P.A. HILTON LTD. EXPERIMENTAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL THERMAL RADIATION UNIT H960 H9SOM/E/4/034 MAR 90 (4)a [SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT. ‘Before proceeitgo install, commision o operate the equipment descibed inthis insrction manual, ‘we reqs you ta read the allowing notes w let you to poten hazards so that they maybe acide. Although designed for safe operation, any Inborory equipment may involve proceses or proodares ‘hich ae potenlally hazardous. The major peal hazards ae ised below. Those parca Felevant otis lem of equipmenc are highlighted for your infomation bythe following symbol UURY THROUGH MISUSE INJURY FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK FIRE GR EXPLOSION FROM HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OR VAPOURS (eg. KEROSENE) POISONING FROM TOXIC MATERIALS (eg. MERCURY) INJURY FROM HANDLING LARGE OR HEAVY COMPONENTS IMJURY FROM ROTATING COMPONENTS BURNS FROM COMPONENTS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES SSCALDING FROM BOILING LIQUIDS OR HOT VAPOURS (e.g. STEAM) INJURY FROM FAST MOVING AIR STREAMS OR HIGH PRESSURE AIR HOSES INJURY FROM CORROSIVE LIQUIDS DAMAGE TO EYESIGHT DAMAGE TO HEARING DAMAGE TO CLOTHING 0000008000 o# [ACCIDENTS CAN BE AVOIDED provided that equipment is regularly maintained and suff and ‘tatents are made aware of poten hears, A Ist of general safety rules is included on Page 210 ‘sist saff and sade in this regs “Toe ist snot nee to be fllycomprchensiv, but for guidance only@ rotsstes Pace Gas METAL Ol ATES WITH STAND FIG 6sqige a6 Protective Cover (Genove Before Use) i ) CTOR STAND FIG.8. RADIOMETER ON ©"i 2 | RADIATION UNIT Experiments: Lo 2 Hest "To stow tat he ineasy of radiation ona surace is inversely proportions othe square of te ismce of the srtoe from the radon sure, ‘Stefin-Dotemann Law “To sow that the its of radon vases a the fourth power ofthe source temperate. Emisiviv “To dtemine the emisiviyof dierent sutces (plished, slvr sneize, max ick), Emisivi 1 ‘To demonstrate how the enisiviny of ring surfaces in proximity to each other wil affect he sure temperanres an te beat emited. Kinsofrs Law ‘To Gtermine the validity of Kicbot"’s Law which sas tht he emissivity of «grey surface fs equal its absorptivity of radon resved from another sufce when na condition of hermnal euiltiam. ‘rea Factors ‘To done that he exchange of aint enray trom one sufs® wo another is pendent upon thes interconnecting geomet, ie. «function of the amount tat each sac can ee” ofthe ote Inverse Square Law for Light “To ow thatthe iminance of sure is inversely proportional tothe square ofthe distance of the mace from the light source, Lambert's Cosine Lam “To sow that the energy rained in ay dietion at an angle witha sufce ie equal tothe normal radiaion multiplied by the cosine ofthe angle between the deco of radiation snd he noma {othe surface ts Law of ‘To stow tat ight pasing rough non-opaqee mate seduced in imensy in proportion to the thihess and absoxpvity of the materRADIOMETER DATA SHEET seni Som W" cm (ORY W" m7) Cation Source Tempers 1000" Cation Accancy 3% ‘Ange of Complee Vision ws Ccattt Angle so eral Ressance 46 ohms at 20°C ‘Abie Temperature Compson owe Measting Range 0101 Wem? ‘Themopile Aperue"Diancee 64mm Measuing Cc Resistance 100000 ans Notes 1, The ig meter sociated with he radiometers calbatd to give diet readings ofthe intensity of infra-ed dition inane of Watts per square meter (W mi), iz the signal produced by the radiometer isamplifed bya factor of 20 tines to produce calibrated readings onthe 1999 milivolt ‘meter nal in the HBGD console 2, The digital neter indicates he intensity ofthe ration received bythe riometer and notte radiation emuted by the appropri: hened surface. Several of hs experiments inthis netuction manual equ the measurement of ndaton eid from the heated susce.Itcan be proved mathematically (beyond the sope of this mana) tht the relationship between radiation recived and radiation emied is Reqsive where 2 is the radiometer reading (W n°) (ie the half angle ofthe radiometer window complete vison) isthe energy emued by te heated sutace (W a”) ‘Therefore, sce 5s = 0.179 “Therefore ¢= 559R Wat “This relaonship will be used in he appropriate experimenoy INVERSE SQUARE LAW FOR HEAT Experiment TTovthow tat te intasiy of radiation on surface is inversely proprional t the square of the disance ef the srfice from the ration sou, 5 Set Haat Set scale wt S [Allow tine for radiometer reading to sabllse (at steady heat source temperate) before noting ‘redone reading ‘Summary of Theory ‘Tee tol energy €Q fom an element dA can be Imagined w How trough a hemisphere of dsr, A srface element on his hemisphere A, Us ona line raking an angle withthe normal an the sold