cote cuerer were, uote, cnarer comoter cnseter, cnarren cuore, cuore owrnen cuore comers comrrer cusoreR cuaeteR cuaprer haere craprer counter oueter ccHarTER ourrer cueereR CHAPTER cuaeter a 165 CHAPTER 4. Te chemical enaractenzaton of mater 2 Quaatve anatss deals wl te lentifeaton of the precence ofa partcuar substance or substances in 2 sample. Quantatve analyse oeas with cletemining how much is presont 8 Dafne he protiem, otan a representative sample, 8th sgh Hreqvire. reasur is weight or velume, dssove the sample and prepare the soluion fr be ‘maesurement step, measure the analy, calaethe amount of concentation of {2nabte nthe sample, and compute he precon ofthe analysis 4: same represents the mete o be anayzed, The sna ete subslance to ‘be measured or determined. Hence, we determin te ana by analyzing the ‘ample 5A lank consists oa chemicals used in an anal, un trough the analy ‘brocedur, © determine inure it might be aces oe analytical resi, and ich musi be subracte. © Gravinty woknetic analy, tamara! anal, kinetic methods o anaes, and combinations of ase 7. Preciptatin gravimety), ctrometeqraphy, solvent extacton oltizatios (sttason) |& The measurement of «physical papery oe sample 9% Acaltration cure ceoresents an hshument eect response a a frcton of ‘concentration. t may be a fnear ora noninea response. An unknown aie ceamcentaton in a sample solute is dtemineby comparison of the response vith he catoraton cueCHAPTER 1 10.4 specie reaction occurs only withthe substance (ante) of iterest. Selective reecion occurs prferenily withthe substance of ites, but ol exclshaly 11. (a) Precptat cide with stvernirte and weigh the puriedpreiat. ‘Measure sodium by sarc specr0py or onselecie electrode fo csingulsh ‘rom KCtimpuris. (4) Trae with standard sodium hydrxise solution. {e) Messe polentometrcaly wi 2H meterlectrode (CHAPTER? Volumetric Masks (tc). pbets (Ll) (some micropipols tc), burts (td). Iisa rst class lever n which an unknown mass is Balanced against 2 known mass. If each arm of the lover is equel in length, then the wo ‘masses at balance are qual. ‘Because the ratio of Boam mass fo length is decreased and the pan mass |s decreased. The center of gravity is also adustod for greater sensitiv. The "TD" means ‘o deliver’ and "TC" means “to contain" the specifiod volume. Te sample plus container is weighed, the sample is removed, and the Joss in weight isthe weigh ofthe sample. This technique ls useful for weighing hygroscopic samples that must be-keptstoppored and for woighing several successive alquots ofthe same sample The zero paint isthe equilibrium pont ofthe balance under no load, while the rest poitis the equilrium point under oad. In making a weighing, ‘he seatpost fs made fo coincide with fe z0r0 point. ‘Don't hana objacs withthe fingers, weigh objects et room! temperatura ‘nth the Balance door closed, release the Deam arest for ® mechanical balance) and then secure ihe pan arest (flow the reverse order in securing the amests), eecure the beam and pan arrests won adding or removing objects or woighs, and never place chemicals directly on the en. Concentrated hydrochloric acid i diuled, preferably wilh bold ostited water. tis standardize by trating against primary standard sodium hydroxide or sihycroxymethylaminomettane, A safrsted solution of ‘soalum hydroxide is prepared and th insoluble sodium carbonate is ‘aewed 10 sete out and the the supematantis decanted. Or the Saturated solution is itred. The soliton is clted in boiled dstiled water and standardized agains! primary standard potassium acid phthalate. Dry ashing involves burning away the organic matter at an elevated ‘emperature (400-700 C) with atmospheric oxygen 8s the oxidant. In wet ‘igoston, the organic matter is oncized to COL H20p, end other products by a hot oxidizing acid. Dry ashing ie elatively reo from Contamination, but hs the danger of lass by volatiizeton er rentention.CHAPTER 2 Wet aigestion is relatively free rom retention and voltilty losses, butt thas the dange®of contamination from impurtiss inthe reagents, 10. Acid dissolution and acid or akan fusion followed by acid, neutral, or ‘alkaline dissolution 11 Protein free filtrate. itis prepared by mixing a bologia! Nuid with protein ‘precipitating agent, suchas tichloroaoete ac, tungstic acid, bartum Sulfate, etc, folowed by fitering or centrifuging the precpteted proteins. 12. Care must be taken fo prevent the digestion mixture from going foo near ‘dymess. Perchlorie acid must not be added crecty fo organic or ‘iological metena, but ony after an excess of nie acids added. Tre umes tom th digestion sho.uld be Collected or else e specially destzned hood used, 18. The gross sample isthe entre cofcted sample that is representative of the whole, This is reduced fo a size suitable for handling, called the sample. An aliquot ofthe sample, caled the analyicel sample, is weighed ‘and analyzed, Soveral akquots ofthe sample may be analyzed. A grab sample is a single random sample that's assumed fo be representative of the whole, an assumption thet i valid only for homogeneous samples. +14. The elect fel ofthe mirowave energy causes molecules wt ple moments fo rotte to try oan wih the secre fel, dnd ions mist inthe lect felt. These movements rest in heat. 15, Weight in aio water consined sar2r9 Bireg 248499 Wine = 24.849 + 24.8400 00127 0- 0.001278) 24 849 + 0.076 = 24.8759 Vig = 24875 9099777 atm = 24.934 mL Vat = 26.991 mt (099777199821) = 24920 mL. 18. From Table 24 Ves! = 26.071 mtx (0 99700.9982) = 24,041 ml (CHAPTER 2 17, Sram Table 24, the volumes expand by the ra o 0082/0028 «1.0024. So (volumes an" Noms Yala Val ag? Change Soneion st aoe “10e" “x00 908 2 2003 2008 003008 3 3o00 © 5007 oor oor 4 3995 4000, 010 © 1208 % 4398 5010 0 = 10 18, Fram Table 24 ‘ 0.05129 x 0.990010 9962 = 0.05738 m4, ‘The volume expansion is 0.18%, causing the concentration to decrease this amount‘CHAPTERS L 20, a. 2, ‘curacy 4s the agreement values” precision Ss Sane uantity. betwee measured value snd the acosted true the! spresnent™ Between rplicate meesutencte of Oe A artermioate error is one that is sonra su thd can be asctibed to # definite case. an indeteretnate ertur 189 arden ‘error occurring by chance. San (a) anterninate, metnooic (0) ceterninate, metnodiec (e) intterninete (a) ceterninate, instrumental (fe) deterntnate, operative fs a (ens ee oa ws is Ld (6.9417) + W (14,0067) « 30 (47.9982) » 68,5466 Pa (106.8) + 201 (70,9) = 177.3 102. 0.013 = 0.0067 + 0.0088 » 0.008, Yo the nearest 0.01 9 for three significant figures (2) an « 100 negit (e} absolute error = -2 mg/l (e) relative error = (-2/202) x 100% = -2~ (a) meen = 128.09 (0) median = 120.4 9 fe} range © 129.09 - 127.19, 2 1.95 CHAPTERS 13, (a) absolute error = 22,62 9 ~ 22.57 9 = 0.05 9 lave ester = (0.05 9/22.57 9) x 100K = 0.28 « 2-2 pot to) absobute error = 45.02 m= 45,2) AL « 30.27 mL pelative error « (0.29 ML/45.31 ML) x 1008 2 -0.64% = ~6.4 FOE Ce) absolute error = 2.68% = 2.70 « 0.03% relotive error « [(-0.033)/12,754} » 100K» Le ,X = Ly pot (a) solute error + 65.6 om ~ 65.0 00 = 0.6 on reletive error « (10.6 c9)/(5,0 cm}) x 1008 = 0.7 « 7 pot 14, (a) mean = 33.25% ($90 C0 lor sprees! coeultons) z (pe? Ta 4 0,06 0.0036 o1oa ome Sat Soot < 0.0058 5 = AOORRITIAT = 0.052% (absolute) coeff. of yarn « X Tel. ¢ + (005289.59) x 100% » 0.16% (resative) Bz Be 3. (a) mean = 0.026% . PF x ye (3 ‘0ze 002 Tes os 0.001 reve, 0.026 9,002 axe sont —— s=Viox NSA) = 0.0021 (absolute) coat. of varn = 10,0021/0,024) x 100% = 8.8% (relative)CHAPTER 3 415. man = 102.6 (S86 CD for spresdsheetcolcuatisns) x “i tye eee ¢ ine a3 oon fe me es ee z0.5 (a) 5 A0307ED «0.82 am () rel, 5 = (0.42200.6) x 100% = 0.4% (©) Sqyaqy = 02/7» 0.21 pom (0) P01. Sggqq) # (0421/102.6) x 100% = 0.20% 26, wean = 95.65% (See CD for spreadsheet calculations) oer Seat 510 Ba Bees + 0.0081 ©) Segeany * (0-052F = 0.026% Cabsolute) (61 TL. Singgn) © (01026/95.65) « 1008 « 0.027% (relative) Wa) sy 6 002? « (0? « Coa? tts sash oa9.t (a) 5 = V{OORITAET) = 0,052 (abeotute) 128 + 1025 6 2 517 9 ! (0) 5, = (120.067? « (40.03/?74 » (00,0068)4 « 40.067 16.25 - 9.83 « 680 + 0.07 fel sy = Cleo.e? «(arto atst6 ie aaa 46.14 995 2901 01 (S00 CD for sreadsheet clciston of.) CHAPTERS 18, (a) (2,78 # 0.08)(0,00506 + 0.00006) + 0.01407? (sy pay * (29.000/12.78) + 40.016 (5 Qgqy * (#0-000069/(0, 00806) = 40,012 Deer * £02010" + (00,012)234 « (40,00034)4 » 40,018, 4 {001407 }(40,018) + «a0009 (See CO for spreecetcatutton ou) wy, os the sven 15 0016" 20.0009 (0) (35.2 © 00/0271 # 0,6) © 455 #7 aygqy = 040/(38.2) + 40,011 C5dpuy # (40-69/127.1) © 80.022 (yey * [99.0117 + (40,022)23F «40, 00060)4 + 40,004 sy» (1,336)(00,024) + 40.032 + the answer is 1.38 40.03 (€) (50,23 « 0,079(27.86 4 0.05)/(0,1167 + 0,0003) = 11,981 47 = (40,079750.28) = +0004 = (00,051/(27.86) + +0,0018 6) a red (rer GQ pey * (40-0003/0.3167) + 40,0026 + cyso.oonen? + (40,0018)? + (+0,0026)294 = 49,0025, Dre (21,991) (40,0035) « 442 ‘he ansver fs 11,890640 £(1.199 4 0,008) x 108) 19, (25,0 x 0.0215 = 1.02 x 0.112)(17.0017(8,87) + (0588 ~ 0,114)(37.00/(5.87) * ¢0.404)(17.09/(5.87) = 1.22827 For 28.0» 0.0215: (Spleen £ (0-10/(25.0) + 40,0080,CHAPTERS, CHAPTERS (5e)yqy = (40.0003)/10,0215) » #0014 A ae 0.3026 cr tx 0 glee * (0.00007 «(00.0147 «0.08 a 0.5029 ome 4x0 , + (0S98/140,015) » 20.081; .", 0896 0.08 \ es 5023 woe wa for 1.08 x 0.12 ¢ ; - 7 o.s31 ammo 6 x10 (glygy = (0,01011.02) «at ered 0.5025 0.0002 ax io (selny = (0,011/0,32) «40.0089 i _ sae cms x10? Cayley = 00.0007? (00,089 7 «0013 z o.s0a7 om ‘0 5g OL 100,003)» 20.0055; 0,140.02 . ase ewe sxe ror (059440.08) 1.380.008 oy : toxw 54 Conon? « 0.001579¢ = 0,002) .0.4230,008 For (0424008 117.040.2995. 070.0 2 Verne T7E « 0.0001 Aepleg =(0.0821(0.23) = 40,09 } rm ppation 29 and mble 21 (t 2 2.25 for 2 7 958 C40)" (eat * (0.21137.0) » 40.012 fon ink « 0.5027 # (2.95 1 0.00091) (Galegy# (00.01115.87) 40.0017 505027 + O80 Ha 0.524» 0.530 2 Viean = (40.0197? 6 (40.0127? « (0.001777 & 40,003 2A. mean = 139.6 meg/L (See CO for spreadsheet calculation of ) Sq = (1.225 t00.023) « 40,028 pnsver = 1,2240.05 20, mean + 0.5027 M_ (See CD for soraadshoe calculation o 3) oa 02 os 02 5 = BRED = 0.40 moa, (a) Foe 3 degrees of freedsm at the 90% confidence Lint, € + 2.353 ont. Lindt = 139.6 (2.383 x 0.40) 10 "(CHAPTER 3 138,600.47 mea/L or 139.1 - 140.1 mg/l () 9 3.182 at 95H confidence level Conf, Matt © 139,66(3.182 x 0.40)/0E 138,640.64 weg/L or 139.0 - 140.2 east (e) t= 5.041 at 99% confidence level Conf, Hast = 139.66(5,841 x 0.401//F 5 386617 mea/L oF 158.4 = 140.8 met Note that in order to be more confident of the Tange af the true value, the Tange must iocrease, Conversely, as. the range 1s narrowed, we are Tet Cont fgent. that it defines the trde value,” 22. t for 2 degrees of freedom at 90% confidence level = 2.920 Cont, Miaik = 802.920 x 2.30/47 # 43.9 ppm 2. t for 2 degrees of freedom at SSE confidence level = 4902 Cont, Malt = #64909 2 0.9/0 + at meg 24. Applying the Qtest to the standardization data shows that 0.1050 should ‘tobably be rejected. Then the valid data are 0.1071, 0.1067 and 10.1066, ‘The standard deviation for these triplicate rests caleulates to ‘be 0.00026 IM (mean 0.1058 M. t= 2.920 Cont, Tait = 0.1068+(2,920 x 0.00026)//5 = 0.1068 # 0.0004 M or 0.1064 -0.1072 4 gt By Ma 2 | CHAPTERS % 19 36 8 1e% a 28, Fetests f= (4p21/(5¢2) * (83Q/9)/(324/T) * 2.0) (See CD) M5 I NY % Frapie * 68%: Therefore, the precision of the two groups 1s comparable and the tetest can be applied. Use the patred tatest. 5,0 BYNET = = 8.51 seo (2g - 18.g)/8.81 MTOR OTN OD = 1 This J smaller than the tabulated t value for 16 degrees of freedon at the 35x conflcence Tevel, but tot sk the GOK confidence Tevel. It appears there isha fa groaniity ihe sirerenes between the wo popiTaions tre ore studies are indcated, First perfora an F-test. Fw yg2ircaged = (0.44/49/(0.29/3) + 1.4y (520.00) "9.12, Hence, there fs a high probabtifty the variances of the tro represent the sane population vartance (note the standard evietions wre nearly fdentieal). Apply the paired t-test. TH OBE 3 +00 et. SAYA. OTTITTH «08CHAPTERS treble * 2.65, 50 there 1s 4 Aigh probability the two methods give the sane Fesult. 27 lp Ry? ay Kyl? —nyeFel? (See CD er spreacsheet calculation) 0.co036 2.00026 0.00102 D.oo122 Oooo 00089 oloo1ze 8.00002 0. on0e0 Bi0008> — ¢ o cogy 2.00002 0.00020 # 0.00173 Sp = 1O.0OSRG + 0.00080 + O.COTTSIMIT ~ 3) = 0.0258 absorbance units 28, Colorinetsy: 5,7 = (£(0)-DV7/IN = 1) » 6.53/18 = 1) « 0.533 ms: a2 4 (L676 = te 34 Fa (5,293) = (0.933)10.204) « 2.9 (S000) Fraoie f° ¥ Significant difference sn two variances. P and Vy +5 45 4.60, Shnce Fogre < Frauaye there £5 10 29, The man 1s 0.10174 and the stancard eevtatfon Ss 0.000, st = (RAs (0.031 ~ 0.1012)(V070,0007) « 5.5 (500 CD) This exceeds the tabulated t velue even at the 99x confScence level, 20 were isa 9% probeDility that the gifference is real and mot de to erance, 20. Te mean is 99.69% with a standard deviation of 0.033%. at = 1m uyts) « (99.09 - 38.983MH10.033) = 3.4 (Se0.00) This just exceeds the tabulated t value at the 95 confidence level. Hee. ere is s. 95%. provability that the” aalyzed data are” significantly ifterent fron the supplier's stated value. note that the cifference, oF O.acox ts about taice the stander geviation, and’ we sould. expect: thts £0 secur by. chance only 1 out of 20 (51). aPetner the’ shipment 1s secepted ‘epends en the acceptable aifTerences, 31. arrange sereasing orgtr: 2.1071, 0.1067, 0.1066, 0.1050 CHAPTERS The suspect result ts 0.1050. @= (0,0016)/(0.0021) « 0.96 Tabllated © = 0.829. Hence, 95% certain ht the suspected value Is net dive ta accent 2. For the 2y determination: BI, BH, BAT The suspect result ts 33.27. @ = (0,071/10.10) = 0.70 Grange = 0870 Tharefore, the rumbar 39.27 18 valle For the $7 determination’ 0,026, 0.025, 0.022 ‘he suspect result 1¢ 0.022 030.004) = 0.75 jg * 0970 Therefore, 0.022 Ss « valid result. Sap 8. Arranging in order: 22,25, 2.Dy 1B, 27, 22.08 = (0.08)/10.16) = 0.50 - srefore, 22.09 Ss 4 valid measurement. Chante © O70, Te 94, Te range's 108.1 - 102.2 08 ppm ‘From Equaton 3.17 and Table3.4 for 4 observations, 27 = (084049) = 0.4 pot This compares wih ¢ = 042 ppm cateiaed in Problem 15 18CHAPTERS. 