M07 Linear and Quadratic Equations PDF

Equations Linear and Quadratic Equations Verbal Statements to Equations Solving Verbal Problems
Equations in One
Variable
At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:
Interpret equations as statements
Solve linear and quadratic equations in one variable
Translate verbal statements to mathematical equations
Solve verbal problems involving linear and quadratic

equations
Equations as Statements
Definition
An equation is a statement saying that two expressions are
equal.
Definition
An equation is a statement saying that two expressions are
equal.
Examples:
√
1. 2x + 1 = x − 7 2 x
3. =
1 2 xy + 1 y
2. =
2−z 4 − 2z
Definition
If an equation holds true for every permissible value (in R),
then the equation is called an identity.
Definition
1 2
Example: = is true for any z 6= 2.
2−z 4 − 2z
Definition
1 2
2−z 4 − 2z
Definition
If an equation is never true for any permissible value (in
R), then the equation is called a contradiction.
Definition
1 2
2−z 4 − 2z
Definition
If an equation is never true for any permissible value (in
R), then the equation is called a contradiction.
Example: 1 − 2x = 3 − 2x is never true for any value of

x ∈ R.
Definition
If an equation holds true for some value(s), then the
equation is a conditional equation.
Definition
If an equation holds true for some value(s), then the
equation is a conditional equation.
Examples:
1. 2x + 1 = x − 7 holds if x = −8
2. x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 is true if x = −1 or x = 4
Solution Set of an Equation

Definition
1 A solution (or root) of an equation is a value of the
variable that makes the equation true.
2 The solution set of an equation is the set of all
solutions of the equation.
Unless specified, the solution sets that we consider are

subsets of R.
Solution Set of an Equation

Definition
1 A solution (or root) of an equation is a value of the
variable that makes the equation true.
2 The solution set of an equation is the set of all
solutions of the equation.
Unless specified, the solution sets that we consider are

subsets of R.
GOAL:
Find (algebraically) the solution set of a given equation.
Linear Equations in x
Definition
A linear equation in x is an equation which has the general
form
ax + b = 0, a, b ∈ R, a 6= 0. (♥)
Linear Equations in x
Definition
A linear equation in x is an equation which has the general
form
ax + b = 0, a, b ∈ R, a 6= 0. (♥)
An equation leading to a linear equation is one which, upon
algebraic manipulation, reduces to the form ♥.
Example: x − 5 = 2x + 7 =⇒ −x − 12 = 0 or x + 12 = 0
Solution of a Linear Equations in x
Tools in manipulating equations:

1. Additive Property of Equality (“transposing” terms)
2. Multiplicative Property of Equality (multiplying both
sides of the equation by a nonzero real number)
3. Simplifying (similar) terms
Solution of a Linear Equations in x
Tools in manipulating equations:

1. Additive Property of Equality (“transposing” terms)
2. Multiplicative Property of Equality (multiplying both
sides of the equation by a nonzero real number)
3. Simplifying (similar) terms
Theorem
A linear equation in x given by ax + b = 0, where
a, b ∈ R and a 6= 0 has a solution set {− ab }.
Solving Linear Equations in x

Example 1: Solve for the value of x in 5x − 5 = 2x + 7.

Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)

Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)
5x − 5 − 2x − 7 = 0 (Additive Property)

Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)
3x − 12 = 0 (Simplification)

Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)
x = 12
3
(Theorem)

Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)
x = 12
3
(Theorem)
Checking: if x = 4, 5(4) − 5 = 15 and 2(4) + 7 = 15.


Solution:
5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (Given)
x = 12
3
(Theorem)
Checking: if x = 4, 5(4) − 5 = 15 and 2(4) + 7 = 15.
The solution set is {4}.


Example 2: Find the solution set of
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.

