COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL  encompasses all the interactions of

HEALTH humans with their environment and

the health consequences of these
Health – a state of complete physical,
interactions
mental and social well-being and not
 preventing diseases caused by
merely the absence of disease or
contaminated water, wastes, food,
infirmity
insects etc.
Community – sociological group in a
large place sharing one environment Healthy Environment:
 Healthy People/Community
Community Health  well maintained homes and well
 determined as the art and science paved streets and roads
of maintaining, protecting, and
improving the health of all the Characteristics of a Healthy
members of the community through Environment
organized and sustained community 1. clean and safe environment
effort 2. meets everyone’s basic needs
 common vision-mission 3. promotes social harmony
 work together in achieving common 4. local health and environmental
goal issues
 healthcare is available and 5. participates in local solutions
accessible 6. access to varied experiences
 Department of Health launched an 7. health services
approach in promoting community 8. celebration of cultural heritage
health through the partnership of the 9. innovative economy
community, barangay, government 10. available resources for all
organizations and non-government -
> Primary Health Care ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Health Care Services: Pollution – accumulated contamination

of different settings in the
 Maternal Health Care environment. Can be air noise, water
 Child Health Care and land.
 Nutrition Program
 Family Planning Program Air Pollution
 Environmental Sanitation Program  contamination of air
 Dental Health Program  Effects: suffocation or difficulty in
 Reproductive Health Care breathing
 National Voluntary Blood Program  Sources: burning of fossil fuels, dirt
 Mental Hygiene Pharmacy Service and dust, smoke from cars and
(Why are they free? They are factories
subsidized by the government)
Noise Pollution
Environmental Health
  excessive noise in the
environment
 Effects: hearing impairments,
stress, fatigue, irritation, tension
 Sources: vehicles, electrical
equipment, construction,
industries
Water Pollution
 contamination of water
 Effects: skin irritation, diarrhea
 Sources: human wastes thrown,
harmful chemical from industries
Land Pollution
 exposed waste on the land
 cause diseases when
inhaled/ingested
 destroy the ecosystem once the
soil is contaminated
Environmental Issues
Improper Waste Disposal
 any method used to discard
unwanted substances
 has negative consequences ->
land, water and air pollution
 Effects: excessive breeding
agents: rats, flies and mosquitos,
cuts from broken bottles and
rusted metal objects, water
pollution, hazardous chemicals
Illegal Mining
 procedure done to acquire
minerals from food
 illegal when: no permit and
equipment that will harm
 Effects: erosion and landslide,
contaminate soil, land, animals
and water
Deforestation
 clearing of plants and trees
 destruction of natural resources
 Purposes: residential, mining
purposes, word materials
 Effects: animals lose shelter
without trees, air quality, flash
floods
Cyanide Fishing
 acquiring fishes for aquarium use
 involves spraying sodium cyanide
 hurts marine organisms
 harmful when eaten
Oil Spill
 harmful to various species of
animals
 oil coats the surface of water,
making oxygen and sunlight
impossible to penetrate
 release of petroleum
Climate Change
 change in average weather
conditions that last or extend
period of time
 loss of ice, accelerated sea level
rise, longer and more intense
heat waves
INJURIES
Unintentional Injuries – those that
resulted from accidents
Intentional Injuries – those that result
from violence/attack from other
people, may also be self-inflicted
First Aid Basic
- initial immediate and temporary
care given to an injured or sick
person
 - includes personal care, family
care and help at home etc. if
medical assistance is not readily
available or delayed
First Aider
 trained personnel who provides
first aid
 bridges the gap between the
victim and physician
 ensures safety of himself/herself
and that of bystanders
 gains access to the victim
 determines any threats to
patient’s life
 summons advanced medical
care as needed
 provides needed care for the
patient
 records all findings
Characteristic of a Good First Aider
1. Gentle – must not cause any pain
2. Observant – notices all signs
3. Resourceful – makes use of all
things at hand with best capacity
4. Tactful – does not make the
victim worry
5. Sympathetic – comforts the
victim
Objectives of First Aid
- extend of prolong life