35. The range is 0.5082 - 05023 = 0.0000 From Equaton 2.18 and Table 2.4 for 8 observations, ca. Ft = 0.5027 + 000091029) = 05027 = 0.00026 or 08024-05090, Tai identical 10 he contdence kit caluated using the standard devin, 96, Therange's 140.1- 1982 = 09 meat. From Equaton 3.19 and Table 34 for4 observations, coh tgs, = 198.8 20.9072) = 1986 2065 01 1920-1402, the same es using the standard éeviaion, con. lrg, = 190.64 0.91132) = 1986 1.18 0198.4 140. the same a using the stand deviation, ye ang . ao as7 Bm hese 26 sim hate 3 fu = Bolag SE oe | ame 20.1000 8 = (21.501/(0.4000) = 53.7, (See CD) 16 CHAPTERS ‘his ts Identical to the value obtelned xith Equation 229. See Example B2te 4 4 om cao fas 3:0 sea 5.00 21. 2200 gm 26% (exp? = 100.0 . z Fe fxn = 2.500 Fetypym=o0s2s nad Using Equations 329 and 3.20 mw [6,159 ~ (20.00 x 2,0501/4}/130.09 ~ 1000/4) » 0.205 = 0,825 ~ (0.205)(2,500) = 0.000 y= 0.205% + 0,000 unto DS 0.205% + 0.000 x= 3.05 pom in urine (See C0 fr spresdshet fo plot and calculation) 18, From Protiem 38 S97 = 02067 + (2410P «(O618P + (0820)? = 1.2607 toy? = @osof 420 suf +3000; (S92 = 1000, WP (02067 = 0.0420 From Equation 324, {14g AOA) BOARD (00-100 ATA 2) 001g absorbance. « NeeCHAPTER 3 8 From Equaton 3.26 Sm* MOO S0.00- OETA 2050008 From Eaton 326 80 = 001gif 300014 (20.00) - 100.0) 004 absorbancefppm he phosphorus concentration nthe urine sample i given by = [106252 001g) (0009 0.00,)0205 + 0.004)= 305 2? faum= {00107 + 0.0/2 = 001g an] TOaT GO OTF «ty Sey = 205 40.2) = 4007 4805 008 ppm Pin une 40, ¥ yeast extract (4,1 Toxin, 09 (94) 0.087 0°60 oils o.007 022 20.951 By = L/S = 0262 Fy = 0.95118 = 0.190 ta? 1.050 ene nes ay = 0.559 CHAPTERS Fe OE ay Ex ey Mina ay aces Ey Ht 2 (2.195 = 1.207 (5.20 - 1.718)0.715 - 0.806074 + 0,915 ($0060) See & es Thete $s 4 gine correlation between yeast extract concentration and the 1 mount of toxin produces, a TORN a8 OD) wer mit 9) te is Se 3 Oise 3 ote ¢ 002 a oust «ay Bs +Ey, Fess 0am Heads +8 sh e038 if + 1708 Bay #75 f= (387.5 = 204,5) NTIS = OUTED ~ TREE) « (289.0) /TTESTTREATD) = (183,09/0185) « 0,989 ;7 = 0.978 (See CO) _ There $s a strong correlation between fungal dry weight ond anount of toxin produces 42, Enayne Colori (See CD fr spreadsheet celcltions) method metric method Ce} vow ey Be iss ise 2 é ‘ ‘ 7 8 6 1829 Eo £555 208,901,154 49981, 141,064CHAPTERS. oe 37 Fram Equation 2:16: 5g = BID TY « 6.28 em Baution 2152 e+ Buve2d AT = 1.8, Fron Table 24 at the 96% confidence level andy = 9, £ « 2.262. Since teate © teaner Ste 15 00 significant attterence between the nettode at the 95x contoence level. From Eqution 328, we calculate: = (101,148,933 13,0513, 208117 (201,156, 4931-13,288 711011, 141,064)-13,208 73)# «0.999 7 *0.998 ce, there 15 9 high Ogres of correlation. 43, The average blank reading 0.18, and the standard deviation is 30.06. "The net reaing for re detection eh is 3x 8.06 = 0.46. 7. ‘The doction ti 1.0 po (0.18/07) 0.17 ppm. Ts would give a otal (tank plus ana) roading of D.18 + 0.18 = 036. 44, Wi = Ky Kyra eP= 109 ‘The met eacng forte standard is 1.25 - 0.18: CHAPTERS Fon228, wes? = 109 We 169.samole 42 0.15% (vt) 0.05 and 8_=(0.05)3%) = 015% we) = 9% wt) From Equation 331 na ogee = (1.967 OSSPIO.OSPOP = 388 tam Equtton 3:2 7 naegie? = (19070.167 (0552 = 284 Forn=4,t2 276 neerefty=771 is beneen 8 and, 178 Forn=6.t= 2447 n= 2ae7P() = 599 «8 anoyseseuied atCHAPTER 4 1. Good Laboratory Practce iste gerera principle of eseuring ually apacton of a {aboratry, fom management pretes, aberatory personne, method vain and ual conto to repeting and recordkeeping, inorder to sssurecomectness of resus produced by the laboratory. 2, QUA athe Quolty Assurance Unt who i responsible for implementing and assessing qual procodures, and Standard Operating Procedes (SOPs) thal proviso deta fo carping ou the aberatry operations 3. S00 Question 2 above 4 The QUA shouldbe nsopendent rm the abortery. establishes the cuely assurance and quality contol procedures 0 be inpemante, and montrs ard assesees trom. ‘5. The problem is st dined long wih he date requtements. Then perfermance of the slated method must ba valle o eet theae requremens 6. The misinum requremens of he mathod are decided including accuracy and 7. technique refers to tho technology o be used for 8 measuroment 0. spectraphotomary, A method isthe appization ote technique, develope the proper chemisty or procedure for selective measurement, A procedures the writen drections {acusing the method. A protozoa set of spectcaly preserved crectons that must be folowed fr ofa acceptance of the resus 1 Metnod valtton generat requires suds ta daltraine and valde selectivity, lneery,securacy, precision, sensi range, limi of detection, fof quantitation, and eagedness or rbusiness CHAPTER 4 19, Tho Response Factor is away o assessing nearly, by determining ithe response {th yiterceptsubrated) por unt conertration reine wasanably consent aver he concentration ranges 10. Besides the Response Facta Queston 9), the coeticient ot etemination i), ar «small ynercep are measures of inant range, 41. Accuracy is dolrined by covery stucles, comparing results with hose fancier ‘ethed of known scars, er by analyzing a reference materia, Th uitmate measure af accuracy's rom anaala of anders referee mate 12, Atlvast seven measurements (sx degrees of recom) should be made. 18. Repestablty = shor term inralebertoryprecson. Ruggadhnoss = ong trm inalaboratry precision. Robustness rapestabity) = senstviy fo smal akangesn parameters, Ropreductlity(vanslerabity) »itedaboratery precision or bis. 14. Eecraniercords need tobe backed up, archived, and recoverable, The deta have {oe secu, and any changes documented wth tenon of angina dete, They must be ranstrebe ithe sofware ig changed, There most be ime ad dee samped audit tras nat cent be changed. Eietronic signatures requir bth a usemame and password that are ungue nt reessignaie. The password shouldbe changed peroccay. 15. QAigthe ongoing checking ofthe perfomance of@ method. It inudes appropiate quality conta procedures, which provide quarttaive measures of performance 18. Gualty corr setts elude maining canal certs, using bind and random reference samples, snd proieey esting via cotaorative laboratory studs.orton specie tasks 18, See CD tor sorosasheats ‘east squares plot: y= 20504 2 Response Factor REY Be ‘Ave. RF = 1909 Sipe 70.18% 49 5% change = (48/19086) x 100% = 24% 20.4. C= 4 mang=10* Se=oozce™ so.o2(1o%p Spreadsheet co: ».02/10%6)585, 558086-07 See 18110" ir (6x10 300 = 10% 8 sean ace Spreadsheet colt =2;10%6)%.18, 24 CHAPTERS: ‘Tha fst unit each sample denote the erat unl, andthe Second denotes he sample unit. 60 the volume or Be weigh of either or both may be measure. 110 or mag (wi) = aio x 10° mt x 108 om ge or mot te ror pL. (8509 = mn «18 Bob =nalporaoha nia 99 10° nam opt tho trex 17 Ln or (0409 = nk. x 109 qt =tlearge Tis concept used by ysis 1 ge an ove view be electrolyte balance. . {A fralon eaten should be socom end rapt, pei wih 0s racios, quantabe, an ere tous be a mated change h& propery fhe ston at he eaualence po fue th recon complete). Te four ses o ration ee: -Acic-base,redvetonoxiaton,preciptaton, and complexometrc. The equivalence point ofa tation she point at which the reaction is complet, and ‘he end poi the pon at which 2s observed to be compete A standard solution is one whose concentration ls known othe degre of accuracy required in an ana (9, ration). is ropared by assog @ known amount of suficionty pure reagent (ea primary standard) in a known volume of soWent,o else by trating a known quantity ofa pure reagent (orimarystandara) with an aperoxinatoly prepared souton fo standardize ‘A primary standard shoul be 2 99.88% pure, be stable fo dying lempertures, have {high formula weigt, and possess he properties cequted oa tation. ‘0 that a sullen arg amount oft wi have fo.be meghed forthe tration hat the ror in weighing smal 5CHAPTERS ) » @ 10. a) ® © 26 $5.00 9/100 mt x (2503(100) = 12.5 9 1.00 9/100 mk x (S00}1100) = 6.00 9 00 9/100 m4. x 10001100)» 100.9 1523 9/1000 mx 100 me. = 523.9100 mk = 5.29% (v0) {275 9800 mt x 100 mL. = 6.0 7100 mi = 85.0% (wo) 1885 0200 mij x 100mL = 1.82 9/100 mL = 1.82% (vo 1 8 “4 6 CHAPTERS. (a) 244.27 (0) BIE (@) 43873 (a) 30-18 (2) 500 9/253 molomol + 1.38 mol B9Cr0, (} 500 mg/118 mglamol + 4.20 mol Oly (eo) 500 90/388 ng/amal + 1.28 mol KI0,.hiD (9) 500 79/137 g/mol 3.65 mol HNO, 2.24 mol 190, 1.3L mmol Fest CHgINMy) 04 A.D (0.200 W/L x 0,100 | + 0.0200 mol of each substance required (2) 500 99/223 p/amot (C1 500 90/382 g/amot (a) 283 ginal x 0,0200 mol = 5.06 ¢ BatiO, 2.8 9 Oly (el 390 ginal x 0,0200 ml = 7.60 ¢ KI0s.HI0 2.74 9 MPO, fe) 223 ginal « 0,0200 mol = 6.46. MPP, (1) 382 ginal x 0,0200 m0 = 7.64 g FRSD4.C2HyINIg)50,. 44,9 Ca} 09 NACL «1.00 amol/A x 1000 mx 58.4 mg/mmol = 5.84 x 104 mp (b) 118 gimol x 0,0200 201 (0) 137 g/mol x 0,0200 mol (0) mp sucrose « 0,200 mol/a. x SUD mx 342 agfonal = 3.42 x 104 ng fe) mg sucrose = 0,500 mmol/m. x 10.0 mt x 342 ng/mmol « 1.71 x 107 m9 (a) mg NopS0, = 0.200 mmol/ek x 10.0 mL x 142 my/amol = 204 mg (Ce) 89 KOH © 0,500 mmol/nt x 250 mi x 56.1 mgfomal = 7.01 x 10? ag (F) mg NaC} = 0,900 9/100 mk x 230 mk % 1000 n9/Q = 2.25 x 10? m9 (2) Myey + $9.0 mo1!(0.100 meol/ni} = 500 at (0) myo * 10.0 aol/0.0200 modal) = 500 mt ee 10.0500 malin x2 CEL Mgqy #100 smo2/(0.0500 motine) = 2.00 x 30° a arCHAPTERS 28 (0) ge = 5200 9/4100 9/100 mk) = 50.0 mL te 4.00 9/1500 9/100 me) = 69.9 8 Nay (1) 1,00'm0h Her = 80.9 9 yar + 89.9 9/110.0 9/100 a) = 609 th (9) 0,500 m0} N4,00, = 0.500 x 106.0 g/nol = 53.9 9 mu, = 53.0 g/5.00 9/100 mj = 1.06 « 107 mt Na 0 16. mol on? » mmol Mn{NDy)_ = 0.100 mmob/at x 10,0 mk = 1,00 aol het + 100 mOLI0 m6 0,032 elm fmol 105°» mil ty + 2+ mo MiNOyl> 0.100 moi 10.9 + 2 100mm 10.0 me # 3.00 el Mog” = 3.00 130.0 mL «0.100 moi peo! We med Hy + 2 mol Py 0.100 moll # 10.0 mL + 2 B10 anlink + 10,0 oh © 3.00 ool ge 3.00 1/309 m+ 0.100 ot fmol 50,27 = mol K,S04 + 0.100 mmol/n x 30.0 mt» 1.00 anol Mog # #00 meH130.0 m OW003 aoa 17, 10,0 mmol/L = 0.0100 amok. (0.0100 mol. x 0.147 g/mol = 0.00147 9 CaCl. 2n-PIat 18. (a) (10.0 9/280 0)1(98,1 g/mek) x 1000 mist = 9.408 M HS, (2) (6.00 9/500 m.)/( 40.0 g/mat) x 1000 mL /L. = 0.300 4 KaOH (6). (25.0 g/L1/(170 g/mot) = 0.167 6 hgh 19 (a) (0,100 mol/L }{142 9/9011(0.500 L) « 710 9 A250, CHAPTERS (1 (0,250 moA/L 192 gm:50.590 I w 48.0 9 Fett) 50), H,0 {1 (0.667 motIL}(328 5/001) 0.500 LF = 109 calcghOi)y 20, (2) (280 m1 /(0.100 met/mt}(56.1 6 /021¢3.00 x 10°? tore 00 10.0275 mot/e1(24 Gi) = 8.08 9 K,£0,0, fe) (500 mL)(0.0500 rmel/m}( 360 mo/om2 (3,00 x 10°3 12.4 amol/M x X ml + 0.100 amol/Mt x 2000 1+ 8.06 a mst be ailuted 22, (0) (0.700 9/9 x 1.668 9/0L/105.5 $tmok 5 1000 mi/t = 21.6 mol/L (0) (01690 9/9 x 1.49 o/0.1/83-01 ofmad x 1000 L/L = 15.4 rol/e eh (0.880 9/9 1.689 9/m.1/98.0 9/002 x 1000 at/L = 18.6 wol/t 4) 10.385 fo x 14051 9/0.1/60.05 5f0a x 2000 aL/t = 17.8 moie 0) (0.280 9/9 x 0.858 g/81/27.03 g/mo1 x 1000 au/L = 14.8 mol/L phe 28, 6.0 x 20° mois250 m « 24 x 10°F moire Na,50, 25 10° mol/L of na" and 24 x 10°F moist of 50,2 48 x 10° mol/t x 23 x 10° mg/mol » 1 od agit Ha? 24 10° mol/L x 36 x 1 oa/eod = 2.3 mgyt 50,2 AA RS og/L x 0.100 Le 32.5 99 K (32.5 1 107 9139.2 g/mol, ou 6.31 x 10° nol x 319 oft x (1000 m./23/1250 mc) x 10? malo = 1.06 x 10° agit (Cg) ,o™ 25 om = ppm x 19°F «2.00 « 10 97M = 1,00 x 107 ont (8) (2.00 3079 G/11270 ofnot) « 5.00 x 20°F wali ag ME AeA img) = 1.40 9 x04 9m) = 4,00 9 01504 24, (0,380 ofg * 2.38 G/0L/36.5 g/ml 1000 mui. = 12.4 mol/L in stock sol'n mol k= 8.31 x 10" mol (CgCHAPTERS: (0) (2.00 « 107 9/41/1382 g/mol) « 2.92 x 10°F mol/L Aly $04)y Ce) (2.00 «107? G/L1/144.0 g/mol) « 2.27 x 107 mol/L coy (a) (1.00 107 g/t )11633 gimot) = 1.58 x 10° mole (Wg) 401504) 24D fe) (2,00 x 107 9/111136.5 gimol) = 2.73 x 10°F moi/t red (1) (2.00 «107 g/2/11100 g/t01) = 1.00 x 10°F molt H20, 26 2.50 x 10°4 mol/L x 10? omol/aol = 0,250 mol/L om oa (0) 0,280 mol/t x 111 mpfmol = 27.8 mg/L CaCl, 2) 0,250 amol/t x 40.1 mg/mel = 10.0 m9/L (e) 0.250 mol/L x 65.0 mg/amol = 15.8 a9/. Hs (0) 0,280 omal/t x 65.1 np/amol = 16.3 mg/L KON (2) 0,250 mol/L x 54.9 mg/ml = 13.7 agit wet (1) 0,250 mol/L x 119 mglonol = 29.8 99/t M0,” 27 1.00 pon Fe 00 w/t (0.00100 9/1)/135.8 g/mol) = 1.79 x 10°F mods 0g) 2504 ws require 1.79 x 107 mi of tnts 9.20100 g/t 1 mol Fes, 0 contains 1 mol of Fe. 1.79 «107% mol x 382 g/mol = 0.00702 4 Fes (Mg) 504.6H,0 It fs sinpler to multiply the weight by the ratio of the formula weights: 9 FSO. (hg) 504. 6H,0 = 9 Fe x [Fam FaS04. (ht) 9$0,.64,p/at. ot Fe) 45 0.001 x (392)/(55.8? = 0.00702 9 ‘he nber of ron atons in the numerator ang denominator of the formula weight ratio aust be the Sane. 2B (a) X Cry = (0.560 my /456 mg) x 200K » 0.129% CHAPTERS (0) pot 0tDy = [0.560 m9/4S6 09) x 1000¢/ yy = 2.25% (6h 60m y= (0.56 1456 my} x 1 1.23 «10? pon 29, 100 ppm x 10°F «1.00 x 10-4 g/m. = 0.100 g/t (a) (0,100 9/11123.0 9imed) = 4.35 x 107 moti nat mre mlar contraction of MCh fs te sane as tat of Wa" and C1"). 4.25 1 107? mol/t x 58.4 g/mol = 0.254 g/L NaCl (2) (0.100 Q/L1/138.5 g/mat) = 2.82 x 107? mol/L C2” = nact 2.82 x 10"? wol/L x $8.4 g/m0d = 0.265 g/L rack 90, 250 ppm x 10°F » 2.50 x 10" gio « 0,250 g/t x* {0.250 9/411139.4 g/mol) = 6.39 x 10°? mol/t K* = KCL « Ci” Te milldnoles before and after dtlutton are equal. $0 6.39 x 107? omol/ne x X me « 1.00 x 10°? roti + 1000 me He 156-04 KCI required 3, 500 pon 10°F» 5.00 10" g/m = 0.500 9/t acldy. Tere As 1 K*/NC10y. 9.300 9 KEIO, x (K/KCIOy) © 0.00 9 x (38.1)/1122) » 0,160 9 K* 8212.8 mL x Mw BIO mk x 0.1225 He 5.004 7 38, Let x + ak 0.80 H 1,504 0.35 Mx (6542) mL = O.20H x 65 ab + 0: neem Mex at H4 mol NYOH + 50 2 0.10 « 5,0 mot ML HyS0g to neutralize NaOH = 5.0/(0,10 x 2) » 25 mb Let x + euaitional ok W505 requires 0.080 Hx ($04 25 + 2) = O10 Mx RAL eT a "5 total voluse = 25 + 75 © 100 meCHAPTERS 86, the most concentrated solution, 1.00 x 104 , would require 1: iiuton'of the stock solution, we jou can tat & thle affh he gieisoore provised.” prepare a diluted stock salution. The most ditute possible te S:300 (Hm étivtea to 100 at): 0,100 Mx 1.00 aL = Hy = 1.09 « 10°? My 2 1.00 x 10 Ts can bo aluted appropricly to pve the eased concentrations. éstute mb t0 100 mb (2:100) 2.00 x 50°5 Hr gftute 2 mL to 200 mL (1:50) 5.00 x 10°5 Ms attute $m to 200 ml (2:20) 2.09 10° M:stute 10 mt to 100 aL (1:20) GB the sivution factor for the original solution ss 125 (50 mL. aliqiot diJuted ences the concentration in the ortginel solution is Sx (1.25 % te 280ml) 10° w+ 6.25 x 10° m, We have 250 aL at ths concentration mol yy © 6.25 x O'S x 280 wk + 0056 mod yy 00155 mol x 54.9 ag/mmot = 0.858 ng = 8.55 x 10°* 9 tn # [(8.58 x 10° 99/(0.600 4) x 1008 + 0.172% BP, The neutralization reaction 4s NagC05 + H,S,-2Na,S0y + 24,0. ing * Myst med Hemet a0) x Foy cn os Nag 605 = ae) 19 saroie My so, ¥ 3828 x1 x 106.0 100 $8.66 + a8 4.50, 7 O12 4,504 a SB WD mL x O10 N= 4.0 mol NAOH + mel svifanic aie domme! (x ma\o7 mglmmal; x = 290 mg sutamie cd rere CHAPTER'S 99. 