REPORT ON

RESOURCES

IDEAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE

SIGN
GAYATRI PARKAR

9TH SEM, FIFTH YEAR B.ARCH

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

28.08.019
INTRODUCTION
RESOURCES:
Resources are everything in our environment that can be used to
satisfy our needs, which is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

The two broad types of resources are as follow:

1. Natural resources
2. Man-made resources

Natural Resources:

Anything and everything that is available naturally on earth is a

natural resource.
In terms of the source of origin, natural resources can be divided
into the following types:

 Biotic:
These resources come from living and organic material,
such as forests and animals, and include the materials that
can be obtained them. Biotic natural resources also include
fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum which are formed from
organic matter that has decayed.
 Abiotic:
These resources come from non-living and non-organic
material. Examples of these resources include land, fresh
water, air, and heavy metals (gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.).

Natural resources can also be categorized based on their stage of

development including:

 Potential resources:
These are resources that exist in a region and may
be used in the future. For example, if a country has petroleum
in sedimentary rocks, it is a potential resource until it is actually
drilled out of the rock and put to use.
 Actual resources:
These are resources that have been surveyed, their
quantity and quality has been determined, and they are
currently being used. The development of actual resources is
dependent on technology.
 Reserve resources:
This is the part of an actual resource that can be
developed profitably in the future.
  Stock resources:
These are resources that have been surveyed, but
cannot be used due a lack of technology. An example of a
stock resource is hydrogen.

Natural resources are also classified based on their renewability:

 Renewable natural resources:

These are resources that can be replenished.
Examples of renewable resources include sunlight, air, and wind.
They are available continuously and their quantity is not
noticeably affected by human consumption. However,
renewable resources do not have a rapid recovery rate and are
susceptible to depletion if they are overused.
 Non-renewable natural resources:
These resources form extremely slow and do not
naturally form in the environment. A resource is considered to
be non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds
the rate of recovery. Examples of non-renewable natural
resources are minerals and fossil fuels.

Man-Made Resources:

Man made resources is defined as a resource created by

humans. It does not occur naturally and is produced and
consumed by humans. Man made resources are items or
substances that have value to human lives that do not occur in
the natural world.
 For instance, when we use metals, wood, cement, sand,
and solar energy to make buildings, machinery, vehicles,
bridges, roads, etc. they become man-made resources.
Likewise, technology is also a man-made resource.
 Man-made resources are mostly renewable. One can re-build
a building or fixed a broken machine.
 And, because humans have the skills, intelligence, and
knowledge, and use technology to transform a natural
resource into usable and valuable things, they themselves
become a resource. That is what we know as Human
Resource.

 Some man-made resources reflect their natural counterparts.

For example, many lakes and rivers are man-made
structures.
 While the water and fish inside them are natural resources,
the impoundment would not exist without humans to
construct it.

 Such resources offer food and recreation opportunities for

many people. Humans also create farms, which are man-
made resources, even though the plants and soil are natural
resources.

 Simple man-made resources, such as paper, are often

combined to form more man-made resources, such as
books, plates or wallpaper.

 High-tech products typically feature dozens or more

components that are man-made resources, such as wire and
semiconductors.
BENEFITS OF RESOURCES:
The benefits of Natural Resources are:

 They obtained from nature for example: land, water, air and
land is useful for driving vehicles, walking etc.
 Water is used for drinking, washing, bathing and cleaning.
 Air is also essential part of life it is used for many purposes like
breathing .etc.
 Thus natural resources are very important some more natural
resources are: sunlight, vegetation, animals.
 Natural resources encompass ecosystems, wildlife and
habitat preservation, environmental protection, biodiversity
and conservation of forests, water and energy resources.

 Renewable energy and energy efficiency promote savings

and health benefits and provide opportunities for economic
growth and sustainable development.
 Renewable resources will never run out.
 Non renewable resources can be recycled and be used for
everyday products.
 Non renewable resources are easily obtainable.
 Non renewable resources are cheaper.
The benefits of Manmade Resources are:

 They will never get finished. Once they are finished we can
make it again. Ex: furniture
 They are time saving and efficient. For example : washing
machine which have saved our time. We do not need to
worry about whether the sun is there or not. Because we can
dry our clothes easily.
 The houses built by man protects us from different climates.
 Manmade resources help us in many ways: They provide
comfort and smoothness to our lives. some ex. Like :
Technology, factories, roads, etc.
 Its help in all living beings.
 Man made resource built hospitals, research centre ,
botanical garden etc.
 Man made resources are important because they can be
conserved for future and are produced by using skill,
knowledge and technology at its best.
 Man made resources are the signs of progress and
development and are the refined form of natural resources.

RESOURCES ALLOCATION:

Resource allocation part science as some call it is recognizing

the best available resources for the project, assigning them to
your team and monitoring their workload throughout the work,
and re-assigning resources if needed.

