UNIT Question 1 —(a)_—_in relation to automatic fire detection and alarm systems, outline the basic principles of operation of: heat detectors “a (i) smoke detectors. “@ (b) Identify the circumstances in which EACH type of detector would be inappropriate. (2) ANSWER PLAN {a} HEAT — rate of temp rise (2 mark strips) ragiant neat SMOKE — fixed temp (1 strip) ‘optical interuption (0) HEAT ‘SMOKE kitchen or Alpha source scales se that Smany, dust almosphere fixed temp — hot arias us (2){} the basic principies of heat detectors are that they are located at height (usually ceiling) to detect —Tadiant heat given off by fire or smouldering. There are two types: rale of temperature tise and fixed temperature. Rate of temperature rise detect as significant rapid rise in temperature via the Zistortion of two bi-metalic strips (one distorts quicker than the other), Fixed temperature type Sperate with one strip which will distort and make contact with contactors, closing the circuit and ‘Petting off the arlarm (al a fixed designed temperature), (il) smoke detectors operate by interuption of a medium from the smoke particles, again there are ‘wo types’ optical and ionising radisation fptical — contain a beam of light that is interupted by the smoke ad at the sensing end and, “Ariggers the alarm. jonising radiation type cortain a sealed source of Alpha radiation, the smoke ‘Citerfears with the actwvity of the radiation particles, which is picked up by a sensor LDL smoke detectors are unsuitable m kcnens, foundries, dusty and generally Not, steamy locations heat such as foundries due to nuisance trip from cooking or contamination ,. Rate of temperature ise heat detectors are a better choice here. Standard heat detectors tend to be unsuitable in hot environments unless using rate of temperature rise type. Or similarly , in environment where 2 temperature fluckuates and is clean by nature Question 2 identity the safety features needed to protect against ignition by static electricity of the vapour of an extremely flammable fiquid while itis boing transferred from €@ bulk storage tank to a road tanker. (10) Safety features needed to protect against ignition by static electricity Earth bonding of all exposed on lorry (tanker), pipework and bulk storage tank connected to ‘C-tommon ground, Some pipework can be selected that nas integral earthing in it which would be road preferable this needs to be connected to the , tank as soon as il pulls up & before any pipework is U-Eonnected. It should be built into the bulk storage tank and checked and inspected reguiar'y to ensure itis intact and has not corroded and the connections are good. The pipework shculd have earth bonding already connected prior to connecting the tanker. (Ensure the driver of the Road tanker and any operative involved in the process have anti-static clothing and wear rubber boots and anti-static gloves,{The pipework and tanker could be purged with inet gas such a8 nitrogen prot the extremely Tammano Iquld bong tanstered. This would ower oxygen levee below ihe wer fammaaity Int > Control of speed of the transfer of the extremely flammable liquid is essential, as the movement of the suid tough he pipework wl cause stee to bule up" slower te lees bute op of Stal «ane agit seleston of meterals forte road tank, te buk soraye lank and the ppewort © Zesental 10 crave tk compatog ave seo docs rot Sontibute 10 stale slostnaty he side aese tobe smecth - Having the pipework inside the tanks (the road tanker & the bulk storage tank which enables the Alaina to be delivered to the bettom of te tank i essential zs cascading iquid trom the lop vil create more static buiki up See below —— () pipework filing from bottom Not top Question 3 Section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 places a duty of care on persons concerned with controlled waste (9 Outline the meaning of ‘controlled waste’. (5) (i) identify the categories of persons on whom the duty is placed, and those wha are exempt co) {i} The meaning of controlled waste can be outiined using the ¢iagram below: WASTE CONTROLLED NON-CONTROLLED DOMESTS — COMMERSIAL INDUSTRI Quar foam WASTE Waste wi Was ASTE Hence controlled waste is waste orginating trom commerce, industry and homes. Quarry and farm ‘waste is rot yet controlled (but it ikely to come under controls soon}{i) Sec 34 places the duty of care on all persons pragutiig. handling, transporting’ and processing. waste 8 well as those finally qspasng of Question 4 Maintenance work on electrical distribution panels and control circuitry commonly involves ctagnostc testing and fauitt finding on jive systems With reference fo the relevant requirements of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989, outline the conditions that must be met, and the safely measures that should be in place, before this type of work is undertaken, (19) Person