'È" Š u# (
"
u& ‹ du œ 'È Š u#
"
(
u ‹ du œ& u)
’ 16 "
"
4u% “È#
œ 1)
Š 16 "
4(1)% ‹

ŠÈ2‹
16 "
% œ 34
2 2 4 ŠÈ2‹
22. ' " ˆ v" $ "‰

v%
dv œ ' " av$ v% b dv œ 2v1 3v" ‘ ""Î# œ Š 2(1)
"
# $ # "
3(1)$ ‹ Œ "
# "
$ œ 56
1Î2 1Î2 2 ˆ "# ‰ 3 ˆ "# ‰
È2 È2
' '
È#
s# È s
23. ds œ ˆ1 s$Î# ‰ ds œ ’s 2
“ œ È 2 2
Š1 2
È1 ‹ œ È2 2$Î% 1
1 s# 1 Ès
" É È2
œ È2 %È8 1
24. '9
4
1 Èu
Èu du œ ' 9
4
ˆu"Î# 1‰ du œ 2Èu u‘ % œ Š2È4 4‹ Š2È9 9‹ œ 3
*
25. 'c% kxk dx œ '%! kxk dx '!

4 4
kxk dx œ '%! x dx '! 4
x dx œ ’ x# “
# ! #
’ x# “ œ Š 0#
% # (4)#
# ‹
#
Š 4# 0#
#‹
% !
œ 16
26. ' "

! #
1
acos x kcos xk b dx œ ' !
1Î#
"
# (cos x cos x) dx ' 1
"
1Î# #
(cos x cos x) dx œ ' !
1Î#
cos x dx œ [sin x]!
1Î#
1
œ sin # sin 0 œ 1
Èx Èx
27. (a) ' !
Èx
cos t dt œ [sin t]! œ sin Èx sin 0 œ sin Èx Ê d
dx Œ ' !
cos t dt œ d
dx
ˆsin Èx‰ œ cos Èx ˆ "# x"Î# ‰
cos Èx
œ 2È x
Èx
(b) d
dx Œ ' !
cos t dt œ ˆcos Èx‰ ˆ dx x œ ˆcos Èx ‰ ˆ "# x"Î# ‰ œ
d ˆÈ ‰‰ cos Èx
2È x
28. (a) ' 1

sin x
3t# dt œ ct$ d "
sin x
œ sin$ x 1 Ê d
dx Œ ' 1
sin x
3t# dt œ d
dx asin$ x 1b œ 3 sin# x cos x
(b) d
dx Œ ' 1
sin x
3t# dt œ a3 sin# xb ˆ dx
d
(sin x)‰ œ 3 sin# x cos x
29. (a) ' !

t%
Èu du œ ' !
t%
u"Î# du œ 23 u$Î# ‘ ! œ
t% 2
3 at% b
$Î#
0œ 2 '
3 t Ê d
dt Œ' !
t%
Èu du œ d
dt
ˆ 23 t' ‰ œ 4t&
Œ'
t%
(b) d
dt
Èu du œ Èt% ˆ dtd at% b‰ œ t# a4t$ b œ 4t&
!
30. (a) ' !

tan )
sec# y dy œ [tan y]tan
!
)
œ tan (tan )) 0 œ tan (tan )) Ê d
d) Œ ' !
tan )
sec# y dy œ d
d) (tan (tan )))
œ asec# (tan ))b sec# )
(b) d
d) Œ ' !
tan )
sec# y dy œ asec# (tan ))b ˆ dd) (tan ))‰ œ asec# (tan ))b sec# )
31. y œ ' !
x
È1 t# dt Ê dy
dx œ È1 x# 32. y œ ' 1
x
"
t dt Ê dy
dx œ "
x ,x0
Èx
33. y œ ' !
sin t# dt Ê dy
dx œ Šsin ˆÈx‰ ‹ ˆ dx
d ˆÈ ‰‰#
x œ (sin x) ˆ "# x"Î# ‰ œ sin x
2È x
34. y œ ' !
x#
cos Èt dt Ê dy
dx œ Šcos Èx# ‹ ˆ dx
d
ax# b‰ œ 2x cos kxk
35. y œ ' !
sin x
dt
È1 t# , kxk 1
# Ê dy
dx œ "
È1 sin# x
d
ˆ dx (sin x)‰ œ "
Ècos# x (cos x) œ cos x
kcos xk œ cos x
cos x œ 1 since kxk 1
#
36. y œ ' !
tan x
dt
1 t# Ê dy
dx
"
œ ˆ 1 tan #x
d
‰ ˆ dx (tan x)‰ œ ˆ sec"# x ‰ asec# xb œ 1
37. x# 2x œ 0 Ê x(x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 2; Area
œ '$# ax# 2xbdx '#! ax# 2xbdx '!# ax# 2xbdx

