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Analytical and numerical simulations for the kinetics of phase separation in

iron (Fe-Cr-X (X=Mo, Cu)) based on ternary alloys

Article  in  Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · January 2020

DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2019.122634

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 Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physica A
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physa

Analytical and numerical simulations for the kinetics of phase

separation in iron (Fe–Cr–X (X=Mo, Cu)) based on ternary
alloys
∗
D. Lu a , M.S. Osman b,c , , M.M.A. Khater a , R.A.M. Attia a,d , D. Baleanu e,f
a
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, China
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Alqura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
d
Department of Basic Science, Higher technological institute 10th of Ramadan city, Egypt
e
Department of Mathematics, Çankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
f
Institute of Space Sciences, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, we investigate the physical behavior of the basic elements that related
Received 31 May 2019 to phase decomposition in ternary alloys of (Fe–Cr–Mo) and (Fe–Cr–Cu) according
Received in revised form 27 August 2019 to analytical and approximate simulation. We study the dynamic of the separation
Available online 16 September 2019
phase for the ternary alloys of iron. The dynamical process of this separation has been
Keywords: described in a mathematical model called the Cahn–Hilliard equation. The minor element
Convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard behavior in the process has been described by the Cahn–Hilliard equation. It describes
equation the process of phase separation for two components of a binary fluid in ternary alloys of
Modified auxiliary equation method (Fe–Cr–Mo) and (Fe–Cr–Cu). We implement a modified auxiliary equation method and
Cubic B-spline scheme the cubic B-spline scheme on this mathematical model to show the dynamical process
Solitary wave solutions of phase separation and the concentration of one of two components in a system. We
try obtaining the solitary and approximate solutions of this model to show the relation
between the components in this phase. We discuss our solutions in view of a Stefan,
Thomas-Windle, and Navier–Stokes models. Whereas, these models describe the motion
of viscous fluid substance.
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

In five past decades, the mathematicians and physicists have discovered the ability of the nonlinear wave equations
for representing some the nonlinear phenomena in various field of science such as ecology, geology, oceanography,
meteorology, human biology, zoology, botany, engineering, medicine, applied mathematics, applied physics, medicine,
and computer science [1–52].
In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of a minor element associated with phase decomposition of the
major element in (Fe–Cr–Mo ) and (Fe–Cr–Cu ) ternary alloys according to analytical and approximate simulation. The
Cahn–Hilliard equation has the following formula [53–62]:
⎨ (uCr )t = MCr νuCr − KCr (uCr )XX − LCrX (uX )xx xx ,
⎧ ( )
(1)
⎩(u ) = M (ν − L (u ) − K (u ) ) ,
X t X ux X Cr xx x X xx xx

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
E-mail address: mofatzi@sci.cu.edu.eg (M.S. Osman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122634
0378-4371/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

where uX (x, t), uCr (x, t) are attentiveness arenas of X and Cr features, respectively. System (1) yields
⎧ [
⎪
⎪ (u )
Cr t = M Cr νu2 (uCr )xx + νuCr ux (uX )xx + 2νu2 uX (uCr )x (uX )x + νu3 ((uCr )x )2
Cr Cr
] Cr
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
+ νuCr u2 ((uX )x ) − KCr (uCr )xxx − LCrX (uX )xxxx ,
2
⎪
⎪
⎪
X
⎪
⎨
[ (2)
⎪
νu2 ux (uCr )xx + νu2 (uX )xx + 2νu2 u2 (uCr )x (uX )x + νu2 ux ((uCr )x )2
⎪
(u ) = M
⎪
X t X
⎪
⎪ Cr X Cr X
] Cr
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
+ νu3 ((uX )x ) + −LXCr (uCr )xxxx − KX (uX )xxxx .
⎪
⎪ 2
⎩
X

