Experiment 9 De Vi > so ~. 499" ° Troubleshooting Transistor Dt = Soh py eos Amplifier Circuits Objectives At the completion of this unit, you will be able to troubleshoot transistor amplifier circuits by using basic troubleshooting techniques. Introduction and Discussion of Fundamentals Individual initiative and imagination combined with circuit knowledge and logical procedures are important elements of successful troubleshooting. Speedy isolation of a faulty amplifier component begins with a solid foundation of basic troubleshooting skills. Troubleshooting begins after a symptom of a problem is noticed (Figure 9-1); analyzing the symptoms can help to narrow the problem to a specific amplifier. Careful visual inspection of the suspected amplifier circuit can, in many instances, locate an obvious fault and save valuable testing time. ‘The purpose of an amplifier performance check is to indicate _out-of- specification operation and to aid in quick identification of the faulty amplifier stage and component. ‘After repair, the amplifier is tested for proper operation. The tests should prove that the fault was corrected and that no other faults exist. ‘An amplifier troubleshooting flowchart and tables of performance specifications are given in the exercises to aid in logical troubleshooting. ‘Some amplifier faults can include open or shorted transistor junctions, shorted or open coupling capacitors or transformers, shorted or bumed-out resistors, or open copper paths, among other faults. 123Part I: Troubleshooting Basics Figure 9-2 shows a troubleshooting flowchart for a multistage transistor amplifier circuit. ‘The symptoms of a circuit problem are usually noticed by your senses: radio static— hearing, TV snow—sight, or the odor of a burnt component—smell. By analyzing the symptoms, you may identify the specific amplifier circuit causing the problem. ©} cincurr prowtem —_—_—_—_, ANALYZE BYMPTOMS 1 TS OF PROBLEM we oe —. \) visuat INSPECTION 1 2IpERFORMANCE TESTS WDENTIFY FAULTY AMP. STAGE AND COMPONENT Le PERFORMANCE TEST TO CHECK REPAIR R THON ¥ CIRCUIT OPERATIONAL Figure E9-1. Basic steps of troubleshooting a circuit problem. If your visual inspection indicates no apparent faults, conduct performance checks on the amplifier. The performance checks consist of measuring the amplifie’s inpuVoutput ac signals, de bias voltages, and components, then comparing these measurements to known data specifications. The quality of the ac input and output signals of each stage should give you a good indication of the faulty amplifier stage. 124my Ford 04 con ‘esr cmcur ‘Fon pnoren ‘OPERATION Figure E9-2. Multistage amplifier troubleshooting flowchart. 125 onen?Initially, do only the performance checks necessary to single out the suspected faulty amplifier stage. By reviewing the performance check data, make an assumption about the possible component fault. Confirm or disprove your assumption by checking ac signals at the transistor terminals, measuring continuity and resistance, calculating current, or by measuring other transistor or circuit components. If the circuit measurements disprove your fault assumption, perform additional tests and make another fault assumption. When your fault assumption is confirmed, repair the fault and repeat the necessary performance checks to verify proper amplifier operation. Rarely will your measured values exactly match the nominal values given in a performance specifications/table, one of which is Table 9-1. If a measured value is within the tolerance limits (425 in this table) of the nominal value, consider it to be a normal reading. However, if your measured value is outside of the tolerance limits, assume that the amplifier circuit contains a fault. To determine if a measured value is within the tolerance limits, calculate the percentage error (%E), an amount, expressed as a percentage, by which the measured value differs from the nominal value: = (measured-nominal) % ; nominal 00 For example, if your measurement of Vo2_ (second stage ac output signal) is 820 mVipk. pk, the %B is: % E= (820-670) x 100 670 = +22.4% Because the %E of Vo2 is within the 425% tolerance limits of the nominal values in Table 9-1, the measured value is considered to be a normal reading, and it does not indicate a faulted circuit. However, measurements that are just within the tolerance limits could indicate a deteriorating component and a potential problem. If the %E were greater than +25% or less than -25%, the measured value would indicate a fault. 