1 Hyp = (C0.1087 Hx 3B.3T ak x 1/3 (mmol HyAlanot NaH) 4192.1 g/mol ]/(267.8 99)) x 100K + 99.57 40, mol Ca + mod ing C227 «1,87 x 10" Hx 2.47 a x 40,1 eg/nmol = 0.0185 mg (200 49/3000 aL) 200 a, (0.0185 m9/0.209m.) x 10 aL/4h. = 9.25 ag/e. 41, (a) ECV (£0,100 Mx 27.2 me x 1 Komal C°fono} Ag") 435.5 mine )/(372 99)) x 1008 = 26.08 (0) Bacty ao = «C0100 4 x 272 mL x U2 (mol BACnet A9") 4 246 g/naoh/372 95) x 1008 = 29.26 42, Even 6r30,2" reacts with BF (9 30,05), aFegy< Clee 02+ £ Mey o 2X Hemol Fe:0s/mot cr,0,°°) x fan, Me cr0, 20) 27 Fe,03 or (mg/rmot/(og sanple)} x 1008 » [(0.0180 x 38.6 x 3 x 160)/(16809) x 100% +150 41 Ca = 1 Hees 0g = 2/5 Omg” ere may” = 572 0 Cad = {138.6 ab «0.6200 mol/m x 5/2 x $6.1 mg/amot}/(2000 89) x 100% + 4998 44 Mao * (680 a/R + $00 AL) = (450 99)/158.0 apa) x $00 + 0.0592 meat Lnmoy” = 2.5 F295 + 38.68 « [10.0582 mol/mL x me x 2.5 x Fe,0,!@Mmah/(500 mg) « 1008= (400582 x aL x 2.5 x 159.79/(500 m9)) x 100% mest 45, Let =X Bal, = mk AGH 1 Ag = 4/2 Bath = {40.100 Mx om x 1/2 x BAC) /(09)) x 100% 1+ £40,100 x 1/2 x 208)/¢m9)) x 1008 ing + 1.08 x 10° ng sample 46 XACT = (€0.100 Mx 48.6 aL x 1/3 (mot AICI fmol Ag") 188 npfnmo}3/(280 95)) x 100% = 06.2% mot AT fn 350 09 = £(350 mg x 0.862)/133 (0g AIC fmol) = 2.27 mol AL (+ mot AIC) 2.27 anol = 0,100 x x mt e227 mL OOTR AP, OOK + (0.3027 x 28,78 mL x fonayy) (425.2 09)3 x 100K Fagg # 168.8 48, (462 mg AgC1)/143 g/mol) = 3.23 mol AgCT + mmol HCI Me 25.0 a + 3,23 mot Key * 0.129 5 In(OH)y + €0.129 M x 37.8 mL x 1/2 (mmo) 20(0H) emo} HET) 5 99.4 mg/omo}}/(287 99)) x 1008 * 84.44 49, m0 KC Dg tC Og. 20 = 1/3 mmol NADH = 1/3 x 46.2 mL x 0,100 mmol/A = 1.56 amet a mol 042° = 2 x mmol HHO. Hy C04-2He0 © 2 x 1,58 © 3.08 mo} CHAPTER 5 2 : ach 63042 = 2/5 no, mol Mig * 275 x 2.08 © 1,23 mot 0.100 mO1/AL Ryo = 123 mo} Mypage 2 23 a 50, mol NajC0, = 1/2 anol HI resctes eM {€(0.100 x $0.0 ~ 0,200 x 5.6) x 1/2 x 106,03/¢800 g)) x 1005 son 1 1 Hog” = 5/2 H, ete i: 51 104" = 5/2 Hg: 1 Fee = 1/5 moog mo} HO, * mol HnO,” reacted x 5/2 = {amo} HO,” taken ~ mol Mad” unreacted) x 5/2 (amo) no,” taken ~ mal Fee x 1/5) x 5/2 <£ H0y = troy” * Mono ~ Hae x Meg? US) #12 Fy 9 MSs? 0) Sanple NOOR * (6125.0 0.028 = 5.10 x 0.112 x 18) a 572 « Soxytsery & 1008 + 6.1 82, ool excess Ip = 1/2 mol 0,2 y+ 2 mot S30} smo) WS + mol reacted Ip +99 $ = (0.00500 Hx 10.0 m4 = 1/2 x 0.00200 W x 2.6 mL) x 32,06 « 1.52 mg 53. The resction ts aa? + nyeora?™ + an pa-eora’ so] EOTA = mol 620 imol/mt x 1 mL = (ng 840)/(B20) = (ng B40)/263 mg/m!) Titer + 18.3 mg 690 ser miTN Titer EoTa 54.1 Fe reacts with 1/5 a0yCHAPTERS, 5/2 mo} Hn,” * mol Fe,05 sex g/m} iter 0.0500 smal /aL x 1 at = (m9 Fe,03)/(Fe,03) * (ng Fe,0,)/(189.7 20,0 ng Fe,05 per witTiTiter of KnO, 55, ot agh = smo) sex Lk = (22.7 mg)/(C1) = (22.7 m9)/(35.4 ng/a}) Megto, = 0.681 9 0641 Hx Tmt = (mg Br}/(Br) = (ag BF1/(79.9 ag/mno1) iter = 61.2 mg Brit cor Ther © 12.7 09 x (Gr/C1) = 22.7 mg x (79.9/35.4) = 51.2 m9 Bria s6.(3) ro) te 1 ‘e 7 (a) by ter i te 80) rs) (36.46 ginol/(1 camel) * 36.46 gfe (171.3 g/molI/12 enol) = 85.67 9/ee (589.91 g/#01)/11 ea/med) = 388.91 9/28 (92.08 g/mol 112 wyinot} » 41.08 9/29 (40,05 gfa2li/(1 ea/mol) * £0.05 g/ea (0,250 eq/LI/(1 mol/eg) 0,250 mol/L (0.250 eq/L 11412 wol/e9} * 0.125 601/L (0,250 eq/LI/{U mol/eq) # 0.280 mei 125 mat, (0,250 eq/hI/(4/2 we/ea) (0.280 eq/LI/(1 mol/g) « 0.250 mol/L eg wt + (128.1 g/notD/(h ea/aot) » 128.1 o/ea cach C is onisized from #3 to +4 eq wt + (328.1 g/n01)/(2 eunaT) = 64.05 fea . a0 the change ss 2 electrone/tC,04" CHAPTERS. 158,09 vt» (216.6 g/mol) /(2 ea/mol) = 108.3 g/ea 0(a) 151.81/1 151,91 9/eg 0) 3 (e) 4,002 = 17.009/e0 (8) 60/2 = 12.08 9/ea H.0y/2 «17,00 9/ea Gt we > (on/Cen wt (mga) = (50.0/024.2/2C0g/ned)) + 6,083 mie 62 7.8 9 NOHIO.0 gfe) # 0.136 0¢ 9.25 9 800/72 9/0) = 0.208 08 AL (10,396 + 6,10 9/840 17 1000 mL. = 0,608 ea/t. 68 Exch As undergoes 2 electron change, Therefore, aot = Ai Oy/ = 197.18 = 0.5 glen 0.1000 N = 0.1000 ea/L 0.1000 ea/t x 49.45 g/eq = 4.945 9/1. 64, 2.73 g x 0.580 = 2.68 g KMD. HZC,04 2.68 9/(218/3 g/ea) = 0.0368 69 1.68 eagteO 4/204 gfeq) + 0,00823 eg A+ [0.6869 + 0.00823) e4/(250 m4)3 x 1000 mi/L * 0.280 g/L 5, The carbon in each onatate (C,02°) ts oxtazed from #3 to +4, releasing 2 electrons/c,04°". Therefore, the equivalent weight of KNCZD,MZC,0y. 24,0 a5 a reducing agent 1s one-fourth sts formita weight. .°. Meg * Mog # 4/3 * 0.200 x 4/3 + 0.267 my 66, Assume 1.00 N as acie, therefore, 2.62 Mat reducing agent. Aefgity 4s due 0 RHC, OtgfpDgy and so the concentration of this fs 1,00 4 ab an acid 1.00(6/3) = 5.33 as a reducing agent, If we have 1 L of solution, the Normality and equivalents are equal + 1,33 9 HC, 0,.H6,04 + ¥ 00 WAAC,0, = 3.62 eg (88 reducing agent) 29 08 Nag ,0y 37CHAPTERS 1.38 69 x (218 g/4) gfea = 72.5 9 Ki, 2.09 60 x (34/2) see + 169 9 HayC,0, M604 eA «RSS» OA 9 HE 9H904 9. mgd 67, meq = Nx al © 0,100 weal x 1000 mL + 100,0 meq Ag 1 med x ea we (oaphea + 100.0 neg x (254.2/6)(a9/me—) + 6903 1g (4.503 9) 68, (300 mg/h. )1O,1 L/L) = 3.00 x 10 moe (3.00 x 107 mg /LI/5.5 mpineg) = 84.5 meal. 159,113.00 moglh} x (40.112 splese)3/{30 o/h) + 20.9 aglae 70, Tere are 150 mol/L of NeCI. °, 150 mol/L x 0.0584 g/mol = 8.76 g/L 71. gn = 9MngD4 x (MoM D4) g Mog MngOg = 258 9 MngQ4xIM&4 99228.) = 1.867. Ma 72. (a) glug ZngfellMgx (220ngE ACNg 9 Dy 2FeiCMg 248 16549942. = 0.948 0.269 (9 ZolgZngFe(CNg) = 01324 92n (0360 ve gavin acto) 0) g2ngFaIg= gx (te Zr-FOOM GDH) a DeFeteMg 500 9 2x 142 765.4) = 4315 9 ZngFACNg 78. SMe go = 34 850/228.81 = 0.72094 9 Mev Mne04 ncn gg = 157 86/2228 81) «2.0700 9 MagOfy MgO ‘AagSB4804 = 24 8028940 = 1.061799 Aggy 82604 Cucig2hgcl «194482149. 5)» 046806 CHCl Att MoigPb = 278 1226100 1.06560 Mal Pop a a CHAPTER 6 K « (OMOY/CAILB) = 2.0 x 107 ft equltthrsim, lex (6) = (0.80 ~ 0.50) « x = 0.50 + x2 0,50 H [el = (0) = 0. = x5 0.304 110.020.5012 = 2.0 6 12 9.04 10° = (A) (we were Justified in neglecting x abeve.) Aeaer cePreattar » 59 x 108 Ji zeactton is Lintteo by the stout of A (0.40 M) avetleble to sect. at i i 0.0 +x 0.0 fe} = 210.40) ~ x = 0,80 ~ x # 0.80 (0.70 ~ 0.40) + x (0.20 77104310.3) « 5.0.» 108 e430 107 we tay URINE 2 hy = 1.0.6 10 At equilibrium, Wr. oD (ad « 1.0 x 1 ~ x Since (HA) © 100 x k, ‘ie qusctatie formula: ‘cy we can't neglect x. Solve 1 C5101) 101.0 10 = x) = 1.0 4 10CHAPTERS oro We = 1.0 x 0 wee (0 x JAMO x IOP « 4.0 x OE @ bag x 104M x associated « 106.0 x 1074)/(2.0 « 1079) x 1008 = ok 108 Hor Lexw x x ox epiect x compared to 1.0 x 10 10 (222200 & Kg) Et ILO EHO = 7.2 x 0 (eit) /01.0 10) 0 7.2 x 10 xneg x07 MH x dissociated = ((85 # 10°7)/(1,0 x 107)] x 100% = 0.085% At equilibrium, lex 10x10? 5 521.0307 (oe = ta x 107? — x2 1.0.x 107 (a Will suppress the dissociation, 50 Sets assuee 2 £3 now seeil.) cot year 00M) = 1.0 «107 coh 0°? /C1,0 x 1077) » 1.0 x 30 21.0 10 4» concentration dissociated 1 atssoclated = ((1-0 x 10°4)/12.0 x 1079) x 100% = 10% ys = HHS a ce (WP JOSIE, Ky = (NS? 006") = 1.2 x 10" tag wes versie ys 0 Be a OPPS ENGST « hy # (Fed x ION? x 10 CHAPTER 6 7. Te ial anal concentration afer ining but tore rection, art ce) « 0.064 erp?) « 0.01 4 OD o Lie There are seichiomelicaly equal concentatns of Fe2* and C207. AL equ seu, 0.08 ott 7207? has eat wth 214 met Ht, waving 1.0 matt. (bus in amount rom the reverse aquirium reaction), 50 eee cep Psu wer 6 emp & xy e006 = be 0.2 = #10 F005 02 coc Pace ter PUK PY at x10? 110.0616 (0.027? I/C¢6x)6 (x) (1,004) «= 1 x 10 74x 1077) « 40,000 x 1077” xe lorpPy 25x10 4 (See Aopendtx 8 for a review of caloulating odd roots) cr) = 60 31 2 (a) Eau: Sq ot 2004 6 29 Pont Hs Hs oH 28 Hp #Ht+04 8] +1") = 2697) + [HS] 10H]CHAPTERS oy ecu: fags 92a" « Sant ens He Hs npeweor (hat) +] = S74 JAS] + [OH] 2 oe tae (es som f= ag fa C095 ates ff) eo aan 2) agra ae) omg) a 1-64 1) + amy) «Bamgt) 2) ao 10. @) Chargetatince C8 f°] = bo) « GO]. 5 Del) - 9 0) Weta May t+ Br) «fee odo ca: 6 enti oon (9 «Ft 0 [ag] G8)- ee SBE a (NB 6e) tol $1 6) fat + 61-84) ne] Y= +R) 0) cle sto) 9687 Gam] et) 2D amg) eat « ses eer eters fee ” 2 ) o ° o ” @ 19. eqs Hoke t+ One Hoa sor Equitorum exressons Kg = HPTOA WHOAa] = 1750108 y= 0AIOH)= 100310 Maze balance expressions Cone =HOAG| + [0%c] 0100 Hrya(one) fon) Charge Dalaes expression P= 104} OH) Cds Go] ER @ (10) o @ 0 6 CHAPTERSCHAPTER 6 Number of expressions ve, umber of unknowns. ‘Thre are fur unknowns (HOA) {OAc'} [A (OH) and four expressions (wo equim ‘and two mass balance — me charge balance expressions he same a (4) Sinpityng assumptions, In aid seuion [OH Assume (OAc << [MOAGL, Shee Ky <001 C. From ta fOAE =) From (9: (HOAC} «0.100 M From (1 (a) we ane DaP «CIP 2 « (10,3013) + (0.3012 0.0 = conata a? + 6502-102 2 = [0.601111 « (0.200182 + 0.90 toh wn Conan? + trya? © oma? «302 U2P Ve = {¢0.20121 + (0.3010) + (0440912) + (0,201001/2 = 0.50 (a) w= ta I3F + t502 12? + ena? = (60.019) + (0.60 + 0.10106) + (O.201(1132 = 3.3 (a) wn teat yar + t30g 312172 = [10.2004 + (0.20114)12 » 0.80 (od w= (Omg? 2? + COIL? H2 « (10.4014) + 19.80) L102 = 1.30 fe) we Cea 3P 6 CerHAFI2 = (10,5018) 6 (1.5012)102 = 3.0 co) w= IL? + Cer, U2P V2 = (12.0010) « (onan «3.0 fol we (CPs? + CrP uz? « wo yF ie = COLO) + 1.0104) « (5.012912 » 9.0 (CHAPTER 6 sep = ft) «1.00 1079, mis 48 Jess thon 0.01, so we Egttion 6:20. op fygt #09 fogs # HOSLURC.O 0741 « (2.00 2 03h) + 0.015, a7, w = (10,0080)(1)? + (0,0050)(27 + (0.0020)(3/7}/2 = 0.02 mis 15 20.01, so use Equation 819, From Recommended Reference 9 sn OBE 6s Gg = 4s Byy + 94 Mag 22 100 Fygr = Cast Peo.cad AIzC2 + cof33)¢4310.025 4 = 0,062 yar = 90867 chp fy 2 « Coste Presastnts + (s3ano.saiy «02s fgp,2> + 9°56 Hog Faye = (10.51) Fr 0.021 FIVER 6 (0.3511990.021 0.46 fypbe = 0.35 re v= ((0,0020)(17? + (0,00201111/2 = 0.0020 Since w © 0.01, use Equation 62% “9 fygge = sista ro.cozarties » (0.020) = 0.022 0.0020)(0.95) = 0.0018 4 w= [10,040 )117? + (0.020)(27 2 = 0.060 Since > 0,02, we Equation 6.19. Fron Recoomended Reference 9 in Chapter “ = 110.s1u2Pro.o tries + (0,353¢410.060) = 9:37, 2 10, 109 f, cr0, fexo,? * 042 acgo,?= = (0.020)042 ) = 0.0086 MCHAPTER 6 PADIS (ayy lay © CHD Fy) fey HEKON = Ky yet ye to) Ky = ago Many = OMEGD fy ALOFT fey I) 21 (0) Hoaon = HP + Bana” Fron kavendix © feonstants at y = 0), 3 1075 go = (Name YH) (2102115.0 4 10) 0 6.3 10" Iephect x comared ta C, witch Js = 100 x 91 xes6x104M iH) pH = 30g 6x 104) 2925 (0) w= (0.200)01 5 (0.050/12P 72 = 0.15 From Recomended Reference 9 in Chapter 6, aye = 3 lop tye = (10.51) Pious area + (0.3319110.15/ typ = 0.82 = 0.092 frm com ttecee Fn Ono Os Aaa * - 100 Famer» onstitaPro.asitsita + (0,33116)(0.15)4 « 0.12, Teens” * 9-77 At w= 0.15, HKU ialytly) KUT) K+ (6.3 ew y0.81M0.7 « 1.0, x 104 (2100018.0 x 1077 ~ x) = 1.0, x 1074 solving quacratie fermi 2266510 we OH) 0916.6 x 104) » 3.18 ry ‘fata CHAPTERS 22, See the CO forthe spreadshoet setup 23, $e the CD forth spreadsheet. The formula for f= 10%(0.517Zs cu?" 5140.5) 24 Soe the CD forthe spreadsheet. The spreadshoet aloes values a 0919 fork (vs. 0918) and 0.713 or SO; (vs. (0.719). The slit erence is cue to reuncing in the sna easton See the CD torte predates (8 and). The spreadsheet values wo 704 {ork (os 0792) and 048 for SO (vs. 0.419 26, See the CO forthe sprovdshoot cleulaons, Pretlems 16,17, 18, and 16‘cuapTen7 1. A stong eecrobieis compel ionized in saluton, who a weak electolte is only arly ionized in solution. sighly soluble satis gonraly a strong eecraye, because ns completly onze i solution 2 The Sronsea ace.tase near assumes na 2 Bids a OION donee, nw ta9e & 8 _broon acceptor. 2. Acaqugate acai th protonated fom of «Bronsted base, and @conupate base ‘he nla frm of a Bronstes act Conugate acdl= "+ conupate base 4. Cobitp + HOAe—> COHAHgt «0c conugate acd CoH NHECHACHENHy—> Cog” + NhacHaCHaNrgh conjugate base Inthe Lewis theory, an als is an electron accepoy, whl 2 base i an elec don 6 (a) pw wlog 2.0 x 10% = 2-0, 2 1.70 0H = 14,00 = 1.70 4 12.30 (0) pits tog 1.30 10" 6 a= 0.11 = 3.89 POM = 14,00 = 3.89 © 10.22 (6) BM = top 1.2 » -0,08 om 14,00 ~ (0.08) = 16.08 (3) the concentration of 1143 stout 100 tines less then the concentration of fron the lonizatian of agter. "Therefore, the’ former ean 86 faglected snd oH» BOM » 7.00. {pH flap 1.2 x 10° » 8,92, witch 1s SMalinet | ie a mien (2), The conteitution fron water 15 appreciable, Therefore, ose K, catoulate’Zts contribution. amet Hp Pa * or ‘Fron the quedratie equation, x» 3.5 x 10°? 4 tH) = 2.4107 0.4 x 0" pir = lop 2.6 9 10°? «7 0.45 » 6.55 (slishtly cial Owe 14.00 = 6.55» 7.45 2, (0) pO + 109 5.08 10"? 2 - 0,70 + 1.30 12,0 a1 e045 = 0.55 ‘oratleaks CHAPTER 7 ty ct) 220% = ol x 10 2.8 10! we Die 14.00 = 0,55 = 13.48 (6) 60 w 2309 264 « -0.38 10 Assume 1.0 at of e8ch is alxed. PM = 14.00 = (00.38) = 18.38 eccess Nah = (0.30 MX 1.0 mL = OOM x 1.0 mt x 2)/2mb (a) mast calevlete contribution from 1,9 0410 mmot/? mt = 0.050 dpe oor sox wex POH e log 5.0.4 1072 = 2-000 2 1. iw 14,00 = 1,30 = 12.70 60113.0.2107 6 x) 2.0 x 10! 11, Assume 2,9 nt. volumes. x4) of acid solution = 1.0.x 107 4 Fron the qusaratic equation; x = 2x 10% 4 1H) of base solution « 2.0 x 10 fore) « (2.0 « 107!) 711,0 x 10") « 1,0 x 10? FOr) = 3.04107 0.20 107 but 107 4 DOH 2 109 3.2.x 107 #7 - 0.81 = 60h 4.00 = 6.49 « 7.51 excess bese «(1.0.1 102 Mx 1.0 me = 1.0 x 10" Wx 2.0 mt) /2mL pe 29x 10? mmol? am = 4.5 x 0 MO 3-065 = 2.35 fe) pO = “109 3,7 x 1% 3 - 0,57 2 2.83 5 BO « atep 4.5 2 10 14,00 = 2.35 = 11.65 phe 18.00 = 2,45 = U5? 