$ # $ ! $ #
œ ’ x3 x# “ ’ x3 x# “ ’ x3 x# “
$ # !
(2)$ # (3)$ #
œ ŠŠ 3 (2) ‹ Š 3 (3) ‹‹
$
ŠŠ 03 0# ‹ Š (32) (2)# ‹‹
$
$ $
ŠŠ 23 2# ‹ Š 03 0# ‹‹ œ 28
3
38. 3x# 3 œ 0 Ê x# œ 1 Ê x œ „ 1; because of symmetry about
the y-axis, Area œ 2 Œ '!" a3x# 3bdx '"# a3x# 3bdx

" #
2 Š cx$ 3xd ! cx$ 3xd " ‹ œ 2 c aa1$ 3(1)b a0$ 3(0)bb
aa2$ 3(2)b a1$ 3(1)bd œ 2(6) œ 12
39. x$ 3x# 2x œ 0 Ê x ax# 3x 2b œ 0

Ê x(x 2)(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 0, 1, or 2;
Area œ '!" ax$ 3x# 2xbdx '"# ax$ 3x# 2xbdx

% " % #
œ ’ x4 x$ x# “ ’ x4 x$ x# “
! "
% %
œ Š 14 1$ 1# ‹ Š 04 0$ 0# ‹
% %
"
’Š 24 2$ 2# ‹ Š 14 1$ 1# ‹“ œ #
40. x$ 4x œ 0 Ê x ax# 4b œ 0 Ê x(x 2)(x 2) œ 0
Ê x œ 0, 2, or 2. Area œ 'c! ax$ 4xbdx '!# ax$ 4xbdx

2
% ! % # %
#
œ ’ x4 2x “ ’ x4 2x “ œ Š 04 2(0)# ‹
#
# !
%
Š (42) 2(2)# ‹ ’Š 24 2(2)# ‹ Š 04 2(0)# ‹“ œ 8
% %
41. x"Î$ œ 0 Ê x œ 0; Area œ 'c"! x"Î$ dx '!) x"Î$ dx

! )
œ 34 x%Î$ ‘ " 34 x%Î$ ‘ !
œ ˆ 34 (0)%Î$ ‰ ˆ 34 (1)%Î$ ‰ ˆ 34 (8)%Î$ ‰ ˆ 34 (0)%Î$ ‰
œ 51
4
42. x"Î$ x œ 0 Ê x"Î$ ˆ1 x#Î$ ‰ œ 0 Ê x"Î$ œ 0 or

1 x#Î$ œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or 1 œ x#Î$ Ê x œ 0 or
1 œ x# Ê x œ 0 or „ 1;
Area œ 'c"! ˆx"Î$ x‰dx '!" ˆx"Î$ x‰dx '") ˆx"Î$ x‰dx
! " )
x# x# x#
œ ’ 34 x%Î$ # “ " ’ 34 x%Î$ # “! ’ 43 x%Î$ # “"
0# (1)#
œ ’Š 34 (0)%Î$ #‹ Š 34 (1)%Î$ # ‹“
1# 0#
’Š 34 (1)%Î$ #‹ Š 34 (0)%Î$ # ‹“
8# 1#
’Š 34 (8)%Î$ #‹ Š 34 (1)%Î$ # ‹“
" " $
œ 4 4 ˆ2! 4 #" ‰ œ 83
4
43. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y œ 2, y œ 0, x œ 1, and x œ 0 is 21. The area under the curve
y œ 1 cos x on [0ß 1] is '! 1
(1 cos x) dx œ [x sin x]!1 œ (1 sin 1) (0 sin 0) œ 1. Therefore the area of
the shaded region is 21 1 œ 1.
44. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines x œ 16 , x œ 51