126CIRCUIT TOLERANCE: +25% Tem NOMINAL MEASURED 18.00 Vde 100 Vu pe Ya 100 mM upp Veau 670 \yagu Voz PHASE (2) IN PHASE, gg DISTORTION (2) NONE Ye 209 Wn Vo) Puase a | Wo" OUT OF Puase Ye, oToRTION won ‘e 2 ase tz) | 180° OUT OF PHASE DISTORTION (2) NONE T Ye a3 we 3 tae vee Ye tas we ver ie wae ve 1.23 Vee T (1 V, HAS A TOLERANCE OF 3%. (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (V))) ‘Table 9-1 Performance specifications for the RC coupled amplifier You need to calculate percentage error (%E) only when measurements are not obviously in or out of the tolerance limits. 127In the combination discussions/procedures that follow, you will use a CM switch to insert a fault into the RC coupled amplifier circuit. After you troubleshoot the circuit and determine the fault (you are given four selections), a troubleshooting analysis is given as an example of a logical method for determining the fault. A. RC Coupling/Transformer Coupling Circuit Block Performance Check In this section, you will conduct a performance check to be sure that the RC coupled amplifier circuit is working properly before a circuit modification (or fault) is inserted. To make a quick determination, you should measure the de power supply voltage (VA) and the ac output signal of the last stage. Then compare your results against the nominal values given in performance specifications Table 9- 1. If your measurements are within the tolerance limits, you can be reasonably sure that the amplifier is operating properly. However, if there is any doubt, check the remaining ac signals and de voltages. If your measured results differ from the performance specifications, visually inspect your setup to locate and correct the problem. If necessary, call your instructor for assistance. Equipments Required F.A.CE.T. Base Unit TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS Circuit Board Power supply, 15 Vde (2 required) Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave Procedure 1. Locate the RC COUPLING/TRANSFORMER COUPLING circuit block on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. Connect the RC coupled amplifier circuit shown in Figure E9-3. 2, While observing the signal on channel 1 of the oscilloscope, adjust the sine ‘wave generator for a 1 kHz, 100 mVp.pk a¢ input signal (Vj1) at the base of transistor QI. 3, Conduct a performance check. Are you confident that the amplifier is operating properly? YES NO 128+ Vy + 15 Vie DC POWER ‘SUPPLY Fig. E9-3. Connection diagram for RC coupled amplifier circuit troubleshooting. 4.]f you answered NO, make a visual check of the following: YES NO Are all CM switches in the OFF position? ° ° Do your circuit connections match those of the circuit in Figure E9-32 ° Is the circuit board properly inserted into the base unit? ° Do the circuit components appear to be in good condition? Did the instructor check that all fault switches are in OFF position? ° ° 5. If you have answered NO to any of the questions above, do not proceed to the next section until the hardware setup is in proper working condition and the amplifier is performing within the specification tolerance limits. B. Troubleshooting Example. Developing a good troubleshooting technique is based on your knowledge of the circuit and on your application of that knowledge. This section gives you a fault- finding experience. As you troubleshoot the circuit, note how observations are linked to possible circuit faults. 129Procedure 1. Set CM switch 10 to the ON position. Using performance specifications Table 10-2, the troubleshooting flowchart in Figure 10-2, and your knowledge of RC coupled circuits, determine the component fault in the circuit. 2. You may use the multimeter to perform resistance measurements and continuity checks. Before doing so, tum off the de power supplies and disconnect the signal generator from the circuit. If necessary, remove the two- post connectors to isolate a circuit component being tested. NOTE: Do not disconnect the circuit board from the base unit for these tests. 3. If necessary, calculate the percentage error (%E). z= {measured-nominal) * nominal 100 4, Use the STUDENT WORK SPACE to jot down data or calculations you make during the performance checks or troubleshooting process. 5. Based on your performance checks and troubleshooting investigation, which one of the following component faults was inserted into the RC coupled amplifier circuit? a. Q2 (open base-collector junction). b. Q2 (open base-emitter junction). ©. R9 (shorted). 4, C2 (shorted). 