Systematic solution model allows writing the indigenous free energy in the following formula
ν = ν ∗ (1 − uCr − uX ) + ν ∗∗ ucr + ν ∗∗∗ uX + ΩFeX uX (1 − uCr − uX ) + ΩFe Cr uCr (1 − uCr − uX )
+ ΩCr X uCr uX + R T [(1 − uCr − uX ) ln (1 − uCr − uX ) + uCr ln (uCr ) + uX ln (uX )], (3)
where ν ∗ , ν ∗∗ , ν ∗∗∗ represent the energies of pure elements Fe, pure Cr and pure X , while ΩFe X , ΩFe Cr , ΩCr X are interaction
parameters. Also, R, T represent the gas constant and absolute temperature, respectively. Eq. (3) follows that
⎧ ( )
1 1
⎪
⎪ ν
⎪ uCr2 + 2 Ω Fe Cr − R T + = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪ uCr 1 − uCr − uX
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( )
1 1
⎨
νu2 + 2 ΩFe X − R T + = 0, (4)
⎪
⎪ X uX 1 − uCr − uX
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ν RT
uCr ux − ΩCr X + ΩFe Cr + ΩFe X − = 0.
⎪
⎩
1 − uCr − uX
Mobility and gradient energy can be determined by using the Cahn–Hilliard equations for binary alloys of (Fe − Cr) and
(Fe − X ). These equations are linearized as
(ui )t + Di (ui )x x + Mi Ki (ui )xxxx = 0, (5)
uCr ,
{
where ui = , Di = −Mi (ν )u2 and Mi represents uphill diffusion. We also can write the Cahn–Hilliard equation
uX ,
i

⎧
⎨ ϕt = ∇ · M(ϕ ) ∇ [f (ϕ ) − ϵ 2 ∆ϕ], (x, t) ∈ Ω × ℜ+ ,
(6)
⎩n · ∇ϕ = n · M(ϕ ) ∇ [f (ϕ ) − ϵ 2 ∆ϕ], (x, t) ∈ ∂ Ω × ℜ+ .
According to the system (6), we can write the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation
ϕt = ∇ · [M(ϕ ) ∇ (f (ϕ )ϕ − K ∇ 2 ϕ )], (7)
where ϕ (x, t), M(ϕ ), f (ϕ ) represent the concentration, the mobility, the homogeneous free energy, respectively. So that,
Eq. (7) can be written in the next formula
ϕt + D4 ϕ = D2 A(ϕ ) + l D ϕ, l > 0, (8)
where A(ϕ (x, t)) is an intrinsic chemical potential with a typical example as (A(ϕ (x, t)) = ϕ (x, t) − ϕ (x, t)) and ϕ (x, t)
3

represents the concentration of one of two phases in a system which is undergoing phase separation while (lDϕ (x, t))
characterizes the phase transition affected by the steady fluid flow. Eq. (8) not just describes the kinetics of phase
separation in iron-based ternary alloys but also describes the phase transition in binary systems, such as glass and polymer
mixtures.
The rest of this paper is organized in the following order; In Section 2, we apply analytical and numerical techniques
on the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation. Furthermore, we test the stability of one of our obtained solutions to
investigate the ability of these solutions for applying in its applications. In Section 3, we give the physical explanation of
our solutions and sketch them. In Section 4, we provide the conclusion of our paper.

2. Application

Here, we apply analytical and numerical schemes to convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation. We also study the
stability of solutions and also we compare the exact and numerical to show the accuracy of exact solutions. We will use
the following traveling wave transformation on Eq. (8)
ϕ (x, t) = ϕ (ξ ), ξ = x + c t , (9)
 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634 3

where c is the wave velocity. We get

c ϕ ′ + ϕ ′′′′ = (ϕ 3 − ϕ )′′ + l ϕ ′ . (10)

Twice integration of Eq. (10) with zero constants of integration

1
(c − l) ϕ 2 + ϕ ′′ − ϕ 3 + ϕ = 0. (11)
2
According to the new formula of Cahn–Hilliard equation in the ordinary differential equation.

2.1. Analytical wave solutions via the modified auxiliary equation method

In this section, the applicability of the modified auxiliary equation (MAE) method [63,64] on the model given by Eq.
(8) will be illustrated. The MAE method asserts the general solution of Eq. (11) in the form
m m

ai K if (ξ ) + bi K −if (ξ ) + a0 ,
∑ ∑
ϕ (ξ ) = (12)
i=1 i=1

where a0 , ai , bi , K are arbitrary constants and f (ξ ) is a function of ξ that satisfies the following ordinary differential
equation
β + α K −f (ξ ) + σ K f (ξ )
f ′ (ξ ) = , K > 0, K ̸= 1. (13)
ln(K )
By considering the homogeneous balance condition between the terms ϕ ′′ and ϕ 3 in Eq. (11), we get m = 1 and the
general solution of Eq. (11) will be in the following form