6 , y œ sin 1
6 œ "
# œ sin 51
6 , and y œ 0 is
"
#
ˆ 561 16 ‰ œ 13 . The area under the curve y œ sin x on 16 ß 561 ‘ is ' 51Î6
1Î6
sin x dx œ [cos x]1Î'
&1Î'
51 ‰ È3 È3
œ ˆcos 6 ˆcos 16 ‰ œ Š # ‹ # œ È3. Therefore the area of the shaded region is È3 13 .
45. On 14 ß 0‘ : The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y œ È2, y œ 0, ) œ 0, and ) œ 14 is È2 ˆ 14 ‰
œ 1È2
4 . The area between the curve y œ sec ) tan ) and y œ 0 is 'c! Î sec ) tan ) d) œ [sec )]!1Î%
1 4
1È2
œ (sec 0) ˆsec ˆ 14 ‰‰ œ È2 1. Therefore the area of the shaded region on 14 ß !‘ is 4 Š È 2 1‹ .
1È2
On 0ß 14 ‘ : The area of the rectangle bounded by ) œ 14 , ) œ 0, y œ È2, and y œ 0 is È2 ˆ 14 ‰ œ 4 . The area
under the curve y œ sec ) tan ) is '

!
1Î4
sec ) tan ) d) œ [sec )]!
1Î%
œ sec 1
4 sec 0 œ È2 1. Therefore the area
1È2
of the shaded region on !ß 14 ‘ is 4 ŠÈ2 1‹ . Thus, the area of the total shaded region is
È È 1È2
Š 1 4 2 È2 1‹ Š 1 4 2 È2 1‹ œ # .
46. The area of the rectangle bounded by the lines y œ 2, y œ 0, t œ 14 , and t œ 1 is 2 ˆ1 ˆ 14 ‰‰ œ 2 1

# . The
!
area under the curve y œ sec# t on 14 ß !‘ is 'c Î sec# t dt œ [tan t]! 1Î% œ tan 0 tan ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1.
1 4
The area
under the curve y œ 1 t# on [!ß "] is '! a1 t# b dt œ ’t t3 “ " œ Š1 13 ‹ Š0 03 ‹ œ 32 .

"
$ $ $
Thus, the total
!
area under the curves on 14 ß "‘ is 1 2
3 œ 5
3 . Therefore the area of the shaded region is ˆ2 1# ‰ 5
3 œ "
3 1
# .
47. y œ ' "

1 t
x
dt 3 Ê dy
dx œ "
x and y(1) œ ' 1
1
"
t dt 3 œ 0 3 œ 3 Ê (d) is a solution to this problem.
48. y œ 'c sec t dt 4

x
1
Ê dy
dx œ sec x and y(1) œ 'cc sec t dt 4 œ 0 4 œ 4
1
1
Ê (c) is a solution to this problem.
49. y œ '! sec t dt 4

x
Ê dy
dx œ sec x and y(0) œ '!! sec t dt 4 œ 0 4 œ 4 Ê (b) is a solution to this problem.
50. y œ '" x
"
t dt 3 Ê dy
dx œ "
x and y(1) œ '"" "t dt 3 œ 0 3 œ 3 Ê (a) is a solution to this problem.
51. y œ ' #
x
sec t dt 3 52. y œ '
"
x
È1 t# dt 2
53. s œ ' t!
t
f(x) dx s! 54. v œ '
t!
t
g(x) dx v!
55. Area œ 'c ÎÎ