130STUDENT WORK SPACE CIRCUIT TOLERANCE: +25% 1TeM NOMINAL MEASURED vy 18.00 Vée 100 my, je a Vn 0 Mme | Veoas 870 Mage IN PHASE Voa PHASE (2) |sanerorne (2 NONE Yer 293 OV page | 1 PHASE (2) | 180° OUT OF PHASE DISTORTION (2) NONE Ye 293 mV pepe poe | ft Vig PHASE (2) | 180° OUT OF PHASE DISTORTION (2) NONE Vey 9.23 vae 186 Vie 123 Vde 4 9.23 Vée ¥ 188 vee 123 Vee (0) V, HAS A TOLERANCE OF + 9%, (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (Vj) Table 9-2 Performance specifications for the RC coupled amplifier 131C. Troubleshooting Procedure Analysis ‘The following is an analysis of a good logical troubleshooting procedure that ‘can be used for determining the fault in Procedure B. Procedure 1. The amplifier ac performance checks show that there is no Q2 output signal (Vo) and that the Q2 input signal (Vig) is well below the tolerance limit of the performance specification. 2. This result indicates that second stage amplifier Q2 is the possible location of the fault, The next step is to make a performance check on the Q2 de voltages. 3. The Q2 de bias voltages are not within the tolerance limits of the specification: Vc2 is about equal to the 15 Vde supply voltage, and Vp2 and Vg are below the tolerance limit. 4, These out-of-specification de voltages strongly indicate that the fault is associated with the Q2 circuit. 5. The Q2 base-emitter junction is still forward biased with the proper 0.6 Vde difference, indicating that the base-emitter junction is functioning properly (eliminates answer b.) Therefore, the fault is most likely associated with the Q2 collector circuit. 6. Because Vc2 is about equal to the de power supply voltage, you may assume that the collector resistor (R9) is shorted (answer c.). This fault assumption can be confirmed or disproved by checking the R9 resistance. If it is 052, there is @ short, if itis 4.7K, there is no short. 7. The resistance of R9 is 4.7K; therefore, the measurement disproves the first fault assumption that R9 is shorted. 8, Because there is no short and the collector voltage (Vc2) essentially equals the de power supply voltage (VA), the Q2 collector current is essentially zero. This fact strongly indicates that the fault is a Q2 open base-collector junction (answer a). 9. This assumption is correct if the Q2 emitter and base currents are about equal because the collector current is zero (Ic = Ig - Ip) The base current can be calculated by the difference in current in voltage divider resistors R4 and R8. ‘The emitter current is equal to Vg2/R 10. 13210. The current calculations show that the Q2 base and emitter currents are equal; therefore, the fault is a Q2 open base-collector junction (answer a.). 11. Answer d., coupling capacitor C2 shorted, can be eliminated by confirming that V1 is within tolerance of the specification value (9.23 Vdc) and not equal to the measured value of Vga. 12. The next step is to repair the fault (turn off CM switch 10), then repeat the necessary performance checks to confirm proper amplifier operation. Conclusions I- To begin troubleshooting, analyze the symptoms of a circuit problem to determine which amplifier(s) is (are) causing the problem. 2- A visual inspection of the suspected amplifier may indicate apparent faults. 3+ Performance checks isolate the faulty stage of the amplifier. They help you to make an assumption about a possible fault. 4- Circuit tests confirm or disprove the fault assumption. S- After the fault is located and repaired, performance checks are repeated to confirm proper amplifier operation. Review Questions 1- To efficiently troubleshoot an amplifier problem, you should use a. imagination and individual initiative. b. knowledge of the circuit. c. logical procedures. d. All of the above. 2- The first step in the troubleshooting flowchart is to a. make performance checks. b. make a visual inspection. ¢. isolate and repair the faulty circuit component. d. analyze the symptoms of the problem. 3- The first objective when you perform the initial test on a two-stage amplifier is to a. determine which stage is faulty. . determine the faulty circuit component. c. be able to make a good assumption of the fault. d. eliminate the symptoms of the fault. 