10 we tar) = 5.5 «10 (OF) «(2.0 x 1012.6 4 20°, te) tor) 1.0 x 20°1/10.20) = 5.0 x 10" 4 - 7 re ol fe) (Hf) = 1.0 1077 4 (HE10, £8 neplighbte) WtP esse lords tax? y Oot) «2.3.0 1077 A a 7 ea (0) (oFI = (1.0 x 0711.9) « 5.3% 10 4 bi + atop 2.3 10"? = 7 = 0M 2 6.68 ta) Ot) = 07. WP 345 ey WAH» pom = 13.60 PO «13460 = 7040 = 6.20 to) wf) 210 21 ew 63x10 WOM 14 OD = (ane) = 17% 2 10 gt 5,5 x 104 ter wht a we, 19 x 10? t=) 6 19. oy 225x104 to wd (5.5 « 10"4Fitvone) = 1.75 « 10% ores te) td (net = 1.75 «107? 4 (replecting (n°) in the denon(CHAPTER 7 Sontzed » (15.3 x 104 5101.25 % 10°21) x 100N = 3.28 15, 90H » 14.00» a2 5.53 C07 w cry) = 10%" « sor? x 10° " BM, = lop 3.4 3 30 2.6 x 104711020) « 3.8 x 107 a = 10.47 16 Let x = concentration of seid (0.035¢)7/t2) » 6.7 x 10 120.554 100 g/t = 0.55 malik. 100 9/0.55 nol « 18, 9/01 WOH" DProp" EH Prop) = 1.3 x 10° (e1t1110.28) = 1.3.x 10% xe taxw? 13 = 0.26) « 2.78 18 meg + Heo = RH? 6 OF Ky = Cry 1OH H/C) 4.0.x 10!» tax1H10.10) 263 10 POH = nog 6.3 x 10° = 16 - 0,80) « 5.20 pM = 14,00 ~ 5.20 « 8.60 18. ICIS tH) M0; = Hf + 10, zeiot rrr CHAPTER 7 (aMAI10.1 = x) = 2 107 since K, 16 large, the quacratie equation must be solved 60.201 - 0,2 + 0.28 = 0.02 « 0 x2 (0.2 « A02y? ~ (ANNO? «17 120.07 Me CH") oo log 0.07 = 12 = 0,8) = 1.2 2 sd, = 6 1607 180) = W602" G The total OH)» (504°) » (50, (0604°) = 0.0100 ~ « tet a (50,27. then (WY « 0.0100 « Ky = USO YEH T 1,2 #10" Ky 12 vot very snail, so x Js probably aporectaple and can't be neglected (0.0100 + s)x1/10.0100 = #1 « 1.2% 10°? he quscratic formula must be vstt ta for at 0.0 1,240 0 45 (09.022 JOGRP = af 2x72 « 0.00tg GH") = 0.0100 + 0.004, ovate 21, Fron the Agpenatx, Ky = 0.129 Outowe ¢ x The initial concentration Ls much J exuttlon mat te solved. 8 than 200 Kye $0 the quadraticCHAPTER 7 2. Ey 26 ITH) » 0.129, (aItx11(0,100-4) » 0.129 a? 5 0.129" - 0.0129 = 0 2-012 «Masia? MOG « 0.061 hg HO = Rg? 6 210% 5 10 2 6.34 10" rig" HO D/C)» 6.3 x 10° (e1txy/10.20) » 6.3 x 10 eS x 107 Me (OF) pov # og 3.5 x 107 «3 + 0.54) = 2.46 bi = 14,00 - 2.46 = 11.58 tore = H+ nee sve 0.0806 0.0806 (9.0306)(0.0306/¢ « 1.75 x 10°F 9.0% 104 eo 1.75 x 0% c= 0.019 4 he oe ee (since © > 200K) Assune 1% fontzed at 0.100 6. Then x s 0.00100 (0,001001?/(0,100) = k, = 1.00 x 10° CHAPTER 7 Fear 24 fonizes (dowoles), « » 0.07006 (0,020) Ie = 1.00 x 10% 09 « 10%? 5 1.00 x 107% = 0.025 4 Terefore, must allute Ht é-fold. Igy + NOOK = NasD, + 24,0 mol Hs805 + 20 mL x 0.25 M x $.0 mmol (mol NaOH + 25 mh x 0.20 M » 5.0 oro These are stoicnfomtrielly eel, 305.0 mb1 £0," {5 formed in 65 aL. (009°) = 5.0 mol/45 mk = 0-12, smo /m may + 2p = Hypo, + OF oul non (40 5)E09°1/000)°) = ky + KyMKy = (1-0 x 10 eo mom. e801, H 10 4 y7¢6,4 x 10°19) « 1.6 x 10°F enter 110.11)) = 1.6 x 107% i 3 wens 10 or, toa Equation 7.32, (raw ATER NOI) = 1.35 #10 PO» 2.88; pM = 14.00 = 2.88 » 1d OF eos Oe OF Ore A G 7.2 6 10 1a x a0 (NTE IIIOF) = Hy = Kyle = 10 Cay > 100 Kye o's neglect compared to 0.010 » and use Equation 7.32 ‘02. CHAPTERT (0 = ay «Aran aan io 0h = 3.83: p= 14.00 = 3.83 «10.57 Kg benzoic ae 710.010) 32108 GgigCO0™ + HO = CggCOOH » oo Fron Equation 7.32 (since C= > 200 Kye (OW) = ARLE GOT Meta x 116.3 x 017 x 0.050 = 2.8 2 30 POH = 109 2.0 4 10°F « 5.55 pit = 14.05 ~ 5,35 « 8.45 fy prttotne « 3.7 4 107 Cig + Heo = pighon + Hs Cys ? 100 Ky, 50 use Eaustion 7:39. = ee secant lec pie lop 1.2 x 10> » 2.92 mol H = 0,25 Mx 12.0 aL x 7 = 6.0 mmol mol My = 1.0% 6.9 a = 6.0 mol e's 6.0 m0] Of Mig" are formed in a volume of 10.0 AL. (001°) = 6:0 mmol /18 mL» 0.33. 8) = ALO 6 1070178 IO Nw (0.3) = 34 10" Bhs Slog 15 = 5-015 = 4.85 mol (Ot = 0:10 Mx 20 m1 = 2.0 ool mol nag = 0.10.4 ¥ 20 mt» 2.0 ool ws 2.0 mol of neDke are formed in 2 valine of AD AL. 55 NLT 1071) «0.25 12x 0H CHAPTER 7. one} «2.0 mo1/e0 mt cor) = fia. PO = 6 log 5.3 0 6 = 0:72 = 5.28 14.00 = 5.28» 8.72 050 105.75 w ION» (0050) 5.3 x 10 91. Whig #84 = HLS» We form 0.10 nol 1000,¢70.50 pevig? + Hep = ng « A Cr OHIEH TE") = Ky = Kyl 0x 107/91 «10% = 14 x 10% Cpt > 200 K,, therefore, ‘ U1 0 AR Sgp « Ad «1 0.) = 4.7 x34 pH = 3.33 22. gel OHIC00™ + Hyg = Cyl onicoOH + OF oo le ghgl coon OT VIE gh OAIEGA™Y = Ky = KK wilt ox ge > 200 Kyy tnerefore, tony = Vii.o% 10° 10,0010) » 3.0.x 10"7 4 POM = ph 2.00 (salleytic acid 4s, strong evough that at ailute concentrations of sts salt, the extent of hyarslysis is neplipible.) BO eH Ker 1.0.x 10% Fron Problem 26, Ky, © 200 Ky, 50 we can't repiect x. 7CHAPTER merefore, solve the quacretie formula. Thts gives for (xitaN/E1.0 » 10" ~ x} 1a x a0": ko (OH) = 3.1 4 10°F 4 (the ryarolysis Le 51% complete) Om» 4.515 ht wou eH o.oo x sume second Jolstion Ss sna. CI ENP oy, (asta B.01004) 12 #207 © € 20K. ‘Merefore mt solve by qucratie equation He C12 210 M12 OPP ~ afo.2 EYE @ 2.9 210 = lop 2.9 x 107 + 2.84 28 Pe np a + OF cor 1 x sume trterPyrlys of 16" 13 epigte. HOPED «hy Oy) + 10 1" iy 1s small, 50 x can be neglected compared to 0.0100 M, and the quearatic equation reed rot be used. Ol 7 OH » 5293 pH = 16.00 - 520 071 1103.9 x 10° ) 0 2.6 x 10°% = 5 x 10°6 w 96 Tis 1s an anphoterse salts wee tere pe pe OF hye Ky se CHAPTER 7 tle AR «Aa W039 10" PH» 10g 6.9 x 10% = 5 = 0.84 = 4.16 a ryarotyes: Peper +o ower + + Kee Ry) 2 20 x 1011.2 x 1) 8,3 = 6.58 0 The equttfbrium therefore les significantly to the right and the quadratic equation must be toed to solve for te cegres oF lonivatioke . 4S VEOH IIES?°Y (11x) 10. 600-2) « 8.3 a fe ‘ Poa 4.520 £4 (8.3 « faa — Gag)? 0.55 H (92% hyarolyzedt Strong base) Om = 109 0.55 « 0.26: pH « 14.00 - 0,26 » 13.74 8. F02° hydrolyzes. From Equation 7.87, Ky = URy/K 1 1110.8 x 107%) 90,2 104" 10P0,2") = 1.0 «107 0.02 Since the equltiortun constant 15 cot very sna, te quadatie eqation must be used to solve for the osgree of onization, ‘If 7 x= (08) = (90,27), and (00,2°) = 0.500-8, thon: (0711(0,500-21 » 0,021 xP + 0.021% - 0.010, = 0 se (0.1 a asi W202 « 0.0 4 log 0.092 = 1.08; p= 1.00 = 1.0» 12.36 28, HO, $5 moratertc, For Hyy Ko 4.3 = 10"? and ky = 40 x 1H Since the oifferance between these Js larye, we can wtite for HC, oe 5 2 eerchapren7 pM x wlog 4.5 x 10"9 = 6.38 15" ts anphoteric. Ba Fw 1.0, x 10" 12 x10 tH) 1 wre a ay f WP Hep = Wy + oF 55x it 7 M4, 1? Keygen Me a0 2 1810" (une, of te angst sete, i?) The olfference Setecen K, and K, is large, 50 on 10 AR, saa ae pit = 9.06 pi = pha + 209 (C00 VHC00H)): oka = 3.75 pl = 3.78 + 109 (0.10/0.050) » 3.75 + 0,30 4 4,05 (mol Ny = 0.10 x 5.0 = 0.50 mmol ‘mol HEL = 0.020 x 10.0 + 0.20 amo ‘mol Wi," forted 0.20 mel mol excess My = 0.50 = 0.20 » 0.30 mol Gh = ka 8p (often aeeptrl/iptoton ear) = (ky) + ep LV O) 0 = 4.76) + 109 (0.301/(0.20) » 9,24 + 0.18 or, fran eqution 7.58, PO # 4.76 620g (ty Mtg) = 4.76 + Log (0.20.0.30) « 4.58 DH = 14.00 = 4,58 © 9.02 5.00 = 4,6 + Log {0.100/tH04e)) (90h) = 0.058 4 CHAPTER 7 ‘mol HRC = 0.058 H x 100 at = 5.8 anol sol NaoRe = 0.100 M x 100 aL = 10.0 mod mo NaOH acted = 0.10 Mx 10 mt = 1.0 mmol After agatng Naot: mol Wake + 10.04 1.0 = 11.0 mol (te » $.8 = 1.0 = 4.8 he 4.76 + Jog (12.0/4.8) » 5.12 The pi Increases by 5.12 ~ 5.00 = 0.12 48, mol ¥ORe » $0 aL x 0.10 M= 5.0 ao}, mol NaOH = 20 mL x 0.10 M mol = seol 10Re converted to OAc” mol Hoke Jeft + 3.0 mot pi = pk, + 109 (CORE™ D/CHORED) = 4.76 + 209 (2.0/3.0) = 4.58 46, mmol My = 50 mL x 0.106 mol 5D converted to Wi," 5.0 mal 25 WL x 0.080 Me 1.25 mol x2» 2,5 enol HY = mol My mol My left = 2.5 mol PK, = Aly = hy = 14.00 = 4.76 9.28 DH = ak, © 10g (01g}/08,") » 9.24 + Log (2.5)/02.5) = 9.24 “7, From the pl of the stomach cantents and the pk of aspirin, we can calovlate the mole ratio of the Lonized to un-iontzed forns: bit = ok + 109 (mol A° mol 1) 2.95 = 3.50 + Jog {anol A /mel HA) (me 3° me 1) = 0. mol AT = mmol Hx 0.28 6(CHAPTER 7 te total mol of each form £5 650 ap/280 (ap/mmot) = 3.6, sol enol 18 + enol A 3-6, nol 18 + 0.28 x mol = 3.6, 1.28 x mol + 366, ‘mol i = 2.8, mp 2 2 1), WR available for sbsorstion, 68. ey = Ky = Py pH = hy + 209 (C1 HOCH) 3/10 Mg) 7.40 = 8:08 + $09 (LCHOCH,) yt)/C1 000g) 5") C0) egy ety) = 0.2L = (Cre / C18 J 001 HEL = 0,504 x'100 mL = 50 mol +. must acd enough THM to form 30 mmol Tawi", plus enough excess tO satiity the above Tatio. 1p mmol 180 apf Total Ty = 50 mmol + x mel. ( mm01/50 sno) » 0.21 x= 10, omol TM Total THM « 50 + 10 = 60 smo) ng Ta = 60 anol x 121.1 mg/imol = 7,300 a9 * 7.3 9 40, in this case, K, of the at{d {5 large, and,the presence of the added salt, Tr; wll not superess lonfzetion suffiefently to noke x nepitgfble, wos we 0.1006" our x (4 1.0.4000x)/(0.100-x) = 0.129 a2 5 0.228% ~ 0.0129 + 0 a Sees CHAPTER 19 (0,229 0 10.297? = a0. N12 = 0.46, TnLs compares with 0.129 M (CH) Rd bon steed ep, ow ay + top (CH : mp3) aye Nbc og 292 pis 2.92 9 (010/020) « 292 «0.9» 2.42 51 a, 0 CPI.) since (0) » (107), Phe ok, = lop 3.9 4 10°F » 5.41 52. Hw pi, Jog (C02 I/tH90,-)) 7.45 » 722 + Jog (CPO, EH FOgT) (00,27 + (Hp0g7 = 3.0 «10°F Solution of the tvo simultaneous equations gives: two 2) 220 10 (pop) = 9.6 6 10" 58 B #2309 CHACAICHA CA) 909 0.10 x 0.070%0,10 + 0.070) 1095 moVt per pH (or 10.5 pH per moll. acd or base) ‘The volume change canbe nepeced when adcing 10 mi. aise base. The HC! ana NaOH are auied 1000-14, 1 0.0010 M. For 10 mt 010M HC Co = eC yy = 0.0010 11095 M perp 011 pape For TOmt 010M NaOH, eH = doggy = 00010 WO 085 M pert 2011 pH= do 8 aCHAPTER 1, RAK) OMG] = JOACT = 2909 CHACAMICHA + CX) 10M perpdt 2303") 90868 HORE = [OAC 55 Let ne MMEZPOy, y= MHP, te hve 90 unknowns ang need tro egvations. peuree? paam 3 2 (Me DOL « (9021.27? « CHL « CHPO_ ILL 0.20 = rte? «2? + wae + aD e ?) onary pil am + 209 10170, P00 4 72 6 op (xy) 10H pos)) . Solution of the the sinultantous equations for x and y oives aa ap 2a a aR CHAPTER 7 0.057 4 Ne PO, y= 0.030 N HH.p0, 159 Naf q = 0.057 Hx 200 Hx 182 mg famol = 1,620 09 19 10,F0, = 0.030 M x 200 ML % 136 m/e Bh Lat MIO Oy y= H HPD, roncttnte ang o0es not eantrioute to the Sonic strength. 12 HL? « CHgOg IAD + 0.20.» 12tat1? + HAP) 2 x Wap, = 0.20 4 19 KHL fO, » 0.20.4 § 700 AL x 136 moma ¢ 5,400 6p = £20 mg = 0.82 9 Dit = pk, + Lop (Cnr 7,)/CHP0,3) 3.00 = 1,96 6 log (0.20/y) 0.018 4 HO, DH cone. Hy # (0.85 9/9 soln x 1.68 9 setn/RL)/( 98.0 g/mal) y= 0.018 1 04015 mok/nt = 15 smal 15 Mx mk 0.018 Mx 200 IL cone. Hy = 0.26 mL 57. From the sepenaix, Ky = 1.3 x 10 1 Te equtttocia $0, = H+ 1505" a W807 =H + soy? 2 The total concentration of sulfurovs ald, Cy 9 + 15 stven by ie a a + 0805" + £4,895) or using the equil{oriun constant expressions to solve for the varlous sulfurous Sele species in femme of [4580,) and substituting in (3), me reach = {503 6CHAPTER 7 igs, = My Ky fMgSDSIVEHTPD 6 (CH SOQ)IMCHD) + 0805) (4 vis * aa fh503) a fh209 05) (4) fran vated ey t: Ug + yp MOH) = hy fy JOP oy YotD (at pt 4.001 8 sinileriy, 2 = Cypo0 ) SK MPD «1 OHI, te 1 = Faso a % Woe ysogMESO PD = 1 6 OIG, « OPP IKy Ky Y= 2 a 14,505) HM. } = 0,0100/138 = 7.28 x 10 79 ie 4 (0480477 « Gyogq /(1/e.} + 0.0100/1.06 « 9.43 x 1079 4 37 Sugs0,/0"9, psyl (8) = 0.0100/21 = 4.8 x10 58 Capo, FO) + IHFOCD + (0, a subststute in (1) for the varfous concentrations to soleing thst for a |. From the equilibrium constant expressions, temns cf (70, #02") = 10100", 2) (mpg) = (OPIOID « (OPE, KO) 7 a cH yg) Substituting tn (2): Cargo, * CPP LPO ITI 1IKy Ky ky) + COMPO P DAK, Ky 74 afaghy! + OMOEA) Ito, TE) = POET KRy)—— + (cnt tro 110K, ) + (60,2) wh 3) seen, maleatyng By Ry Ky a. thy My By) 18 8705 aKa fey CHAPTER +P 002 ipa peas 4 (cut Pea} + ky CH PCHOGD + Ky Ky CH 100) Wf, af OPOD + Ky Sh af O WS) iw agi 2 “Substituting this in the cenoninators of the ay expression: a x, ? KK, (4) yO Mog) * ata MOP OFF 0 Ky 3 m and op, oF else ve can use (6) as the enoninator for a, and a, and sustitute (3) or (2), respectively, for the rumerator. The result gives Equations 773 ond 7.74. we can take a sintlar approsch for 5B. L005 Fp © O35 faye = 0.76 KP 2 7.2 x 107 wy = oor cme x * = 0.0200 Kye = (CHIEOND fy Fg CHEN 7.2 x 10719 «Era xs(0.83)10.767)110.0200) kati) = 68x10 9 6+ HDs BH + Or Kyo = Bagg = tay lhy & tay + tay M8 (BHD Faye OP) Moye llO) = Ke fagt Foy er(CHAPTER 7 81. The estem pose pH = A76 at 109M HOAc. Tiss used asthe reference point or the slope 1 07+ lt fro HORE) otog {OAC1. In srogyais ston, (HOAe} 10 ani strongly ailing soliton, [OAC] 110° ML AtgH = pg» 4.76, HOA} OAC] = 6x 10° Ms ans OAC} = og [OAC = “290, The ]ansog OH canes an 28 nF 7.2(0°73). Using te sbove ala 1 plot the canes oho: ‘See the CD forthe spreadsheet Soup and chart ofthe logog cures. 68 CHAPTER 7 ‘62. acid souion, = [OAc From the plot whee the Hand [OAC curves eos, og 9 CHoAcKe * OH ng (103. 75" 178) oH log OAC) =-7.76 + 0H For ght 2.00: og OAc} =-7.76+ 200= 576 fore} = 10878 = 17x10 A sini vae estates tom Re pig ogra. 64. See CD, Chapter 7 Problems for spreadsheet consricton of malic ais ogo) arom using apne vues. 6CHAPTER 65. @) ° In malic 60d soluten PF] = [Ht This eccusn the graph a pH = 3.33 frog} 3.33), and fA] = 10° pe 4.510" MAL ni (AY) = 10 M «10810 ‘and H-AT= 10° M = 56x10" M, (Sine [A*]16 << HAT, wo con more accurately cakulate tha th relate [HA = Gan [HAJ = 3.02108 — 4310" = S510" close tothe graphical value) Ina malate schution, {OH} = (HA, rom the hyciolysis of 2, This occurs al pH = 2.05 (ov log [OH] = 5.85). Ati pH, A® predominates (he hycrosis i smal), and ik} = 108 M110 eA] = 10°" = 20010" Kay HATNA Kags He YR Invry 2 soaton Hell Cpa = 10° From Kay BT Karun Lep(HA'T = 09 Ky Cyn + BH =e (4.0% 10°10) « pl =-6.40 +o ope = +1 forpH < Pay Check he tow. 03M Apt 4, en T= Inver ate soto, 2] Cy From Kaa PR] = Coed Mae fog HA = 0g CygaKaa) BH = 9 (1098.8 108)- pH 2.05 ph spe «1 orp Pap ‘AtpH 10.05, ten gH] 2-8. heck te owe. a oa) é & # » @ cHapren7 AtpH> pKa. a88ume NePOP'] = CHapog= 107M etety speaking, tis ‘ere hab betwee he oes, ef endpoint fhe Hey aon. From Kg we dene eo aPOs) =o MPO Dy 2 log (10°53 10°-96) « pH op gpd «108-584 AipH296 lg = 4.00. Tages ih th HPO, cure ‘AtpH between pgp and py assume [HPO = Crseo4= 109 M fue ‘ony at econ nd port tration of HyPOymivaybetnen Kaz ad ps) From Kg We dhe og (HPO4T= tog HPO egg -pH og (10° 107-12) - pt a hgPO{]= 412-90 _NpHA.12 49 C= 4:0, hich epee th te HPO," cue Aig beeen pK at Mya assume IMpPO4* Cy spo, = 109M. Pramas ke a P04» KPO, +0 nlog (10°7:12)(10°9) « pit og (POP } = -10.12 + pH Api, ©» £00 wh ages wit ee ApH bean rb Kan 28m HOP] = Chrys 109,080) From Kg we dere 109 (PO, 309 Ky MPO += (102 109) 6p leg P42} = 18.32 + pH nCHAPTER 7 n tpi 1082, 9 ‘exgressons are approximations fa hold closes othe mipoints between the ky valves. The pls bepin ocuve athe extreme pH values. 