b 2
b 2
ˆh ˆ 4h ‰ # ‰ dx œ ’hx
b# x
4hx$
bÎ2
3b# “ bÎ2
$ $
4h ˆ b# ‰ 4h ˆ #b ‰
œ Œhˆ #b ‰ 3b# Œh ˆ # ‰
b
3b#
œ ˆ bh
#
bh ‰
6 ˆ bh
#
bh ‰
6 œ bh bh
3 œ 2
3 bh
56. r œ ' !
$
Š2 2
(x 1)# ‹ dx œ 2 '!
$
Š1 "
(x 1)# ‹
$
dx œ 2 x ˆ x11 ‰‘ ! œ 2 ’Š3 "
(3 1) ‹ Š0 "
(0 1) ‹“
œ 2 3 "4 1‘ œ 2 ˆ2 4" ‰ œ 4.5 or $4500
57. dc
dx œ "
#È x
œ "
# x"Î# Ê c œ ' !
x
" "Î#
# t dt œ t"Î# ‘ 0 œ Èx
x
c(100) c(1) œ È100 È1 œ $9.00
58. By Exercise 57, c(400) c(100) œ È400 È100 œ 20 10 œ $10.00
59. (a) v œ ds
dt œ d
dt
' !
t
f(x) dx œ f(t) Ê v(5) œ f(5) œ 2 m/sec
(b) a œ df
dt is negative since the slope of the tangent line at t œ 5 is negative
(c) s œ ' !
3
f(x) dx œ "
# (3)(3) œ 9
# m since the integral is the area of the triangle formed by y œ f(x), the x-axis,
and x œ 3
(d) t œ 6 since from t œ 6 to t œ 9, the region lies below the x-axis
(e) At t œ 4 and t œ 7, since there are horizontal tangents there
(f) Toward the origin between t œ 6 and t œ 9 since the velocity is negative on this interval. Away from the
origin between t œ 0 and t œ 6 since the velocity is positive there.
(g) Right or positive side, because the integral of f from 0 to 9 is positive, there being more area above the
x-axis than below it.
60. (a) v œ dg
dt œ d
dt
' !
t
g(x) dx œ g(t) Ê v(3) œ g(3) œ 0 m/sec.
(b) a œ df
dt is positive, since the slope of the tangent line at t œ 3 is positive
(c) At t œ 3, the particle's position is ' !

$
g(x) dx œ "
# (3)(6) œ 9
(d) The particle passes through the origin at t œ 6 because s(6) œ ' !
'
g(x) dx œ 0
(e) At t œ 7, since there is a horizontal tangent there
(f) The particle starts at the origin and moves away to the left for 0 t 3. It moves back toward the origin
for 3 t 6, passes through the origin at t œ 6, and moves away to the right for t 6.
(g) Right side, since its position at t œ 9 is positive, there being more area above the x-axis than below it at t œ *.
61. k 0 Ê one arch of y œ sin kx will occur over the interval 0ß 1k ‘ Ê the area œ ' !
1Îk
sin kx dx œ "
k
1 Îk
cos kx‘ !
œ "k cos ˆk ˆ 1k ‰‰ ˆ k" cos (0)‰ œ 2
k
x#
62. lim x"$ ' x
t%
t#
"
dt œ lim
'x t#
! t% " dt
x$
%
œ lim x$x#" œ lim $ax%" "b œ _.
xÄ! ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
63. '1
x
f(t) dt œ x# 2x 1 Ê f(x) œ d
dx
'1
x
f(t) dt œ d
dx ax# 2x 1b œ 2x 2
64. '!
x
f(t) dt œ x cos 1x Ê f(x) œ d
dx
' !
x
f(t) dt œ cos 1x 1x sin 1x Ê f(4) œ cos 1(4) 1(4) sin 1(4) œ 1
65. f(x) œ 2 ' #

x
"
9
1t dt Ê f w (x) œ 1 (x9 1) œ 9
x 2 Ê f w (1) œ 3; f(1) œ 2 '
#
"
"
9
1t dt œ 2 0 œ 2;
L(x) œ 3(x 1) f(1) œ 3(x 1) 2 œ 3x 5
g(x) œ 3 '
x#
66. sec (t 1) dt Ê gw (x) œ asec ax# 1bb (2x) œ 2x sec ax# 1b Ê gw (1) œ 2(1) sec a(1)# 1b
1
œ 2; g(1) œ 3 '