1334- A measured value that is not exactly the same as the nominal value but is within the specified tolerance limits . indicates a fault in the circuit. b. is considered a normal reading. c. indicates that a circuit component is beginning to break down. d. is considered normal only if it is less than the nominal value. ‘5 When a problem is isolated to a specific amplifier stage, the next step in troubleshooting is to a. replace the transistor. b. complete the performance checks on all the amplifier stages. c. analyze the amplifier stage performance check data to make an assumption about the component fault. e. start taking circuit measurements on all of the components in the amplifier stage. Part Il: Troubleshooting Amplifier Circuits Introduction In this part of the experiment, you will troubleshoot faults associated with the common base circuit (Procedure D), common emitter circuit (Procedure E), common collector circuit (Procedure F), RC coupling circuit (Procedure G), and direct coupling circuit (Procedure H). This exercise format is different from previous exercises in that each circuit has its own discussion and procedure (D to H). The discussion provides helpful comments on troubleshooting the circuit. The procedure is troubleshooting a fault introduced into the circuit by your instructor. Most circuits have two or more possible faults; however, only one fault at a time will be inserted. A performance specifications table is given for each circuit. Following the steps in the troubleshooting flowchart of Figure E9-2 will help you to locate the fault. Remember, you are not required to do all of the performance checks, only the tests necessary to locate the fault. Use your own initiative and imagination, but always be logical in your approach to troubleshooting; using a hit-or-miss method takes longer. No conclusions or review questions are included in this exercise. Troubleshooting each fault is a test of your knowledge of transistor amplifier circuits; therefore, there is no unit test. 134‘A PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT form is given in each circuit procedure. After troubleshooting the circuit, pick from the form the answer which best defines the amplifier component fault. NOTE: In all of the following procedures, you may use the multimeter to perform resistance measurements and continuity checks. Before doing so, tum Off the de power supplies and disconnect the signal generator from the circuit. If necessary remove the two-post connectors to isolate any circuit component being tested. ~_-D- Troubleshooting The Common Base Circuit In the common base (CB) amplifier circuit, the base is common to the ac input and output signals. The input signal is at the emitter terminal and the output signal is at the collector terminal. A blocking capacitor (C2) maintains the base de voltage set by a voltage divider circuit (RI and R2) but shorts the base to ground for ac signals. The CB amplifier has a very low input impedance (loads down the input signal) and a high output impedance, yielding a very high voltage gain. The output signal is in phase with the input signal. Because the base current is very small, the collector atid-emitter currents are essentially equal when the amplifier is operated in the active region. Sb Procedure as 5 1. Locate the COMMON BASE/EMITTER circuit block on the TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS circuit shown in Figure E9-4. Ni2. While observing the signal on channel 1 of the oscilloscope, adjust the sine wave generator for a 1 kHz, 50 mVpk.pk ac input signal (Vj = VGEN)- 3. Before having your instructor introduce a circuit fault, verify that the common base amplifier circuit is working properly. Do a performance check and compare your results against the data in Table 9-3. If your results differ from the data, visually inspect your setup to locate and correct the problem. 4. Have your instructor insert a fault into the CB amplifier circuit. 5. Troubleshoot the circuit to determine the fault, On the PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT form, indicate which answer best defines the amplifier fault. STUDENT WORK SPACE CIRCUTT TOLERANCE: +25% rem NOMINAL MEASURED 5 pod ym 15.00 Vde S\ 0% Veen 50 Vege Bes on % 50 Moe 300 (NN) % 44 Vonage Doe wk |eeto Yo PHASE (2) weiss | \So _ Vo DISTORTION (2) NONE Wor s ~ Ye 7.30 Ve Way. yArog - Ve 113 Vée \>\a) Voie " % Sole? ODS ae T BrovrerA ~ (0 Vy HAS A TOLERANCE OF + 3% (2) IM RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (¥,) wh Je m Table 9-3 Performance specifications for the CB amplifier circuit. 1366. Have your instructor remove the fault, 7. Check amplifier performance for proper operation. TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT A. The faulty component is a. C2 (shorted). b. QI (open base-emitter junction). Xx c.R2 (shorted). 4. Qi (open base-collector junction). E- Troubleshooting The Common Emitter Circuit common to both the input and output signals in the terminal ifier circuit. The input signal is at the base the collector terminal. The output signal is 180° out of The emitter terminal is common emitter (CE) amp the output signal is at ‘phase with the input signa. “The_input -and-output-impedances_are_high. The voltage gain i equals the collector load (R4 // R6) divided by the emitter resistor (RS). The cael rand emitter currents are essentially equal when the amplifier is Gperated in the active region because the base current is very small. 