23 Grinding Machines

ANSI B11.
9 – 2010 (R2015)
American National Standard for Machines –

Safety Requirements for
Grinding Machines
Secretariat and Accredited Standards Developer:
B11 Standards, Inc.

POB 690905
Houston, TX 77269
APPROVED: 17 NOVEMBER 2010

REAFFIRMED: 10 SEPTEMBER 2015
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© B11 Standards, Inc. i

Table of Contents
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. v
Introduction ............................................................................................................................viii
1 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Included machines ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 External cylindrical grinding machine ......................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Centerless external cylindrical grinding ...................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Surface grinding machine – peripheral grinding, reciprocating table, (horizontal
spindle) ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.4 Surface grinding machine – peripheral grinding, rotary table (horizontal spindle;
table has a vertical axis of rotation) ............................................................................. 2
1.1.5 Surface grinding machine – face grinding, reciprocating table (vertical spindle) .. 3
1.1.6 Surface grinding machine – face grinding, rotary table (vertical spindle; table has
a vertical axis of rotation) .............................................................................................. 3
1.1.7 Surface grinding – face grinding, Double disc surface grinding machine (includes
either horizontal or vertical spindle configurations) .................................................. 3
1.1.8 Tool & cutter grinding machine – peripheral and face grinding (includes multiple
horizontal spindle configurations) ............................................................................... 3
1.1.9 Cutting-off machine (guillotine type) ............................................................................ 4
1.1.10 Cutting-off machine (chop-saw type) ........................................................................... 4
1.1.11 Cutting-off machine (workpiece translation type) ...................................................... 4
1.1.12 Bench, pedestal or floorstand grinding machine – peripheral grinding .................. 4
1.1.13 Pedestal grinding machine – face grinding (horizontal spindle) .............................. 5
1.1.14 Swing frame grinding machine – peripheral grinding/cutting-off ............................. 5
1.1.15 Automatic billet grinding machine – surface grinding (high pressure).................... 5
1.2 Excluded machines ..................................................................................................................... 6
2 References.................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Normative references .................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Informative references ................................................................................................................ 7
3 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 8
4 Responsibility ...........................................................................................................10
4.1 Supplier responsibilities ........................................................................................................... 10
4.2 User responsibilities ................................................................................................................. 10
4.3 Personnel responsibilities ........................................................................................................ 10
5 Risk assessment process ........................................................................................11
6 Design and construction ..........................................................................................13
6.1 General requirements ............................................................................................................... 13
6.1.1 Hazards associated with moving parts (other than point of operation hazards) .. 13
6.1.2 Hazards associated with broken or falling components .......................................... 13
6.1.3 Stored energy ............................................................................................................... 13
6.1.4 Exhaust provision ........................................................................................................ 13
6.1.5 Flanges .......................................................................................................................... 14
6.1.6 Offhand grinding machine work rests........................................................................ 14
6.1.7 Limiting abrasive product speed ................................................................................ 14
6.1.8 Direction of machine spindle thread .......................................................................... 14
6.1.9 Length of machine spindle thread .............................................................................. 15
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ii
6.1.10 Size of spindle or mount .............................................................................................. 15
6.1.11 Directional arrows ........................................................................................................ 15
6.1.12 Work driving and holding equipment ......................................................................... 15
6.1.13 Contact with high-temperature components ............................................................. 16
6.2 Electrical requirements ............................................................................................................. 16
6.2.1 Power ............................................................................................................................. 16
6.2.2 Disconnect .................................................................................................................... 16
6.2.3 Emergency stop............................................................................................................ 16
6.2.4 Voltage and grounds .................................................................................................... 16
6.2.5 Component failure ........................................................................................................ 16
6.3 Operating control ...................................................................................................................... 17
6.3.1 General construction ................................................................................................... 17
6.3.2 Identification ................................................................................................................. 17
6.3.3 Component location ..................................................................................................... 17
6.3.4 Operating controls ....................................................................................................... 17
6.3.5 Direction of operation of controls .............................................................................. 19
6.3.6 Hydraulic and pneumatic components ...................................................................... 20
6.4 Abrasive product mounting ..................................................................................................... 20
6.4.1 General requirements for flanges ............................................................................... 20
6.4.2 General requirements for faceplates .......................................................................... 21
6.4.3 Run-out for collets........................................................................................................ 21
6.5 Abrasive product speeds ......................................................................................................... 21
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7 Layout, installation, testing and start-up for the grinding system ........................22
7.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 22
7.2 Layout 22
7.2.1 Production operations ................................................................................................. 22
7.2.2 Set-up and maintenance .............................................................................................. 22
7.3 Installation .................................................................................................................................. 22
7.3.1 Foundation .................................................................................................................... 22
7.3.2 Lifting of machine components .................................................................................. 22
7.3.3 Anchoring ...................................................................................................................... 23
7.4 Lockout / tagout ......................................................................................................................... 23
7.4.1 Means ............................................................................................................................ 23
7.4.2 Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 23
7.4.3 Training ......................................................................................................................... 23
7.4.4 Supervision ................................................................................................................... 23
7.5 Lighting ...................................................................................................................................... 23
7.6 Testing and start-up .................................................................................................................. 23
7.6.1 Procedures .................................................................................................................... 23
7.6.2 Assigned personnel ..................................................................................................... 23
7.6.3 Safeguarding ................................................................................................................. 23
7.7 Speed check of machines – user’s responsibility ................................................................. 23
8 Safeguarding .............................................................................................................24
8.1 Hazards associated with grinding machine operation, other than at the point of
operation. ................................................................................................................................... 25
8.1.1 Hazards to personnel associated with power transmission .................................... 25
8.1.2 Hazards to personnel associated with moving parts (exclusive of power
transmission components) ......................................................................................... 25
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8.1.3
Hazards to personnel associated with flying particles and sparks originating from
the point of operation................................................................................................... 26
8.1.4 Hazards to personnel associated with unintended operation of grinding machines
........................................................................................................................................ 26
8.1.5 Hazards to personnel associated with the containment of fluids such as coolant,
lubricant, and hydraulic fluid and compressed gas. ................................................ 26
8.2 Hazards at the point of operation ............................................................................................ 27
8.3 Abrasive product safeguarding ............................................................................................... 27
8.3.1 General requirements .................................................................................................. 27
8.3.2 Abrasive product guard exposure angles ................................................................. 27
8.3.3 Abrasive product guards ............................................................................................. 32
8.3.4 Material requirements and minimum dimensions .................................................... 33
8.3.5 Abrasive product guards with removable side covers ............................................ 35
8.3.6 Band-type guards – general specifications ............................................................... 36
9 Operation, maintenance and training ......................................................................36
9.1 Operation and maintenance ..................................................................................................... 36
9.1.1 Use of abrasive products — user’s responsibility.................................................... 37
9.1.2 General maintenance ................................................................................................... 37
9.1.3 Arbor size ...................................................................................................................... 37
9.1.4 Bushing ......................................................................................................................... 37
9.1.5 Surface condition ......................................................................................................... 37
9.1.6 Machine face plate........................................................................................................ 37
9.1.7 Tightening of the mounting nut .................................................................................. 39
9.1.8 Abrasive product guards ............................................................................................. 40
9.1.9 Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 40
9.2 Training ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Annex A: Abrasive product guards, work zone enclosures and their combinations on
stationary grinding machines ................................................................................................. 1
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© B11 Standards, Inc. iv

FOREWORD
This Foreword is informative and not part of the requirements of American National Standard B11.9-2010.
The primary objective of this standard is to eliminate, control or reduce hazards to individuals associated
with grinding machines by establishing requirements for the design, construction, installation,
commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of these machines. To accomplish this
objective, responsibilities have been assigned to the supplier (e.g., supplier, modifier, distributor, rebuilder
and integrator), the user, and individuals in the working environment.
The words "safe" and "safety" are not absolutes. An element of safety is attitude. While the objective of
this standard is to eliminate, control, or reduce hazards, this standard recognizes that hazards cannot be
practically reduced to zero in any human activity. This standard is not intended to replace good judgment,
proper training, and personal responsibility. Operator skill, job monotony, fatigue, and experience are safety
factors that should be considered by the user.
The original B11.9 Standard was approved in 1975, and has simply been reaffirmed periodically since then.
This current standard began revision in 2005, closely collaborating with the ANSI B7.1 Committee. A
memorandum of understanding was reached between the two separate standards development
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committees that going forward, this B11.9 standard would address the safety requirements of the grinding
machine only, and B7.1 would address the safety requirements of the abrasive product only (with the largest
single area of overlap being the flange, mostly addressed in B7.1).
Technology for grinding machines is continuously evolving. This standard reflects the most commonly used
and time-tested state of the art at the time of its approval. The inclusion or omission of language relative
to any evolving technology, either in the requirements or explanatory area of this standard, in no way infers
acceptance or rejection of such technologies.
This standard was processed and submitted for ANSI approval by the B11 Accredited Standards Committee
on safety standards for machine tools. Committee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that
all committee members voted for its approval. At the time this document was approved as an American
National Standard, the ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee was composed of the following member
organizations:
Inquiries with respect to the application of the substantive requirements of this standard and suggestions
for its improvement are welcomed and are to be sent to B11 Standards, Inc., POB 690905, Houston, TX
77269. Attention: B11 Secretariat.
Effective Date
The following is informative guidance only, and not a normative part of this standard. This Subcommittee
recognizes that some period of time after the approval date on the title page of this document is necessary
for suppliers and users to develop new designs, or modify existing designs or manufacturing processes in
order to incorporate the new or revised requirements of this standard into their product development or
production system.
This Subcommittee recommends that suppliers complete and implement design changes for new machines
within 30 months of the approval of this standard.
For existing or modified machines, this Subcommittee recommends that users should confirm that the
equipment / process has tolerable risk using generally recognized risk assessment methods within 30
months of the approval date of this standard. If the risk assessment shows that modification(s) is necessary,
refer to the requirements of this standard to implement protective measures for appropriate risk reduction.
This standard was prepared by the B11.9 Subcommittee, processed and submitted for ANSI approval by
the B11 Accredited Standards Committee on Safety Standards for Machine Tools. Committee approval of
this standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time this
standard was approved as an American National Standard, the ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee
was composed of the following member organizations:
© B11 Standards, Inc. v

B11 Accredited Standards Committee
John W. Russell, PE, CSP Chairman
Gary D. Kopps, Vice-Chairman
David A. Felinski, Secretary
Organizations Represented Name of Representative

Delegate Alternate
Aerospace Industries Association of America Willard Wood Lance Chandler, PE
Aluminum Extruders Council Melvin Mitchell Scott Burkett
American Society of Safety Engineers Bruce Main, PE, CSP George Karosas, PE, CSP
Association For Manufacturing Technology Russell Bensman Alan Metelsky
Automotive Industry Action Group Nancy Malo David Lalain
The Boeing Company Don Nelson Joe Oberuc
Canadian Standards Association Elizabeth Rankin, CRSP Thomas Eastwood
Deere & Co. Gary Kopps Scott Fowler
General Motors Corporation Michael Douglas
Komatsu America Industries George Schreck James Landowski
Metal Building Manufacturers Association Charles Stockinger Charles Praeger
Metal Powder Industries Federation Dennis Cloutier, CSP Teresa Stillman
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health Richard Current, PE James Harris, PhD, PE
Occupational Safety & Health Administration Kenneth Stevanus Robert Bell
Omron Scientific Technologies Incorporated Frank Webster Christopher Soranno
Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute Charles Hayes Maria Ferrante
Pilz Automation Safety, LP Michael Beerman Lee Burk
Precision Metalforming Association James Barrett, Jr. PhD Bill Gaskin / Christen Carmigiano
Presence-sensing Device Manufacturers Association James V. Kirton Michael Carlson
Property Casualty Insurers John Russell, PE, CSP
Robotic Industries Association Jeffrey Fryman Claude Dinsmoor
Rockwell Automation Michael Miller
Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors Nat’l. Assn. Michael McCullion Roy Brown
System Safety Society John Etherton, PhD, CSP Rod Simmons, PhD
Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America Barry Boggs Todd Mills
International United Automotive Workers Tom Ford
At the time this standard was approved, the ANSI B11 ASC B11.9 Subcommittee had the following
members who participated in the development of this revision:
Theodore Braun, CSP, CPE Liberty Mutual Chairman

William Pflager Cinetic Landis Vice-Chairman
James Sprague, PhD, PE Engineering Systems, Inc. Vice-Chairman
Rob Beebe Acme
Tom Doyle Industrial Safety Integration
Ron Karbowski ANSI B7.1 Chairman
Bruce Main, PE, CSP design safety engineering, inc.
Jim Shilander Parker Majestic
David Smith Metabo Corporation
David Felinski B11 Standards, Inc., Secretary
© B11 Standards, Inc. vi

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This ANSI B11.9 – 2010 (R15) standard is divided into parts formerly referred
Explanation of the to as sections or chapters and now referred to as clauses. Major divisions of
format, and ANSI clauses are referred to as subclauses and, when referenced by other text in
the standard, are denoted by the subclause number (e.g., see 5.1).
B11 conventions
The standard uses a two-column format to provide supporting information for
requirements. The material in the left column is confined to “Standard
Requirements” only, and is so captioned. The right column, captioned
"Explanatory Information" contains information that the writing Subcommittee
believed would help to clarify the requirements contained in the standard.
This column is informative only, and should not be construed as being a part
of the requirements of this American National Standard.
As in all American National Standards, the term “SHALL” denotes a

requirement that is to be strictly followed in order to conform to this standard;
no deviation is permitted. The term “SHOULD” denotes a recommendation, a
practice or condition among several alternatives, or a preferred method or
course of action.
Similarly, the term “CAN” denotes a possibility or capability, whether physical

or causal, and the term “MAY” denotes a permissible course of action within
the limits of the standard.
B11 conventions: Operating rules (safe practices) are not included in either
column of this standard unless they are of such nature as to be vital safety
requirements, equal in weight to other requirements, or guides to assist in
conformance to the standard. The B11 series of standards do not use the
term “and/or” but instead, the term “OR” is used as an inclusive disjunction,
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meaning one or the other or both. A distinction between the terms
“individual” and “personnel” is drawn. Individual includes personnel
(employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other contract workers under the
indirect control of the supplier or user) but also encompasses persons who
are not under the direct or indirect control of the supplier or user (e.g.,
visitors, vendors, etc.). Gauge refers to a measuring or testing instrument;
gage refers to a limiting device (e.g., backgage).
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should

be sent to B11 Standards, Inc., POB 690905, Houston, TX 77269- Attention:
B11 Secretariat.
© B11 Standards, Inc. vii