5.00, wich agrees with he curve. Note that thes {58 See the CD forthe spreadsheet satip ard chart tne HPO og-og dagrams sing sia values onAPTER 6 is 1. 2. This fe te on rnge rewire to change che catia of {AlmYCIOD fron 20 fo 10/1, the ratios at when the eye perceives the color of only oe Torn of the indestor 2, Its transition rege mat fall within the sharp egivalence point break of | the Hiertton corves em, then pw eeponence pine. 2M pe my 45, Alkaline, ‘aca at eed pont, we hve a solvtion of » Salt of a weak seset RNR Senses Sue 5. For ly W511, meth ree, For H0ke vs NOK, ptenotphthatein. ; ‘ : - i 6 60g 4 bees out, renoving the 1036/0, butter system and altotng ot to ‘ Inerease to tat of 4 #€05"solutfon (CH) » AEG). The ot then 6rops sharaly E A the end point. a t 2 met 5 8. The eitference tn their K's mist be > 108, Hg. a petnary standard $s one whose purity $8 tno, A secondary standard 18 oe Those Sort st annown ands stancarditg apeegt a praary reandarés A } so. awison fms n etn when an amp substance, ich tn ino i undergoes rtm ase roe acd rut bec a. 8 11, Prt play cote 10% nivogen 12, ytrochore acid isthe prefered tant because mot chionides are soluble, and ‘thas few ss rescions 13, Mey * [654.2 mg THAN/ZL.14 (g/amo1)9/(36.57 mL) * 0.1060 ama ns coe + at = ool HE) = 2 5 meh My 14, Reaction: coe” + 24 + HCD, .*, meet HEY = 2 5 meh Maye Myer 7 {232.9 ag HaGC05/108.99 ag/anol) x 2 mal HCI/amol N2;C05)/42.87 a nae aCHAPTERS. 0.2025 mot 3S. Myagg * C068. 2 9 18 7204.22 mgfonal 32.47 ah = 6.288 mel fol 16, 1 mmo} ACI gives 1 mmol AgC1. yey ¢ (156.2 09/189.22 mgmoT3/10.00 my * 0.1178 mmol 17, 8 + myo = BH + OF pO! + ox, + Tos (Can*2/083) : To sue acté form: pee ad ty # 209 10/1) = 15 = Be To see base form: PH = (8 phy) # Tog (1/10) © 13 ~ py toh © CS ~ phy) C3 = ok) #2 ‘The eransitfon 15 around pil = 24 = ak. YB, Dats POH = Tuy 0.100 > 1.00; ph = 13,00 10,0 aL: mmol OF Teft = 0,100 M x $0.0 mL = 0,200 4 x 10.0 81 » 3.00 mol CCT «3.00 ma1/60.0 ot = 0.0500 um = -109 0.0500 = 1.505 pi» 12,70 25,0 mt: AID the OH” has been converted to Ht pw = 7.00 50,0 mb: anol excess WY = 5,0 aL x 0,700 4 + 1,0 mol/80 ml = 0.0125 PH = -tog 0.0125 + 1.50 9. om: Wy + AGAT + 40x > x 0.200 « 2.0 x 10 phe 2,70 10,0 mt: mol AT produced = 0.200 6 x 10,0 mL = 1.00 meet mot HH left = 0.200 M x 28.0.a,'= 1.00 mmol + 4.00 mol aoa CHAPTER 8! Ow = 109 2.0 2 $0°5 tag (Lonya.enh = 4.10 25,0 ml: mol A” formed + 0,100 H x 25.0 mL = 2.50 mmo} sol A left = 5,00 mmol = 2.50 mal = 2.50 mo! pi = 4,70 + top (2.50/2,50) = 4.70 50,0 a: mmol AT formed = 0,100 M x 50.0 mb = 5.00 mol in 75.0 RL ANT the HA has been converted to AT. CAT) = 0.0667 eury » 0 0S /12.0%e 10°99 x 0.0667 + 5.77 x 10" POK = $265 pH # 8.76 60,0 m2 amet excess OF" = 0,300 H x 10.0 04» 1.00 mol An 85.0 RL word + ome # = 3.885 oh + 12.07 WO amt: (O63 = ANG: Ax ED Otee +. IP pO = 2.685 oh o( 11.12 10,0 me: mol Mi? Forme = 0,100 M x 10.0 mL = 1.00 aol fmol Wy Teft © 0.100 M x 50.0 mL = 2.00 emo} + 4,00 mmo} me 0-69 1. RFA0°5) 5 Yop 1.00/4.0).= 9.08 25.0 ak: mo} iy formed » 0.100 45 25.0 me» 2.20 mel sno} ly eft + 5.00 2.90 + 2.50 et OL = 476 6 Ton (2507250) = 4.76 pl «9,26 50.0 aL: mol Nhy* formed = 0.200 4 x 60,0 mL = §.60 mno} in 100 m. ATT the Wy bas been converted to ni cig") = 0.0500 4 cH) » Aion 700.78 x 10 )y x 0.0800 = 5.35 » 10°F 4 pH 8.27CHAPTERS a. 60,0 mL: mol excess MY © 0,100 Hx 10,0 aL * 1,00 anol im 110 mt (HPD = 0.00909 5 P= 2.08 Of: caleutate oh from fontzation of first proton of HA, Stnce {HA} 15 dust equal to 100.xK, , the uatratic ediation need not be used 76 ct) = ASTRAT «Aon 10 0.100 = 1.0.x 102 mM = 2.00 25.0%: This is halfuay to the frst equivalence point and (HA) * (HD Gna (0.200 4 x 59.0 a © §,00 mol e2en) PH = pk, + Tog (CHA'I/EHAAD) = 3.00 + Yop (5,00/5.00) + 3.00 1 50,01; This is at the Ist eavivatence point, ANT HyA has been converted to tim : MA (~ 10,0 od tn 200 at. 0 AR = ox OF Loe oh = 5.00 #105 10" 75.08: This $5 halfway between abe twa equivalence points, and CHAD = C42) (250 at) (5.00 mol each) sayy Ton COP IEMTD = 7.00 + tg (5075.00) « 7.00 100.0H: An} the HAT nas been converted to A om 092) + 0.0009 4 a x (= 10,0 mae) fn 200 m) +p om oF comer ED = Oke, ) = 1.0 x 10-10 x 107%) «1.0.4 10" a, tora Aono soy = Aon pO 4.24: a» 9.76 > 0.0089 = 5.8 x 10°F CHAPTER @ 125,08: mol excess OH © 0,100 4x §0 ml = 5.0 mmo} fn 350 mt (250.m) * . (The hyérotysis of a 4s negligible in he presence of added a.) cad + 0.013 9 50H = 1.885 pa = 22.36 OTR Mase HITT «13110 y pi 8.72 25,08: mao} H4?0” Termes = 9.100 MH x 25.0 81 * 2.50 mol mol 10,2" teft = 0,100 M 3100 pL = 2.60 mol = 7.50 ano} H+ oy, + 108 Ce OgP/CHgO,D = 7.18 + Tog (7.80/80) + 7.60 $0.04: mel H,P04” formed = 0.100 ® x $0,094 = 6,00 ono} fmol W0,2" Veft = 10,0 mol = §.00 mmol = 5.0 mol oH ok = 7.2 2 758: mol H,P04" formes = 0.100 M x 78.0 aL = 7.59 ano) fmol 80,2" left = 10.0 - 7.50 = 2,5 anol pA = 7.12 + Yop (2.507-5) = 6.64 1008: amt HPO,” formes * 0.100 4 x 100 mL = 10,0 mo? in 200% 11 the 1042" has been converted 0 HPO". (H,P04") = 0.0600 4 aR ews «2.8 Sy PH 250%: mol HsPOy formes * 50.0 mx 0.100 5.00 mot mo) HPO" Vett = 11.0 + 5,00 « §.0 mo? PH Wha + Tog CHLPO4"I/CHSFOgI = 1.96 + 109 (5.0/5.0) + 1.96 ”CHAPTER 8 23. py + (€25.6 ob x 0.112 (moda x 136 (agen 2/ 482 4)? 100K = 79.2% nhs 90.04 = {CO1SS (enol fel) x x 0 x 2 (ome) LAOHZAmoT H$04) x 23.95 (ag/mo1)}/{293 mg)? x 100% n= 36.5 0L 25. (0,250 tmmobjak) x 25.0 aL = 0:280 (mal /AL) x 9.26 9L3 x 56.1 n9/nm0 + 221 ng KOH reacted. Siponifteation no, 221 ag KOW/L-10 9 fot = 201 0W/@ (£3.94 mol KOH reacted x 1/3 (omot fatamol KOH ax)/(2200 ng 300K + LOOK Fat Foeggy 838 mained 26, mo} atenine + mol N= 2ameT H,S0, reacted “ex alanine = {Clemo} 504 ~ me WOH = U2) 2 x CHCA COD ‘ng sample)) x 1008 + ((0.380 x $0.0 = 0.100 x 8,0 x 1/2) x 2x 69.103 12900) + 100K © 62.85 27, Stangardlaation: net revetion $s gq + HCL AMHAET + HD m0} HOY © 2m 8g 38.3 mb 6 2 x £390 091/(192.1 mg/nmo1)2 Mey & BBS ab 2 # £90 Mey = 0-150 4 protetn/100 at = {¢0.180 Mx 15.0 mk x 0.01401 g N/mmo} x 6.26 9 proteins ¥9/(2.00 Lb} x 200 at Perey 18. anal HgPOy + 0.200 M x 10.0 ab = 2.00 mo? mol HEY + 0,700 (25.0 = 10,0 aL) = 3,00 mnot a (CHAPTER 8 MP0 * 2.00 mo1/100 mk. = 0.0200 YC) + 3.09 mtyion ot » 0.0300 4 23, The First end point correspones to deing 2H co 0,2” ane the Secon end point (28,1 ml Tater) corresponds to adding 1 wore HT to C032 plus titration of the original 1005" mot 00,2" + 0,109 Wx 35.7 mb # 1.71 mo} mol HC07+ 0,109 W (28,1 = 18.7) at = 1,35 mol agg + (C71 al 106.0 mga) (S27 mg)} 280K » 3446 Mateo £(1,35 mo} x 84,0 mp/mmol)/(527 mg)) x 1008 = 21.5% Beg Meey + 0.280 Hx 15,2 me x 105 mg/mal = 409 9g 1g MeOH + 0.250 H x (26.2 = 15.2) mL x 40.0 mg/emel » 110 mg BL. Myey + CUETT 1g NapC05)/(106.0 mg/onet) x 2 (enol HEI/macl NaC0;)1/(30.0 mL) = 0,300 mova The fiest end point #5 shorter than cf 60,2 anly to HC05". The second end point corresponds to titration of c0,* in the form of 4€05°) plus HCD,” ortginalty present 8 H,009. sw} hay60g = 15.0 mL x 0.300 Hx Ltemot NaCOg/mat HCL) + 4,80 anol The sane volune is used to titrate the C032" to the tecond end potnt: fo} NaVED + (36,0 = 18,0) mk x 0,500 4 x 2amol NaHCO/am01 HET) + 6,00 met In this cave, Ghe (iret end goint fs Tonger than the second and corresponds to titration of c0,2- to HO,” ptus OF” to 0. The second end point corresponds to titration of only Oj? (in tne form of HE05°) to HCO,CHAPTER 8 sro Haj005 = 10.0 ab x 0,200M x Hamol NapCOg/mmo} HC1) = 3,00 enol smo} NaOH = (15.0 = 10,0) aL x 0.300.M x Ifemo} NadH/mal HL) * 1.5, anol 33, Let x + mg 8205, Then 0g 112005 = 150 x mmolye * Ngacq, 2+ M5 co, x2 nc * "5000, 14,005 Insyaco,!*eaco, iafmet?2 2 (mol HEV #3005 00945 60 EL cp, (9aMO1)I x 2 (mod HEV/Imel Liz605) 3,009 "11,005 2 0.320 8 (morn) x 25.0. + ( Mggy (87.35 eg/mol) x2 + E180 ~ 2) 0554 9 /79489 mg/imod) x 2 104 1 + 62.6 ng BaCD, ¥ Bato, = (52,61/4150 ag) x 2008 = 41.78 ME. Let x + mg Hyp Og. Then m9 P05 = 405 - 2 Quad Typo XE ME ADHIMDT HPDQ) + mo Fs 1 4 onal Noazmor #0) * 94 204! yapo, (fend # 2 + (0p o,/F epg (g/mol) x Ost ro 0,280 W (oman) A.5 WL» x Oy /989 Cason D2 ‘i + (C405 ~ 2) map 9/2419 (eg/amot)) x 4 Poe x= 20, mg HO, H HgPOg = (10, 99/405 99) x 100% = 25.9 35, See CD for spreadsheet and graph of tration curve 80 CHAPTER 9 1. Aenolaing agent is a ype of complexing agent whch the complexing molecule has wo cor more complexing groups. 2. Chelation tration indicators are themselves clang agents that form a weaker chelate wih ne trate metal on than does the tant. The rant places al the indicator ho he ‘metalion at the equivalent pony, causing te clot veve fo hat ofthe uncomplexed oer Fg. nero witcha cnn oe sap endpo. Ts bed ain canta ih ex, a edocs a te EDTA i dice et drome ase. Te ETA ances ¥ ‘eng the magnesium in order to correct forthe decrease inthe effective molarity EDTA } dn nucee nt negro, : 44 Aer iing, we start wih 00060 M CaP" and 10M NOs’ We neglect he amount of Facto, Aegon veh: casos « canon? Try neglecting x compared to 1.0, bul nt compare to 0.0050 Icatogy*yCe2INOg) « Ky= 20 atCHAPTER 9 (o.00s0.ny(s\.0)) «20 x cea?" = 0.0017 {eaiwo,)") * 0.0080 - 9.0017 = 0.0022 4 5 Let en 0,04, en + Ast = Hatem)” a 8 01D. Cagien*D/Cenncag") = 5.0 x 208 Assone x 5 negligible canpared to 0.10, Then, (ouiosean(a «5.0 108 ween 12 ¥ © Osh Bom + tah Aalend® oiex x 010-x dgyiny #6 0.20, 50 (es0001o99) 008 n+ 2.0n 105M» (Ash) 7, The eouilibrta are A503), + AatS,05)" + 8:03" AgtS,0,)" + a9" + 5,058 for ecanplex with to Tigands Csinllar to Agi)" == s€e Equationt 9.20 azz}, we cateuiate that By = Mey 2 15,0 ae ESPs 8 CHAPTER 2 By Ky by SS, 2 We Ky Sy C49" » Geb = (0.010010245 5 10" a(S 058"1 = Cyy = (000 part 7 ThaKS 0591 + Gyghy = (0.02009(2.24 x 10°) » 2.25 x 10°74 {A5(505)2°°) = Gye * (0.01009(2.00) = 1.00 5 10 The silver exists alnost exclusively at the ¢t-thiosulfate complex. 4 (2) Fron Equation 9.12, Mag 1+ G07 /05.5 x 0M) + Cao F2/C06.9 « 107 + cao AP yc¢2.2 x 1076.9 «10°79 ¢5,5 x0") + cao H/C .0 x 10%) (2.2 « 10} (6.9 « 107F)¢5,9 x 0S? a ag = 2.5, 10 Kee Hyg = Bato 2207 x 2. () Vey * be aor HO0705.8 x 107M) + cc10"!)2y/¢06,9 x 107 = qr? 5.5 2 1077 (42.2 x 10°95(6,9 x 10°7965.5 x 10°42 + cca fy cc1,0 x 1072) 202 0 0" ag = 0.35, (6.9 x 10°7)¢5.5 x 10°99 18 7 ky 2 Rye = 10 x 108 x 0.38, = 2.95 x 10! 8 (a) Kgs 107 (2) pe » lop (98242 = -t0g 2.40 x 10°2 = 1.60 (2) amo) PO start = 0.0280 x 2.0 AL = 1.25 amet soo} EDTA edéed * 0.0100 M x 50.0 mL + 0.50 mot mol Pov?” formes ne mol Po tertCHAPTERS CHAPTERS - 10, From Probien 6, 0 = 2.5, x 0" neglecting dissectation of br", Keeknge 5.00109 2.55 04s 1.25 Hence, at pM 2, the fa - EIA chelate is very weal. In view of the large sitferences in the’ values far caleium and Yeod, 12 should be possible to, Exevate Teas’ In the presence of calciua. Pb = Tog (0,75 pmot/100 mt) = 2.32 Ca Statenionetete anunes oF 90°F ang ETA + LaS wot AP ATS wl = 7.38 1 1%, 0405000 $00.0 mb = (Fg Mai 2101/(372.23 mse) 1» 9906 mg » 9.26 9 Malgt 240 12 Mega # 8-26 m= (90.2 ng C000 aha) Megta © 0.208%, 1, Titer © CxO BTR. Since the reactfon J Isl, mol CaCO, mot EOTA soot C2085 = Yoora Mapra mg £0005)70100.2 (m/e) = 0.100 1 1,000 + 01000 mat a Cady 0.5000» 10,1 » 10,0. age EOTA wnt anne +2 (7.t0 10° = y/C ODD # 27g AAO TMA OT HEAL 61,60 x 1075 W CeDPag eb = log 1.80 « 10°” + 6.00 cay Gor D = 128 owt 250 4 = 5.00 4107 wot excess £074 = 0.0100 fx 200 at = 00100 Wx 126 A + 0.75 amo} ' ; & i 01/250 WL * 5.05 x 1073 tye £8.78 mon 250 mL» 3.5 x 1 ¥ f 7 5.00 x 19°3)/¢902*903.05 x 2079) = 2.75 x 107% & rt) = 6.052 10°F 14 water naraness + mp GaCdy/t 0. The miTMgrans £0604 3m 100.0 AL (2 ak) « ANvtH the water hardness. Fron Problen 19 , 0.100 M EDTA ts equivatemt to 10,02 3 ph + tog 6.05 x 108 = 7.22 pet © Yon 6.99 ‘Ag {BCUs/eL, 50 001000 EDTA 1s equivalent to 1.001 9g CaCDy/aL. uv w) Baa i ) 3a)2 00 j Lepr X 1:08 (mp CHODyfmL) x 17 OL/L © mg CCO,/L HO * water tardiness ater pareness/n EDTA » 10,01 (mq Cao ft H,00 ab. SOTA 1a) pro e 2.e0 Los an (002 2) pf 12 (as in (211 15 Hoy * (532 g/85.4 (wg/ma01/1000 RLY * 9.90986 mcm nage wah Moog, * £100 akg x 0.00866 (ROOT /ALIT/ (10.8 Mey) * 0.00896 mo? a, ecg + 9-0RWBE me ROTA x 22.1 a EDTA x 40.1 Ca/meal = 4.34 09 vamcg * AGMRG * 4.34 05/1.50 x 10" (a) ream (ays (pov # 7.18 107? tan x whats 3.948 107 (1.44 x 070%) 2 3.99 4 1075 oft = tog Lady x I = G07 y= 2.89 10? pom Ga) Foam Gale Spt Belg BOF, CPAPND = 9.00 4 I 6.00 x 1072)/008279(3.0 x 10°) (at) 42 ol a | 3 pre « top 4.2, x 10 = 17.7 2, 4x 1077;CHAPTER 9 86 16, (0.00122 ¥ x 0,203 mk x 40.1 mg/maT]/10°> (1/100 pL) + 9.93 mp Ca/dL serve 9.99 mg/d + 99.3 mg/L (99.3 mg/L) /(40.1/2 eginec) = 4.95 mea 17 AKON © (€0,1026 Mx 34,95 al x 2 (mol OH Jenol Ag") 65,32 mgfano11/ (472.3 ng)) x 100% = $8.79. 18, EDTA titer = 2.68 ng Cady Moora * (268 mg C2C05/100,1 (25 CaCOg/emo)3441 aL EDTAD = 0.0269 smo Iggy titrated = 0.0269 mol/mL COTA x 2,67 al EOTA x 63.5 mg Cu/amol + 4.55 m9 omgy * Ma/L = (4-56 (mg/50 mL) x 213 LD = 3.04 agit 12. Magnog), #1HE M+ L008 H 2.00 mL x 1/2 om M903) fem MAC? + eee Moan, * ome # (ng-halt mk serum was diluted to $.00 ml and 2.00 mt (40.05) of tnis was taken for titration, of 0.200'al serum: img CI"/L = (0.00964 H 1.23 ml x 2 OT Camo} H5(NO3) 4 1 g/mol x 30 m/LI/(0,200 mL Serum} «119 mg/L serum 20, See CD for spreadsheet and graph of ooK values. 