#
sec (t 1) dt œ 3 ' sec (t 1) dt œ 3 0 œ 3; L(x) œ 2(x (1)) g(1)

a"b "
1 1
œ 2(x 1) 3 œ 2x 1
67. (a) True: since f is continuous, g is differentiable by Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
(b) True: g is continuous because it is differentiable.
(c) True, since gw (1) œ f(1) œ 0.
(d) False, since gww (1) œ f w (1) 0.
(e) True, since gw (1) œ 0 and gww (1) œ f w (1) 0.
(f) False: gww (x) œ f w (x) 0, so gww never changes sign.
(g) True, since gw (1) œ f(1) œ 0 and gw (x) œ f(x) is an increasing function of x (because f w (x) 0).
68. (a) True: by Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, hw (x) œ f(x). Since f is differentiable for all x,
h has a second derivative for all x.
(b) True: they are continuous because they are differentiable.
(c) True, since hw (1) œ f(1) œ 0.
(d) True, since hw (1) œ 0 and hww (1) œ f w (1) 0.
(e) False, since hww (1) œ f w (1) 0.
(f) False, since hww (x) œ f w (x) 0 never changes sign.
(g) True, since hw (1) œ f(1) œ 0 and hw (x) œ f(x) is a decreasing function of x (because f w (x) 0).
69. 70. The limit is 3x#


Maple:
p:=x^2*cos(x);
with( plots );
f := x -> x^3-4*x^2+3*x;
a := 0;
b := 4;
F := unapply( int(f(t),t=a..x), x ); # (a)
p1 := plot( [f(x),F(x)], x=a..b, legend=["y = f(x)","y = F(x)"], title="#71(a) (Section 5.4)" ):
p1;
dF := D(F); # (b)
q1 := solve( dF(x)=0, x );
pts1 := [ seq( [x,f(x)], x=remove(has,evalf([q1]),I) ) ];
p2 := plot( pts1, style=point, color=blue, symbolsize=18, symbol=diamond, legend="(x,f(x)) where F '(x)=0" ):
display( [p1,p2], title="71(b) (Section 5.4)" );
incr := solve( dF(x)>0, x ); # (c)
decr := solve( dF(x)<0, x );
df := D(f); # (d)
p3 := plot( [df(x),F(x)], x=a..b, legend=["y = f '(x)","y = F(x)"], title="#71(d) (Section 5.4)" ):
p3;
q2 := solve( df(x)=0, x );
pts2 := [ seq( [x,F(x)], x=remove(has,evalf([q2]),I) ) ];
p4 := plot( pts2, style=point, color=blue, symbolsize=18, symbol=diamond, legend="(x,f(x)) where f '(x)=0" ):
display( [p3,p4], title="71(d) (Section 5.4)" );

Maple:
a := 1;
u := x -> x^2;
f := x -> sqrt(1-x^2);
F := unapply( int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x );
dF := D(F); # (b)
cp := solve( dF(x)=0, x );
solve( dF(x)>0, x );
solve( dF(x)<0, x );
d2F := D(dF); # (c)
solve( d2F(x)=0, x );
plot( F(x), x=-1..1, title="#75(d) (Section 5.4)" );
79. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f := `f`;
q1 := Diff( Int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x );
d1 := value( q1 );
80. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f := `f`;
q2 := Diff( Int( f(t), t=a..u(x) ), x,x );

Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 305

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Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 305

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Section 5.

3 The Definite Integral 305

Ê '" a1 kxkb dx œ 1 square unit

Then the total area is 3 Ê '"" a2 kxkb dx œ 3 square units

Ê '"" Š1 È1 x# ‹ dx œ 2 1# square units

23. '!b x2 dx œ "# (b)( b2 ) œ b4

29. '1#1 ) d) œ (2#1) #

33. '!"Î# t# dt œ ˆ 3‰" $

35. 'a#a x dx œ (2a)# #

39. '$" 7 dx œ 7(1 3) œ 14 40. '!2 È2 dx œ È2 (# !) œ 2È2

41. '!2 5x dx œ 5 '!2 x dx œ 5 ’ 2# #

43. '!2 (2t 3) dt œ 2 '"" t dt '!2 3 dt œ 2 ’ 2# #

44. '! Št È2‹ dt œ '! t dt '