Introduction
The primary purpose of every machine tool is to process parts. This is accomplished by the machine
imparting process energy onto the workpiece. Inadvertent interference with, or accidental misdirection of
the released energy during production, maintenance, commissioning and de-commissioning may result in
injury.
The primary purpose of the ANSI B11 series of machine tool safety standards is to devise and propose
ways to minimize risks of the potential hazards. This can be accomplished either by an appropriate machine
design or by restricting personnel or other individuals’ access to hazard zones, and by devising work
procedures to minimize personnel exposure to hazardous situations. This is the essence of the ANSI B11
series of safety standards.
The responsibility for the alleviation of these risks is divided between the equipment supplier, the user and
the user’s operating personnel, as follows (numbers in parentheses refer to the clause numbers in these
“base” B11 standards which address that responsibility).
The requirements of this ANSI standard are grouped according to those that apply to the supplier (i.e.,
manufacturer, rebuilder, modifier) and user. Some are shared between the supplier and user and are so
indicated. Figure 1 provides an overview of this standard and in particular the responsibilities of and
requirements for the supplier and user, including the user personnel. Numbers in parentheses denote the
particular clause or subclause of the standard.
Notes for Figure 1:

1) Scope – Provides the boundaries or limits of the standard (i.e., what is/is not included).
2) Normative references – Other standards which in whole or in part provide additional
requirements when referenced in the normative text (i.e., left-hand column of clauses 4 –
9) of this standard.
3) Definitions – Terms used in this standard, together with their definitions (terms used in the
same context as are generally understood and commonly used in everyday English are
not defined).
4) Responsibility – The general responsibilities of the supplier (builder), user, and the user
personnel are listed in clause 4 together with which of the remaining clauses they have
primary responsibility.
5) Hazard control (task/hazard identification & risk assessment/risk reduction) – Although
clause 5 is intended to require a shared responsibility between supplier and user, the
requirements of this clause may fall primarily on either entity (see B11.0 [B11.TR3] for
further explanation of hazard/task identification and risk assessment/risk reduction).
6) Design and construction – It is assumed that the supplier will be responsible for the
requirements of clause 6 with the understanding that the user may add to or modify these
requirements through the purchase agreement.
7) Installation, testing and start-up – Although the requirements of clause 7 are
predominantly the responsibility of the user, the supplier will normally provide assistance
either directly (providing personnel) or indirectly (instruction materials).
8) Safeguarding – This is normally a shared responsibility but often, either the supplier or the
user will provide and/or meet the requirements of clause 8.
9) Operation and maintenance – The user is normally responsible for the requirements of
clause 9 with possible assistance from the supplier for training.

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viii
(1) Scope (2) Normative References
(3) Definitions
(4) Responsibilities for
(4.1) Supplier (4.2) User (4.3) User

Personnel
(5) Hazard Control

(5.1) Task and Hazard
Identification B11.0
(5.2) Risk Assessment / Risk B11.TR3
Reduction
NFPA 79 Comply with Training and

Safety Procedures
B11.19
(6) Design and Construction
B11.TR1
B11.TR2
B11.TR3
B11.TR4
B11.TR5
(7) Installation, Testing, and NFPA 70

Start-up NFPA 70E
NFPA 79
B11.19
(8) Safeguarding
B11.0
B11.TR3
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(9) Operation and

Maintenance
Figure 1 – Typical layout of B11 base standards showing the various responsibilities
The gray shading represents ANSI B11. A solid line between a block showing reference
standard(s) and a block showing a normative clause denotes part of the requirements. A dashed
line denotes an informative reference.
© B11 Standards, Inc. ix

American National Standard B11.9–2010 (R15)
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION
American National Standard for Machines -

Safety Requirements for Grinding Machines
(Not part of American National Standard for Safety
Requirements for Grinding Machines, B11.9-2010 (R15)).
1 Scope E1
This standard applies to all stationary grinding Stationary grinding machines are fixed in position during
machines, used in either industrial or commercial operation and capable of a combination of one or more
applications, that utilize an abrasive product to types of operations.
change the shape, size or surface finish of any
material. Abrasive products include coated abrasives and
superabrasives, as well as abrasive products consisting of
abrasive grains held together by organic or inorganic
bonds.
1.1 Included machines E1.1

This standard includes but is not limited to the Control methods may include pneumatic, hydraulic, servo,
following machines, regardless of their control NC, CNC, mechanical, manual, etc.).
method, that use an abrasive product to remove
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material: Figures 1.1 through 1.16 are simplified schematics of

different machine configurations and may not depict
required guards (removed for clarity).
1.1.1 External cylindrical grinding machine

A machine that grinds the external surface of a
rotating workpiece.
Figure 1.1.1 – External Cylindrical Grinding

Examples:
Center-type or cylindrical grinders
Gear grinders
Profile and cam grinders
Thread grinders
1.1.2 Centerless external cylindrical grinding

Machine
A machine that grinds the external surface of a
rotating workpiece. The workpiece is rotated and
mechanically guided with reference to the grinding
wheel by means of a control-wheel, and rests on a
straight-edge placed between the two wheels.
Figure 1.1.2 – Centerless Grinding
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1.1.2.1 Internal cylindrical grinding machine

(includes either horizontal or vertical spindle
configurations)
A machine that grinds the internal surface of a

rotating workpiece. The workpiece and the grinding
wheel are mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.3 – Internal Grinding

Examples:
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Center hole grinders

Electrolytic grinders
Internal grinders
Jig grinders
Profile and cam grinders
Thread grinders
Vertical grinders
1.1.3 Surface grinding machine – peripheral

grinding, reciprocating table, (horizontal
spindle)
A machine that grinds the plane surfaces of a

workpiece whereby the workpiece is secured to a
reciprocating table. The workpiece and the grinding
Figure 1.1.4 – Surface Grinding

Examples:
Creep feed grinders
Surface grinders
1.1.4 Surface grinding machine – peripheral

grinding, rotary table (horizontal spindle; table
has a vertical axis of rotation)

rotary table. The workpiece and the grinding wheel
are mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.5 – Surface Grinding - Peripheral

1.1.5 Surface grinding machine – face

grinding, reciprocating table (vertical spindle)

reciprocating table. The workpiece and the grinding
Figure 1.1.6 – Surface Grinding – Face Linear
1.1.6 Surface grinding machine – face

grinding, rotary table (vertical spindle; table has
a vertical axis of rotation)

rotary table. The workpiece and the grinding wheel
are mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.7 – Surface Grinding – Face Rotary
1.1.7 Surface grinding – face grinding, Double

disc surface grinding machine (includes either
horizontal or vertical spindle configurations)
A machine that grinds the workpiece by passing it

between two disc or cylinder wheels or segments.
The workpiece and the grinding wheels are
mechanically guided.
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Figure 1.1.8 – Surface Grinding – Dual Face
1.1.8 Tool & cutter grinding machine –

peripheral and face grinding (includes multiple
horizontal spindle configurations)
A machine that grinds or regrinds cutting faces and

edges of tools (workpiece). The workpiece and the
grinding wheels are mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.9 – Tool Grinding

1.1.9 Cutting-off machine (guillotine type)
A machine that grinds the workpiece for slotting or

cutting-off. The workpiece is firmly fixed and the
cutting-off wheel is mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.10 – Cut-Off – Automatic 1
1.1.10 Cutting-off machine (chop-saw type)
A machine that uses a hand-guided cutting-off wheel

on a firmly clamped workpiece.
Figure 1.1.11 – Cut-Off – Manual
1.1.11 Cutting-off machine (workpiece

translation type)
A machine that uses a hand or mechanically-guided

vertically adjustable cutting-off wheel on a firmly
clamped workpiece.
Figure 1.1.12 – Cut-Off – Automatic 2
1.1.12 Bench, pedestal or floorstand grinding

machine – peripheral grinding
A machine that grinds the surface of a workpiece

using the wheel periphery. Workpiece is guided by
hand.
Figure 1.1.13 – Bench or Pedestal Grinder

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1.1.13 Pedestal grinding machine – face

grinding (horizontal spindle)
A machine that grinds the surface of a workpiece

using the wheel face. The workpiece is guided by
hand.
Figure 1.1.14 – Face Grinder

Disc grinders
Offhand grinders
Surface grinders
1.1.14 Swing frame grinding machine –

peripheral grinding/cutting-off
A suspended machine that utilizes handlebars to

guide the machine to grind or cut the workpiece
using the wheel periphery. The workpiece is firmly
clamped or stabilized by its own weight. The
grinding machine is guided by hand.
Figure 1.1.15 – Swing Frame Grinder
NOTE: A swing frame grinding machine is typically used

for snagging operations, often for rapid stock removal in
foundries.
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1.1.15 Automatic billet grinding machine –
surface grinding (high pressure)
A machine that uses high pressure grinding where

the workpiece is secured to a table. The workpiece
and the grinding wheel are mechanically guided.
Figure 1.1.16 – Automatic Billet Grinder

1.2 Excluded machines E1.2

This standard does not apply to portable hand-held
grinding machines, machines using loose
abrasives, machines used in wood-working
applications, or machines used for concrete cutting
in road construction.
Also, this standard does not apply to honing Machines that use free abrasives or reciprocating
machines, lapping machines, polishing machines motion and or very low speed are excluded from
or belt grinding machines. this standard because they typically use lighter
force than with grinding machines, and the
mechanism at the point of operation significantly
differs from that of abrasive products used on
grinding machines.
2 References
This standard is to be used in conjunction with the
following American National Standards:
2.1 Normative references E2.1

The following standards contain provisions that, In addition to the normative voluntary consensus
through reference in this document, constitute standard references, the reader should investigate
provisions of this American National Standard. At the existence of mandatory codes, specifications or
the time of publication, the editions indicated were regulatory standards, e.g., those standards found at
valid. All standards are subject to revision, and title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (OSHA
parties to agreements based on this American standards – see also www.osha.gov).
National Standard are encouraged to investigate the
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possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below.
ANSI B7.1 – 2000 Safety Requirements for Use, Since the grinding machine and abrasive product
Care and Protection of Abrasive Wheels (and are the fundamental components of the grinding
corrigendum) system, it is particularly important that users of ANSI
B11.9 concurrently reference ANSI B7.1.
ANSI B11.0 – 2010, Safety of Machinery; General
Requirements and Risk Assessment/Risk Reduction
ANSI B11.19 – 2010, Performance Criteria for

Safeguarding.
ANSI / ASSE Z244.1 – 2003 (R2008), Control of

hazardous energy – Lockout/tagout and alternative
methods
ANSI / ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

2009. (Division 1, Section VIII)
ANSI / IESNA-RP-7 – 2001, Industrial Lighting.
NFPA 70 – 2008, The National Electrical Code
NFPA 70E – 2009, Electrical Safety Requirements

for Employee Workplaces.

NFPA 79-2007, Electrical Standard for Industrial

Machinery.
ANSI / ASSE Z87.1-2003 Occupational and

Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection
Devices
ANSI / AIHA Z9.6-2008, Exhaust systems for

grinding, buffing and polishing.
2.2 Informative references E2.2

The documents in E2.2 are not normative
references, but may be helpful in conforming to the
requirements of this standard.
29 CFR 1910.147, Control of hazardous energy
(lockout/tagout) (For more information, go to
www.osha.gov)
29 CFR 1910.333(b), Selection and Use of Electrical

Work Practices (For more information, go to
www.osha.gov)
29 CFR 1910.215, Abrasive Wheel Machinery
29 CFR 1910.94(b), Ventilation: Grinding, Polishing

and Buffing Operations
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EN 13218-2002 Machine Tools – Safety –
Stationary Grinding Machines
ANSI / ASME B5.8-2001 (R2006), Chucks and

Chuck Jaws
ANSI / ASME B5.9-1967 (R2009), Spindle Noses for

Tool Room Lathes, Engine Lathes, Turret Lathes,
and Automatic Lathes
ANSI / ASME B20.1–2009, Safety Standard for

Conveyors and Related Equipment
ANSI B11.TR1–2004, Ergonomic Guidelines for the

Design, Installation and Use of Machine Tools.
ANSI B11.TR2 – 1997, Mist Control Considerations

for the Design, Installation And Use of Machine
Tools Using Metalworking Fluids
ANSI B11.TR3 – 2000, Risk Assessment and Risk

Reduction – A guide to estimate, evaluate and
reduce risks associated with machine tools.
ANSI B11.TR4–2004, Selection of Programmable

Electronic Systems (PES/PLC) for Machine Tools
ANSI Z535.1–2006, Safety Colors
ANSI Z535.2–2007, Environmental and Facility

Safety Signs
ANSI Z535.3–2007, Criteria for Safety Symbols
ANSI Z535.4–2007, Product Safety Signs and

Labels
ANSI Z535.5–2007, Accident Prevention Tags and

Labels
ANSI Z535.6 – 2006, Product Safety Information on

Product Manuals, Instructions, etc.
ANSI EIA-267-C-1990, Axis and Motion

Nomenclature for Numerically Controlled Machines.
ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of

Recommended Practice for Design, 27th Ed. 2010
3 Definitions
In addition to the definitions in ANSI B11.0 (clause
3), the following definitions shall apply.
3.1 abrasive product / grinding abrasive E3.1 Inorganic abrasive products are abrasive
product: An abrasive product is a grinding tool products that are bonded by means of inorganic
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consisting of abrasive grains held together by material such as clay, glass, porcelain, sodium
organic or inorganic bonds. Diamond and reinforced silicate, magnesium oxychloride, or metal. Abrasive
abrasive products are included under this definition. products bonded with clay, glass, porcelain, or
related ceramic materials are characterized as
“vitrified bonded abrasive products.
Organic abrasive products are abrasive products

that are bonded by means of organic material such
as resin, rubber, shellac, or other similar bonding
agent.
Superabrasives are diamond, cubic boron nitride

(CBN) and other like materials. Types of
superabrasive products include plated, segmented,
monolithic and peripheral abrasive products.
Segments are abrasive bodies in various standard

shapes that, when individually chucked in suitable
holding mechanisms, form a grinding unit.
Abrasive discs are grinding or cylinder type discs

used in a single or double disc surface grinder, with
a shape similar to a type-1 straight abrasive product
or a type-2 cylinder abrasive product. The entire
circular flat side, opposite the mounting surface, is
used for grinding.