ϕ ( ξ ) = a0 + a1 K f ( ξ ) + b 1 K − f ( ξ ) . (14)

Substituting Eq. (14) along with Eq. (13) into Eq. (11) and collecting the coefficients of the terms with the same power,
we get a system of algebraic equations. Solving this system with Maple or Mathematica software’s, we get
Family I
√ √ ( √ ))
17β 2 − 5 β 2 9β 2 − 16 − 8 5β 2 + β 2 9β 2 − 16 σ
√ ( ) (
1
√ (
17β 2 − 5 β 2 9β 2 − 16 − 8, a1 = ,
)
a0 = −
8 β3 + β
( )
4
√ √ (√ ( ) √ (
17β 2 − 5 β 2 9β 2 − 16 − 8 β 2 9β 2 − 16 − β 2
( ) )
−7β 2 + 3 β 2 9β 2 − 16 + 8
)
b1 = ,α = − ,
64βσ 64σ
( √ ( )√ √
3 β2 + β 2 9β 2 − 16 − 4 17β 2 − 5 β 2 9β 2 − 16 − 8 + 8 β 2 + 1 l
) ( ) ( )

c= . (15)
8 β2 + 1
( )

Family II
β β2 − 2 β2 − 2
a0 = − √ , a1 → 0 , b 1 = − √ , c = l, α = . (16)
2 2 2σ 4σ
Family III
√ √ β2 + 1 √ β2 + 1
a0 = − 2β, a1 → − 2σ , b1 = − √ , c = l − 3 2β, α = . (17)
2 2σ 4σ
Family IV
β √ β2 − 2
a0 = √ , a1 = 2σ , b1 = 0, c = l, α = . (18)
2 4σ
According to these families of solutions, we get the solitary wave solutions of Eq. (8) in the following forms:
With respect to the values of the parameters in Family II, we get:
Case 1. When, [β 2 − 4ασ > 0 & σ ̸ = 0]
⎡ ⎤
2 β2 − 2
( )
1
ϕ1 (x, t) = √ ⎣ ( √ ) − 2β ⎦ , (19)
β+ β 2 − 4ασ tanh β 2 − 4ασ (lt + x)
√
2 2 1
2
4 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

⎡ ⎤
2 β2 − 2
( )
1
ϕ2 (x, t) = √ ⎣ ( √ ) − 2β ⎦ . (20)
β+ β 2 − 4ασ coth β 2 − 4ασ (lt + x)
√
2 2 1
2

Case 2. When, [ασ < 0 & α ̸ = 0 & σ ̸ = 0 & β = 0]

1 (√
ϕ3 (x, t) = − √ √ −ασ (lt + x) ,
)
coth (21)
2 −ασ
1 (√
ϕ4 (x, t) = − √ √ −ασ (lt + x) .
)
tanh (22)
2 −ασ
Case 3. When, [β = 0 & α = −σ ]
1
ϕ5 (x, t) = − √ tanh(α (lt + x)). (23)
2α
Case 4. When, [β = σ = κ & α = 0]
1
ϕ6 (x, t) = √ eκ (−(lt +x)) −κ 2 − κ 2 + 2 eκ (lt +x) + 2 .
[ ( ( ) )]
(24)
2 2κ
Case 5. When, [α = 0 & σ ̸ = 0 & β ̸ = 0]
1
ϕ7 (x, t) = √ eβ (−(lt +x)) −2β 2 − β 2 + 2 σ eβ (lt +x) + 4 .
[ ( ( ) )]
(25)
2 2βσ
Case 6. When, [β = α = 0 & σ ̸ = 0]
lt + x
ϕ8 (x, t) = − √ . (26)
2
Case 7. When, [β = 0 & α = σ ]
1
ϕ9 (x, t) = √ cot(C + α (lt + x)). (27)
2α
While, for the values of the parameters in Family III, we get:
Case 1. When, [β 2 − 4ασ < 0 & σ ̸ = 0]
( √ ( √ ))
1 − β 2 − 4ασ tan2 1
4ασ − β 2 lt − 3 2β t + x
( )
2
ϕ10 (x, t) = √ ( ( √ ( √ ))) , (28)
2 β− 4ασ − β tan 4ασ − β 2 lt − 3 2β t + x
√ 1
2
2
( √ ( √ ))
1 − β 2 − 4ασ cot2 1
4ασ − β 2 lt − 3 2β t + x
( )
2
ϕ11 (x, t) = √ ( ( √ ( √ ))) . (29)
2 β− 4ασ − β cot 4ασ − β 2 lt − 3 2β t + x
√ 1
2
2