2. See OD for spreadsheet and graph of tration curve 22. See CD for sprwaeteat and graph of beta-vlues. See * % CHAPTER 10 The solution ie asted for opm pring conditions, and the analy is precipitate, clgested to obtain a pure and fiterabe precftate, Peed, washed io ‘remove impurities (witha voli eecraige to prevent peptizaion, cried or ‘pnt toa weighable form, and weighed n order to caleuite the quanti of anayyte The relative supersaturation (OSY(S), @'= concentration of mixed reagents before precipitation, $= solibity of prec, lost favorable recptates ae obtained wih minimal supersaturation, and the von Weimarn rato predicts hat tevrabe precptatin conditions are oan by precptating tom dive soli, slow, wth string (ow 0), and rom hot solution (ign 8). The process of allowing a precptate to standin the presence ofthe moter favor, (ten at elevated temperature, norer to obtain purer and larger crystals. Surface Inpuries and eral crystals csscve and the later repreiplate on the larger ysl, resulting in more petet ana age: estas See answer to Question 3, and preci a low a pH as possbe to maitain ‘uanttaove precipitation. Coprecptaton is the carving down wih the precipitate of normaly solute constivents nthe solion. In celsin, foreign ons are tapced in he crystal as ‘grows. These ave ctu fo gti olan repecptation may be requed. Impurites adsorbed onthe surface ofthe precptate can ote be removed by Sestion andor washing. Poet preipation ithe sow prectaton (ater a esd of time) of anomaly insoube prcitate. Itcan be minimized by tering 1s socn as possible. Isomorphavs replacements the formation of mixed cysts of wo sats tna are chemical sitar. i ict fo eliminate. a tl eee enerCHAPTER 10 : 7. order to remove he mother quo and nonotatiesutaceimpurtes and replace them by 2 vlatie electro 1 Inotder to prevent pepization (lomatin of cotoiaa parties) of he precistte “The electoye must be wale atthe emperature of cying or ition and must not essove the prcipiste 2, Organic precitation agents produce prociptates wih very lw ‘solu in water that nove very fovoablegravimetc factors ‘Since the organic reagents have high molecular welghs. Depending ‘on the reagent, slectiy an be high. Sakbity 6 be acusted by pH conto 10.9 Ma = 9 HaS0y H (2HA/ME,S0g) = 50.0 x [2(22.899/142.0] « 16.2 9 11,9 82504 + 9 MapS0y x (BaS04/Na/$04) = $0.0 x (233.4/142,0) = 82.2 9 12 (As ,05)/ (24958804) = (297.8)/2(462.8) + 0.2138 (2Fes04)/(Fe,05) = (2(151,991/189.7 » 1,902 (01/28 gghgd = (94. 200/2(388.2) = 0.1316 (38i0,9/ 69151505) = (3(60,08)3/278.4 = 0.6476 18.9 C40 + 1,60 x C(4CU09/Cu5(4505)-245705 CULE M0519) + 1,00 x (4079.5407/1.013 + 0.314 9 9 R50 * 1-00 x £1385,051/C05(8805) 245,05. CUIC,Hg0p)) + 1,00 x (3097.8)3/1,013 = 0,886 9 44 kor = Ulg Ase x (484)/(A980)2/ag sonia) x 100 = (C8E4.5 x (119,019/(187.7009/823.1) x 1008 » 98.665 45, 9 Fe + 0.4823 x 0,9969 = 0.4818 9 9 Fest = 9 Fe x (Fe,05)/(2 Fe) = 0.4818 g x (169.69)/(2 x 55.047) » 06988 9 16. EAT = (9 ALCGHgIND, » (AV/AN(CH,080 92/9 sampled = 100% 18 Ea CHAPTER 10 0.12 9(26.58/489.597.021 9) 108 «ona Cutest the mnt of ian reured oe 10.0 m9 Foy wa Fe = ng Fe0y» (2 FelFeoy) = 100.0 99 4 (2 4 S.08/08-0) «6 The sinseus fon content #6 118,40 65.58 m9» OOO + 66 ng mintum snp nese 9M = 0.12 92 098 » Sly g BC» Duty x (2 C1/MgCIg) » O.My x (2 x 35.070 mot 1” 2) * 0.085 9 smo} Ag" = (85 m)/(25 eg/ane1) + 2.4 ano} Total mot fg" to be addes « 2.4 + 0:2 = 2.6 anol 0.300 Me x aL = 2.6 mmol X= 26 mt Aono, am, + (my dgPecl, + Pt W's My = Cg PL x (2uLyPti/9 sate) x 1008 + (0.100 x (2 x 17.039/195,31/2.00) » 1008 « 1, C1 o5 facl x ceryAgciy/® 9) x 100% Since % UI 9 A961, these cancel. Thus, 1 + (35.45/103.3) 100 + 24,78 g Assume 1.000 9 of 89504, 50 the Fes, fs 10.00. (4,000 x (Fes,/2885049/x 92 x 1008 = 10.00% 11,000 x (120.01/2(233.49/x 9] x 1008 = 10,008 2571 g of ore +9 830 yegco GQ) xsys ams 4 95CHAPTER 10 (2) (BaS0y/8a0) + y (C080,/C20) = 4.00 9 (258,4/153,3) + y (236,1/56.08) = 4,00 9 1LS0e + 2048y + 4.009 Solution of the simuitanecus equations gives: 10,95 9 800 ye 1.05 9 cx0 8 = (0.95 « (197, 3/153.39/2,00} « 100% = 42.58 Ca = (1.05 x (40,08/56.089/2,00) x 100K = 37.5% 23, Assume 100.0 9 sanple. x + 9 C250, 9 (280, + 9 8280, = 100.0 + x (€4/C0504)(1/2)(82504/8a) = 100.0 ae abe + (40,08/136,10(1/2)(233.4/137.3) + 160.0, xe .38 2504 = (79.98/100,0) x 100K = 79.96% 24, There are two unknowns, and so there must be two equat font, seg Agr ys 9 abe a) xe y 2.00 (2) 9 Re from AGC) + g Ap fram abr « 2,200, UAa/agetd + ¥ tag/Ager? © 2.300 g + (007,8/248.3) + y (207.9/287,8) © 1.300 9 0,7830x + 0.57659 = 1.300 9 Solution of tne siou taneous equations gives: x 0.686 A961 y= L188 9 AgBe ST RRR AUER CHAPTER 10 25.10) hy « Cashier] . yp * Cla It10577° 0), » ua MI0,°7 (0) Koy # Chg? 3080 9? (8) yy > Cae RAsCeHIy"T Sie pega « (0) Ky = Contraco yy = ose? (7,98 x 10°? g/L /(580 g/mo) = 1.32 x 10 ea Bit, = a1 5 5 2 ca) = 1.32 x 10 ‘ CD #9132 x 10S yo 3.98 2 a0 Hyp = CON C19? (se x 10°8)¢3.96 x 10°5)3 « 9,20 x 10719 BD, Aagerdy = 2agh 4 C4042" os ash sccr0g?y © 1.a x aor? (asv%s) «ta x 107? 596.5210 Ugh = 265x105 «1,34 104 2 (er9, = 65x 105% 28, mmol Ba* « 0,100 x 25.0 = 2.50 eno? mot cr0,2” = 0,200 x 15.0 « 3,00 mol + 2.00 = 2.50. 0.80 omsi/ad m+ 0.0125 ¥CHAPTER 10 aacroy = 82°" + cro,? 5 (390.0125) 24x10? e022 xr0/ 0k « (2.4 x 10°!),¢0,0125) = 1.9 x 10° 2a, castro, 10,29 = (1.3 x 10°2)/(0,20)2 = 1.3 «9 7 20, For 90,5 cag" 00g) + 1.3 x 107 tags = 2Yir9 x 10°)7(0.10) « 5.1 x 10 For or: 10 ash ce] = 1.0 5 207 tags + (1.0% 107%) /¢0.10) + 2.0 x 2 31. AKOHy =A" « SOM pwhyorP=20 10% (oroyorr# =2x 10% jorr)= “(2x10 Za.10= 6x10 po=op6x1011 = 102 pia 140-102238 Hence, (OH) wil form when he pH just exceeds 3. 2. CHAPTER 10 ayAs0, = 285" + aso, wos cag" cas032) 10x10 (3%s) © ox sean ios thaghsog) = 1.4 x 1076 2.4 4 20°% mote x 0.25 L x 463 g/mol = 1.6 2 10° 9 Ags A:Dy Let 5 = sotubitity of Agy600y ‘ hagerd, = zat + ceo? a s+ 0.10) cag %er0 23 » 1.1 x worl? can %ont0 +s) +1120? Assume s ts negligible compared to 0,10. Then, 0.40 Fo tts 10 senreio ye maw at a at Mey = te 2c cs 6 cota?) «a x 10° cttne te 6x0 (te) 4c? 18 (seen? «4 seoxwey sexy *. Compound a $8 nore soluble,‘CHAPTER 10 eee 25, 81,53 + it + a8 Let s be the solubility. Then (8177 7 cess y= 1x 10" estan) = 1x 107 sa dag x 10" gs = neh + 8 Let be the solustity. Then Cig?*) = CS waPtaest a = 4 x 10°88 coe 40 se 6x om BigSy 18 4 107 times more soluble than St 6. fo pore than 0.1% of the 8427 must remain, a € 0.20 ag (19 100 eb). After precipitation, 822) « (2,0 x 2079 mg/m) /(137 mofmmol) = 1-8 x 1 coxttye ye = 1.7 x 10°% (1.5 x 18s? = 1.7 x 10° 1s ow Tis concentration of excess fluoride fs attainable, so the analysis in principle would work Kay MSO wag Hr get CerO2 IF UB) yy taht teres CADE gg LEH Mero sofa Koofaattso,2 50, + Keofage craze 5 een ry (CHAPTER 10 98 y= 0.0375, From a calculation using Equation 4.19, f,2* # 0,502, fog 2 + fag feof 0.485, From the appendix, f,, at zero ‘onte strength (K,,*) #5 1.0 x 107 gp + C622*350,2 796g 2H sg 2 SOE 250 2 1.0 10°19 + copcs¢o.st29(0.88) s2 200108 y wate, sce 001s + ee x = 00s yp #10082 t,2, op 7 COPY fe Beat 2 Kepheatety-? socal + tettie? Fron the appensix, KygP # 4.0 x 10° Kp * Bap" feattfe The solution contasns 0.018 H C2iND), + 0.025 M NaNO, (neglect mount of 1h tolution). wwe coat? + 0 ay? + eo, 309%) + 1/2 [(0,015)¢4) + (0.025941) + (0,040)(1)9 + 0.062 From Reference @ in Chapter 8, as agit 6 a From Equation 6.19 In cha a8, Fett = 0.465 f, 0.76 Hyg * (4.0 x 20°45 7(0,469(0,76) + 22g x 10720 (oveasy ony? = 12g x 1072? peer iws c) (6.7 x 20° wo/L)(0.25 9139.0 g/mot) = 4.1.x 10°4 g F tn solution 9CHAPTER 10 “ao, See ho 0D forthe spreadsheet. Tha caleulated value 16.200% POs, For (0.5267 9 sample and 20267 9 precitate, the %EP:Os's 1455.9 ‘ss, See the CD forthe spreadseet and graph 42, See the CD forthe spoadsnest ant graph. 143, See the CD for the spradsheet calculation. CHAPTER 11 The Votbardtraton involves acing excess stander sive irate Scion fo a cle seluion ana then back ang he excess siver wih stand peassum thiocyanate soluion, The Agc pretest removed by fiat, else nivobenzene i added prevents reaction vith SC. The indicators Ee? and ine end polis masks by formation ote red FASCNI?* complex. Te Fala tratonimvones the rect taton cf ehoride. The end points marked by adsraon ofthe indicator, dchoreRuerescen which causes to um pink Dein sack to mini coagulate end pot ‘The Vohard method must be used for sro 38 sation, because the acsorpion ‘nicatr he Fajen rato 00 shay sociated in 200 slton forthe aio fom 1000 aserbes The nies tom of inet, when nas. @ charge oppese et fe rang, becomes sored onthe sutace oe procotate wih ef op of xcess at, The excess tian! impart a chage lo he precptatesulace, which tacts the indestr Jon. The adsorbed neater has a otra aiteret am the nonadsorbed lndestor,possby du 1 complexation wih the rant inthe precise.CHAPTER 11 @ fron the mending Ky of Hgl0, = 2.12 10° and Ky of 10, ©2107 The causitbria ane Agl0g + Age + 105° a oy +H = Hoy @ yy 7 C48°1105°) » C4808 o sper’ 0, 58 th traction of th total foate (Gyy,) Wak ists as 205 ‘ten, +s thao. #2 Belt he = 8% 10, here {5 the water solubiTity. First caleutate ay eo, 0) + 07 “ © S| pot, cmrog) = cH2CI05 37K. 50, SM C10, Ie, + £105") oN beuo, +o fic sine © Mes © ts 6 uy Sg 052 + OI 11 18 (a 8100 yp) * Gad WP as) = sar 1H Cs] + Gag, (TMs ts only increased from 1.8 « 10" Ain the absence of abi6, since M10, Ss fairly strong seid.) ay = 0467; 89 #1 = 0.67 + 0.33 1195 T= (21x 1074 (0,67) #15 x 104 8 Saale A tareCa ‘CHAPTER 11 (W105) = (2 x 10740035) = 69 x 10 Q Fron ie penn, hay Cay + 4.0130" ane 2 6.7 2104, Te ceuliira we caf * oe Faaw ca Ky + £002 P02 op (02a (wince (6°) = Gee) 2 be gle Kay! = (ORIG = ses As 9 the preceding problem, va «Oa, 02 = 20? avasiouadg ep 2 0 x 107) (1.54102 (oa)? CAs 62x 10°F = cata = Q note et og Since Gp * 2x 6.15 1079 = 1.2) 4 10% ve 3s (1.24 » 307%) (0,993) © 1.2) 6 10 2 e (1.2, x 107%) (6,6) 0 20" 8.0, x 10 Essentially all of the fluorice existe as HF and Sts concentration {s twice hat of the calciup.” about 124 of the AC] vas consumed tn forming if fecatculation (reiteration) using 0,088'H Wel vould result fn’ minor correction tn the calealation (5 + 5.6 x 1072 5 Fron the woendin, Ky of POS + 82107 agg, = 9.1 x 20-8 Ayr 12 x 10 for 48. The equtionse are tg cs ns ents? a Seat ease @ Isto Ks ° °°CHAPTER 11 Hyp + ores? 2 + C82 sop @ Bae we ayy! = OPP yg 25 o " is ve caevlte for the eipatie acl tht ay = (OHI UEW? +k, CHD + Kg) = 1.00 (For 0.0100 H act? aD KD) " nO, CH DICEHT ok HD + Ke 8d x 20°F "1 i 1 e esr? ok, OH 6 Ky ky) #10, 1078 Be Mag + KO yD # hy 00 5 ta x 10°%8)7¢1,0, x 10718) = 6? s Bs se tyro ye oo Gs : 5, 1m) + Eggty + ay AL 6 oy WF ) 9 25x 1071 23 5 167 + Gyan a 8y9.1 x a0 5 (2eg 4 10°F). x 1071) % 2.9 «0 2 51 Cyt Virtually a1 the suitide 45 in the HS fore, Were ome mpensin, Kyy of AGC1 18 1.0% 107%, The eauiibete we aged = ast + cI" a Ash + en = atom)” @ Agteny” + en = Aatenig @ yy + AGTHEN] + Chg C6173 “ KyylBy + Kap! = SyghcI™3 = 92 “6 For a complex with two Tigands Csimtlar to Agitiy)" -- see Eat fons ‘oz0-9.22) at calevlate tnat a 2 By * My Ky end? +X, 0 Me ef 1) = 16g x 10%, (For 0.100 M end By = My Con z 10 hy CemI® + agtend #1) = PD x 10 cy vee CHAPTER 11 Re LOOTED Ry Ke Cond? 4 ky Ferd #1) © ff Fy Lon? ony fd #1» yp! = ode 107 yc1.4, x 106) =e 3 5 #8421 We cy «Ce: WW? Ogg = Cond AS"D + CyB = 18.4 x 10°9302,45 x 10°8) « 1,25 x 10 Ceaten)"D = ygBy = (0.6 x 10 D07.1 x 10%) = 5.56 4 10S 4 Eagtendg"D = CygBp > (8.4 x 10°%)(1,00) = 8,6 x 10° The ogee aes ‘ 20105 = Aa"+505) log +H 03) Hai von Hog hi eng ‘The equim constant expressions ae Key=Po"Og = 312108 ” Kq= 05 Hg} «2107 @ Keys OOH = 1.00104 ° The mass balance expressions ar: atl 1051+PO3}=CH0, « Af} = N03] +1041 - Og 6 ogi=0100M © The charge balance expression i: 1+ (at = 105] + N05] + OH] aCHAPTER 11 ‘Tere are sic ukowns (OM. (NOL IMIOgl 051 Ag‘) and 6 ncependont equations. ‘Simptiying assumptions: (1) Assume {OH} wory sat. (2) Assume [10,6 small compared tH since Key sl (9) Hg itlege, dts te aid. Lats assume, tov, ta 10] >> [a0 Le, ay >> ast actualy 67% of the etal ee Problem 3) Wah ince assumptions, tom (5) and (6), 1H) 0:100+(0H- 0g x0. 100 o From (1 Hotes ; o From assumption (9), (Ag*} = [10g] ot I= Kg fta"l-31210%4gh1 (10) Wal= tax sot Tne compares wih 21x 10M calcusled in Probl 3 being 14% low because othe _assumplon hat HO coes nt om (wtichinereases the Sob). Tobe more cored exact slain ofthe simutencous equations i needed owe can eacategy (tls 0.67, so [hid] =0.53 Ag" and folowing frm (9) and (2, atl Regt HO «Kel 089A") = (2.110% 0 300/210 "yo 291494) Mgt 28 e104 The same ceained ty substiing 0.67 Ag") tor 105 = HAPTER It Eauloca: Pos 22 Po se SPH cus HSH ets Exiivm expressions (PPS? a hag 8x10 o (HIPS T/ HlyS) = Kgy = 9.1 x 108 @ DIS?) Was p= Kyge 124 108 ° ‘Mass balance expressions: 7 [PP] = 19 44 [HS] + (Hy) @ WP1= (07) +1001) 1-08) ® (erreaor0ou, © unknowns (Ro?) (S1,[HS1 [SH [OK and 6 indepenent equations Assume: (H"] >» (OH, [HS'L ana[H} and gS} >> (Sands Then rom PoP} = eS} Fens) Dry -00100% Caste (0 From (1), (POP +] of o From (9) (921 = Kad WHt] ° From 2h, HS] = Ky PSH] = Ka POPE) o 12 Je Kaya PO YOHP (10)CHAPTER 11 © 108 Suesmang (10) 97) PP Regt Ppa, = 10x 108 1.001 107240. 1 109.21 1054 = 7.9. Ope) Sohn. Po] =2.7» 1054 This isthe same sewer a catiated in Probl 8 autora ‘gt +en=Aatenit jy =tAaten')/Aa'on)= 50x 104 0 Aafenyt + n= Agen — Ng Kgl} /thtonytfn) «4.4% 102 @ Aactehgt +r Kop =IAQ'ICT] = 104 1070 o ‘Mass balance expressions Lenk = 0.1000 Agen *)- Aon) 0 (g*T=10F-ater")-Aatengt) 6 (ory =(49*t + (ater) tAatong) Charge oatance expression Aa") hater} «Aafia = (Cr) S unknowns: gt ate? Agreng fen 1) ow S independent equations ‘Singing assumptions: Since Ky and karat age, assume fagir/y'| >> (Agten)] and Ag) ICE) Agen" = sob of Ag = § [Assur solubity ¢ smal and 30 en] = 0.1004 From (9) Cr = Key PAs] =5 ” From (1) ofan l/K fon} 5 From (2) (tent =Aatengtt/Kten) a 10. 1 the CHAPTER 11 subst (0, ag" = (aslo KeenP = (CTI KyKelen (10 [Or] = KegKretiderPACT ler = agiakglen? = VO Gx ORO TNT ax TOE TOO 944109; ‘isn same subi catulated in Probiom 6 Not than bt rol 6 ad vs oe, ne neglected ne ano en consumed (= 2 18.4109 = 0.019 evieg 0069p. We cous rete ete oben seg new cancotaton len ora $= 20 10° At erat mg Cl in sanpte = (0.1180 1 18.bo wf = 0,101 M x 2.38 mL) x 25.45 agama) = 54.38 ag (54,34 ng/10.00 ae x 10? aL x 10°? ging = 5. 