exempt include domestic orodutérg and those producing/hardingitransporting’d'sposing ole of uncomtroled waste Fecmsh to work dead EAW as 1 Work on conducive dead & accesible Reg 18 live working 208 in canst Reg 14 comp persons 3)" *neuray measure lo study taken aocate - ear systems, paras, measures iter Supresion by compete Accesso soup movement Ugrting 8 expose to wo “ips of equ used —sutsble Exetng = aha rs Se I poss Rabbur sles? Cgpditions to be met are: (per Reg 16 EAW 68) Fitts reasonable under al creumnsiances to work ive itis unreasonable under all circumstances to work dead - all necessary precautionary measures must be taken, All work must be carried out by, or'spervised by a competent person (Regulation 14 EAW 89), who has the skill, knowiedge, ability, taming and exporience of the type of electrical system being worked ugon, the hazards arising from the work, the ability of work safely and recognise any dangerous tuations, plus be able to follow safety measures required. Where the person undertaking the work is supervised, the supervisor must be competent, and the level of supervision must be adequate Measures to be taken include, Provision of competent persons and adequate supervision Safe access and egress provided to the panels to be worked upon, including the provision of access equipment as required 4-Fiovision of sufficient and suitable lighting to enable person to easily see the equipment, and tools thgy are using aeProvsion of adequate space around the equipment o avoid contact where no essental ‘_LUmitation of the size of the access pcints to the live systems for testing, by having very small holes, “pet sulfcient for test probes, but prevent access by fingers el. _Eie (al areas asjacent which donot nee lo be ive are made head ar isolates and lockes-of id any Capacitors which may store current are discharged Testing and calidtauer’ cf the testiagnostic equipment should be undertaken, so that reliance can be Ce) .ced upon it as being accurate, prior to starting work Question S An independent tied scaffold is to be erected against the fagade of @ multi- storey building. (Provide simpto sketches to show THREE methods of tying’ the scaffold {0 the buitding, 6) (i) tdentity the factors that may determine the most appropriate method in any particular situation 4yache Pan rounier tou rev oe —O occvoaney bet ~ loads: — condition of mroework wind lon structual weath Sony of bat ’) Three methods of tying a scaffold care trough tie reveal tie and eye bol ‘Through into the building in @ through tie @ scaffolding pole is inserted , tough a window or opening from the scafford. A second pole is then fixed at right angles to stop the inserled pole pulling away. May be trough 2 single opening or creat a box arrangement round two openings ‘ole at right ansle independent L~ rn pole at right angle 1 tied 0 a scaffold window / ™“ pole inserted through, vaneox X A Na window cpp ar L “a SIDE building ENDReveal In a revel tie @ reveal which is a prop is placed between the sides of a window frame or opening. The revel is then jacked out unt it clamps into place. A scaffold pole is then altached between the reveal and the scaffold, Note the revel is only held by friction, reveal window “seo tie bar to scatala reves! FACE Eye bot In an eyebol the eyebolts are inserted into the face work and secured, Scaffolding poles are placed trough the eyebalts and then tied to the scaffold dip evabatt face of building ‘evepotts a NN building sober \ poietro | cio ‘eybott tie hare ty graffi FAGE END4) The factors that may determine the fie used Occupancy. is the building occupied during the work, if not windows can be removed and through ties inserted. fin use then reveal ties or eyebolts can be used. «— Toading of the scaffolding. If the scaffold is to be heavily loaded then a trough tie or eye bolt is ‘more stable than a reveal. 1-7 Heritage brickwork. If brickwork or windows cannot be disturbed a reveal tie is the only option Condition of the facade / brickwork If the brickwork is in a poor condition then eyeboits of reveal fes should not be used. A through te using window or structural support inside would be more "Ge ate Question — With reference to the mechanical hazards associated with the operation of a hydraulic robotic arm on a production fine, cutline @ range of measures aimed at minimising the risk of injury. (19) Jump fence remote too| change unpredictable Air une Duplicate sate a K demat lerky movement ent comma, 2m ma an | oe Isolate | impact’ crush SS SNE row Robot) prw SO. estasumee 2man stored Energy inspect Ss ripishear? cuttingftoolchange estrap inside ‘ssw PPE change mgnt 6. With respect to Robots / PES & mechanical hazards there are a no of precautionary measures which may be taken. The main hazards include: 1 Unpredictable movement patterns, due to programming % If the robot is