angle inblened by dA, a dA i dw = JAS fhe mt of flow of ney tough AA, i 499 then 49 = it wher the imeasiry of radiation in he 6 rection Init Valoes of Varables to be used Distance fom beat soue (X) = 100mm ‘Readings tobe taken Record ihe rfiometr reading (R) andthe dsance fom te beat source (X) ora numberof psions ofthe rflometr along the horizontal tack esl Disasce X (am) | 100 Radinater Reading —_R Cin") Lo x] 2000 Lot‘logo plot orton eding gains ditance wl retina aight in ving a negeve slope of 2 das vein steve nar reiosp been dsance end adaon itensiy m8 Disunee eum] 100 | 200 | 2 | oo | soo | coo | 100 Radner Rains ROW) | 18 | so | me | 7 | 5 | o | os Lota x] 2000 | 2300 | 2477 | 200 | 2099 | ore | 20s Loe x [327 | anes | azn [2107 | 197s | 17% | os See graph, Page.INVERSE SQUARE LAW FOR HEATn STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW Experiment "To show thatthe ineniy of radiation varies athe fourth power of he source temperate Basioment Setip Temparstre Radlonater Heat Black Set seal tt feeling reading ate ac pormal te tack Sater Pow “The power contol onthe Instrument console shouldbe set to maximum fortis experiment ‘Summary of Theory ‘The Stefan Bolamara Law saws hac gy = fT; T,4) where; q, = energy emiued by unit aea ofa black boty surface (W m7) (eae Energy emiaed by surface = 5.59 x eating from radiometer R- refer to Page 23 fr explanation) a = Stefan Boltzmann consant equal to 5.67 x 10* (W m2 K*) 1T, = Source wmperatr of mometer and swroundings () T= Tempertue of rilonetr and suroundings (2) Ilia! Values of Variables to be used Distance trom adlometer to heat source 00 ‘Readings tobe taken ; Record the iemperaare eaing (7) and radiomesee resting (—) at bent condition ten fr selected increments of teasing temperature wp to masimam win a pra range. Bot ratings should ‘be noted simatanously a any eve pa. Results Where K=°C-4273 and o = S674x10" W mi? K* ‘Ambient emperatue = °CREADINGS (CALCULATIONS Temperture | Radiomer [ 1, [| qh=559xR | gbaotts 7) Reaing (7). | _ Reading (R) c War K War ‘Comper clelated values for qb. Ifthe emissivity of the Back pla is wy and the Sean. Bolizmarn reladonsip holds tre (e. temperature to the fourth power) then the clelted vals should te te same. TXBICAL RESULTS Where = C4273 and o = 56760109 W m2 KA Anbictsmperare = 18°C = 251K READINGS CALCULATIONS Temprane | Radome | 1 | Ty | @beSs9%R| abe oty-a) Reading C)_| Reading < Wa? x | «| wae ve | 235 485 ae [1 [am 2553 180 355, 45 | a |e B81 15 28 3 | | _ses 1496 10 189 403 [on [057 1069 185 150) 3m [om | m 730, ® 75 as [a | aw ‘The coneaton between the two independent calculated valves for qb shows tat te nen of ‘adiaon varies as the fouth power of the source tenperte (Stlin-Boleaana Law has been ves,29 3. EMOSSIVITY Experiment "To determine the emia ofifeea suraes (plished, silver anodised, mat blac). fev emma a Wack ‘Summary of Theory Emisivity (is defined ae the ratio ofthe wal energy emied by a surface othe tal ecray eed ‘by ablacsurtaceat the sume temperate, For real bodies 8 sa foncton of he radaon wave-length the angle of iniee, he surface temperate and even he srisce fins, but iis generally praca to astume avenged value when making calculations. Tabulied values of typical emisivites for ‘vious metals are o be found in publics eas dealing with his subject. Usaly he emissivity {ir inroduced as 1 mlplation constant in heat taneferclcladons, a, fr example, in he Stl Boltzmann Law whichis writen: = Bo +74) where @ = 567x108 Win? Ket [Note q = 559 reading from radiometer (R). (Refer to Page 25 for explanation) Iai J Variables to be Used Distance ftom ndiomete w bea source (0) = 110m Distance from hat source vo nearest met plate (¥) = SOmmm etaken sal the pols pain the eae. ‘Vary he poet he beat souce and record he semperaure ofthe metal pate (TS) and raiomets (a vatous sings. Repeat the pocare forthe slver anodised plat and mat black paseso Foc cach plain ue: whee Ks "C4273 ‘abet emperatre= 19°C ‘READINGS, ‘CALCULATIONS. Tempeue |. Radiometer essoun | Fe Reetee ty | Rene | ™ | ™ | = S228 oT. sc x |x wat ‘TYPICAL RESULTS Forth Pls Plate: ‘READINGS. (CALCULATIONS a waar | E* Topewe | Res | [ou | wosen mas c Wat x | «x Wat 10 2 36 | a 165 a 0 7 36 | 2 950 x7 7 10 38 | or 559 as © 5 sa | 780 or 0 2 30 | a 12, 06 Average vate for E or plod pei 016,a CALCULATIONS aesoxe | PPB. wae os 088 5, we | oe [om [130 0 10 wo [ae [an | mr on s % ase [ am [32 090, o a [=| m| ms asi vege ae for mod e082. ete Maw Bie Pa READINGS (CALCULATIONS ep | Riese [om [om | esses | aa ‘c we | «|e 20 as | | as rn ass | ass | om 0 155 za__| as | om 098 10 w | | oot 105 wo | a | ost % 8 as [ a ose ‘average val i E for mat beck plat ie 0.98 [Not that although he nda plese, behaves ore ke «Backplate than x pots pate due othe regular mc finish