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THE HIGHWAY AND ITS

DEVELOPMENT
Introduction to Highway Engineering

What is Highway Engineering?

• It is an engineering discipline branch of civil engineering that
involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and
effective transportation of people and goods.

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What is the longest

highway in the
world?

Pan-American Highway
• It is a network of roads stretching from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, to
Ushuaia, Argentina, a distance of around 48,000 kilometres
(30,000 miles), or a distance of exactly 47,958 km
• According to Guinness World Records, the Pan-American
Highway is the world’s longest “motorable road”.
• It is interrupted by a 159-km (around 100 mile) break called the
Darién Gap between Central and South America

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Maharlika Highway
(Pan-Philippine Highway)

What is the longest

highway in the
Philippines?

Pan-Philippine Highway
• It is a 3,517 km (2,185 mile) network of roads, bridges and ferry
services that connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte and
Mindanao
• It serves as the country’s principal transport backbone
• Starts at Laoag city and ends at Zamboanga city
• It is designated as AH 26 in the Asian Highway Network, a
cooperative project which seeks to improve highway systems
and standards across the continent.

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Asian Highway
• The Asian Highway network is a regional transport cooperation
initiative aimed at enhancing the efficiency and development
of the road infrastructure in Asia, supporting the development of
Euro-Asia transport linkages and improving connectivity for
landlocked countries.
• The network extends from Tokyo in the east to Kapikule, Turkey in
the west and from Torpynovka , Russian Federation, in the north,
to Denpasar, Indonesia in the south.
• Number designation ranges from one to three digits.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ROADS

Introduction to Highway Engineering

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Ancient Road
• First mode of transport was by foot,
then creating human pathways.
• The invention of wheel in
Mesopotamian civilization led to
development of animal drawn
vehicles, therefore creating track
ways and harder road surfaces
• The first indications of constructed
roads date from about
4000 BC and consist of stone-
paved streets at Ur in modern-day
Iraq and timber roads preserved in
a swamp in Glastonbury, England.

Roman Road
The greatest systematic road
builders of the ancient world
were the Romans.
After the Romans discovered
cement, they expanded their
empire through road networks
radiating from the capital city
of Rome.
The fundamentals of good
road construction were to
provide good drainage, good
material and good
workmanship

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Roman Road
1. It was constructed by excavating parallel trenches about 40
feet apart to provide longitudinal drainage.
2. The foundation was then raised about three feet above ground
level, employing material taken from the drains and from the
adjacent cleared ground.

Roman Road
As the importance of the road
increased, four main courses
were constructed:
1. the statumen layer 10 to 24 inches (250 to 600 millimetres) thick,
composed of stones at least 2 inches in size,
2. the rudus, a 9-inch-thick layer of concrete made from stones under 2
inches in size,
3. the nucleus layer, about 12 inches thick, using concrete made from
small gravel and coarse sand, and, for very important roads,
4. the summum dorsum, a wearing surface of large stone slabs at least 6
inches deep. The total thickness thus varied from 3 to 6 feet.

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Roman Road

Modern Road
• Way stems from the Middle English wey, which in turn branches
from the Latin veho (“I carry”), derived from the Sanskrit vah
(“carry,” “go,” or “move”).
• The word highway goes back to the elevated Roman roads that
had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches
thrown toward the centre, thus high way.
• The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially, “paved”)
• The more recent word road, derived from the Old English word
rád (“to ride”) and the Middle English rode or rade (“a mounted
journey”), is now used to indicate all vehicular ways.

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Modern Road
• In 1607, Thomas Procter published the first English-language book
on roads.
• The first highway engineering school in Europe, the School of
Bridges and Highways, was founded in Paris in 1747.

Modern Road – 18th century

Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet - Father of Modern Road Building
• In France, he developed an entirely new type of relatively light
road surface, based on the theory that the underlying natural
formation, rather than the pavement, should support the load.
Thomas Telford – a Scottish road builder who adopted Trésaguet’s
methodology
• Telford began his career as a mason and educated himself to
become an architect. Intelligent and ambitious, Telford
progressed to designing bridges and building roads.