3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.
Solution:
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1

3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.
Solution:
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1
(6x − 3x + 7x + 3) − 5x + 3x2 − 1
2
= 0

3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.
Solution:
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1
(6x − 3x + 7x + 3) − 5x + 3x2 − 1
2
= 0
8x + 2 = 0

3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.
Solution:
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1
(6x − 3x + 7x + 3) − 5x + 3x2 − 1
2
= 0
8x + 2 = 0
1
x = −
4

3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1.
Solution:
3x(2 − x) + 7x + 3 = 5x − 3x2 + 1
(6x − 3x + 7x + 3) − 5x + 3x2 − 1
2
= 0
8x + 2 = 0
1
x = −
4
After checking...
The solution set is {− 14 }.

Quadratic Equations in x
Definition
A quadratic equation in x is an equation which has the
general form
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0. (♣)

Definition
general form
An equation leading to a quadratic equation is one which,

upon algebraic manipulation, reduces to the form ♣.
Definition
general form

Example: x2 + 3x = 10 =⇒ x2 + 3x − 10 = 0
Definition
general form

Example: x2 + 3x = 10 =⇒ x2 + 3x − 10 = 0
1
x+ = 0 =⇒ x2 − x + 1 = 0
x−1
Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solution:

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
x2 + 3x − 10 = 0 Standard Form

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor
x + 5 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 Split into Linear equations

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor
x = −5 or x = 2 Solutions

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor
Checking:
If x = −5, (−5)2 + 3(5) = 10. If x = 2, (2)2 + 3(2) = 10.

Theorem
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Solution:
(x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 Factor
Checking:
If x = −5, (−5)2 + 3(5) = 10. If x = 2, (2)2 + 3(2) = 10.
Solution set is {−5, 2}.

Example 2: Solve for x in 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.


Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
−2
x= or
3

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
−2 5
x= or x =
3 2

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
−2 5
x= or x =
3 2
Checking:
If x = −2
3
, 6(− 23 )2 + 11(− 23 ) − 10 = 0.
If x = 2 , 6( 25 )2 + 11( 52 ) − 10 = 0.
5

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
−2 5
x= or x =
3 2
Checking:
If x = −2
3
, 6(− 23 )2 + 11(− 23 ) − 10 = 0.
If x = 2 , 6( 25 )2 + 11( 52 ) − 10 = 0.
5

Solution:
6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
(3x + 2)(2x − 5) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
−2 5
x= or x =
3 2
Checking:
If x = −2
3
, 6(− 23 )2 + 11(− 23 ) − 10 = 0.
If x = 2 , 6( 25 )2 + 11( 52 ) − 10 = 0.
5
Solution Set: {− 23 , 25 }.
Solving Quadratic Equation in x via Formula
Question: What if ax2 + bx + c is not factorable?

Solving Quadratic Equation in x via Formula
Question: What if ax2 + bx + c is not factorable?

The Quadratic Formula
Let a, b, c ∈ R with a 6= 0. If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= .
2a
The formula actually works for any quadratic equation,

whether or not ax2 + bx + c is factorable.
Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Formula

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a
Previous Example: Solve 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.


√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

Solution: By Quadratic Formula,
x =

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
2(6)

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
2(6)

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
2(6)

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
2(6)

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
2(6)

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
√ 2(6)
11 ± 361
=
12

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
√ 2(6)
11 ± 361 11 ± 19
= =
12 12

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
√ 2(6)
11 ± 361 11 ± 19
= =
12 12
30 5 −8 −2
x= = or x = =
12 2 12 3

√
2 −b± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0(a 6= 0) ⇔ x =
2a

p
11 ± 121 − 4(6)(−10)
x =
√ 2(6)
11 ± 361 11 ± 19
= =
12 12
30 5 −8 −2
x= = or x = =
12 2 12 3
As we found earlier, the solution set is {5 /2 , −2 /3 }.
Nature of Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

Definition
The discriminant of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c
comes from the quadratic formula and is equal to
D = b2 − 4ac.

Definition
D = b2 − 4ac.
If D = b2 − 4ac is ..
. . . positive, then the quadratic equation has two distinct
real solutions.

Definition
D = b2 − 4ac.
If D = b2 − 4ac is ..
real solutions.
. . . zero, then the quadratic equation has one real solution.