8 oft In order for AgsCry to precipitate, the Ag” concentration 1s given by 26% cas"Fr0.0010) = tao) + 3.20 10° 4 . This must cone fron the solubility of AgCl plus, excess titrant, cateulate solubility of AgCi tn the presence of 3.2 x 10° Ast, pects ash ec sexo 5 (3.2 x 05) = 1,0 x 107 5 = 3.1 1076 = (Ag) produced fran the precipitate. Totat mol ag’ = 2.210 He loom 3.2% 1079 mol ag? fron ppt. = 3.12 10°F Hx 100 mt « 0,31 x 10°? mol excess Ag" fron titreat : 2.100 Mx xe + 2,9 x 10°) mot x= 0,028 mk excess titrant 105es (CHAPTER 11 12, S00 CD for spreadsheet and ple of tration curve Sse PAR CHAPTER 12 1. Anexidizing agent takes on eecrons tom a reducing agent. The former reduced toa lower valence stale and te lates oxitzed to a higher onan state 2. The Aemst equation dens he potential ofan electrode ina solo containing radon couple: a0 + ne = bred = £0. (2.308 ATF og (Rea fOxP) 3 The stand potential (9) she pola! ofan electrode m8 sotto eat to the ‘orm nycrogen electrode, wih al species at unt actnty. The fom potent! (£2) the _otental of an electrode under specied soln cantons. 4. Asall bridge provents mixing of two soluions but alows charge transfer batween them. 5. Normal hydrogen electrode (NHL) or standarfydrogen electrode (SHE. The standara potential of he half reaction 2 + 2e"= Hp is rotary deed ws 26r0 and a ‘other potentats are eted 10 this 6 Apoor regcing agont. 7. Abouto2—-03 8 They preict whether there is sulci cing ore i, potenti) forthe reaction, but they ay nothing of he rate one reacton. © 03 HOI Hg? Hosea MsAsa4 Ge? co, Zn? KE GM. He8, SnBe, vOF,F, Ag, Cr, Co, HECHAPTER 12, @ 0218" 0g (a) Fe ~ cxf He10,) (e) Hys0, = oa, to) Fe" ee reg,, or, wet 12 tap ecrre” (b) PUT, 1605s Ty, HUPt fe) ania y0F icy (a) PtIM,Se0y, S002", HTN Chy» CI /PE 18 (a) 2) (b) fg + FO* 6 CI” = Age « Fe se rerdge «2 6 pec?” + 201" (0) 308+ elo” + a 30d « cr” + yp (0) 2s Hpy eB a 1, HD E5182 = (005818) Jog 06,1" Hooray) toy a 124 08 x oo 3.2 x 10" € 52 ~ (0.059/5) 109 £40.20)!/2/¢9, 9013.2 x wf) 2 tey B sie 1st aoe es, 15 ts tre ited oy py oF vat emp ety ‘Slice both CII and C1") are brow, use ths couple for celculatiens. fmol 15° forser = mol Hyp, at stact « 0,10 x 10 = 1.0 mol Cy = 1.0 omeisi00 at» 0.010 4 7 3 ' RL ROE CHAPTER 12 (17) = 15.0 4 90) = 361.0) mOI/00 mL = 4.5 € = 0,536 = (0059/2) Joy (CPU, 1) 4 0.536 = (0,089/2) 20g ¢t4.57°/(0.010)} « 0.419 @ £ + 260 -10.089/2 109 tener? ter Patera?) ve co scsume [1°] = 3.0.4 since the atount used Jn complexing the Pt is small” + E = 0,68 ~ (0,059/2) 109 £(0.025)(3.077/(0,015)) = 0.65 ¥ ® temp 2 + omy Veet a ie = 0.259 wo» ao tet ue We me, 0.589. cau? assuring 1 ak each, oe ave 0,1 mol of 10,2", 0.1 mol of WP, ad 0.2 mol p50, (04 mol Ht) In 2a, ach atttinole ot %* will react with only 112 mol of wo,2* and 2 mol H", so we have an excess of W0 12 mol of uo,2* and 2 mol Hs fw, ne] 10,2" = 8.100 = 0.050 = 0,050 mmol Left/2 a mot u** progvced = 0,050 mol/2 m. 0.0 = 0,20 « 0.20 anal Lofe/2 a. mol Ht 10. vanes cancel forthe ilu secs, 0 w cn ae alinoles: 50.4 (0.09121 eg (t/t002 004) 0.334 = (0.059/2) log [10.050}/{0.050)(0.10/"} = 0.216CHAPTER 12 a since the ptcl/Ptcl,?* potentials the more positive, Ptclg! will qxtotze 7", or subtracting the second half-reaction (#ultiplied by 2) from the St to gles satltlve feqyyy the Feaction fs echo 8 MEAP PT bag BO OBEN YA EY 1a. 19) Exay * Etre ~Faaoe © 22 = (0091501 109 (ca gitsoy Pea H?) ~ 045985 + (0.28972) 209 urPiigy 1.20 ~ (0.089/30) op £0.0100)7(0.100)¢0.30017) « co = 0,56 + (0,059/2) log 10.200) 40.0001] = 0.57 ¥ (od Egy # 2034 ~ (0059/21 op (0/000 10) ee + 0.089 tog (01? Ee) * 0-584 = (0.059/2) log ‘140.0500 170.200 (1.00 4) ell = 0,222 + 0.058 09 (0.300) = 0.071'¥ (0) Eggyn + 1St = (0.089/5) 209 tcon?*y1¢6004- 1047) 1.25 + (0059/2) Jog (CEP) 51 ~ (0,059/5) 10g [10.100)/(0-0100)11.0 x 1077/4) Felt 21.25 + (0,059/2) Jog (0,100/0,0100) = 0.09 V +cat ee = SAS 20. Oyo Wo = Oo HD ew m 2g ait 0 20 a UM * 5 0.54V uo, « ant + 2 ip eo 2 0.08 2 ‘sustracting (2) from (1) (multiplied by 2) ofves 2 positive cell potential tea tance, he spontaneous reaction? 20, Hs oo? + woe 1 + a 20" + woz Freq #100 = 0.504 = 0.67 ¥ CHAPTER 13, The quia junction potenti i the potential exiting at @ boundary between two dieser solutions (e.g, ata Solon sat ridge Interface). Mis due tote unequal secand extraction, 0.074 x 7.4 = 0.85% sosains, = Two extractions with half the volume of organte solven st extraction 2nd extraction: Bra extraction: 308 rensins 0,30 x 30 = 9.08 ronains 0.30 x 9,0 « 2.7% renatns CHAPTER 18 92.6% extracted first tine, leaving 7.4%. ts moreCHAPTER 19 1. Chromatography is a pyc method of separation in which ihe component o be Seperated ae Ssibuled between tno phases, one of whichis saionary, whe the ‘ther moves ina detinte arecton. 2.__There i an aquibrum dsribuen ofthe solutes between two phases one mobile ‘and one stationary. The sous ae ekted fromthe statonar ase by movernen Of fhe mobie phose. Due aferences in the dtritution equi lor dierent slues, they aro elites erent rates. 3. Ghvematoprapitecniques incude sdsorpton, parton ion exchange, and size ‘resins Ga chromolograpy ulzes the ret wo, whe lau chromatography itzes ai four 4. The van Deemer equation describes H 8s @ function of veloc of carr gas or fivent H'= A810 + CO. Ais the ec fusion tem, he melecuerGuson form, ‘and the macs transfer tenn. 5. The Goisy equation spots fo open tubular columns 1 does not contain the ecy dinusen (a) tem since here no pecking. The Huber and Kor estos conta ems th account or mass arti beh the satonay one ts pose 7 Wa 86 (05.57 «2.25 1? ples = (3 ft 412 dite x 2.54 em/tn)12.25 x 10 plates) 0.041 carpe & sak bese xidths wil] be 15 5, wien the cso pis are dust resolved the peak since’ tie Siffereee, between thetr retention tines. is 15 5, The umber of Hecretas MAS tlt to elute Be last peat ts tent = 26 (00/157 » 70 plates The col Jeg i 10 pletes + 1.5 enlplate = 1.0g «107 on CHAPTER 19 2 Were 36 (tela Hue UN = 300 emN (Use of ty! ofves t affective thecreticel plates) inin te! " HM foniplate ley 120.2 431 20 0.123 303 ee 2300 0120 ne 53 350 ollie ar xB B00 5012 ed zo Be et i830 7 az teao The optinun flow velocity ts near 75 a/am. 10. Calculate theives betwsen the peaks, and trom these the number of plates ‘needed to obtain he more cial ne, nest4oe 132 26515 ° 149 Peaks A and B are he poorest resclved, and so separation factor of 1.328 needed. ‘The moan vale ofthe two peaks is (140*'€5)/2 = 62. From Equation 19.30, te umber o plates required for he separation i m= 16C.05711.9241.3241)F 1 6244/1. = BOP es required. Hence, compounds & snd 8 wont qu be separated witha resolution of 1.05. The ‘ctl resolution of the te peaks i= Ry = 4800)"11 32-171 221. 8840.6244)] = 0.96 11. See CD for spreadshee! and chat of van Deempter ple,CHAPTER 20 1. _ The stationary phases sold ar guid and the mobile phase isa gas. The sate exit into vapor sat, usualy accomplished by heating, andl dsteules batwoon tho Stationary phese and the gos phase, 2. Allgases, most novionzed organi molecules up to C25, volatile derivatives of ‘nonsoltte compounds. 3 Gas-soid and ga-iguld are the wo types of gas chromatography, 4. Packed columns can have 1,000 plates, and @ representative 3m column has 3.000 pate. cata ct (NCOT, Np hes 8000 plato, ard 250.000 plates for @ 80 m column. {5 Wall coated open tubular (WOT) columns have thi fm of stationary phase on ‘he eapilary wall Support coated open tubular (SCOT) columns havo sol Imiropartices coated win talonary phase attached othe wal. They have higher apacty but lower resolution. Porous leyer open tubuiar (PLOT) columns have Soka article attached to tho wal for adsorpton chromatography. 6 _() Thermal conductvy. The aiforence inthe thrmal conductivity of he carer {928 and the carrer ges lus solu fs measured with @ Wheatstane bridge, a the sole {Beluted. Sclutes generaly havo a lower thermal conductivity han tho caror gas. A Caer gos with 9 high ermal conduct is use, e.g, Nek or hydrogen. 1) Flame lonzaion. The cuted solutes are bumea na hysrogen fame fo ‘roduc ine which are calecd by 2 par of charged electrodes. The reutingcurent femeasured. This dtectoris nsenstve fo war, along Separation of sles in aqueous sluton fo) Elecron capture An electron source elcticl or bray) provides @ preselected current to an anode calecto Compounds which capture eecrons caus0 © {crease inthis curent, whch i recorded. A cemer gee with alow exctatin energy is tied, suah a8 nirogen or hyarogen, to prevent onzaton of compounds 7. (a) Thermal conductivity. A goneraldetoctr wih rtatively ow sensu. [b) Flame fonzatin "A goneal detector with high senstvy, about 1000 times that ofthe T. © detector. {e) Electron capture. Spectic foro lmted numberof substances wth high lection capture any,» 9, clorne-conaining compounds. High sens. 8. Alower intl temperature can be used so aster eluting compounds canbe btior resolved and higher temperatures for mere stongly reained compounds go they elite fastor nh lose broadoning. 9 Forfast GC, use 2 narom, shart column wth hin stationary fim and a ight cer 988, A ast sponding detector is equved. (CHAPTER 20 10, The detectors a mass spectrometer, which ceetes fons and fragments that aro {epersted according to thelr ase charge ratios and thon descted By an electron muti. Mass spectra from inutual cemategraphic peakscan be recorded. Drowhing dfinve ientfcalion via the agmentaton pattem andor detection ofthe Pirent on peck ving the molecular weigh) The mathed is capanie of high sans 11. The molecular ion inthe Mt, hero Mis the molecular weight of the anata Inolecuie.Itmey of may nt ppearin he mass spectrum. The base peek i the largest ‘One, and thers ae normalized foi at 100% relative abundance 12. Acompound wih no oF an even numbar a nirogen atoms wil have an even molecular mass. Othorwise wil be od 13 The elecrerimpoct (El) andthe chemical ionization (Ci) ionization sources are Commonly used for GE-WS. Cl gives the meleciar ion wheres El may not. 14 The quadrupole mass fiteris the most commarly used analyzer for GC-MS. The Iime-otight (TOF) 1 the ext mast common. 45 Remvdm= 6007 = 600 16 mvam=R ‘60m = 5,000 am=012 ‘So they are resolved at 012 mass unit, Le, 600.00 resolved rm 600.12. 47, 760 ton/147 ps! = 81.7 tories! 40.0 psig x 1.7 torpsi= 2070 tor above atmosphere pressure 2070 tar + 740 er (tm. press.) = 2810 ointt posse 18. SeeGD. y=0.0607% - 0.0816. The calculated concentration is 20.9 ppm.CHAPTER 21 1. tigh performance | Liquid chromatography uses smaller, sore uniform particles sith thin stetionsry prases to” allow more "rapid oss trangter (aiffusion) processes’ (seail C in. van Deseter equation). The result ‘is thet more “rapld quildbriun is schleves, allowing rapid flow rate [whlch site Geevesses moltcvlar aiffusion =a in von Oenter equation). The sual part{ctes ereate a “large pressure crop, however, and the clusnt mst be pumped thr the colum at high pressures. Stall colums are used 0" that alcrogros “or taller quontities of solutes can be separated. Autonatic detectors are als0 Used to cbtain e airect and rapid recording of te chronatopran. 2. he to mst commonly used vetectors are the differential refractometer ang the ultraviolet detectors. The former reasures. the difference in the index Of refraction of the solvent and tho solvent plus solute ax the” solute to luted. The latter measures the ssorbance by solutes In the ultraviolet teplan as they are eluted. 3. They would elute Jn obcreasing order of polarity, 4 onscoyt 4, A ranpoler solvent ike hexane or feptane. 4 01,0, O01, 5. normal phase chromatoorapy, © polar stationary phase is used, with @nonpolsr Imoble phase. I's used for separating polar compound. Revereed-phese étvomatograpny uses enonpolrsatona7y phase and polar moble pase, ends used Jor separating pols compounds {6 Reversec-phase HPLC isthe most commonly used because i useful for separating wie range of organic compounds 7.__ Sie parties are endesppedto bend the residual slonel groups and rence them 8. For reversedphase HPLC: those with Cr Ce Cs and phenyl groups. Fer normal ‘hase HPLC: those wih eyara dol smino, and dimetyminapyoups 9. Micoporcus partes have smal pores, andthe Slie must ifuse mand ou of nese. Petusion particles have a mst o large and sma pores, altming the souren {oflow drecty trough the parle, ereasing mac transfer They canbe Used at !ngher fw rates and have beter efceneies for biomolecules. Nonpore poriles Ihave aso core witha tin pars layer. They are smaller and elite agnart ‘mobile phase. ging mereased mass ansor Bu at he expense of higher backpressure and ted espacly They are used i on cvamaloprapy. 10. guard column sa smal carn wth usualy the same necking 88 the anayiesh calumn, ploced between the jeter and he column. i reas debris ond Sema 158 CHAPTER 21 parcuate mater and highly sorbed sample mati compounds. extends the ie of {ne ananten comm 11, The mat-sovent method is @ ria and-rror procedure of vaning the solvent trangth fo achieve optimum retention (9) and separation). 412. Graton luton suse to separate analytes wth substantia! dferances in Ietertion” A weaker savor 8 othe sat so weekly esined compounds can bo ‘resolved, and he action a arganc modifier (n RPC) i horessed, ether stopwise OF ‘racualy, fo elute in more sional rtaind compounds aster and wih sherper peeks 18, Infast Lc, columns ae packed wit smale paris (1-3 um instead of 5) fo Increase macs ranstor, and they are shevtr (1-3 cm instead of 1528 om) because of Increased beckpressure A Tat Ceactr i neecea 14. Narowtre (21 em) columns give narower, sor peaks and increased sonst, about fuels Ore fveld safer sample canbe injocted wih the sare sere 15. Etevsed temperature doesnot fect saparation efciencies much in HPLC, in Contest tom GC. and mabie phase modification & more eet. But i fas ‘Separations using high moble phase veloc, igh temperature does increase efficiency for srengy reared sous. 16. The common mtrtaces in LC-MS athe electrospray ionization source (E), the themesprey ionization seurce (TT te atmosphere pressure chemica!ionsation S0u/C8 (APC), and he pate beam fnizavon source ESI is prefoed for polar ni and ery large molecules APC! 