46. '$! (2z 3) dz œ '$! 2z dz '$! 3 dz œ 2 '!$ z dz '$! 3 dz œ 2 ’ 3# #

47. '"# 3u# du œ 3 '"# u# du œ 3 ”'!# u# du '!" u# du• œ 3 Š’ 23 $

48. '"Î#" 24u# du œ 24 '"Î#" u# du œ 24 – '!" u# du '!"Î# u# du— œ 24 ” 13

49. '!# a3x# x 5b dx œ 3 '!# x# dx '!# x dx '!# 5 dx œ 3 ’ 23 $

50. '"! a3x# x 5b dx œ '!" a3x# x 5b dx œ ”3 '!" x# dx '!" x dx '!" 5 dx•

œ b# ˆ1 "n ‰ Ê '!b 2x dx œ n lim

f(c$ ) ?x œ f(3?x) ?x œ ˆ 3?# x 1‰ (?x) œ "

56. av(f) œ ˆ 3 " 0 ‰ '!$ Š x# ‹ dx œ 3" ˆ #" ‰ '!$ x# dx

œ 3 ' x# dx ' 3 dx œ 3 Š 13 ‹ 3(1 0)

œ 3" ' t# dt 23 ' t dt 3" ' 1 dt

60. av(f) œ Š 1 1(2) ‹ '#" at# tb dt

61. (a) av(g) œ Š 1 "(1) ‹ '"" akxk 1b dx

œ "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx

'"$ akxk 1b dx œ #" '"$ (x 1) dx

œ "# ' x dx "# ' 1 dx œ "# Š 3# 1# ‹ "# (3 1)

(c) av(g) œ Š 3 "(1) ‹ '"$ akxk 1b dx

62. (a) av(h) œ Š 0 "(1) ‹ '"0 kxk dx œ '"0 (x) dx

(b) av(h) œ ˆ 1 " 0 ‰ '0" kxk dx œ '0" x dx

(c) av(h) œ Š 1 "(1) ‹ '"" kxk dx

63. To find where x x# 0, let x x# œ 0 Ê x(1 x) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 1. If 0 x 1, then 0 x x# Ê a œ 0

occurs at 1 Ê min f œ f(1) œ "

(0.5 0) min f Ÿ '0 0.5

Therefore, (1 0) min f Ÿ '0" Èx 8 dx Ÿ (1 0) max f Ê 2È 2 Ÿ '0" Èx 8 dx Ÿ 3.

b a Ê b a 0 Ê (b a) max f Ÿ 0 Ê 'ab f(x) dx Ÿ 0.

Exercise 69) since [0ß 1] is contained in ˆ 1# ß 1# ‰ Ê '0"sec x dx '0" Š1 x# ‹ dx 0 #

(a) av(f g) œ "

(b) av(kf) œ "

this expression remains cab ab. Thus, 'a c dx œ cab ab.

œ ba# a$ ab# #a# b a$ "$ ab$ $b# a $ba# a$ b œ b$

78. (a) U œ max" ?x max# ?x á maxn ?x where

79. (a) Partition 0ß 1# ‘ into n subintervals, each of length ?x œ 1

(b) The area is '! 1Î#

83-88. Example CAS commands:

89-92. Example CAS commands:

83-92. Example CAS commands:

{a, b}={0, 1}; n =10; dx = (b a)/n;

5.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

1. 'c (2x 5) dx œ cx# 5xd#! œ a0# 5(0)b a(2)# 5(2)b œ 6

# dx œ 'cc 2x# dx œ c2x" d "

12. ' 1Î6

13. ' 1Î4

15. ' 1Î2

16. 'c ÎÎ " cos

17. 'c Î#Î# a8y# sin yb dy œ ’ 8y3

18. 'cÎ Î% ˆ4 sec# t t1 ‰ dt œ 'Î Î% a4 sec# t 1t# b dt œ 4 tan t 1t ‘ 11Î%Î$

19. '"" (r 1)# dr œ '"" ar# 2r 1b dr œ ’ r3 r# r“ " œ Š (31) $ $

22. ' " ˆ v" $ "‰

25. 'c% kxk dx œ '%! kxk dx '!

26. ' "

28. (a) ' 1