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Modern Road – 18th century

Trésaguet’s standard cross section was 18 feet wide
1. Flat stones were set on edge and hammered in, laid parallel to
the curving road surface,
2. Foundation was covered by a two-inch layer of walnut-sized
broken stone.
3. Second layer was topped with a one-inch layer of smaller
gravel or broken stone.

Modern Road – 18th century

Telford’s roadways were 18 feet wide and built in three courses:
1. a lower layer, seven inches thick, consisting of good-quality
foundation stone carefully placed by hand (known as the
Telford base),
2. a middle layer, also seven inches thick, consisting of broken
stone of two-inch maximum size, and
3. a top layer of gravel or broken stone up to one inch thick.

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Modern Road – 18th century

John Loudon McAdam – designed the greatest advancement on
road construction
• he showed that traffic could be supported by a relatively thin
layer of small, single-sized, angular pieces of broken stone
placed and compacted on a well-drained natural formation
and covered by an impermeable surface of smaller stones.

Modern Road – 18th century

Macadam’s road consist of:
1. The structural layer of broken stone was eight inches thick and
used stone of two to three inches maximum size laid in layers
and compacted by traffic
2. The top layer was two inches thick, using three-fourths- to one-
inch stone to fill surface voids between the large stones.
3. Continuing maintenance was essential.

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Modern Road – 18th century

John Loudon McAdam – Scottish inventor of Macadam road
surface
• He recommended that roads should be raised above the
adjacent ground for good drainage and covered, first with large
rocks, and then with smaller stones, the whole mass to be bound
with fine gravel or slag.
• In modern macadam construction crushed stone or gravel is
placed on the compacted base course and bound together
with asphalt cement or hot tar.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD

DEVELOPMENT
IN THE PHILIPPINES

Introduction to Highway Engineering

1900
• In the early part of 1900, transportation depended largely on
trails, waterways, railroad, earth roads and partially gravelled
roads.
• It was American government that initiated the development of
roadways in the Philippines, by introducing the Macadam road
type.
• The new independent Philippine government, continued
rehabilitation and construction of roads and bridges after the
Second World War

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1960 - early1980
• It was considered an automobile age
• It was in during this decade when road construction became a
matter of priority for the government under the slogan “This
nation is on Wheel.”

DPWH

Introduction to Highway Engineering

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DPWH
• After a long process of evolution, by virtue of Executive Order
No. 124, dated January 30, 1987, the agency is now known as
the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
• The main societal goal of the DPWH is to contribute to the
sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction and
improve the country’s global competitiveness through the
construction and maintenance of transportation

Road Classification and Route

Numbering System

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Road Classification and Route

Numbering System

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DPWH
• In terms of road density, for 2016, the National Capital Region
(NCR) has 187.08 kilometers of roads per square kilometer of land
area whereas Central Visayas, the region with the second
highest road density, has only 16.68 kilometers per square
kilometer. Cagayan Valley has the lowest road density per
square kilometer at 6.43. Overall, the Philippines’ road density is
10.54 kilometers per square kilometers.

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Notable Highways
and Bridges in the
Philippines
Introduction to Highway Engineering

Busiest Highway

EDSA's carrying capacity is 160,000 vehicles per

direction

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Widest Highway

Commonwealth Avenue (N170) is a 12.4 km

(7.7 mi) highway located in Quezon City, Philippines, which spans
from 6 to 18 lanes

Longest Expressway

Started on April 5, 2005, the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway

(SCTEX) is the country’s longest expressway at 93.77 kilometres
(58.27 miles)

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Shortest Expressway

The Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway, more commonly known

as MCX and formerly as Daang Hari–SLEX Link Expressway, is a
4 km (2.5 mi) long access-controlled toll expressway.

Oldest Bridge

The Malagonlong Bridge (also Puente de

Malagonlong) is a five-span 445 ft (136 m) long stone
arch bridge

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Longest Bridge

San Juanico Bridge is part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and

stretches from Samar to Leyte with a total length of 2.16 km

First Steel Suspension Bridge in East

Asia

The Puente Colgante was a suspension bridge that connected

the Manila districts of Quiapo and Ermita across the Pasig River

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