3.2 coated abrasive product: A coated

abrasive product consists of a layer of abrasive
particles firmly attached to a paper, cloth, fiber
backing, or other flexible bonding material by means
of a bonding agent.
3.3 dressing: Dressing is the process by which E3.3 Dressing tools can include the following:
the abrasive product’s shape and surface condition  single point diamond;
are altered by a dressing tool.  cluster diamond;
 diamond roll;
 steel roll;
 crush roll;
 abrasive stone;
 abrasive product dressers.
3.4 flanges: Devices used to attach the
abrasive product to the spindle.
3.5 peripheral speed: The distance that any

one abrasive grain on the peripheral surface of a
grinding abrasive product travels per unit time.
3.6 reducing bushings: Reducing bushings

are inserts or devices used to reduce the hole size
in a grinding abrasive product so that it can be
mounted on a smaller-diameter spindle correctly.
3.7 surface feet per minute (peripheral E3.7 See E6.5 for example calculations in both
speed): The distance in feet that any one abrasive metric and U.S. customary units.
grain on the peripheral surface of a grinding abrasive
product travels in 1 minute.
3.8 mounted abrasive products: Mounted E3.8 See ANSI B7.1 for examples of mounted
abrasive products, usually ≤ 50 mm (2 in) in abrasive products.
diameter and of various shapes, and may be either
organic or inorganic bonded abrasive products,
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secured to plain or threaded steel mandrels.
3.9 abrasive product speed: Abrasive E3.9 In Table 3, abrasive product speeds are
product speed shall be computed from the free classified in surface feet per minute (sfpm).
running speed of the machine spindle. Machine spindle speeds, however, are usually
indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm).
Therefore, one must have a clear understanding of
how these two are related.
3.10 offhand grinding: hand-held or manual
grinding whereby the workpiece is placed in contact
with the point of operation.
3.11 snagging: grinding which removes

relatively large amounts of material without regard to
close tolerances or surface finish requirements.
3.12 zone exhaust system: A zone or area E3.12 The exhausting may be in the nature of a
exhaust system provides for exhausting the work downdraft or back-draft system for removal and
area in which a machine (or machines) is located. control of particulate material. Ordinarily, no special
connection to the machine tool is necessary.

4 Responsibility
Machine suppliers and users have responsibilities
for defining and achieving acceptable risk. See
ANSI B11.0 (clause 4).
4.1 Supplier responsibilities E4.1

Within the scope of the work activity, the supplier The supplier should ensure that the grinding
shall be responsible to ensure that the design, machine is designed and equipped to permit
construction, modification, installation and appropriate adjustments in the machine and
safeguarding are in accordance with clauses 5, 6, 7 machine safeguarding system(s) such that
and 8. appropriate operating speeds and tolerances can be
maintained as abrasive product wear occurs.
4.2 User responsibilities

Within the scope of the work activity, the user shall
be responsible for identifying and mitigating sources
of hazards, including point of operation hazards,
associated with the installation, operation and
maintenance of the grinding machine and grinding
production in accordance with clauses 5, 7, 8 and 9.
The user should ensure that appropriate

adjustments in the machine and machine
safeguarding system(s) such that appropriate
operating speeds and tolerances are maintained as
abrasive product wear occurs.
4.3 Personnel responsibilities E4.3

Personnel shall be responsible for following the The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 –
training and safety procedures provided by the user Public Law 91-596, states in section 5(b), “Each
in the operation and maintenance of the grinding employee shall comply with occupational safety and
machine or grinding production system, in health standards and all rules, regulations and
accordance with clause 9. orders issued pursuant to this Act which are
applicable to his own actions and conduct.”

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10
5 Risk assessment process E5

A risk assessment shall be conducted considering Following are some examples of reasonably
the reasonably foreseeable hazards associated with foreseeable hazards related to grinding machines:
the installation, operation and maintenance of  fragmentation of a failed abrasive product;
grinding machines in accordance with ANSI B11.  ejection/emission of abrasive product/stock
particles and/or metal removal fluid mist
Machine suppliers and users have responsibilities from machine;
for identifying hazards and reducing risk. See ANSI  ejection of workpiece (or portions thereof);
B11.0 (clauses 4, 5 and 6).  inadvertent contact with a rotating abrasive
product;
Figure 1 below shows the iterative process as it  entrapment of body parts or workpiece
relates to risk assessment/risk reduction. between rotating abrasive product, guards.
guides and tools;
 airborne hazardous substances (dusts,
mists, vapors and gases);
 ignition of fluids and/or combustible dust;
 exceeding the abrasive product capacity
(overspeed - particularly after abrasive
product change);
 abrasive product run-on when power is
disengaged;
 set-up and/or replacement of abrasive
product;
 dressing and/or conditioning of abrasive
product;
 inadvertent machinery start up upon
restoration of lost or interrupted electrical
power;
 ergonomic considerations of offhand and
swing-frame grinding.

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1. Prepare for and Set Limits of the Assessment
2. Identify Tasks and Hazards
3. Assess Initial Risk

Re-evaluate Risk Scoring
Task Systems
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4. Reduce Risk
Hazard Control
Hierarchy
The Risk
Assessment
Process
5. Assess Residual Risk

Risk Scoring
Systems
No 6. Residual
Risk
Acceptable?
Yes
New or Next Hazard?
7. Validate Solutions
Assessment
8. Results / Documentation
Complete
Figure 5.1 – The Risk Assessment Process

6 Design and construction

6.1 General requirements
The purpose of clause 6 is to designate the responsibility
of the machine supplier, rebuilder, and modifier to design
machines for safe operating condition.
6.1.1 Hazards associated with moving parts E6.1.1

(other than point of operation hazards)
The supplier shall identify the source of hazards Hazards to personnel other than directly at the
associated with moving parts and implement a hazard point of operation may include but are not
control strategy in accordance with clause 5 for those limited to:
hazards within the scope of their work activity.  pinch points between moving and
stationary machine components or other
The supplier shall also be responsible for providing auxiliary equipment (e.g., feeders,
safeguarding against hazards identified within the scope conveyors) or the area in between
of their work activity, as specified in clause 8.1. rotating components;
 power transmission apparatus;
 broken or falling components;
 rotating components such as flywheels,
gears, sheaves, and shafts in close
proximity to personnel;
 in-running nip points such as meshing
gears, belts and pulleys, chains and
sprockets.
6.1.2 Hazards associated with broken or falling E6.1.2

components
Machine components shall be designed, secured, or The hazards that can exist include but are not
covered to minimize hazards caused by breakage or limited to:
loosening and falling.  breakage of abrasive products, gears /
belts or other moving parts;
 loosening or failure of fasteners resulting
in loosening or loss of machine
components;
 unintended / unexpected release of
hazardous energy.
6.1.3 Stored energy E6.1.3

The supplier shall provide means for the isolation, Examples of isolation, containment, or
containment or controlled release of stored energy that controlled release of stored energy are:
can create a hazardous condition. See ANSI Z 244.1.  abrasive product guarding;
 locking;
 controlled bleeding;
 check valves;
 dynamic braking.
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6.1.4 Exhaust provision E6.1.4

Grinding machines shall have provision for exhaust Provision may include such items as exhaust
unless a zone exhaust system is used, or a risk ports on abrasive product guards, collecting
assessment has been conducted and a determination hoods, or space to accommodate auxiliary
made that acceptable risk can be achieved without exhaust collecting devices.
exhaust provision.

6.1.5 Flanges E6.1.5

For applications where abrasive product flanges are Proper selection, use, and maintenance of
required, they shall be provided. flanges are all essential factors in the safe use
of grinding abrasive products. See ANSI B7.1.
6.1.6 Offhand grinding machine work rests

On offhand grinding machines, work rests shall be
provided to support the work. They shall be of rigid
construction and designed to be adjustable to
compensate for abrasive product wear. See 8.3.2.2.
6.1.7 Limiting abrasive product speed E6.1.7

A supplier shall clearly indicate the speed of operation, A supplier’s rated grinding abrasive product
or the range of speeds on a variable speed machine. RPM of a new abrasive product is directly
relate to the maximum peripheral speed in
The supplier shall provide a means of converting RPM surface meters (or surface feet) per second
to peripheral speed, either on the machine or in the rating of the abrasive product.
instructions for use.
6.1.7.1 Limiting abrasive product speed for E6.1.7.1

variable speed machines
On grinding machines with devices for speed variation, On variable-speed machines, a means should
a means for minimizing the risk of exceeding the be provided to ensure that the spindle speed is
maximum peripheral speed of the abrasive product shall reduced before mounting a different abrasive
be provided. product, e.g., larger diameter, different speed
rating, etc.
The selected speed shall be clearly visible (e.g., control Means of accomplishing this requirement
knob with speed scale). include but are not limited to:
 devices which only enable the starting of
the grinding abrasive product at the
lowest adjustable speed;
 for pole-changing drives, an interlock to
prevent the direct starting at the
inappropriately high speed steps;
 on grinding machines where the rotational
speed is calculated from the programmed
peripheral speed and the actual abrasive
product diameter, either the control shall
recognize an abrasive product change or
there shall be a clearly visible warning of
the necessary data input in case of an
abrasive product dimension change. The
data input should be confirmed by the
operator.
6.1.8 Direction of machine spindle thread E6.1.8
If abrasive products or flanges are secured by means of The following rule will assist in determining the
a central threaded fastening device, the direction of the proper relationship:
thread shall be in such relation to the direction of rotation To remove the nut it must be turned in the
that the nut will tend to tighten as the spindle revolves. direction in which the spindle revolves
when the abrasive product is in operation.
NOTE: This is also the direction in which the
central threaded fastening device must be
turned for removal.
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On grinding machines where threads do not conform to On machines with spindle reversal capability
these requirements (e.g., for bi-directional machines), and machines where flanges are interchanged
means shall be provided to prevent abrasive product or from one end of the spindle to the other, means
flanges from working loose as the spindle revolves. must be provided to prevent the abrasive
product and flanges from loosening as the
spindle revolves. Some tool and cutter
grinders commonly interchange the abrasive
product collet from one end to the other of the
abrasive product spindle. These abrasive
product collets utilize a keyed flange between
the abrasive product and abrasive product
flange to prevent the grinding abrasive product
from loosening.
6.1.9 Length of machine spindle thread E6.1.9

If abrasive products or flanges are mounted by means of The purpose of this requirement is to prevent
a central threaded fastening device, one of the following the nut or bolt from bottoming out.
conditions shall be maintained:
 Spindles shall be of sufficient length to allow a
full nut mounting and the threaded portion shall
be of sufficient length such that the nut shall
not engage the unthreaded portion of the
spindle;
 Threaded portion shall be of sufficient extent so
that the threading shall extend well inside the
flange, but not more than halfway within the
hole of the minimum-width abrasive product for
which the machine is designed;
 The bolt shall have adequate thread
engagement and shall not touch the bottom of
the hole.
6.1.10 Size of spindle or mount E6.1.10

The spindle or abrasive product mount shall be made to For bonded abrasives, the hole in the abrasive
nominal (standard) size + 0.000 / - 0.002 inch. product should be suitably oversized so that
the abrasive product fits freely but not loosely
under all operating conditions to allow for
expansion of the abrasive product spindle or
mount caused by the heat of operation.
Metal bodied abrasive products that make use

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of a tight interference fit do not need to fit freely

and remain free under all grinding conditions.
6.1.11 Directional arrows

A directional arrow showing the intended direction of
rotation or operation of the abrasive product shall be
conspicuously displayed near the point of operation.
6.1.12 Work driving and holding equipment E6.1.12

Work driving or holding equipment shall be of the proper For work driving and holding equipment that is
size and capacity for safe operation. The mounting covered by an applicable American National
surface of the work driving and holding equipment, Standard, such equipment should be supplied
when, furnished, shall be compatible with the mounting in accordance with that standard. Examples
surface. are ANSI / ASME B5.8 and ANSI / ASME B5.9.