stopped, this may be due to @ temporary halt is the programme & may start up again soon, © Stored energy from air/hydraulics most staff could work on funder! explosin ete > The machine is quite & can move benind you quickly. > Impacticrush hazards trom 2 substantial metal object. > The tools carried could cutiipishear. Inlerims of poss to prevent these occurring by 2m high parameter fence — Keep ops away from move objects + temp fence if more than 1 > interlocked gates ~ Hardwired if poss to stop robot & Prefferably exchange type oF similar, hence robot solated before entry % TFIPS such a light’ Pressate beams at entryfaccess points. If inadvertantly entered fag may stop- the robot - again hardwired E-stops inside fence @ suitable points Stored Energy release on stopping eg release of airhydraulics Demarcation of Danger/reach zones on floor ete Remote tool changes to min-A€éd to enter eg change heads Duplicate safety critical components eg Duplicate software > Leadislave system vyery » 2man tasknol 1 enter & 1 operate PPE - helmets? Management of Change Systgstreg for software ‘so know what has changsefaffects. > PTW permit to work task to enteriwork on fault finding > Hand operated contol in fault finding which i in slow tirypltstép @ a time Information / Instruct / Training & Superviggrer hazards, precautions & SSW. > Question? itis proposed to inspect, clean and repair the inside of a tank that is 6 metres in diameter and 1€ metres high amd which has previously been used for storing feaded petro! Quitine the arrangements that should considered in order te comply with the Confined Szaces Regulations 1997. (20) Firstly, consideration should be given to whether work could be done without tering the confined space. This may be possible by the use of remotely operated CCFY systems for inspection, long handled or remote operated cleaning syslenrS and repairing equioment. If itis not reasonably practicable to do the work without entering the tank a suitable and sufficient risk assessment must De carried out and a safe system of work implemented The following arrengements will need to be considered, A sale method of gaining access to and egress trom the tank, which may be above or below ground level. Whilst inside the fank, due to its size, the means of assessing the upper sections (10m high!) will also neec to be addressed, which may require gpseific access-equipment, installed and inspected by competent persons. The fark was usgd to contain leaded petrol, so residues are likely which contain lead {hazardous by contact &xlatletion) and which are flawatéble, There will be a need to test the atmosphere using suitable gas detection tiuipment for flammable gases and oxygen Geficiency. To render the atmosphere safe it wil @eflecessary fo remove any residue of the petrol, by safe means toa sultadle safely container and tien purge the tank usingaee gas. not oxygen ae tat Could increase the likelihood of an explosion. ‘The tank may be connected to other plant, i¢ tanks, pumps etc, which will need to be isolated, both electronically and physically. Energy sources shall be locked off and blanking plates installed or other connect plant physically disconnected from the tank, to prevent injress of more petrol or othor substance. Persons entering the tank should be provided witn personal gas/oxygen deficiency alarms. Cleaning may require the use of electrical equipment and for chemicals, so consideration must be given to the suitability of electrical systems for potentially flamgabe atmospheres and the use where Possbe of ron-hazardous ehegucal Forced ventigtof shall be needed to ensure sufficient supply of clean alr. or persons shall be provided with suitable respiratory oreathing appayakds, for which they will need typing ana such shall need to be inspected prior to use, Repair work may involved electric arc or gas welding, so consider electrical safely, competent persons and the radiant heat, risk of fire and gas cylinders. Cylinders to be kept outside the tank. Route the hoses to avoid trips, Fumes from any welding need to be controlled and extracted. A Permit to work systenp-sfiall be essential for all hot work and if possible other forms of repair should intially be considers ‘Once the safe system of work has been established we need to consider emergency arrangements following an accident or incident Procedures should be in place to ensure a 'top-mert“f on duly outside the tank at all times when persons are inside. ‘There must be a means of corsmurication between those inside the tank, and between those inside and those outside. There must be a mzans to summon assistance and suitable rescue equipment (hamess, line anc possible iting equisfiiont to extract persons in an emergency. [Al operators need ta know the procedugs-dfid that they must not enter the confined space tank themselves as they may also