1. Locate the COMMON BASE/EMITTER circuit block on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. Connect the common emitter circuit showa in Figure E9-5. Figure E9-5. Connection diagram for CE amplifier circuit troubleshooting. 1372. While observing the signal at the base of Qi on channel 1 of the oscilloscope, adjust the sine wave generator for a 300 mV>pk-pko | kHz ac input signal (Vj). 3, Before having your instructor introduce a circuit fault, verify that the common emitter amplifier circuit is working properly. Do a performance check and compare your results against the data in Table 9-4. If your results differ from the data, visually inspect your set to locate and correct the problem. 4, Have your instructor insert a fault into the CE amplifier circuit. 5. Troubleshoot the circuit to determine the fault. On the PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT form, indicate which answer best defines the amplifier fault. STUDENT WORK SPACE GIRGUT TOLERANCE: =25% eM NOMINAL WEASURED 1500 vee 300 *¥pa 300 Vee SSS mS Ee it . 2 Vn ve Paase @ | our 2 onase Ye OTORTION Gi] NONE ‘ 8 wee ‘ owe we (1) V, HAS A TOLERANCE OF + 3%. (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (V,) Table 9-4 Performance specifications for the CE amplifier circuit. 1386. Have your instructor remove the fault. 7. Check amplifier performance for proper operation. TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT B. The faulty component is a. RS (shorted). b. R2 (shorted). c. QI (open base-collector junction). . QI (open base-emitter junction). F- Troubleshooting The Common Collector Circuit The collector terminal is common to both input and output signals in the common collector (CC) amplifier circuit. The input signal is at the base terminal and the output signal is at the emitter terminal. The output signal is in phase with the input signal. The input impedance is high, and the output impedance is low. The voltage gain is always less than 1.0. Because the base current is very-small, the collector and emitter currents are essentially equal when the amplifier is operated in the active region. ‘The output signal of a CC amplifier can be very similar to the input signal; the gain is usually slightly less than 1.0, and the output is in phase with the input. If the base-collector junction becomes shorted, the fault is not obvious; the signal at the collector terminal is the same as the loaded down (because of the short) input signal to the base. Procedure 1. Locate the COMMON COLLECTOR circuit block on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. Connect the common collector circuit shown in Figure E9-6. Adjust R4 to its fully CW position. 2. While observing the signal on channel 1 of the oscilloscope, adjust the sine wave generator for a 100 mVppk, | kHz ac input signal (Vj). 3. Before having your instructor introduce a circuit fault, verify that the common collector amplifier circuit is working properly. Do a performance check and compare your results against the data in Table 9-5. If your results differ from the data, visually inspect your setup to locate and correct the problem. 4, Have your instructor insert a fault into the CC amplifier circuit. 139Figure £9-6. Connection diagram for CC amplifier circuit troubleshooting. 5. Troubleshoot the circuit to determine the fault. On the PRACTICAL SKILLS (ASSESSMENT form, indicate which answer best defines the amplifier fault. STUDENT WORK SPACE CIRCUIT TOLERANCE: +25% rem Noma MEASURED vy 18.00 Vde 100 OV pepe y 100 TV yu.gk ve 80 mV pup Vo PHASE (2) IN PHASE Vo DISTORTION (2) NONE Ve 15.00 Ve Ye 724 Vee Ye 6.83 Vde (1) Vq HAS A TOLERANCE OF #:9%. (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL {Yj} ‘Table 9-5. Performance specifications for the CC amplifier circuit. 