 Resource allocation is a critical part of managing any

project. If you have a task, project or program to
 accomplish, you’re going to need resources allocated to
your project to help you get it done. You’ll need skilled
professionals (e.g., creatives, writers, developers,
construction workers), tools (e.g., software, hardware,
meeting rooms), and time to get everything done.
 In virtually every type of industry, effective resource
allocation is key to delivering projects on time and on
budget.
 The Resource Allocation council has the moral responsibility
of maintaining the natural resources. management is the
efficient and effective development of available and
renewable resources.
 The council will decide how to align their resources and
ensure everyone is working towards a common objective to
boost transparency and foster trust with regard to the use of
resources.
 Natural and man-made disasters cause tremendous losses
every year. Recent events, such as Hurricane Katrina and
Sandy, have revealed the need for coordinated and
effective emergency responses.
 In order to reduce human lives and economic losses,
available resources should be allocated efficiently.
Emergency responders are increasingly being challenged
by the size and complexity of critical infrastructures that
provide vital resources for emergency response operations.
 An integrated simulation-optimization tool for assisting
emergency responders in finding the optimal allocation of
available resources during a disaster event.
 The proposed tool utilizes the Infrastructure
Interdependencies Simulator for modeling the critical
infrastructures that provides the available resources such as
power and water.
 The objective of the optimization problem is maximizing the
operational capacity of a critical infrastructure, a hospital in
this case.
 The problem formulation incorporates the physical
interdependencies between critical infrastructures in
emergency response operations.
RESOURCE LEVELLING
Resource levelling is a technique in project management that
overlooks resource allocation and resolves possible conflict arising
from over-allocation. When project managers undertake a
project, they need to plan their resources accordingly.
This will benefit the organization without having to face conflicts
and not being able to deliver on time. Resource leveling is
considered one of the key elements to resource management in
the organization.
An organization starts to face problems if resources are not
allocated properly i.e., some resource may be over-allocated
whilst others will be under-allocated. Both will bring about a
financial risk to the organization.

The Two Key Elements of Resource levelling:

 The main aim of resource leveling is to allocate resource
efficiently, so that the project can be completed in the
given time period. Hence, resource leveling can be broken
down into two main areas; projects that can be completed
by using up all resources, which are available and projects
that can be completed with limited resources.
 Which use limited resources can be extended for over a
period of time until the resources required are available. If
then again, the number of projects that an organization
undertakes exceeds the resources available, then it's wiser
to postpone the project for a later date.

Structure of Resource leveling:

Many organizations have a structured hierarchy of resource
leveling. A work-based structure is as follows:
  Stage
 Phase
 Task/Deliverable
All of the above-mentioned layers will determine the scope of the
project and find ways to organize tasks across the team. This will
make it easier for the project team to complete the tasks.
In addition, depending on the three parameters above, the level
of the resources required (seniority, experience, skills, etc.) may
be different. Therefore, the resource requirement for a project is
always a variable, which is corresponding to the above structure.

Establishing Dependencies
The main reason for a project manager to establish
dependencies is to ensure that tasks get executed properly. By
identifying correct dependencies from that of incorrect
dependencies allows the project to be completed within the set
timeframe.
Here are some of the constraints that a project manager will
come across during the project execution cycle. The constraints
a project manager will face can be categorized into three
categories.
 Mandatory - These constraints arise due to physical
limitations such as experiments.
 Discretionary - These are constraints based on preferences
or decisions taken by teams.
 External - Often based on needs or desires involving a third
party.

The Process of Assigning Resources:

For resource leveling to take place, resources are delegated with
tasks (deliverables), which needs execution. During the starting
phase of a project, idealistically the roles are assigned to
resources (human resources) at which point the resources are not
identified.
Leveling of Resources:
Resource leveling helps an organization to make use of the
available resources to the maximum. The idea behind resource
leveling is to reduce wastage of resources i.e., to stop over-
allocation of resources.
Project manager will identify time that is unused by a resource
and will take measures to prevent it or making an advantage out
of it.
By resource conflicts, there are numerous disadvantages suffered
by the organization, such as:
 Delay in certain tasks being completed
 Difficulty in assigning a different resource
 Unable to change task dependencies
 To remove certain tasks
 To add more tasks
 Overall delays and budget overruns of projects

Resource leveling Techniques:

Critical path is a common type of technique used by project
managers when it comes to resource leveling. The critical path
represents for both the longest and shortest time duration paths in
the network diagram to complete the project.
However, apart from the widely used critical path concept,
project managers use fast tracking and crashing if things get out
of hand.
 Fast tracking - This performs critical path tasks. This buys time.
The prominent feature of this technique is that although the
work is completed for the moment, possibility of rework is
higher.
 Crashing - This refers to assigning resources in addition to
existing resources to get work done faster, associated with
additional cost such as labor, equipment, etc.