's complementary foe Elin at lass polar anaytae are more cricenty lized 2ut tis mtd 02000 dalons. Thermosoray fa son nization technique, ands ues fr non-velai,thrmaly lable gant compounds, though & ‘is arpsy replaced now by APCL. The parele beam gues sect smler 0 poco, baied in GC-MS, making intrpetoton easy. 17, The stationary phase is ]@ lecular sieve that hasan open network, which excludes sales above a cetain siz, Solutes of frmula weigh above the I re ot retained by ne column ans canbe seporsted rom smal solutes tat are retained The ‘rcuan ie ite formula weight ofthe molecule tha excluded (ot retained) by the ‘molecular seve 2 aryamise wih an open netic formed by the eross- 18 A polymeric cavonycra linking of polymeric chainsCHAPTER 21 19. A cation exchange resin contains acidfe functional groves, the anion of siich is capable of essoclating ith ané exchanging cations, fn anion exchange Fesin contains basle functional” groups, the ation of which “Is capable of ssocieting nith and exchanging anions 20, charge, Jon size, cepre Solvent, pre fof cross-Linkage of the resin, temperature, 21. In ton. chrovatoprephy, the eluted analyte and the elvent eneroing fton an Galytical ton exchange coluen ere passed throwgh a Nigh capscity suppressor column (cation exchanger, WH" form for base eluent; anton exchanger, Of” form Yor "achd eluent) to convert the elvent to. Kfar a low candveting acid, This allows sensitive continuous conductonetrie detection of the analytes as they fnerge separately, to provice an on chronstopran. 22, The retention tine s the tine required for a solute to elute frome Chromatographie column inder specified ‘conditions, usually in gas chronetoprapty. 10 1s meesured fron the tine zero to the the tine correspanding {othe peak cf the Shromtopran of the solute, The Ry value ds the ratio of the distance the solute moves to the distance the solveht front moves In paper or thin layer ctranotography. Gath of these values are qualitative meesures of the solute, 23, Largest value unity, snollest value zero 24, Separation 1g based on chronatographte equilibria plus interaction of Gharged solutes vith on electric fleld. 125, The sample ravels trough a cpl by means oelecrocsosi by inserting the ends of Fe meta er sousok wes sop # hgh 0. woe by ears of platnumeectodes oa eiton. Uncharged anes mavat loge’ he eecyooero ae, Bu cara es val al ore rates based on Per socoproric mebhies. The Maes Capable of very igh resolution (10P theoretical plates) ad senstivly (10° mo), allowing rps Separation of ign molecular weit molecules. 26, mmol KY = mmol HY « mol Keo mol K* « 0.0506 mol/al x 26.7 mk + 1.35 snot 1.28 mnol/5.00 10 oral 160 27. meq = mol for 2 monovalent fon (20 g/L )1158 9/e0}) = 0.17 mo1/L = 170 anol/ 170 mol/L x 0.20 | = 34 mmol Nat = 34 mee (34 meQ1/1 5.1 Rea/9) 2a (a) HEL (0) H,80, (6) HEI, (0) H,$0, 6.79 resin CHAPTER 2t 161CHAPTER 22 1, _ the rate of a first-oraer reaction 1s proportional to the concentration of a single teactant. The rate of «second-order resctlon is” typleally proportional to the ‘product Of the concentrations af to reactants, Strictly Speaking, the. orger of a Feaction ie. the sun of the exponents cf the Concent?ation tems in @ rate eqtion 2, The halfalife Js the tine it takes for a regction to go to SOK completion. Theoretically, 12” takes” ay infinite’ nusber of half-lives to. go to. 100% Gaapletion, But practically sceaking, 2 "reaction can be consioered essenti@ii Complete tn about 10 half Lives. ” 3. A pseudo firsteorder feaction is a higher order reaction whose rate is ‘rade “to depend. on” the concentration. of'a single’ reactant. by” naking the Concentrations of the ‘other reacting” species high enough that they decone Setentlally constant 4, Set the starting concentrations of each equal. flat Iag_(A] against lEquation 2231." I the reaction is First order, a straight line will result, Gnd it ic as "not, @ curved Line will resuit: “Plot (Pal, = CAII/CA) v3.t (Equation 227). IP the reaction £5 second orger, 2 straight Line will result. 5. An international unit (ToU.) £5 the amount of enzyme that wlll catalyze he, trnatormation of one alcrmale of “substrate pat mint wet etined 6. A competitive inibttor competes wlth the substrate for an active site on the enzyme, and the Insinitien vattes adth the concentration of the substrat Aroncowpatitive Inhibitor conbines” with the ezyne sts site other than the fctive site to form an insctive derivative of the wizyme, and the Inhieition 1s Shependent of the cancentration of the swostra 7, They frequently combine with sulfhyeryl groups in enzymes to inactivate fhe enzymes. 4. Substances wien activate enzymes, 2. double the substrate concentration and myasure the rate of the reaction. It the intivition ts competitive, the percent innibition will oecrease, whereas EP 10 is ronconpetitive, {t will renain tre sabe. 410, If the inhipition is competitive, the slope of the plot x12 change, but ‘he intercept will be the sone, Ifthe inhib{tlon is renconpetitive, the Intercept will Shange, ET ae 23, 7 CHAPTER 22 yyy = (.693/K) 10.0 nln Jog (AY = 209 Cl, ~ (Kt/2.205) Let (Aly 1, then [AD at 30% conversion og 107! «Jog 2 = (0.0683 72.303) be D2 an At 59% conversion, [A] = 0.01 top 107? = top 1 = (0.0593 £/2.303) t= 66.5 ain ‘ Let Kg = 1, ten (AD « 0.7 at 25.0 5 op 0.7 « Jog 4 = (H x 25.0)/12,303) ew 0.0143 so yyy # (0.693/0.0163) = 48.5 5 ket = (UR)g = (ADMEAD LAD) kx 6.25 = [0-100 ~ 0.850 x 0.100)3/€0.100 x (0.850 x 0.10010, k 0.26 min aya = WmCADg) = 1100.26 whe! Ct x 0,100 4) = 38 ain At 0.200 He typ = WM(0.26 x 0.200) = 29 in 0.26 t = [(0.200 = 0.850 x 0,200)1/{0-200 x (0.850 x 0.2001) t= 3.4 nin for 15.08 completion [At 25.08 conversion, [sucrose] = 0.750 % 0.500 M x 0.375‘CHAPTER 22 275 fog 0,667 = Jog 1 ~ (0.0320 x (2.303) beh 15, AE-39%, the fraction of Hy remaining 45 0,650. Kew (CADg = (ANIC EAD) (CA, = (8, = 1/2CH2,)4) kx 8.0 = [(0.0500 - 0.650 x 0,0550)]/{0.0500 x (0.650 x 0.0500) - kw 2.25 win 100 1 of 0, a¢ STP = {100 mL }/(22,400 sk Jmol) = 0.00446 nol » 4.46 anol 0 Twice this many millinoles of H,0, are used tn forniog the Op = 8.32 mol mol HO # start = 0,1000 M x 100.0 mt = 10.00 anol (mol Np remaining = 10.00 - 8.92 = 1.08 mmol In 100 me = 0.0108 M o's 1.25 t= [(0.0500 ~ 1/2 x 0.0108 9/0.0500 x (1/2 x 0.0108 1 taLeh 16. pmol Op consuned/20 in = {10,5 mL}/(0.0228 miipmol) = 469 ywel/20.0 mln = 23.4 pool/ain Lunt transforms 1 yrol/ain “os sctbvty of enzyme preperation = 284 uns10.0 mg = 2.34 uniting purty = (2,34/61.3) x 100K = 3.62% 17, See C0 for spreadsheet and chart of Lineweaver-Purk pot 489 4am ‘Siope oT A'min ST CHAPTER 23 1. fn automatic instrument perforns one or sore steps of an analysis without finan instruction. sutoreted instrunant performs. sl] steps of snelyeis Gnd uses the information to repulete a process without human intervention. 2. A continuous avtonsted Instrusent continvowsly and covistantly makes Reasurenents ona process stream and” feeds. Unis information to controlling Uevices to continyously regulate the process. A discrete aytongted cevice makes feasurenents at discrete Intervals to provice Information tothe repulater 1 Giserete steps. the controlled varieble Js maintained st a fixed evel between 2, _A atserete sampling instrument analyzes each saaple in e separate ouwvet or Bander, A continuo flow sampling instrument — analyzes the sanoles Stoventiatiy tna single tube. Thay are wusliy separated by alr BbbleS. 4, feedback contro! oop utdlizes measured Infornation from @ sensor about 4’ varfable to be controlles to compare qpainst.@ Set point ins controller. The Controller ‘feeds any slfference to antperator witch ectivates @ repulating Gevice to bring the varisble beck to the set point. ow tectntoue sis (FIA) 4s on unsegnented continues f1o¥ te fof semple are injected Into 1 floxing reagent Shan tein obot Is s,prooct sgeteted a tt TT tect fine peak whose eight 48 Flow infection analy fn te a Yow abereiter Stream, néxiro ocours 0 Hie" inroogh> calctorPlow call ctector, resulting ‘opertJenel tothe senple concentration. 11s sgle.ne, single reverb po stom ta uss a mliesin 5. Sle mee er ospatng operand conga Hugs ro hating ca, hn reps Seen cer Tim joc race erg od fenton tewey ihe one. amt Eiht oye rae of eogert re used nd cherie ar ees ange oy selecig Gere regen par ang the come certain. parts of Ue epalytical process. eee sametines large amounts, and Several” instrvmrts “on 7. computers are used to speed Tits “Ineluces “acquiring an processing date, so Uetrolling tne instrumentation and experisents. Siperinent’ can be controlled simultaneously. 18 Meroprocessors cen perfam automatic background cect, ake the Saivaiheate pect, negate or average sat, ona aforatialycaluete encentratons end standard devistons 165CHAPTER 23 8 10 166 () From Equation (223), G if 1 uD = 1045, orlog (1-10) = Sv og (1 10 0og (1 - WDa) = SevSv2 og (1-16 00Mog (4-102) = 12 0.280 =109 (0-02) $< MO2= 10-28 = 104 x 1075 = 0.562 02-228 decreased by a facto of 2284.00 = 0.570 on doubng the sample vane, wil in Example 192, 1 decreased by 1.03.01» 0.558, about a 5% ctlrance, Mats, he 96-0 fhe more te cn), he mre wit increase on making te volume amar. @) =e There, doubling the ibe dameter woul increase D by foul 160 (@ Dev Therefore, coublng he lenge woud increase D by a muipe ol 2» 1414 or = 5.88 w=1-28 S12 W400 = 1 - 21500 L812) | S12 = 158 4h CHAPTER 24 Le Serum, forinogen, and cells. Flesma contains serua and fibrinogen, and the cells incluse etythracytes, Jeuacytes and platelets. wen blood clots, the Hibcinogen ‘precipitates, removing the ceils” adth it end leaviog seru. Wen wnciotted wole blood 1s" centrifuped, the cells are separated fron the plasma, long contains oozes oF chenleal const tuerts, 2.) tamolysis 4s the destruction of red cells wlth the subsequent release of eltular constituents Into the plesna'ot serum. “The concentrations of & number of cellular constituents are higher than 11 the plasma and this” would lead © erroneous results, if the plasm ar serun is analyzed. 3, _t acts a8 4 glytolyte enzyme tohibltor to prevent the breekdow of plucose, 4.) Because the red cells are ruptured, releasing cellular constituents into the plesne. ¢ 5. Blood glucose and uree (BIN) snlysis. 6. An antibody is high molecular weight mmunoglobuin that soslicaly react wih an ‘antiga foreign body 7. The labels use In inmunoassays include radoabels,Avrescent labels and enzyme labels The immunoassay may o hemogenecus heterogeneous (requiing ‘separaton). Assays may be compte noncompetitive. 167CHAPTER 25, 4. Chromosomes are made up of thousends of genes. There are 23 chromosomes pais in the nucleus of each col fexcept sperm and eng cls). 12. OWAi8 a hefcal palmer consting of nucleoids wih four different nuciee acid ‘bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (), and thymine (7). The bases A and T, and 6 and pairby hydrogen bonding fo form the steps ofthe helical DNA, 13. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for repeating race quetios OFDNA. The DNA is heeted and cooled through several cytes inthe presence ofthe four nueteoies, a primer, and @DNA polymerase, The heating causes the DNA “sean 0 separate (denoture). The polmerase catalyzes extension ofthe primer to ‘produce a complement srard ofthe ONA temoat, thereby doubing the numberof DNA molecules in each cycle 14. Plosmids and bacterial arti chromosomes (BACs) are vectors in which DNA fragments are inserted. These are putin bactra where they are repicated. Plasmids insert relatively small DNA fragments (2-20 ko), while BACs insert large fragments (100. 400 5. A genomic brary is set of BAC replicate ONA tapments, rm a paialy digested genome. These are provided 10 ONA sequencing laborers, which further digest term, pica te smaller fragment, and hen determine the base sequence inthe ‘veapping regents 16 BAC clones of up to 300 kb are further tregmented using cucleases, fo give strands of 100-300 bases. These are replicated by insertion info plasmids. The plasmid clones ‘16 subjected to PCR replication in the presence of cdeoxynuclatves, which resus in CHAPTER 25 complementary strands of every lenath, terminated by ane of four deoxynuclecties. These are separated inorder of ength using electrophoresis, snd identi by the color ofthe end nucleate Nverescence. Overlepping regments are algned to identity the ‘enlie ONA sequence, 7. ASNPisasinote naleotse polymorphism. These represent about 0.1% ofthe genes that result inthe features that make us al ferent. and contbute to disease and Aystuncton. These genes afr bya single nucleotide 8. DNA hips ar known single strand DNA fragments a are fethered toa plate, in the form a a meroaray. Unknown DNA fragments samples are isenifed frm the ftuorescent spots created wan th unknown binds fis complement tether. 8. Expression profing i the study of gone expression by comparing mRNA “sequences between known and unknown samples, for example, comparing @ patient's ‘exocession Wh that of@krown disease, ONA (RNA) chips ae usedto identi the mRNA sequences: 10. Genomics ie the study of he DNA expression farcodg/ process, to farm protons Inthe cal. roteomiés isthe study ofthe complements of protein suture and function 11, Proteins consis of «polymer sequence of amine acids, dorived from twenty Ateront amino aces 12 The gone ONA Is transcribed into an m-RNA nthe coll nucleus, which migrates {nt the cytoplasm where i sorves as the tomplte for poten production; 3-base codons ‘encede fora particular emino scCHAPTER 25 12 2DPAGE‘® 2dmensional povscrtamide gal electrophoresis. sppartes proteins, tb sole eusingBasecon cherge, and hen by ga electrophoresis aved on meee 0 14 MALDLTOF is matrix assisto ase desoton onzsion -tine-otigt mass pecromety, tis sot ansatinn technique fo lyge molecules tha reduces single peaks om siny charged molecules. [8 used intl the masses c peptides in poten cgestons mixtures. 18. Theoetca pram amino ait agers are consrtd rom 8 combination of «2 knonedge afte gene codons and a lage protein database, The experimental Fingereini compared withthe theoretical ones fo sent the protin rom fingerprints of fw a8 5 or pepies. 16 The st sequence is GarccaarTecar The second i GATCCACATTCCETA They overlap as fotows: sarccaarrecar GATCCACATTECGTA Th sequence i: arregarrecera 170 1. vacuum source, meter, collector 2. Inologers ate wsed to sample aerosols An alt. (CHAPTER 26 3. Aelalty, alkalintty, 600, 00, conduetledty, Oy, Clye Fy My Noss $05P", metal sons, ete. 4. Protect fron tat ard Light. 5. phy dissolved gees, temperature 6 Fort mae, V=(1 mo(0.082 Lame 269 Yat» 2402 (29% 10° 240 Ur «1.454 10" moa (1.174107 molt 280 9a = 23% 10" oy 7, 080 wg. = 0.80.00 = 50007 (97726)x500 ppt «380 p90. m 02