6.1.13 Contact with high-temperature components E6.1.13

The supplier shall provide protection for machine Inadvertent contact of a surface in excess of
operators in the normal work area from coming into 60°C (140°F) may result in injury to the
contact with machine components whose surface operator due to a reflexive reaction causing
temperatures may be in excess of 70°C (160°F). The unintended movement into some other hazard
supplier shall also provide protection for the operator(s) area or fall.
in normal work area so that he/she will not contact
machine components at temperatures in excess of 60°C Suppliers should visually identify high
(140°F) where reaction from contact may result in an temperature component hazards with the use
injury. of signage that employs cautionary wording
and/or international symbols. Warning signs
EXCEPTION - Cutting tools are excluded from this and color codes shall conform to the ANSI
requirement. Z535 series.
6.2 Electrical requirements E6.2

The following electrical requirements shall apply: See NFPA 79, 70 and 70E for additional
electrical requirements.
6.2.1 Power E6.2.1

Grinding machines shall have sufficient power capacity If the grinding abrasive product speed is
to maintain the rated abrasive product spindle speed reduced materially under normal grinding
under conditions of operation for which the machine was pressure, its cutting ability is decreased, and
designed. excessive heat and pressure on the workpiece
can create a hazard e.g., a constant feed
during reduced cutting ability could result in an
expelled workpiece or broken abrasive
product.
6.2.2 Disconnect E6.2.2

A main power-disconnect switch, when supplied, shall A circuit breaker, disconnect switch, or an
be capable of being locked only in the OFF position. See approved plug and receptacle can be used as
NFPA 79 and ANSI / ASSE Z244.1. the disconnecting means. Whatever form of
disconnect is used, it must be located where it
Emergency shutoff shall be accessible and designed to can be operated conveniently without the use
prevent locking the disconnect switch in the ON position. of poles or ladders.
See also, 29 CFR 1910.147 and 1910.333.
Capability to lock the disconnect switch in the
OFF position facilitates machine lockout.
6.2.3 Emergency stop
A control shall be provided at each normal work station
that will reduce the risk by means such as interrupting
power to machine motions. See ANSI B11.19 or NFPA
79 for additional emergency stop control requirements.
6.2.4 Voltage and grounds

For requirements regarding voltage, low voltage
protection and grounds, see NFPA 79.
6.2.5 Component failure E6.2.5

Circuits shall be so designed that risks will be minimized Where an improper sequence of operations
in the event of overload, component failure, or can create a hazard, the control circuit can be
improperly sequenced operations. interlocked to assure proper sequencing.
When power to one motor is interrupted due to
overload or short circuit, power to all motors
should be interrupted unless their stopping
would create a greater hazard.
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6.3 Operating control

6.3.1 General construction E6.3.1
Operator controls, control enclosures, wireways, and It should not be necessary for an operator to
disconnects shall be located or protected to minimize reach near the point of operation to start or
hazard. stop a grinding cycle. Where possible, controls
and enclosures should be placed in clean, dry
locations. Where this is not practicable, they
should be capable of excluding any
contaminants from current-carrying
components.
6.3.2 Identification
All operator selector switches and push buttons shall be
identified clearly as to their function.
6.3.3 Component location

Operator control components should always be located
in nonhazardous locations and accessible for necessary
service.
6.3.4 Operating controls E6.3.4

When designing or modifying control movement Operating controls that start spindle rotation,
directions, accepted practice, consistency, and table or head motion, or any other motion that
standardization shall be considered. could create a hazard should be guarded or
located where they are not subject to
Any operating control (button or lever) that could initiate unintended operation. For example, horizontal
a hazardous motion shall be protected against toggle switches should either be recessed,
unintended operation. guarded on either side, or replaced with flush-
mounted, pushbutton operators to prevent
accidental actuation.
In North America, the conventions in Table 1

generally apply. It should be noted that many
control movement direction conventions (e.g.,
up for “on”, down for “off” on toggle switches)
are largely determined by population
stereotypes, and are not consistent worldwide.
Preferred direction of movement for most

(though not all) hand controls is left and right
(x), forward and backward (y), rather than up
and down (z) (see Figure 6.1).
Control-display movement consistency

enhances performance and should be
considered (e.g., a rightward movement of the
control should be associated with a rightward
movement of the associated machine
component or display indicator). Advantages
of consistency in such a relationship include:
 decreased reaction/decision time;
 reduced initial control movement errors;
 improved speed and precision.

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Table 1 – Control Operation Directions
Control
Direction the Control Should Move
Function
D& D' E & E'

A &A' B & B' C & C' F / F'
Vertical Horizontal G & G'
Rotary Knob Horizontal Vertical Push Pull
Button / Button / Hand Wheel
(continuous Lever Lever Knob
Toggle Toggle (continuous)
or discrete) (continuous) (continuous) (discrete)
(discrete) (discrete)
On CW NR* NR* Top / Up Right Pull (out) NR

Bottom /
Off CCW NR* NR* Down Left Push (in) NR
Increase CW Right Forward Top / Up Right Pull (out) CW
Bottom /
Decrease CCW Left Back Down Left Push (in) CCW
Right (+X) CW Right NR NR Right NR CW
Left (-X) CCW Left NR NR Left NR CCW
In (+Y) CW NR Forward Top/Up NR NR CW
Bottom/Do
Out (-Y) CCW NR Back wn NR NR CCW
Raise (+Z) CW NR Forward Top/Up NR NR CW
Bottom/Do
Lower (-Z) CCW NR Back wn NR NR CCW
* = If used for “Off” the control should be self-centering
NR = Not Recommended
Figure 6.1 – Direction of Movement for Hand Controls
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6.3.5 Direction of operation of controls

6.3.5.1 General
It shall be made clear by showing on the machine, the
directions of operation of the control and the
corresponding directions of movement of the controlled
component.
6.3.5.2 Choice of direction
The remainder of this subclause (6.3.4.3 through
6.3.4.5) is concerned solely with recommendations for
choice of direction of operation of controls whose
function is to produce movement of controlled grinding
machine components in one or another of two opposing
directions. It does not deal with controls for components
that rotate continuously in the same direction during the
normal functioning of the machine (such as controls for
electric motors).
6.3.5.3 Lever control E6.3.4.3

The lever control is described under E6.3.4.3. The lever should be so placed that:
For the control of a rectilinear movement, the line
joining the extreme positions of the handle, on
either side of the neutral position, should be
approximately parallel to the direction of
movement of the controlled component.
For the control of a circular movement, the plane
in which the lever arm rotates should be parallel
to that of the controlled component.
In either case, the movement of the lever should

produce a movement of the controlled
component in the same direction.
This is valid for the control of movements

produced manually as well as for starting
automatic movements.
6.3.5.4 Pushbutton control E6.3.4.4

The pushbutton control is described under E6.3.4.4. The operation of the right-hand button, the top
button, or the button furthest away from the
operator should be to produce a movement
respectively to the right, upward, or away from
the operator when the operator is standing in the
normal operating position.
This recommendation is applicable for the

control of a component with a rectilinear
movement as well as for the control of a
component with a circular movement, but
considering only, in the latter case, the general
direction of movement of the peripheral part of
the controlled component which is the nearest to
the line of push buttons.

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19
6.3.5.5 Handwheel control E6.3.4.5

The handwheel control is described under E6.3.4.5. The clockwise rotation of the handwheel control
(for an operator facing the shaft end on which the
handwheel control is mounted) should produce,
for the controlled component, the following:
 A rectilinear movement to the right, away,
or upward (for an observer looking in a
direction parallel to that of an operator in
the operating position, if the handwheel
control axis is vertical, or facing the shaft
end of the handwheel control, if it Is
horizontal);
 A clockwise rotation (for an observer facing
the spindle of the shaft end on which the
controlled component is mounted);
 A movement toward the center (clamping
of chucks).
6.3.6 Hydraulic and pneumatic components E6.3.6

Protection for the operator or maintenance personnel If concern is raised regarding pressure
shall be provided where excessive pressure, inadequate regulation, the suggested reference for guidance
pressure, or loss of pressure would create a hazard. in this area is the ANSI / ASME B93 series of
This would also include circuits that contain trapped American National Standards dealing with fluid
pressures after power is turned off. power systems and components.
6.4 Abrasive product mounting

All flanges, mounting plates and collets shall be
designed and constructed according to the requirements
of ANSI B7.1.
6.4.1 General requirements for flanges E6.4.1

All abrasive products shall be mounted between flanges A primary function of flanges is to transfer the
of not less than one-third the diameter of the abrasive machine power to the abrasive product and
product. The following are allowable exceptions: grinding operation. Flanges that are worn,
 Mounted abrasive products; warped, or sprung can contribute to abrasive
 Abrasive discs (inserted-nut, inserted-washer, and product breakage.
projecting-stud types);
 Plate-mounted abrasive products; Flanges drive the abrasive product and should
 Steel-centered single abrasive layer products; have sufficient contact area. They should be of
 Cylinder, cup, or segmental abrasive products that proper design to prevent distortion causing
are mounted in chucks; damaging stresses in the abrasive product.
 Internal abrasive products less than 51 mm (2 in)
in diameter; The major stresses produced in an operating
 Cutting-off abrasive products, Types 1 and 27A. grinding abrasive product tend to combine and
become greatest at the hole. It is therefore
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See ANSI B7.1 for complete requirements. important that stresses due to mounting and
driving act as far from the hole as practicable.

Flanges should be at least of minimum matching

diameters and radial bearing surfaces to avoid
cross bending pressures and stresses in the
abrasive product structure. Cutting-off abrasive
product flange diameter should be equal to one-
fourth the abrasive product diameter. In many
cutting-off operations, better results may be
obtained through the use of larger flanges.
Flanges should be checked periodically for

flatness, burrs, or wear.
6.4.2 General requirements for faceplates

Machines on which abrasive discs are mounted shall be
provided with a disc mounting plate equal to or larger
than the nominal abrasive disc diameter and of sufficient
thickness to provide necessary support. See ANSI B7.1
for additional requirements.
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6.4.3 Run-out for collets

The design of the collet/spindle system shall be such that
unacceptable run-out does not occur at expected RPM.
See ANSI B7.1 for further information.
6.5 Abrasive product speeds E6.5

The maximum operating speed of each abrasive product Peripheral speed of a grinding abrasive product
shall be established by the abrasive product supplier, in is calculated by the formula:
conformance with ANSI B7.1.   D 
Where:
The number of RPM may be increased as the diameter  is the peripheral speed;
of an abrasive product is reduced through wear,
provided the original peripheral speed is never
 is the rotational speed;
exceeded. It shall be the user’s responsibility not to D is the abrasive product outside diameter.
exceed these maximum operating surface speeds.
Example calculation using a 600 mm diameter
abrasive product at 1910 rotations per minute:
 =1900rpm  600mm 

1m   1 min 
 

 1000mm   60 sec 
 = 59.7 meters per second
Example calculation using a 24 inch diameter

abrasive product at 1910 rotations per minute:
 = 1900rpm  24 in  1 ft   
 12in 
 = 11,938 surface feet per minute (SFPM)
Operating an abrasive product faster than the

maximum peripheral operating speed may cause
the abrasive product to disintegrate. The
maximum operating speed as determined by the
supplier of the abrasive product is dependent on
the abrasive product shape and strength. The
strength of a bonded abrasive product may be
defined as the ability of the abrasive product to
withstand rotational stress.

7 Layout, installation, testing and start-

up for the grinding system
7.1 General E7.1
It shall be the responsibility of the personnel installing a
grinding machine to use procedures that will eliminate or
minimize the risk of injury to personnel.
The installation of a grinding machine shall conform to: Applicable Occupational Safety and Health
 applicable local, state and federal regulations, or Standards are included in Part 1910 of Title 29 of
the authority with jurisdiction; the Code of Federal Regulations.
 NFPA 70;
 NFPA 70E;
 NFPA 79, where applicable;
 ANSI / ASSE Z244.1;
 requirements or specifications from the supplier;
 the requirements of this clause.
7.2 Layout E7.2
The layout shall provide space for safe access to and The intent here is to have the user consider this
egress from the grinding production system. function as part of facility planning. This also
includes consideration of existing production
systems as well as the location of staging areas,
material handling equipment and other elements
associated with the installation of new
equipment.
7.2.1 Production operations
The layout shall provide clearance between grinding
machines and associated equipment so that the normal
movement of personnel assigned to production or
material handling tasks will not interfere with or distract
other assigned personnel.
7.2.2 Set-up and maintenance

The layout shall provide necessary clearance between
the grinding machine, associated equipment and
building structures to ensure that the grinding machine
set-up, maintenance or repair tasks, including cleaning,
can be performed without introducing hazards to
personnel.
The location of the grinding system shall be planned to

facilitate the collection / removal of dust and to avoid
having the dust collection system interfere with adjacent
operations.
7.3 Installation
7.3.1 Foundation E7.3.1
The floor or foundation on which the grinding production Where applicable, dynamic loads during
system is to be installed shall be capable of bearing the operation should be considered.
anticipated load.
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7.3.2 Lifting of machine components E7.3.2

The installer shall employ proper handling practices in It is recommended that suppliers should provide
accordance with supplier provided lifting plan. – and installers should use – swivel hoist rings
instead of eye bolts for overhead lifting.