become a victim. All persons must receive adequate information, instruction & traiaingf concerning the safe systems of work, the hazards present, the precautions to be taken and emergency procedures and arrangements, ee Suilable contacts must be provided with the emergency servicestaSnecessary, ie fire rescue, ambulance service,Adequate first aid facilities and equipment ust be provided and be readily available. Trained personnel should be readily available. Trained personnel should be avallable al all imes. Consideration should be given in the risk assessment to the nature of hazards posed by the work, Which would include firefexplosion, asphyxiation by vapours and possiole liquid (from connected Chay specified risks under the Confined Spaces Regulations 2p mot Question 8 A new design of hydraulic press is intended for use within the European Economic Area. Outline the ‘essential heaith and safety requirements’ that you would expect fo have been addressed im the technical file for the machine in order to demonstrate that itis in fact safe (20) The essential health & safety requirements (EHSR's) to be address are contained within schedule 3 of the Supply of machinery (safely) regs - which apply to this type of equip & can either be addressed by direct comparison with them, or by compliance with @ relevant type C european std (eq ie for hydraulic presses) The measures to address include: 4 General requirements principles of safely integration- + the machine should be ft for purpose & operated/adjusted without risk to the operator minimise risks in use by applying a hierarchy of control + it should consider bath normal & abnormal operating conditions (ie cope with certain forseeabie abnormal pumping problems + it should be designed according to ergonomic principles to minimise fatigue & discomfort in use it shoud allow for operating constrains, such as use of PPE it should provide safe access to it It should be constructed from mater that don't create a danger to the operator / others in the vicinity Lighting should be integral Where required (a safe operation suitable means of handling (eg handler) or lifting (lifting attachments) —~ 2. Controls of the system should be — ~ clearly visible & laid ou¥ labelled to explain the function - easily recognised, aet in a safe location (ie can operated without putting yourself in the danger zone) ~ laid cut in a logical sequence & activated in a way that meets the operators expectations - not give rise to danger if thef fail (ie protective devices‘auards will stil work}. - A-means of starting th€ machine should be provided & the meachine not started by other means — = Astop &control should bring the machine to @ complete sto Safety & take priority over start = anemergency stop should completely stop it, quickly 3. Control of mechanical hazard — Protect against instability serSexing up of the press, Zjccion of materialsfpressed components & waste), trapping & crushing of people under ths 88, & shear points (eg hands under as press comes down) & contact in sharp surfacedthis should be-by-guatd in order of the following hierarchy. Fixed guards: Other guards (eg Interlockea} Protective devices (eg pusnsticks) a 4. The protective devices s provided should be robust, of suitable materials, not give don rise to danger in use, prevent access to moving parts (considering size of mesn + reach distances ~ anthropometric data}, not obscure vision when in place, not be easily defeated or by-passed & allow normal operation without removal. Consideration of access (or maintenance should also be made (eg if required after) Prof Where possible, Fixed guards should require a tool o remove Other guards should tee be interlocked to the control systemrelease of high pres; 5 Protect against ‘ther’ sks ie non-eechanicl such 36 stats {not likely prose), eet, temperature of surfaces/equipment, release of any dust of (ye. protection vs any lasers used in setting up the press, 6. Allow for necessary maintenance, & ensuring safety in doing so by = minimising the need for maintenance — = allowing for it to be carried out with the machine completely isolated & internal stored Energy (hydraulic fluid) dissipated or providing a maintenance mode that alowe certain functions to take piace enter tne - prevent need to aeeesedhe-der machine during maintenance 7. Provide suitable indicators = provide guages / info on critical parameters (eg pressure guage, temperature guage) which alerts operatives when critical congitiof is met (eg high pressure) - ensure warning devices are clear in meaning eg audible sirens & beacons = provide clear instructions, in the supply counties EC language, for installation, testing, use, maintenance & dismanting of mac have the CE mark clearly & idelibly affixed. Question 9 The jib of a sarge mobile crane has failed during a litting operation. Describe. with’ sketches where appropriate, the range of issues and evidence that an investigation team will need to examine in order to determine the reasons for the failure (20) —— Guarding provisions — Power-pressers snould-be-quarded-wih-fixed- guards — inspected every 12 oaths. oF alemiats —akecles beep ASTIN “The range of issues to be investigated would include: Fistly the load being Iifed — Didi it exceed the Safe Working load of the crane or nt? Did the audible and visual alarms activate during the iit to indicate that the angle gf the jib or the safe working load ‘were being compromised or not. Was there a Lifling plan in-Pface (a8 required under the Liting Operations and Lifting Equipment regulations 1998 ~ LOLER) > This should have coversd the frequency of Litt, the direct or route of the lit, ground condltiohs” prevailing Weather consilions. All these factors would have lo be investigated in order to determine unsafe operations and operating conditions, Was tneir a banksman in attendance and did both the banksman and crane operator have traifing in the use of safely signs and signals for lifting operations. Was the visibilly belween banksman and crane operator sufficient or not Ha the Grane beer nspctac according to stakiony gudeines which is eve 12, nhs oy competent inspector.-he investigation tepm will have to check inspection records for abnormalities and omissions. Maintenance recarde-(Cog book one is available} should also be checked to determine whether any problems had been highlighted with the jib or not and the history ie service, repairs and modifications that may have been recorded accounted for in relation to the failed jb What was the history of nay non-destructive testing undertaken during Thorough inspections J testing @.g evidence of the following which was not dealt with or reported. aE Metal Fatigue erack with characteristic benchmarks perpendicular to this, This type of metal failure is brittle i) Fatigue = ———_____ * Dye testing can be vused to highlight this type of fatigueo Check jib can be ingpected for evidence of the above metal fatigue } Buckling “Compressive forces acting on the top of the jib together with yielding underneath : ’ J Compression force an top ray yielding or Duckiing beneath Could explain the failures, particularly if the SWL'Rs been exceeded which would have produced the required compression force to course this brittle type failure and occurs quickty ‘The position of the crane and ground conditions are also important As uneven ground can result in Undue stress on the jib. Lifting accessories used should be analysed - were they appropriate for the jib as specified by the crane manufacturer or did they again add unequal load or strain to the jib during the lift and consequentia'‘ailure, All personnel training records should be checked to ensure competence was achieved at all levels of operation, a Had the weight of the load been determined before the lif which quite often goes amiss. Failure to check this in relation to the SWL limits of the jb/crane may have resulting in this failure Prevaling Weather condions — wae windy, ie crane fitted wi an aypmomelet to determine safe operating limits for prevailing wind and was this checked and recordedThe met office may have to be consulted here to copsirtn wind speed at the: time of failure. no records exist Check with any witness Yéports ~ snatch loading evident”, teéfe systems being adhered to during the Ift, prevailing conditions. ie ground. wind, rain, visibility. Witness reports are particularly important in the evidence gathered as part of the investigation. Check on any previpus incidentaccident reports of close jrisses. Was the crane suitable for the ing operation? 42 Ce trom yfenplonebe- & Sthbin Question 10 (2) Describe the etfects of a fire in a workplace on the following structurat materials: ) — steet “4 (concrete “ (il) wood. 4 (b) Outline the precautions that could be taken to prevent failure of these materials in the event of five @ ‘The effects of fire on in 2 workplace on tae materials is as follows. Stoo! Steel heals up in a fire and it conducts #6 the heat throughout its structure. It can transfer the heat and assist in transfer of heat fire by this conduction. The steel loses about half of its cold strength when it fesches-a temperature of approximately SS0°C — this varies depending on the type / composition othe steel, but generally its-strength is halved when it reacnes this temperature. As heat rises further the steel will expandréind soften further and will begin to buckleathich compromises its strength and structure, Metal of (Cor supported by it will be bert (compromised or collapse.Ail) Concrete Conetete is reasonably resistant to fre and does not cB hat tke stool However ts ntesly depends on its density and composition and thickness of the wails / floors it makes up. In gereral the thicker