1406. Have your instructor remove the fault, 7. Check your amplifier performance for proper operation. TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT C. The faulty component is a. QI (open base-emitter junction). b. QI (shorted base-emitter junction). ¢. QI (open base-collector junction). . C2 (shorted). G- Troubleshooting The RC Coupled Amplifier Circuit In the RC coupled amplifier, capacitor C2 couples the first and second stages of two NPN common emitter amplifiers The de bias of each stage is isolated by 2. ‘The amplifier ac output signal is in phase with the input because of the inversion of each stage. The input signal to the second stage is equal to the output of the first stage. ‘The ac load of the first stage is the parallel resistance of R3, R4, R8, and ,B(te R10), The parallel resistance of R9 and R12 is the output load of the second stage. Output signal coupling capacitor C4 blocks load resistor R12 from affecting the de bias of Q2. Procedure 1. Locate the RC COUPLING/TRANSFORMER COUPLING circuit block on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. Connect the RC coupled amplifier circuit shown in Figure E9-7. 2. While observing the signal on channel 1 of the oscilloscope, adjust the sine wave generator for a 1 kHz, 100 mVpk-pk ac input signal (Vj1) at the base of transistor QI. 3. Before having your instructor introduce a circuit fault, verify that the RC coupled amplifier ‘circuit is working properly. Do a performance check and compare your results against the data in Table 9-6. If your results differ from this data, visually inspect your setup to locate and correct the problem. 4, Have your instructor insert a fault into the RC coupled amplifier circuit. 141the circuit to determine the fault. On the PRACTICAL SKILLS 5. Troubleshoot ‘answer best defines the amplifier fault. ASSESSMENT form, indicate wl Fig. E9-7. Connection diagram for RC coupled amplifier circuit troubleshooting. STUDENT WORK SPACE 6. Have your instructor remove the fault. 7. Check amplifier performance for proper operation. 142TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT D. The faulty component is a. QI (shorted base-emitter junction). . Q2 (shorted base-emitter junction). c. QI (open base-collector junction). 4. C4 (open circuit). CIRCUIT TOLERANCE: +25% eM NOMINAL MEASURED vat 18.00 vae Yoon 100 Vp ge ‘n 100 Mn Veous 270 pg Voz PHASE (2) WW PHASE Yeu DISTORTION (2) NONE Ya 299 Vo Vor PHASE (2) | 190° OUT OF PHASE Vo, BIGTORTION (2 NONE Ye) 288 Vj Va PHASE (2) | 180° OUT OF PHASE Vz DISTORTION (2) NONE Yer 22 vee v 108 vee Ye 13 vee Ven 929 ve Yen 88 voc Va 12a vee (0 ¥, HAS A TOLERANCE OF + 3% (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (Vy) Table 9-6. Performance specifications for the RC coupled amplifier circuit. 143ji Troubleshooting The Direct Coupled Amplifier Circuit 2 to © Two amplifier stages are direct coupled when the output of the first stage is connected directly to the input of the second stage. The dc biases of each stage are not isolated. A fault upsetting the de bias of one stage affects the other stage. When two common emitter amplifiers are direct coupled, the second-stage output is in phase with the first-stage input. AR one Procedure ° 1. Locate the DIRECT COUPLING circuit block on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. Connect the direct coupled amplifier circuit shown in Figure E9-8. Figure E9-8. Connection diagram for direct coupled amplifier circuit troubleshooting. 1442. Adjust potentiometer RI for a QI collector voltage (Vel) of 13.40 Vde. ‘Adjust the. sine wave generator for a 100 mVpk-pky 1 kHz ‘ac input signal (Vj) atthe base of transistorQl. = 5 SSO 4, Before having your instructor introduce a circuit fault, verify thet the direct coupled amplifier circuit is working properly. Do a performance check and compare your results against the data in Table 9-7. If your results differ from the data, visually inspect your setup to locate and correct the problem. 4, Have your instructor insert a fault into the direct coupled amplifier circuit. 5, Troubleshoot the circuit to determine the fault. On the PRACTICAL SKILLS ‘ASSESSMENT form, indicate which answer best defines the amplifier fault. STUDENT WORK SPACE 6. Have your instructor remove the fault. 7. Check amplifier performance for proper operation. TRANSISTOR. AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS PRACTICAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT Wd cy E. The faulty component is a a. QI (open base-emitter junction). ‘eRe b. Q2 (open base-collector junction). — & c. R7 (shorted). be! £ d. Q2 (shorted base-emitter junction) 145poate te Sas ee CIRCUIT TOLERANCE: £25% rem NOMINAL MEASURED vy 18.00 Vde Sisk yas Van 100 MV pee Ago AY, LC me Ys 100 Mp ge \oo 40 te _» ¥ e vied 707 1% gn a) U Vea PHASE (2) IW PHASE eC i Yer 208 OV sepe PHASE (2) | 180° OUT OF PHASE | Yq, DISTORTION (2)| NONE i Ya 208 TV pepe | Vig PHASE, 180° OUT OF PHASE ; fa DISTORTION NONE Ver 13.40 Vée io 1.38 Veo v 0.74 Vac a 074 Vdc Vex 3.40 vee | Ver 14.08 Vae (0) V, HAS A TOLERANCE OF 23% (2) IN RELATION TO AC INPUT SIGNAL (Vi) ‘Table 9-7. Performance specifications for the direct coupled amplifier circuit.