7.3.3 Anchoring E7.3.3

Suppliers shall provide provisions to secure the machine Means of anchoring include attaching to the floor
in place to prevent walking, moving, tipping, or other or using appropriate mounts.
hazardous movement during machine operation.
7.4 Lockout / tagout

7.4.1 Means E7.4.1
Means shall be provided to disconnect and isolate all Suppliers should visually identify all energy
sources of hazardous energy of the grinding production sources with the use of color and/or signage that
system. employs cautionary wording and/or international
symbols. Warning signs and color codes shall
conform to the ANSI Z535 series.
7.4.2 Procedure E7.4.2

A formal lockout / tagout procedure in accordance with Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other
ANSI / ASSE Z244.1 shall be implemented prior to minor servicing activities, which take place
beginning the installation process. during normal production operations are not
covered by this standard if they are routine,
repetitive, and integral to the use of equipment
for production, provided that the work is
performed using alternative measures which
provide effective protection. See also, 29 CFR
1910.147.
7.4.3 Training
Personnel involved in the installation shall be trained in
the use of the lockout/tagout procedure.
7.4.4 Supervision
The use of the lockout/tagout procedure during
installation shall be enforced by installation supervision.
7.5 Lighting
The level of illumination in work areas of the grinding
production system shall conform to the applicable
requirements of ANSI / IESNA RP-7.
7.6 Testing and start-up

7.6.1 Procedures
Where applicable, the user shall insure that testing and
start-up procedures are provided and used.
7.6.2 Assigned personnel

Only trained personnel shall be assigned to operate the
grinding production system during testing and start-up.
7.6.3 Safeguarding
If operational safeguarding is not in place during testing
and start-up, other safeguarding means shall be
provided and used, in accordance with clause 8.
7.7 Speed check of machines – user’s E7.7

responsibility
The speed of the abrasive product spindle on grinding The user should assign this responsibility to
machines shall be checked as specified in 7.7.1 through competent personnel using equipment properly
7.7.4 with suitable instruments by competent user designed for such speed check purposes.

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personnel to make sure that the speed is correct for the Equipment used for performing such abrasive
size and type of abrasive products used. product checks should be maintained by the
user.
On new or modified grinding machines with fixed
abrasive product speed, the abrasive product spindle
speed shall be checked at the time of installation.
On new or modified grinding machines provided with An acceptable check would be a chart comparing
means to change pulleys to compensate for abrasive pulley diameter, abrasive product diameter, and
product diameter, the abrasive product spindle speed spindle speed. Other methods might include
shall be checked whenever pulleys are changed. stamped pulleys, tachometer, etc.
On new or modified grinding machines provided with Certain machines are designed with adjustable
step pulleys or adjustable abrasive product spindle speeds to permit maintenance of efficient surface
speed, the high and low range shall be checked speeds by increasing the abrasive product
periodically. If the speed of the machine abrasive spindle speed to compensate for abrasive
product spindle is adjustable manually to compensate product wear. Special care must be exercised
for abrasive product wear, the speed adjustment shall be under proper supervision to be certain that the
under the supervision and control of competent and present operating speed of the machine
authorized persons only. conforms to and does not exceed the peripheral
speed in sfpm as established for a new abrasive
product.
In the event of replacement of a grinding-abrasive
product spindle drive motor or pulley, or both, the
abrasive product spindle speed shall be rechecked.
8 Safeguarding
The user shall ensure that hazards associated with
grinding machines are safeguarded.
Where the application of protective measures specified

by the supplier do not meet the user’s requirements,
alternative measures of hazard control may be required.
In these instances, users shall communicate their
specific requirements to the supplier. Where it is the
intent of the user to incorporate the grinding machine
into a larger system, the grinding machine may be
supplied for this purpose with the understanding that the
user will assume the responsibility of installing the
appropriate guards and protective devices.
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When grinding machines are purchased without

safeguards, the user shall provide protective measures
as determined by this standard and based upon an
appropriate risk assessment. See ANSI B11.

8.1 Hazards associated with grinding

machine operation, other than at the point of
operation.
8.1.1 Hazards to personnel associated with E8.1.1
power transmission
Where practicable, the supplier shall eliminate the The supplier and user should conduct a risk
hazard by design. Where the elimination of hazards is assessment to identify hazards and incorporate
not practicable, the supplier shall provide protection appropriate protective measures. See clause 5.
against the hazard in conformance with ANSI B11.0 and
ANSI B11.19.
8.1.2 Hazards to personnel associated with

moving parts (exclusive of power transmission
components)
8.1.2.1 Risk associated with moving machine E8.1.2.1 Moving machine components include
components, fixtures, and work-pieces shall be reduced such things as slides and tables, turning hand-
as far as practicable in order to prevent injury to wheels, trip dogs and trip levers, and moving
operators or other personnel. guards. The moving fixtures include work drivers
and holders, work rests, locators, sizing devices,
work loaders and unloaders, table chucks, work
cradles, coolant filters, and similar moving
fixtures and attachments used with the grinding
machine. The configuration of some moving
workpieces can create a hazard. Before grinding
such workpieces, steps should be taken to
prevent injury from this type of hazard.
8.1.2.2 Where contact with moving parts of the machine E8.1.2.2 Examples of moving parts of the
is possible, then those parts of the machine shall be machine are abrasive wheels, trip dogs, work
designed and constructed where practicable so as not to drivers, tables and covers.
constitute a hazard.
The guards may also be interlocked with the
Where the hazard cannot be eliminated by design and machine controls to prevent operation. Some
safeguards cannot practicably be installed, the supplier guards, doors, and covers are not normally
shall inform the user of the existing hazard(s) and the removed for set-up and operation. These
risk associated with those hazard(s). Appropriate guards, covers, and doors should require the use
warning signs shall be installed by the supplier. of specialized or security hand tools to remove or
release them.
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Warning signs and color codes shall conform to the

ANSI Z535 series. At a minimum, suppliers should inform users of
uncontrolled hazards by keynoting them within
the supplier-provided Owner / Operator /
Maintenance manuals.
Where protective measures provided by the supplier
create a hazard, additional protective measures shall be
provided in order to reduce the risk associated with
those hazards. As far as reasonably practicable, the
protective measures provided by the supplier shall not
restrict the ability of the machine operator to observe
and/or control the machine cycle.

8.1.3 Hazards to personnel associated with flying

particles and sparks originating from the point of
operation
8.1.3.1 Risk associated with ejected matter (e.g., E8.1.3.1 For assistance in this area, the user
particles, fluids etc.) shall be minimized as far as should refer to ANSI / AIHA Z9.6.
reasonably practicable through the use of engineering
controls.
8.1.3.2 Flow slopes and discharge port openings,

including exhaust outlets for dry grinding, shall be
designed such that movement of particles to the
designated point of removal or exit is provided.
8.1.4 Hazards to personnel associated with

unintended operation of grinding machines
8.1.4.1 Machine controls shall be so located, designed, E8.1.4.1 Such unintended operation may be
interlocked, or guarded such that unintended operation caused by bumping of the control by the operator
is minimized. or other personnel, or by unclear or ambiguous
labeling of control devices.
8.1.4.2 Foot-operated controls, if used, shall be
protected such that accidental actuation by falling or
moving objects, or by someone inadvertently stepping
on them is minimized.
8.1.4.3 A machine or machine cycle that has been E8.1.4.3 In the event the machine cycle is
unintentionally stopped or interrupted shall be capable unintentionally interrupted, the machine should
of being restarted without creating a hazardous situation. be so arranged that the operator must take
prescribed actions to restart the machine and
Restarting of the machine, after a malfunction is resume the cycle safely. Examples of interrupted
detected, shall require start-up of the machine system at cycle are opening of interlocked guards,
the operator's station. component failure, loss of electrical power, etc.
8.1.4.4 Interlocked guards shall stop the related E8.1.4.4 Consideration should be given to
component, interrupt the machine cycle, or shut down stopping machine motions. When the machine
the machine in a safe manner when opened. Closing stops or the cycle is interrupted due to
the guard shall not cause the machine to restart. unintentional operation, workpieces should be
retained, abrasive product heads should move
away from the workpiece or stop, and other
functions of the machine should stop or move to
minimize risk during interruption of operation or
shutdown. See also, ANSI B11.19.
8.1.4.5 Auxiliary equipment of any type operated in E8.1.4.5 Examples of such equipment are piece-
conjunction with grinding machines shall conform to the part loaders and un-loaders, gaging equipment,
requirements of 8.1.4.3 if unintended operation would coolant supply and discharge systems, and
create a hazard. filtering or disposal systems for dust, mist, or
smoke.
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8.1.5 Hazards to personnel associated with the

containment of fluids such as coolant, lubricant,
and hydraulic fluid and compressed gas.
8.1.5.2 Loss of coolant and lubricants from the machine E8.1.5.1 In most wet grinding operations;
shall be minimized by system design or the installation removal of the finished part from the machine
of suitable guards or enclosures. results in dripping or spillage of coolant onto the
surrounding floor area. The user should provide
effective training in part removal to minimize

spillage. Where spillage does exist, adequate

housekeeping should be maintained.
8.1.5.2 Each flexible pressurized line shall be suitable E8.1.5.2 Flexible fluid pressure lines should be
for the conditions under which it is used and restrained so located by design as to minimize or eliminate
or confined if its failure might constitute a hazard. a potential hazard in the event of their failure.
Where appropriate, the provisions of American
Flexible pressurized lines shall be provided with National Standards on fluid power systems and
abrasion protection where they run under, over, around, components, B93 Series, should apply.
or through structural components that would create
abrasion damage.
8.2 Hazards at the point of operation E8.2

The supplier shall furnish guards or protective devices to Grinding machines are ordinarily built in
protect against hazards at the point of operation, based conformance with the specifications established
on the results of the risk assessment. See 5.2 and ANSI by the user. The design of the guarding will
B11.0. depend in many instances on the particular
method of utilization of the grinding machine by
Guards and protective devices shall be designed and the user.
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constructed to conform to the performance requirements
in ANSI B11.19.
It shall be the user's responsibility as described in ANSI

B11.0 to ensure the use of the appropriate point-of-
operation safeguards.
8.3 Abrasive product safeguarding

8.3.1 General requirements E8.3.1
All abrasive products shall be used only on machines In some cases (e.g., internal grinders and jig
provided with abrasive product guards. grinders), the work may serve as a guard and the
kinetic energy of the abrasive product is small.
Abrasive product guards shall contain fragments in the Appropriate personal protective equipment is
event of abrasive product breakage, or direct these particularly important when operating grinding
fragments in a manner that minimizes the risk to machines without conventional abrasive product
personnel. guards; (see ANSI Z87.1). The abrasive product
should always be guarded to the maximum
The abrasive product guard openings shall not exceed extent possible to limit exposure to personnel.
the maximums specified below unless a risk assessment
can demonstrate acceptable risk with a larger opening.
Exceptions to the use of conventional abrasive product

guards can be considered in instances where such
guards are not practical. In these instances,
safeguarding choices should be made in accordance
with an appropriate risk assessment.
8.3.2 Abrasive product guard exposure angles E8.3.2

The maximum exposure angles specified in 8.3.2.1 Maximum guard openings are based on the fact
through 8.3.2.6 shall not be exceeded. The angle of that the line of flight of broken abrasive product
exposure shall be measured with the vertex at the center pieces will be tangential in the direction of
of the spindle and extend to the guard periphery. Visors rotation of the abrasive product. The maximum
or other accessory equipment shall not be included as exposure angles should not be exceeded.
part of the guard when measuring the guard opening
unless such equipment has strength equal to that of the
guard.

8.3.2.1 Bench and floor stands E8.3.2.1

The angular exposure of the abrasive product periphery
and sides for abrasive product guards used on machines
known as bench and floor stands should not exceed 90
degrees. This exposure shall begin at a point not more
than 50 degrees above the horizontal plane (see Figure
8.1) of the machine spindle.
Figure 8.1
Example of allowable abrasive product guard
openings for bench and floor stand grinders
8.3.2.2 Off hand grinding machine work rests E8.3.2.2

Work rests shall be kept adjusted closely to the abrasive
product with a maximum opening of 3mm (1/8 inch) to
prevent the work from being jammed between the
abrasive product and the rest, which may cause
abrasive product breakage. The work rest shall be
securely clamped after each adjustment. The
adjustment shall not be made with the abrasive product
in motion.
Figure 8.2
8.3.2.3 Cylindrical grinders E8.3.2.3
The maximum angular exposure of the grinding abrasive
product periphery and sides for abrasive product guards
used on cylindrical grinding machines shall not exceed
180 degrees. This exposure shall begin at a point not
more than 60 degrees above the horizontal plane (see
Figure 8.3) of the abrasive product spindle.
Figure 8.3
openings for cylindrical grinders

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8.3.2.4 Surface grinders and cutoff machines E8.3.2.4

product periphery and sides for abrasive product guards
used on cutoff machines and on surface grinding
machines that employ the abrasive product periphery
shall not exceed 150 degrees. This exposure shall begin
at a point not less than 15 degrees below the horizontal
plane of the abrasive product spindle (see Figure 8.4).
Figure 8.4
openings for surface grinders and cutoff
machines
8.3.2.5 Swing frame grinders and semiautomatic E8.3.2.5

snagging machines
product guards used on swing frame grinding machines
and semiautomatic snagging machines shall not exceed
160 degrees, and the top half of the abrasive product
shall be enclosed at all times (see Figure E8.3.2.6).
--`,`,```,`,,```,,,`,`,`,,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 8.5
openings for swing frame grinders and
semiautomatic snagging machines
8.3.2.6 Exposure adjustment
Abrasive product guards of the types described in
8.3.2.1 and 8.3.2.3, where the operator stands in front of
the opening, shall be constructed so that the peripheral
protecting member can be adjusted to the constantly
decreasing diameter of the abrasive product. The
maximum angular exposure above the horizontal plane
of the abrasive product spindle as specified in 8.3.2.1
and 8.3.2.3 shall never be exceeded, and the distance
between the abrasive product periphery and the
adjustable tongue or the end of the peripheral member
at the top shall never exceed 6mm (0.25 in). See
Figures 8.7a through 8.7f.