the wal the belter i is able to withstand heat but eventually as temperature rises it wll begin to spall and break down. Loadbearing walls would be prone to collapse as the fire compromises their integrity Preserve of voids in conctate afeotsspréad and integrity Stabilty,, Is mproved Ifthe concrete is reinforced with steel steel, Can spall mor Tht by cold water in fre fighting (ily Wood tends to smouldsr and chart at and as temperature buds up and vapours are given off it will eventually bus-“The rate of charting and burning depends on the type of wood, its density anc the tightness of any joints present. Denser woods (end to burn slower Tight jomnts help prevent burning. The wood can hold its strength for uite somé'time as it charts and bums from the outside iar and nertore to sant of Sant areas rot comromlod tit on Teka wood = beams ete wil maintain strength longér. In order to use this effect to advantage “sacrificial timber'6 can be used it thicker than necessary, in order to hold its strength longer as the outer layers burn b. In order te orvent failure obese materls in ae there are varus ops. Wood can be tax wth fire retardant chertitals to prevent charring and spread Timber can be painted ~ to offer protection to surface. Paint that bubbles up when subjgcied to heat can keep hest and flame away — ‘ntumescent paint Concrete can be rendered to offer protection to its surface ~ plaster Herp keep the heat away and has retarding properties, Gladding steel and covering with concrete helas Keep the flame back and wi offer some support te prevent distention Having sactifal timber, walls of higher spec then / thicknedeZensity and choosing the most inherently fire setasdigg retarding materiais at design stage or when repiaced can prevent failure Grades of steel with afferent rates of loss of strength under heat and better eimensional stabilty can (sy used ie different properties when subjected to heat. Question 11 Describe the legal and practical requirements relating to the provision of welfare and first-aid facilities on a civil engineenng site where the work Involves excavation of contaminated fand and on which a isrge number of persons will be working (20) ‘The legal requirements relating to the provision of yetfare & first aid are contained in the Construction (Health, Safety Welfare) Regulations 189¢Laffd the First-Aid Regulations and place duties on employers. elets A suabie number of totois ibe provided, ane must be Kept clean, adequately lit and ventlated~They must be separate fot mon and women waete possible unlese they are capable of telng locked frm the node. ifthe sts spread out t may be necessary to provide these at sever] points to enable easy access and ciscourage people going where they shouldn't! Waking facies sho be leafed close to te falls and include means of ccaring ane ang hands &§ soap and Saper towers They must aiso be Kept clean, well lt and ventilatedDue to the presence of contaminated land and excavation work showerg wil definitly be required and a decontamination unit may-oe with one way in ga¢Sit 10 prevent contamination af clean clothes. Water — a wholesome supply of orinking watdr Rust be provides along with cups te arin from if the ‘Supply is not via s fountain. Drinking water must be iaberéd as such. Clothes facilities must be available for changing into work wear. This may ve included in the decontamipation unit so that dirty clothes are left on one side of the showers and clean stored on the ono reaities should be provided for washing work clothes and under no circumstances should they 9 taken Home a8 hs Say Contaminate the famlly. Changng eoms shoul be separate for men and women, kept clean, itnd ventilated,Eating/Rest facilities rust be provided for a place of rest and eating meals. This must be kept clean ged id anc apyrubbssn ciated on a daly aot to discourage peste and vermin. A moars of heating watersould be provided, usually n the form of kettle or urn. Facilities must include sufficient seating Jor the numbers on site and provision made for nenes smokers, A’place may also be needed tor pregnant / breasteeding pots, The requirements for provision of first-aid depend on several factors including the number of people ‘on site, the type of work being carried out and the area which the site covers. |n some stuation itis, acceptable te only have an appointed person but in this case at least 1 firs-aider would be required. Provision must also be made for sick / annual leave to ensure the site is adequately covered. It is kel that several rtd staons wl be needed fora lage ig Regular checks shoukbe mad on contents to ensure the first aid box 's adequately sto Eye wash statione-Stould also be povdes First Aiders must be trained & competent, appointed in the company policy and @ sign should be erected detailing the first eid points and nominated First-Aiders