Definition
D = b2 − 4ac.
If D = b2 − 4ac is ..
real solutions.
. . . zero, then the quadratic equation has one real solution.
. . . negative, then the quadratic equation has two
imaginary solutions that are conjugates of each other.

A quadratic equation can have 2 unique and real solutions,
1 unique real solution or 2 imaginary solutions that are
conjugates of each other.




Example: Find all complex solutions of 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0.



Solution: By factoring,
(2x + 1)2 = 0


(2x + 1)2 = 0
2x + 1 = 0


(2x + 1)2 = 0
2x + 1 = 0
x = −1
2
D = b2 − 4ac = 42 − 4(4)(1) = 0


Example: Find all complex solutions of x2 − 2x + 2 = 0.




Solution: By the Q. Formula,



p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
2(1)


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
√ 2(1)
2± −4
=
2


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
√ 2(1)
2± −4
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
√ 2(1)
2± −4
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2
= 1±i


p
2 ± 4 − 4(1)(2)
x =
√ 2(1)
2± −4
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2
= 1±i
Some Strategies in Solving Verbal Problems


1. Read the problem carefully. Determine the quantity/ies
that are known and those that are unknown.

2. Represent an unknown quantity by a variable. If possible,
express the other unknown quantities in terms of this
variable.

variable.
3. If possible, draw a diagram or make a table depicting the
relationships behind the problem.

variable.
4. Set-up an equation or equations that relate the variables,
or those that can be deduced from the diagram/table.

variable.
5. Solve the equation, inequality or system of equations.
Identify correctly what is being asked. Do not forget to
indicate the unit of measurement.

variable.
5. Solve the equation, inequality or system of equations.
Identify correctly what is being asked. Do not forget to
indicate the unit of measurement.
6. Verify that your answer/s indeed satisfy/ies the conditions
of the problem.
Uniform Motion Problem

Example: Two airplanes traveling in opposite directions
leave an airport at the same time. If one plane averages
480 mi/hr and the other averages 520 mi/hr, how long will
it take until they are 2000 mi apart?

Solution: Let t be this unknown time (in hours).

Since distance=speed×time, after t hours:
Plane 1 has travelled 480t mi


The planes are 2000 mi apart

Hence 480t + 520t = 2000

Hence 480t + 520t = 2000
1000t = 2000

Hence 480t + 520t = 2000
1000t = 2000 or t = 2

Hence 480t + 520t = 2000
1000t = 2000 or t = 2
Thus, the planes are 2000 mi apart after 2 hours.

Mixture Problem
Example: Solution X is 20% acid while Solution Y is 50%

of the same acid. How much of Solution X must be added
to a 100 Liters of Solution Y to get a solution that is 30%
acid?
Mixture Problem

acid?
Note:
• Amount of Solution × Concentration (%) of the
Solute = Amount of Solute in a Solution
• Amt of Solute in Sol’n 1 + Amt of Solute in Sol’n

2 = Amount of Solute in the Combined Solution

acid?
Solution:

acid?
Solution:
Let x be the amount of Solution X needed (in Liters).

acid?
Solution:
The mixture problem could be presented:
Amt of Sol Amt of Acid

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X
Sol Y
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x
Sol Y
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20%
Sol Y
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50%
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
Sol

acid?
Solution:

% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30%
Sol
Example: Solution X is 20% acid while Solution Y is 50% of the

same acid. How much of Solution X must be added to a 100 L of
Solution Y to get a solution that is 30% acid?
Solution (cont.):
% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30% 0.30(x + 100)
Sol

Solution (cont.):
% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30% 0.30(x + 100)
Sol
There are 0.20x + 50 L of acid from the two solutions,

Solution (cont.):
% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30% 0.30(x + 100)
Sol
while the resulting solution has 0.30(x + 100) L of acid.

Solution (cont.):
% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30% 0.30(x + 100)
Sol
Thus,
0.20x + 50 = 0.30(x + 100) .