Figures 8.7 a through f

Example of allowable abrasive product guard openings
Figure 8.7a Figure 8.7b
Figure 8.7c Figure 8.7d
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Figure 8.7f
Figure 8.7e

8.3.2.7 Self-closing guard E8.3.2.8

All floor stand grinders designed to be used with 600 mm Self-closing guards are intended to protect
(24 in) diameter abrasive products and larger, shall be personnel who are in the plane of rotation of the
equipped with a guard which closes automatically at the grinding abrasive product. In the event of an
occurrence of an abrasive product breakage (see Figure abrasive product breakage, the abrasive product
8.8). Other guard designs which provide equivalent pieces fly tangentially outward. They strike at an
protection to the personnel in the plane of rotation of the angle, one or more paddle-like surfaces which
abrasive product may be used. are fixed to a moveable gate located within the
primary guard. The kinetic energy of the
abrasive product is transferred to this gate,
causing it to rapidly swing shut so as to restrict
broken pieces from escaping from inside the
primary machine guard. High speed
photography has shown the effectiveness of this
guard design. When an abrasive product
breakage occurs, the piece of abrasive product
that actually leaves the opening of the guard was
not the piece facing the operator at the
--`,`,```,`,,```,,,`,`,`,,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
instantaneous moment of breakage. The piece

was one well within the guard, but headed for the
guard opening due to tangential rotational forces
imparted to it just prior to breakage.
See also, Annex A3.1.4.
Figure 8.8 – Two examples of floor stand grinders with self-closing guards
8.3.2.8 Inspection and maintenance of self- E8.3.2.9
closing guards
The self-closing guard on floor-stand grinders shall be The self-closing guard is the last protective device
inspected every time an abrasive product is changed. the operator has in case of an accidental abrasive
The inspection shall include the following checks: product breakage. It is imperative that it work
properly at the time of an abrasive product
breakage.
Check the paddle-like underlying surfaces which Since abrasive product breakages are very rare,
cause the guard member to rotate when struck by maintenance of this device can be easily neglected.
broken abrasive product pieces. Correct for any wear Only by checking the guard mechanism before each
or damage according to the machine builders’ abrasive product is mounted can you be assured
recommendation. that the self-closing guard will function properly.

Check the spark arrester, (the longer tab, also called Shear pins must be replaced with the same
tongue, located at the leading edge of the rotating mechanical strength pin that the guard was
guard member), for wear. Repair or replace if worn. originally designed for. Higher strength pins may
On some grinders, this tab is part of the speed control not shear, resulting in subsequent failure of the
system and it is important that it be maintained guard.
properly.
The self-closing guard shall be mechanically operated

every six (6) months. The shear pin shall be removed
and the internal guard shall be moved through its full
travel. The shear pin shall be replaced with a new
shear pin of equal mechanical properties.
8.3.3 Abrasive product guards E8.3.3

Grinding machines shall be equipped with guards in Abrasive product guards must be used on grinding
conformance with the requirements covered below. machines to provide protection for personnel in case
of an accidental abrasive product breakage (see
8.3.3.1 for exceptions).
8.3.3.1 Enclosure requirement E8.3.3.1

The abrasive product guard shall be mounted so as to See Figure 8.10.
maintain proper alignment with the abrasive product.
The combined strength of the fastenings shall be
adequate to maintain the guard in a safe position in the
event of an accidental abrasive product breakage.
EXCEPTION 1: Abrasive product guards on all

operations where the work provides a suitable
measure of protection to the operator may be so
constructed that the spindle end, nut, and outer flange
are exposed; where the nature of the workpiece is
such as to entirely cover the side of the abrasive
product, the side covers of the guard may be omitted.
EXCEPTION 2: On cutoff machines equipped with a
stationary guard, the spindle end and nut may be
exposed at the bottom of the stroke provided they do
not extend axially beyond the abrasive product guard.
In this instance, safeguarding choices should be made
in accordance with an appropriate risk assessment.
Figure 8.10
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8.3.3.2 Openings in abrasive product guards for E8.3.3.2

Dressing
When openings in the abrasive product guard Acceptable means of protection can be the dressing
assemblies are required for dressing, some means device, its mounting, or other guards or devices that
shall be provided to protect the operator and other provide protection to personnel.
personnel from the hazards of flying particles, sparks,
or abrasive product fragments.

8.3.4 Material requirements and minimum E8.3.4

dimensions
Abrasive product guard materials and dimensions See Figure 8.11 and Table 2 plus Figure 8.12 and
shall be selected such that the resulting guard will not Table 3 for minimum basic thickness of peripheral
be compromised in the event of failure when operating and side members for various types of abrasive
at maximum machine design speed. product guards and classes of service. The
recommendations given in Figure 8.11/Table 2 and
Figure 8.12/Table 3 are guides for the conditions
stated. Other materials, designs, or dimensions
affording equal or superior protection are also
acceptable. See also, Annex A, Tables A.1 through
A.7 for further information.
Figure 8.11 – Peripheral grinder

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Figure 8.12 – Cutting-off wheel

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Table 3 – Minimum basic thickness for peripheral and side members for safety guards used with
cutting-off wheels
8.3.5 Abrasive product guards with E8.3.5

removable side covers
Abrasive product guards with removable side covers To calculate the strength of the means of attachment,
or doors shall be as strong in the radial direction of see Annex A4.4.
the grinding abrasive product as an abrasive product
guard with a non-removable side.
Radial strength of the guard assembly shall be

sufficient to prevent failure of the peripheral member
in the event of abrasive product failure.
If abrasive product guards are joined from individual

parts, e.g., by means of welding, screwing, riveting,
the components shall be connected so that in case
of breakage of the abrasive product joints will not
separate due to the resulting energy.

8.3.6 Band-type guards – general E8.3.6

specifications
Band-type guards shall conform to the following
general specifications:
The bands shall be made of steel plate or other

material of equal or greater strength. They shall be
continuous, the ends being either riveted, bolted, or
welded together in such a manner as to leave the
inside free from projections.
The band shall be of sufficient width and its position

kept so adjusted that at no time will the abrasive
product protrude beyond the edge of the band to a
distance greater than indicated in Figure 8.13 or the
wall thickness, whichever of these dimensions is
smaller.
1 = Adjustable band-type guard
To = 0.3 T for T ≤ 50 mm (2 in) 2 = Interchangeable steel disc
To = 0.2 T for T > 50 mm (2 in) 3 = Abrasive product
Figure 8.13
A Band-Type Guard
NOTE: The exposure of the abrasive product

conforms with the requirements given in Table 4.
Band-type guards used in conjunction with
segments individually chucked in suitable holding
mechanisms to form a grinding unit may have a door
for access through the band to facilitate segment
change and adjustment.
Table 4 – Exposure vs. Wheel Thickness

Overall Thickness Maximum Exposure
of Wheel (T) Of Wheel (C)
(mm) (in) (mm) (in)
13 ½ 6 ¼
25 1 13 ½
51 2 19 ¾
76 3 25 1
102 4 39 1.5
≥130 ≥5 51 2 --`,`,```,`,,```,,,`,`,`,,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
9 Operation, maintenance and

training
9.1 Operation and maintenance
It shall be the responsibility of the user to provide an
adequate and orderly work area around grinding
machines to permit safe operating and maintenance
practices.

9.1.1 Use of abrasive products — user’s

responsibility
All abrasive products shall be used in conformance
with requirements given in clause 6 and shall be
stored, handled, inspected and mounted (including
multiple wheels) in accordance with ANSI B7.1-
2000.
9.1.2 General maintenance

The user shall ensure that the machine’s guards,
devices, flanges and all other key parts are
maintained in satisfactory condition as prescribed in
this standard.
9.1.3 Arbor size E9.1.3

The machine spindle or adaptor size shall be Worn or undersize adaptors can cause an out-of-
maintained by the user. balance condition, contributing to abrasive product
failure. Worn or undersize adaptors should be
replaced.
9.1.4 Bushing E9.1.4

When a bushing is used in the abrasive product If a bushing is wider than the abrasive product in
hole, it shall not exceed the width of the abrasive which it is used, it will interfere with proper tightening
product and shall not contact the flanges. Only of the flanges against the abrasive product. The
bushings designed for the wheel hole / spindle power required to drive a grinding abrasive product is
combination shall be used. See ANSI B7.1 for transferred through the flanges. If this power is
additional requirements. partially or completely transferred through the
bushing, abrasive product failure may result.
9.1.5 Surface condition E9.1.5

All contact surfaces of abrasive products, blotters, Flanges can be distorted by excessive tightening, or
and flanges shall be flat and free of foreign matter. burred by dropping, and should be checked
periodically. Inspection for foreign particles should
be made on abrasive products, blotters, and flanges.
9.1.6 Machine face plate

The machine face plate (steel disc abrasive product)
shall be maintained true, flat, and clean.
The user shall ensure that the minimum face plate

thickness does not decrease below the value in
Table 5 below.

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Figure 9.1 – Steel Disc Wheel with Thin Mounting Plate
Table 5 Minimum Thickness of Machine Face Plates (Steel Disc Abrasive Products)
For Machines Using Plate

For Mounting Abrasive
Mounted Discs having
Discs
Thin Mounting Plates
Disc Diameter (Pd) Minimum Thickness (Pt) Minimum Thickness (Pt)
(mm) (in) (mm) (in) (mm) (in)
≤305 ≤12 13 1/2 10 3/8
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>305-356 >12-14 13 1/2 13 1/2
>356-406 >14-16 16 5/8 13 1/2
>406-457 >16-18 16 5/8 16 5/8
>457-660 >18-26 19 3/4 19 3/4
>660-914 >26-36 22 7/8 22 7/8
>914-1016 >36-40 25 1 - ‾
>1016-1829 >40-72 29 1 1/8 - ‾
NOTE: Pd shall never be less than (D+H)/2 nor shall the difference between D and Pd
exceed 2 inches. It is recommended that Pd equal D wherever practical.

9.1.6.1 When regrinding the face plate, caution

shall be taken to ensure that the X dimension (Figure
9.2 to the right) is not ground so small that, when
mounting, the screws could touch the bottom of the
hole. If this condition occurs, the abrasive product
may be damaged. For additional requirements on
plate mounted discs, see ANSI B7.1.
Figure 9.2 – Faceplate screw clearance
9.1.7 Tightening of the mounting nut

9.1.7.1 Single end nut E9.1.7.1
The spindle end nut shall only be tightened See ANSI B7.1 for methods of determining wheel
sufficiently to drive the abrasive product and prevent stress due to flange tightening.
slippage.
“SPRUNG” FLANGES
CAUSED BY
EXCESSIVE TIGHTENlNG
Figure 9.3 – Result of Excessive Tightening
9.1.7.2 Multiple Screws E9.1.7.2

Multiple-screw flanges shall be tightened uniformly The gradual tightening of screws on multiple-screw-
to prevent springing of the flanges and to ensure type flanges by use of a torque wrench is
even distribution of mounting pressure over the recommended. The tightening should proceed from
entire surface of the flanges. a screw to the one diametrically opposite and then in
a crisscross manner until sufficient pressure is
applied uniformly to prevent slippage. Care must be
taken to avoid excessive tightening as it may cause
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springing of the flanges resulting in abrasive product

breakage. Torque pressure of 15 to 20 foot pounds-
force is common with single-abrasive product
mounting; however, some exceptionally severe
operations require greater pressure.

9.1.8 Abrasive product guards E9.1.8

At the completion of abrasive product mounting, the Proper adjustment should be verified at regular and
abrasive product guard shall be checked for appropriate intervals depending on the use of the
condition and adjustment shall be made if necessary wheel to maintain the required tolerances.
and as needed.
All abrasive products guards shall be in place and

properly installed prior to operation of the grinding
machine.
Abrasive product guards shall be checked to ensure

proper fasteners are in place.
9.1.9 Maintenance
The user shall follow safe maintenance procedures It is an important responsibility of the user to maintain
and maintain the grinding machine in safe operating grinding machines in safe operating condition.
condition as prescribed in this standard.
Warning and data labels on the machine shall be

maintained or replaced as needed.
All mounting plates and flanges shall be maintained
in good condition.
When re-facing or truing mounting plates or flanges, When the bearing surfaces become worn, warped,
care shall be exercised to make sure that proper sprung, or damaged they should be trued, refaced or
relief and rigidity are maintained as specified in ANSI replaced.
B7.1.
Failure to observe these rules might cause excessive
All mounting plates and flanges shall be frequently flange pressure leading to abrasive product failure.
inspected for compliance with this requirement. This is especially true of abrasive product-sleeve or
adaptor flanges.
Dust collection / ventilation systems shall be
maintained in accordance with ANSI / AIHA Z9.6.
9.2 Training E9.2

The supplier and user shall comply with the In addition to the training requirements in ANSI B11,
requirements for training in ANSI B11. the user should provide training to operating
personnel on proper wheel selection, operating
speeds and calculation of maximum safe operating
speeds. See also, 6.5.