- relieve or alleviate pain and
suffering
- prevent further injury
First Aid Guideline and Procedures
1. Primary Survey
 quick and systematic survey to
establish any condition.
 measurement of our body’s most
basic functions
1. Body temperature –
measurement of the body’s
capacity to produce or eliminate
heat. NORMAL -> 36.3
2. Pulse Rate – heart rate or the
count of heart beats per minute
Children: 60 – 100
Adults: 60 – 90
3. Respiration Rate – number of
breaths a person per minute
Children: 18 – 22
Adult: 16 – 18
4. Blood Pressure – the force of
blood pushing the artery walls
measure with blood pressure cuff
and stethoscope
Adult: 120/80
Children: 90/60
- Sphygmomanometer
CAB
- circulation, airway, breathing
- technique in life saving when a
person’s breathing or heartbeat
has stopped
- Circulation: chest compression,
restoring blood circulation
- Airway: clearing the airway
- Breathing: mouth to mouth,
mouth to nose
2. Ask for help
 call emergency services
 red cross hotline -> 143
 national emergency hotline ->
911
3. Secondary Survey
 check other injuries by head to
toe examination
 D – Deformity of fractures
O – Open wounds
T – Tender parts
S – Swollen parts
  History:
S – signs and symptoms felt by the
victim
A – allergies that the victim has
M – medication currently taking
P – previous medical conditions
L – last oral intake
E – events that led to the
emergency situations
DRESSING AND BANDAGES
Dressing
Dressing – a sterilized cloth pad or similar
fabric used to cover an injured body
part, usually a wound
Functions:
 control bleeding
 minimize infection
 absorb fluids
Shock – collapsed body system due to
lack of oxygen supply of cells
Kinds of Dressing
Roller Gauze
 made from strips of sterilized
gauze rolled tightly
Square Gauze
 sterilized gauze made from
sheets of folded gauze
Adhesive Gauze
 adhesive strips and used for small
wounds. Middle part is sterilized
and both ends act as adhesive
and compress.
Steps of Applying a Dressing
1. Clean the wound with running water
and soap. If there is no soap, wash with
water and wipe dry with a clean cloth.
2. Apply anti-infection solution like
tincture of iodine
3. Completely cover the wound with the
dressing. Never let the dressing become
dirty. Apply the dressing firmly on the
wound and secure tightly but not to
impede blood flow.
Bandage
Bandage - a clean and sterile fabric
material whose purpose is to firmly hold
the dressing
Function:
 control bleeding
 immobilize injured body part
 secure splints in place
Splints – mechanical devices used to
immobilize and protect injured body
part
Kind of Bandages
Triangular Bandage
 large enough to cover various
injuries
 used to support fractures and
dislocations
Cravat Band
 broad or narrow and prepared
by folding a triangular bandage
to the desired size
Roller Bandage
 made from sterile bandage rolled
tightly
  1, 2, and 3 inches wide and 10
yards long
Four- tail Bandage
 has both ends cut thus makes
four ends
 fits comfortably on the nose and
chin
Muslin Binder
 best used for chest and
abdominal wound
Elastic Bandage
 can be pulled to the desire
tightness to help compress the
injury
Steps in applying bandages
1. Each kind of bandage has a specific
purpose
2. The bandage should be neat, clean
and free from contamination to avoid
infection of the injury or wound.
3. Apply the bandage in an appropriate
manner.
4. Constantly check the tightness of the
bandage.
5. Some bandages need to be tied with
a square knot while other can be
secured with a hook.
TRANSPORTING THE VICTIM
One-Man Carry
Ankle Pull
 quickest way to move a victim in
a short distance on an even
ground
Shoulder Pull
 supports the head of the victim
 preferred than ankle pull
One-person lift
 suitable for children or very light
people
Firefighter carry
 used to carry a victim in longer
distances
Blanket Pull
 ideal way of pulling a victim
Pack-strap Carry
 usually done to carry the victim in
longer distances
Two-Person Carry
Human Crutch/Two-person drag
 conscious victims can use
rescuers as crutches in swinging
their legs
Four-Handed Seat
 entails carrying conscious and
alert victims to moderate
distances
 only used when victims are able
to stand unsupported and hold
themselves upright during
transport.
Two-Handed Seat
 unconscious victim in long
distances
Chair Carry
 carrying victims up and down the
stairs or through narrow and
uneven areas
  chairs without wheels

Three-Man Carry

Hammock Carry

 three or more rescuers alternately

position themselves on both sides
of the victim
 strongest rescuer on the side

Three-Person Carry or Stretcher Lift

 lift victims on a bed or stretcher

and transporting them in short
distances.