Solution (cont.):
% of Acid
(Liters) (Liters)
Sol X x 20% 0.20x
Sol Y 100 50% 50
Result.
x + 100 30% 0.30(x + 100)
Sol
Thus,
0.20x + 50 = 0.30(x + 100) =⇒ x = 200 L.
Number Problem
Example: Find three consecutive odd numbers whose sum
is the square of the second odd number.
Number Problem
Solution: Let x be the first odd number. Then
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
3x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 4 simplifying terms
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
x2 + x − 2 = 0 additive property
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 factoring
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 factoring
x = 1 or x = −2
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 factoring
x = 1 or x = −2
Since x needs to be odd, we consider x = 1.
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 factoring
x = 1 or x = −2
Checking: If x = 1, then x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 9 and
(x + 2)2 = 9.
Number Problem
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = (x + 2)2
(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0 factoring
x = 1 or x = −2
Checking: If x = 1, then x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 9 and
(x + 2)2 = 9.
Hence, the three consecutive odd numbers are 1, 3 and 5.

Let x be the number of online sales (in millions).

Let x be the number of online sales (in millions). Then 2 − x is the

number of digital rentals (since there were 2million transactions
overall).

overall). So, the revenue generated (in millions) is

15x + 6(2 − x)

15x + 6(2 − x) = 15

15x + 6(2 − x) = 15
15x + 12 − 6x = 15

15x + 6(2 − x) = 15
15x + 12 − 6x = 15
9x = 3

15x + 6(2 − x) = 15
15x + 12 − 6x = 15
9x = 3
1
x = 3

15x + 6(2 − x) = 15
15x + 12 − 6x = 15
9x = 3
1
x = 3
There were 13 million online sales and 53 million in digital rentals.

Recap:
Interpret equations as statements
Solve linear and quadratic equations in one variable
Translate verbal statements to mathematical equations
Solve verbal problems involving linear and quadratic

equations
Exercises:
1. Find the solution set of the following equations.
2x + 3 x + 1 1 b. 3x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
a. − =−
4 2 3
2. Find all real values of k such that the equation
x2 + kx + k = x − 2 has exactly one solution.
3. The first problem from a Babylonian clay tablet (Tablet BM
13901, dated 1800 B.C.) translates approximately to: “I add the
area and the side-length of a square to get 34 . What is the side
length?”
4. There are two pipes that can fill a certain swimming pool. Left
open by itself, Pipe A can fill the pool in 8 hours, while it takes
Pipe B 12 hours to fill to fill the pool alone. To fill the empty
pool today, Pipe A was opened by itself. After 3 hours, Pipe B
was also opened, allowing the two pipes to fill the pool. If the
pipes were closed when the pool reached full capacity, how long
were the pipes open at the same time?

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Equations Linear and Quadratic Equations Verbal Statements to Equations Solving Verbal Problems

Solve linear and quadratic equations in one variable

Translate verbal statements to mathematical equations

Solve verbal problems involving linear and quadratic

Example: 1 − 2x = 3 − 2x is never true for any value of

Solution Set of an Equation

Unless specified, the solution sets that we consider are

Solution Set of an Equation

Unless specified, the solution sets that we consider are

Solution of a Linear Equations in x

Tools in manipulating equations:

Solution of a Linear Equations in x

Tools in manipulating equations:

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Checking: if x = 4, 5(4) − 5 = 15 and 2(4) + 7 = 15.

Solving Linear Equations in x

Checking: if x = 4, 5(4) − 5 = 15 and 2(4) + 7 = 15.

The solution set is {4}.

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

Solving Linear Equations in x

The solution set is {− 14 }.

ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0. (♣)

ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0. (♣)

An equation leading to a quadratic equation is one which,

ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0. (♣)

An equation leading to a quadratic equation is one which,

ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a 6= 0. (♣)

An equation leading to a quadratic equation is one which,

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 1: Solve for x in x2 + 3x = 10.

Solution set is {−5, 2}.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 2: Solve for x in 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 2: Solve for x in 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 2: Solve for x in 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.

Solving Quadratic Equations in x via Factoring

Example 2: Solve for x in 6x2 − 11x − 10 = 0.