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40
American National Standard B11.9–2010
Annex A: Abrasive product guards, work zone enclosures and their combinations
on stationary grinding machines
(Informative)
NOTE: This Annex is obtained from EN 13218:2002 – Stationary Grinding Machines and is
reproduced here with permission from CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation). Because this
source document is European, commas are used in place of decimals (in Tables).
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A.1 Scope
The following types and configurations apply to abrasive product guards, work zone enclosures and their
combinations on stationary grinding machines intended for the use of bonded abrasive products and
abrasive products with diamond or cubic boron nitrite.
A.2 Terms and Symbols

Description Units
AS shearing cross section of a fixing element [mm2]
AT reduced shaft cross section of a reduced bolt [mm2]
d diameter of the shearing area [mm2]
E total energy of the rotating abrasive product [J]
Etrans translational energy of a fragment [J]
Erot rotational energy of a fragment [J]
ΔE loss of energy during the impact [J]
F force of impact [N]
Fm average shearing force [N]
Fmax maximum shearing force [N]
k coefficient of impact [–]
ls reduced shaft length of a reduced bolt [mm] [mm]
m mass of abrasive product [kg]
mBr mass of a fragment [kg]
mSH mass of abrasive product guard [kg]
n number of clamping elements [–]
Q ratio of bore diameter and outside diameter of abrasive product [–]
ReH yield point [N/mm2]
Rm tensile strength [N/mm2]
Rp0.2 0.2 % proof stress [N/mm2]
s displacement [mm]
sw shearing distance [mm]
vs maximum operating speed [m/s]
WD energy absorption capacity of a reduced bolt at tensile impac [J]
Wi energy absorption capacity of the ith clamping element [J]
Ws energy absorption capacity of a shearing element at shearing impact [J]
z number of abrasive product fragments [–]
α half angle of fragments [°]
ά half angle of fragments (radian measure) [–] [–]
ΕB elongation at rupture [%]
Σm arithmetic mean from yield point ReH or 0.2 % proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm [N/mm2]
density [g/cm2]
Ґs shearing strength [N/mm2]

A.3 Safety requirements for abrasive product guards and work zone
enclosures
A.3.1 Shapes of abrasive product guards and angles of aperture
A.3.1.1 General
Abrasive product guards are intended to contain safely fragments in the case of an abrasive product
breakage. Generally the abrasive product is totally enclosed by the abrasive product guard. The angle of
aperture is different for the various types of grinding machines and should give access only to that part of
the abrasive product necessary for the machining process.
A.3.1.2 Abrasive product guards for peripheral grinding

Abrasive product guards on grinding machines for peripheral grinding, cutting-off, profile grinding, in
accordance with Table 1, No 1.4, 1.5, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12 and 1.16 should enclose the abrasive product with
a maximum angle of aperture of 150°, see Figures A.1 and A.2.
Figure A.1 Figure A.2
A.3.1.3 Abrasive product guards for peripheral grinding with maximum operating speeds of v s
≤ 50 m/s on bench and pedestal grinding machines, see Table 1, No 1.13

The angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 90°, the angle above the X-axis
should not exceed 50°, see Figure A.3.
1 = X-axis
Figure A.3
Abrasive product guards for abrasive products with an outside diameter D ≥ 125 mm should be designed
so that for peripheral wear the width of the gap between the abrasive product and the abrasive product
guard can be adjusted to ≤ 5 mm, examples see Figures A.4 to A.9.

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Figure A.4
Figure A.5
Figure A.6
Figure A.7
Figure A.9
Figure A.8

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3
The lateral distance between abrasive product and abrasive product guard should not exceed 10 mm, see
Figure A.10.
Figure A.10
A.3.1.4 Abrasive product guards for peripheral grinding with maximum operating speeds of v > 50 m/s s
on bench and pedestal grinding machines

Bench and pedestal grinding machines for abrasive products with v > 50 m/s should be equipped with an abrasive
s
product guard and an internal guard. The internal guard closes the abrasive product guard aperture in the event
of a grinding abrasive product breakage, see Figure A.11 and A.12.
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1 Abrasive product guard 1 Abrasive product guard

2 Carrier peg 3 Internal guard
3 Internal guard
4 Fastening screw
5 Grinding abrasive product
Requirements and design of the internal guard:

U-shaped profiles adapted to the internal contour of the circular guard. The centering angle should be 140°.
As a function of the outside diameter of the abrasive product, the following thicknesses should be observed:
D ≥ 500 mm T ≥ 60 mm
D ≥ 600 mm T ≥ 50 mm
D ≥ 762 mm T ≥ 40 mm
On the inside of the rotating part of the U-shaped profile, carrier pegs are to be provided. The engineering
concept of the self-closing guard is very simple to understand. In the event of an abrasive product
breakage, the abrasive product pieces fly tangentially outward. They strike, at an angle, one or more
paddle-like surfaces which are fixed to a moveable gate located within the primary guard. The kinetic
energy of the abrasive product is transferred to this gate, causing it to instantly swing shut so as to prevent
broken pieces from escaping from inside the primary machine guard. High speed photography shows the
effectiveness of this guard design. When an abrasive product breakage occurs, the piece of abrasive
product that actually leaves the opening of the guard was not the piece facing the operator at the
instantaneous moment of breakage. The piece was one well within the guard, but headed for the guard
opening due to tangential rotational forces imparted to it just prior to breakage.
The internal guard should be attached to the side parts of the guard by means of fixing elements. The fixing
elements should have a low breaking elongation, e.g., M5 10.9.
The wall thickness of the safety device should at least be 3 mm, but 5 mm at maximum.
Material 1 to 3 in accordance with Table A.6.
The internal guard should be arranged so that the distance between the inner side of the guard and the
outer side of the internal guard is 8 mm, see Figure A.11.
Inspection and maintenance of self-closing guards

The self-closing guard is the last protective device the operator has in case of an accidental abrasive
product breakage. It is important that it work properly at the time of an abrasive product breakage. Since
abrasive product breakages are very rare, maintenance of this device can be easily neglected. Only by
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checking the guard mechanism before each abrasive product is mounted can you be assured that the self-
closing guard will function properly. Shear pins must be replaced with the same mechanical strength pin
that the guard was originally designed for. Higher strength pins may not shear, resulting in subsequent
failure of the guard.
A.3.1.5 Abrasive product guards for side grinding on bench and pedestal grinding machines see
Table 1, No 1.14
Abrasive product guards for straight grinding abrasive products with or without recess should be designed
so that the aperture
– above the X-axis does not exceed 0.4 D and
– below the X-axis does not exceed 0.2 D see Figures A.13 and A.14.
For abrasive product guards for abrasive products with an outside diameter D ≤ 200 mm, the front enclosure
above the X-axis is not necessary if the peripheral part extends outside the periphery of the abrasive product
by at least 5 mm, see Figures A.15 and A.16.


A.3.1.6 Abrasive product guards for internal cylindrical grinding machines see Table 1, No 1.3
Examples for automatically acting devices for protection against contact with the abrasive product, e.g.,
during workpiece removal, see Figures A.17 to A.20.

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During the machining process, ejection of abrasive product fragments should be prevented by work zone
enclosures in accordance with A3.4.
A.3.1.7 Abrasive product guards for external cylindrical grinding machines (see Tables A.1 through
A.6)
The total angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 180°, the opening above the
X-axis should not exceed 60°, see Figure A.21.
1 X-axis
Figure A.21
Abrasive product guards for abrasive products with outside diameter D ≥ 250 mm should be designed so
that for peripheral wear of the abrasive products the gap between the abrasive product periphery and the
abrasive product guard can be adjusted to ≤ 5 mm, see Figures A.5 to A.7.
A.3.1.8 Abrasive product guards for side grinding on surface grinding machines see Table 1, No 1.6
and 1.7
For moving adjustable abrasive product guards (also with adjustable protective band) where the axial
movement of the abrasive product carrier is transmitted, the clearance between the peripheral face of the
abrasive product and the inside of the abrasive product guard should be 12.5 mm max and the open
(unprotected) thickness of the abrasive product To, projecting from the moving adjustable abrasive product
guard (adjustable protective band) should be: (see Figure A.22)
To = 0,3 T for T ≤ 50 mm
To = 0,2 T for T > 50 mm
1 = Adjustable guard band

2 = Interchangeable steel disc
3 = Grinding abrasive product
Figure A.22
A.3.1.9 Abrasive product guards for side grinding on double spindle grinding machines see Table 1, No
1.8

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7
Abrasive product guards for double spindle grinding machines should totally enclose the work zone
except for openings for loading and unloading of workpieces, see Figures A.23 and A.24.

A.3.1.10 Abrasive product guards for tool grinding machines see Table 1, No 1.9
The type of abrasive product guard used should depend on the shape and position of the abrasive product
and the operation to be carried out.
The angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 180°. The abrasive product guard
should cover the whole thickness of the abrasive product, see Figures A.25 and A.26.

A.3.1.11 Abrasive product guards for swing frame grinding machines and swing frame cutting-off
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machines see Table 1, No 1.15

The angle of aperture of the abrasive product guard should not exceed 160°, see Figure A.27.

Figure A.27
A.3.2 Wall thicknesses and material
A.3.2.1 General
Abrasive product guards should be of the dimensions given in Tables A.1 to A.6 depending on the material
used (see Table A.7). The wall thicknesses specified for the abrasive product dimensions and maximum
operating speeds given in the Tables should be considered as minimum values.
If the grinding machine is intended for the use of different types of abrasive products or for different
maximum operating speeds, the abrasive product guard dimensions should always be based on the case
where the highest energy of fragments is expected.
For gang mounted abrasive products the guard wall thickness should be based on the sum of the individual
abrasive product thicknesses. The principles for the determination of the wall thicknesses are described in
clause A.4. For abrasive product dimensions and maximum operating speeds not listed in the Tables, the
wall thickness can be determined by means of the procedure described. The wall thickness should be at
least 1.5 mm.
For abrasive product dimensions and/or maximum operating speeds where higher fragment energies can
be expected than those taken as basis for the values in the Tables, the designer should specify the
dimensions individually. In this case the design should provide for the use of additional energy absorbing
elements within the abrasive product guard.
A.3.2.2 Refer to the materials in Table A.7 for the following wall thickness tables in A.1 through A.6.
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© B11 Standards, Inc. --`,`,```,`,,```,,,`,`,`,,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

12
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Table A.3: Wall thicknesses for spheroidal graphite cast iron abrasive product guards for
bonded abrasive products, except for cutting-off wheels (Dimensions in millimeters)
Outside diameter of abrasive product D

Max.
Thickness
Operating
of abrasive 125 200 315 406 508 610
Material^ Speed
product
Vs, in
t Minimum wall thicknesses*
m/s
tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts
3.5 3 5 4 7 5.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5 12 9
4.5 3.5 6.5 5 9 7 11 8.5 13 10 15 11.5
5 32
6 4.5 8.5 6.5 12 9 14.5 11 17 13 19.5 14.5
7 5.5 10 7.5 14 10.5 17 13 20 15 23 17.5
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^ Designation of material, see Table A.7

* Determination of wall thicknesses, see A.4.3
tp Wall thickness peripheral part
ts Wall thickness side part
Table A.4: Wall thicknesses for aluminum alloy abrasive product guards for bonded abrasive
products, except for cutting-off wheels (Dimensions in millimeters)
Outside diameter of abrasive product D

Thickness
Max.
of
Operating 125 200 315 406 508
Material^ abrasive
Speed
product
Vs, in m/s Minimum wall thicknesses*
t
tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts tp ts
10 2.5 2 3 2.5 4.5 3.5 5.5 4 6.5 5
40 20 3 2.5 4 3 6 4.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5
32 3.5 2.5 5 3.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5
10 3 2 4 3 5.5 4 6.5 5 7.5 6
6 50 20 3.5 2.5 5 3.5 7 5.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5
32 4 3 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5 12 9
10 3 2.5 4.5 3.5 6.5 5 7.5 6 9 7
63 20 4 3 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 10 7.5 12 9
32 5 3.5 7 5.5 10 7.5 12 9 14 10.5
10 5 4 7 5.5 10 7.5 12 9 14 11
32 20 6.5 5 9 7 13 10 15.5 11.5 18.5 14
32 8 6 11 8 15.5 11.5 18.5 14 22 16.5
7
10 6 4.5 8.5 6.5 12 9 14 11 17 12.5
40 20 7.5 6 11 8 15 11 18.5 14 21.5 16
32 9 7 13 9.5 18 13.5 22 16 26 19
^ Designation of material, see Table A.7
* Determination of wall thicknesses, see A.4.3
tp Wall thickness peripheral part
ts Wall thickness side part

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A.3.2.3 Material (related to previous Tables A.1 through A.6)

Table A.7: Choice of material

Material Designation Mechanical Strength Properties
In accordance Rm Re ΕR
Description with ISO N/mm2 N/mm2 %
1 Cold-reduced carbon steel 3574 270 140 28
sheet of commercial and or EN
drawing qualities 10130:1991 + A1
2 Cold-reduced steel sheet of 4997 300 220 18

structural quality 6316
3 Steels for general engineering 1052 340 215 17

purposes EN 10025
4 Cast carbon steels for general 3755 450 230 22

engineering purposes
5 Spheroidal graphite cast iron 1083 400 250 15
6 Wrought aluminum alloys 6361-2 310 260 10
7 Cast aluminum alloys 3522 200 3
8 Polycarbonate 60 E-module elongation of

break: εR > 80
2
E = 2,400 N/mm
A.3.3 Compound abrasive product guards

If abrasive product guards are joined from individual parts, e.g., by means of welding, screwing, riveting,
the components should be connected so that in case of breakage of the abrasive product joints will not
separate due to the resulting energy.
A.3.4 Work zone enclosures

Work zone enclosures may be used in addition to, or in lieu of, abrasive product guards, provided the
enclosure is constructed such that any fragments released from a burst are contained. Appropriate
materials must be selected for the spreading and non-spreading areas.
A.3.4.1 Spreading area

Spreading area is the area of a grinding machine where dispersed fragments from an abrasive product
(tool) burst may be foreseen, see Figure A.28.
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1 = Spreading area
2 = Work zone enclosure
3 = Traveling distance

The spreading area corresponds to about the largest width of the abrasive product designated for the
grinding machine plus an area arising on both sides from an angle of about 20° to the side faces of the
abrasive product, see Figure A.29.
In the case of traverse and rotating movements of the grinding spindle head account must be taken of the
traveling distances and pivoting angles.
A.3.4.2 Wall thicknesses and materials

A.3.4.2.1 Wall thicknesses and materials of work zone enclosures on grinding machines with
abrasive product guards.
Steel sheet
In the spreading area wall thickness of 0.2 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but at least
1.5 mm. Material 1, 2 or 3 of Table A.7.
Polycarbonate
In the spreading area wall thickness of 0.5 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, but at least 3 mm.
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Material 8 of Table A.7.
A.3.4.2.2 Wall thicknesses and materials of work zone enclosures for grinding machines without abrasive
product guards.
Steel sheet
In the spreading area wall thicknesses in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6. The wall thickness
outside the spreading area may, however, be 0.2 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but
should be not less than 1.5 mm. Materials 1, 2 or 3 of Table A.7.
Polycarbonate
In the spreading area wall thickness of 2.5 times tp in accordance with Table A.1, A.5 or A.6, but not less
than 3 mm outside the spreading area at least 3 mm. Material 8 of Table A.7.
A.3.5 Verification of strength, testing

Abrasive product guards and work zone enclosures which do not comply with the specifications set out in
A.3.2 or A.3.4 should be tested to verify their strength. The test should be carried out in accordance with
the following methods:
a) The guard or work zone enclosure should be mounted for the test so that its position and fixing
devices correspond to its intended use on the grinding machine.
b) An abrasive product corresponding in design and dimensions to its intended use on the grinding
machine should be used.
c) Breakage of the abrasive product should be initiated at the intended maximum operating speed
or the permissible speed of rotation by a projectile shot into the abrasive product or by another suitable
procedure. The projectile should hit the abrasive product near the clamping device (flange).
d) The test should be carried out with three abrasive products in succession using the same guard
and fixing devices.
e) The test should be deemed satisfactory if the guard and its clamping elements remain in function
not showing any visible cracks when examined by a recognized method of crack detection, e.g., dye
penetration or magnetic crack detection. Minor deformations and surface damage can be accepted.
Fixing devices should remain functional with no detectable damage.
A.3.6 Attachment of transparent shields in work zone enclosures

Transparent shields in work zone enclosures should be attached to the interior part of the enclosure by
clamping or adhesives.
In order to guarantee the protective effect of the transparent shield a sufficient coverage of the transparent
shield with the surrounding steel sheet structure is required. The following minimum values should be
observed:
a) For a grinding machine with abrasive product guard and work zone enclosure, where the transparent
shield is located outside the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 10 mm (see Figures
A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30).
b) For a grinding machine with abrasive product guard and work zone enclosure, where the transparent
shield is located within the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 15 mm. If the size
of the transparent shield is larger than 500 mm × 500 mm, the minimum coverage should be 35 mm,
(see Figures A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30)
c) For a grinding machine without abrasive product guard but with work zone enclosure, where the
transparent shield is located outside the spreading area, there should be a minimum coverage of 15 mm
(see Figures A.28, A.29 and Figure A.30).
d) For a grinding machine without abrasive product guard but with work zone enclosure, where the
transparent shield is located within the spreading area, the supplier should furnish proof of the suitability
of the attachment of the transparent shield to contain abrasive product fragments (see Figures A.28 and
A.29).
Machining side Access side
1 = Coverage (overlap)
2 = Transparent shield
3 = Frame
4 = Steel sheet
5 = Frame profile
Figure A.30
Polycarbonate shields should be protected against aging effects, e.g., by addition of a safety glass shield
towards the machining side and a plastic shield towards the access side. The edges of the shields should
be sealed. The limited service life of polycarbonate shields should be indicated in the instruction handbook.
Suppliers should provide recommendations for inspection, care, maintenance and replacement schedule
recommendations.
A.3.7 Shields for bench and pedestal grinding machines

The minimum dimensions of the transparent part of rectangular, trapezoidal or round shields of bench and
pedestal grinding machines equipped with plain grinding abrasive products are given in Table A.8.
These dimensions are given as a function of the abrasive product nominal diameter D and for a grinding
abrasive product thickness T limited to 0.15 D. When T is greater than 0.15 D, b1 min should be raised in
proportion to the real value of T. The smaller base b2 of trapezoidal shields should be equal to at least 1.5
times the grinding abrasive product thickness T, with a minimum value of 75 mm.

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The minimum dimensions of the transparent part of the shields of bench and pedestal grinding machines
equipped with face or cup grinding abrasive products are identical to those for the shields of these grinding
machines equipped with plain grinding abrasive products; however, the thickness T of plain grinding
abrasive products should be replaced by the width W of the working part of face grinding abrasive products.
Figure A.31 Table A.8: Dimensions of the shields
Table A.8 (Dimensions in millimeters)

Outside diameter of the grinding
b1 min h d b2
abrasive product D
100/200 75 60 75 75
200 80 70 85 80
230/250 100 80 95 80
300 125 100 115 80
356 140 110 130 100
406/457 150 115 135 100
508 200 150 170 100
610 200 175 182 100
762 200 175 182 100
A.4 Criteria for the design of abrasive product guards and their means of attachment
A.4.1 General
The energy of the fragments resulting from an abrasive product breakage is the basic criterion for the
design of abrasive product guards and means of attachment, since the energy of the fragments is
transmitted
 directly or indirectly (by means of ejection of colliding fragments) to the abrasive product guard;
 via the abrasive product guard to its means of attachment and the machine frame;
 via abrasive product dresses which may project into the abrasive product guard, indirectly to the
spindle head and the machine frame.
Methods for the calculation of the energy of abrasive product fragments and for the determination of wall
thicknesses of abrasive product guards and the design of the means of attachment for abrasive product
guards are described in the following clauses.
A.4.2 Energy of abrasive product fragments

The calculation of the impact energy transmitted in the case of an abrasive product breakage from the
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fragments to the abrasive product guard is only possible by approximation. Its value depends among other
things on the breakage behavior of the abrasive product.
The energy of a rotating abrasive product is:

(A.1)
and is contained in the fragments as translational and rotational energy. On the assumption that the
resulting fragments are equal in size, the following equation applies
(A.2)
The translational energy of a fragment is:
(A.3)
For a half angle of fragments α = 67°, the translational energy reaches its maximum value:
(A.4)
The rotational energy of a fragment is calculated as
(A.5)
(NOTE: For symbols, see A.2)
A.4.3 Determination of the wall thicknesses of abrasive product guards

A theoretical model for the calculation of the wall thicknesses of abrasive product guards is not available.
Therefore, the determination of the wall thickness values in Tables A.1 to A.6 is based partly on experience
and partly on available experimental test results. The procedure is described below.
The basic criterion for the dimensioning of the abrasive product guards wall thickness is the translational
fragment energy in accordance with formula (A.4) of A.4.2.
Required wall thickness and fragment energy were related on the basis of the wall thickness Tables in
national regulations of Germany, England and France valid when this European standard was developed.
The fragment energy anticipated for the abrasive products listed in these wall thickness Tables was
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calculated using the above mentioned formula. The corresponding value from the Tables for the wall
thickness of the abrasive product guard was assigned to this calculated energy value. The wall thickness
was represented in a diagram as a function of the fragment energy with the abrasive product guard material
as parameter.
The diagram basically showed a considerable correspondence between the national requirements. It
made, however, also obvious, that in all Tables considered, the energy values assigned to the wall
thickness values showed a wide scatter.
In order to assign the wall thickness unambiguously to the fragment energy, the revealed variations were
approximated by means of compensating functions, additionally using experimental studies and
experiences with wall thicknesses which have until present been used in praxis.

This empirical procedure resulted in the following relationships between the wall thickness tp of the
peripheral part of the abrasive product guard and the fragment energy Etrans of the abrasive product for the
different guard materials in accordance with Table A.7:
0.37
Steel sheet: tp = 0.4 E (Etrans < 100 000 Nm)
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
0.37
Cast steel: tp = 0.57 E (Etrans < 100 000 Nm)
0.37
Cast iron: tp = 0.92 E (Etrans < 6 000 Nm)
0.37
Wrought aluminum alloy: tp = 0.7 E (Etrans < 3 300 Nm)
0.37
Cast aluminum alloy: tp = 1.8 E (Etrans < 1 300 Nm)
In these formulae the energy value Etrans should be given in Nm, the wall thickness value tp will then be in
mm. The energy values given in brackets are limit values, there is no experience on the applicability of the
above formulae for higher values. The wall thicknesses given in Tables A.1 to A.6 were determined by
means of these approximation functions. The following assumptions were taken as basis for the calculation
of the fragment energy in accordance with formula
(A.4) from A.4.2:
Tables A.1–A.4: Abrasive product type 1 in accordance with EN 12413

Q = 0.2 for D ≤ 508 mm
Q = 0.4 for D ≥ 610 mm
Q = ratio of bore diameter H and outside diameter D of the abrasive product
3
Tables A.1–A.5: Density of abrasive product = 2.4 g/cm
Table A.6: Superabrasive type 1A1 in accordance with EN 13236

Depth of superabrasive section X = 6 mm
3
Density of bond = 8.6 g/cm (metal bond)
Based on data given in national Tables and previous experience, a ratio ts/tp = 0.75 was assumed as the
basis for calculation of the wall thicknesses ts of the side parts of the abrasive product guards. The wall
thickness values determined by calculation were rounded to whole or half millimeter values in the Tables.
This procedure is also applicable for the dimensioning of abrasive product guards for abrasive product
dimensions and peripheral speeds not listed in Tables A.1 to A.6 and for abrasive products with densities
differing from those given above. The limits of the formulae-dependent relationships should be observed.
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A.4.4 Design of the means of attachment

To simplify matters, for the design of the means of attachment, only the translational fragment energy is
taken into account. For safety reasons, however, the calculation is carried out with a peripheral speed
which exceeds the maximum peripheral operating speed by 30%. Consequently, formula (A.4) is modified
for this calculation as follows:
(A.6)
It can, however, be taken into account that in the case of impulsive stress of a static mass, losses of energy
can result due to plastic deformation:

(A.7)
The coefficient of impact k varies between k = 0 (plastic impact) und k = 1 (elastic impact). The coefficient
of impact k can be reduced within certain limits by plastically deformable materials and elements as for
example, rigid expanded polyurethanes or thin-walled round tubes which are integrated into the abrasive
product guard as lining. Practical tests have shown a coefficient of impact k = 0.75. The thickness of the
deformation elements should be at least equal to that of the abrasive product. The ratio of the lining
thickness and the wall thickness of the abrasive product guard (Tables A.1 to A.5) should be about 4:1 for
a strength of the expanded polyurethane of 180 N/cm 2. Rigid obstructions in the abrasive product guard,
e.g., welded stabilizing webs should, however, be avoided.
Containing safety devices are so connected to the grinding machine, that these parts remain connected in
the case of an abrasive product breakage. It should be ensured that the energy absorbing capacity of the
total number of n fixing elements exceeds the energy value determined by the calculation method, i.e., the
condition should be fulfilled.
(A.8)
Tensile impact stress
In the case of tensile impact stress reduced shaft bolts are used. The energy absorption capacity of a
cylindrical reduced shaft bolt (material quality 8.8, 10.9 or equivalent) is approximately calculated as:
(A.9)
with
(A.10)
Shearing impact stress

If possible, fixing screws should not be submitted to shearing stress by the fragment energy, as the energy
absorption capacity is very small under these conditions. If special means of attachment are integrated, it
should be guaranteed that the provided shearing area is large enough. The energy absorption capacity of
a shearing element is approximately:
(A.11)
for shearing elements with circular section, the average shearing force is:
(A.12)
with the maximum shearing force:
(A.13)
the shearing distance is:
(A.14)
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ANSI B11.

American National Standard for Machines –

Secretariat and Accredited Standards Developer:

B11 Standards, Inc.

APPROVED: 17 NOVEMBER 2010

American National Standards Institute

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

Published by: B11 Standards, Inc.,

© B11 Standards, Inc. i

© B11 Standards, Inc.

© B11 Standards, Inc. iii

© B11 Standards, Inc. iv

© B11 Standards, Inc. v

Organizations Represented Name of Representative

Theodore Braun, CSP, CPE Liberty Mutual Chairman

© B11 Standards, Inc. vi

As in all American National Standards, the term “SHALL” denotes a

Similarly, the term “CAN” denotes a possibility or capability, whether physical

Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should

© B11 Standards, Inc. vii

Notes for Figure 1:

© B11 Standards, Inc.

(4) Responsibilities for

(4.1) Supplier (4.2) User (4.3) User

(5) Hazard Control

NFPA 79 Comply with Training and

(6) Design and Construction

(7) Installation, Testing, and NFPA 70

(9) Operation and

© B11 Standards, Inc. ix

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

American National Standard for Machines -

1.1 Included machines E1.1

material: Figures 1.1 through 1.16 are simplified schematics of

1.1.1 External cylindrical grinding machine

Figure 1.1.1 – External Cylindrical Grinding

1.1.2 Centerless external cylindrical grinding

Figure 1.1.2 – Centerless Grinding

© B11 Standards, Inc. 1

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

1.1.2.1 Internal cylindrical grinding machine

A machine that grinds the internal surface of a

Figure 1.1.3 – Internal Grinding

Center hole grinders

1.1.3 Surface grinding machine – peripheral

A machine that grinds the plane surfaces of a

Figure 1.1.4 – Surface Grinding

1.1.4 Surface grinding machine – peripheral

A machine that grinds the plane surfaces of a

Figure 1.1.5 – Surface Grinding - Peripheral

© B11 Standards, Inc. 2

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

1.1.5 Surface grinding machine – face

A machine that grinds the plane surfaces of a

Figure 1.1.6 – Surface Grinding – Face Linear

1.1.6 Surface grinding machine – face

A machine that grinds the plane surfaces of a

Figure 1.1.7 – Surface Grinding – Face Rotary

1.1.7 Surface grinding – face grinding, Double

A machine that grinds the workpiece by passing it

1.1.8 Tool & cutter grinding machine –

A machine that grinds or regrinds cutting faces and

Figure 1.1.9 – Tool Grinding

© B11 Standards, Inc. 3