Case 2. When, [β = 0 & ασ > 0 & α ̸ = 0 & σ ̸ = 0]

1 (√ (√
ϕ12 (x, t) = − √ √ ασ (lt + x) 4ασ + cot2 ασ (lt + x) ,
)( ))
tan (30)
2 2 ασ
1 (√ (√
ϕ13 (x, t) = √ √ ασ (lt + x) + 4ασ cot ασ (lt + x) .
) )
tan (31)
2 2 ασ
Case 3. When, [β = 0 & α = −σ ]
1
ϕ14 (x, t) = √ 4α 2 coth(α (lt + x)) + tanh(α (lt + x)). (32)
2 2α
Case 4. When, [β = σ = κ & α = 0]
√ √
[( )( ( ( )) )]
1 ( ( )) 1
ϕ15 (x, t) = √ κ 2 + κ 2 + 1 cosh κ lt − 3 2κ t + x − 1 coth κ lt − 3 2κ t + x − 1 . (33)
( )
2 2κ 2
Case 5. When, [α = 0, & β ̸ = 0 & σ ̸ = 0]
⎡ ( √ ) ⎤
−β lt −3 2β t +x
8β 2 2 β2 + 1 e
( )
1
ϕ16 (x, t) = √ ⎣β 2 + √ − + 1⎦ . (34)
2 2β σ
( )
β lt −3 2β t +x
σe −2
 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634 5

Case 6. When, [β = 0 & α = σ ]

1
ϕ17 (x, t) = − √ tan(C + α (lt + x)) 4α 2 + cot2 (C + α (lt + x)) .
[ ( )]
(35)
2 2α
Similarly, we can find all the solution of Eq. (8) according to the values of the parameters in Family I and Family IV .
Comparing with [53–62], we found that our analytical method gives a variety of new exact solutions to the convective–
diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation other than the methods that were investigated. Furthermore, based on the Hamiltonian
system, we will study the stability property of this model. Also, we will apply a cubic B-spline numerical scheme to the
convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation to study its numerical solutions which is not used before in literature.

2.2. Stability test

Based on the Hamiltonian system, we study the stability property of the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation,
where the momentum in the Hamiltonian system can be defined in the following formula:
∫ d
1
MH = ϕ 2 (ξ )dξ . (36)
2 −d
According to the momentum formula, the condition for the stability of solutions is defined as follows:
∂M
> 0. (37)
∂c
Now, we apply these conditions on Eq. (22), we get
( ( ( )) ( ( )))
2 5(c − 1) 5(c + 1)
M=− 25c − log cos √ + log cos √ . (38)
c 2 2
Thus, we get
∂M
|c =1 = 6.40816105. (39)
∂c
{ }
So, this solution is stable on the interval x ∈ [−5, 5] & t ∈ [−5, 5] . We can apply the previous steps on all other
obtained solutions to check the stability properties of each of them.

2.3. Numerical wave solutions via a cubic B-spline scheme

In this section, we apply a cubic B-spline numerical scheme to the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation to study
the numerical solutions of this model. The numerical solutions by this scheme can be written as a linear combination of
cubic B-splines basis functions. Consider the following grid [a = ξ0 < ξ1 < · · · < ξn−1 < ξn = b] as the uniform partition
of solution where ξi+1 − ξi = b− n
a
= h, i = 0, . . . , n − 1. The numerical solution of Eq. (19) has the following general form
n+1
∑
S n (ξ ) = ci Bi (ξ ), (40)
i=−1

where ci , (i = −1, . . . , n + 1) are arbitrary constants and Bi (ξ ), (i = −1, . . . , n + 1) are cubic B-spline function which
satisfy the following condition
(ξ − ξi−2 )3 , ξ ∈ [ξi−2 , ξi−1 ]
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
(ξ − ξi−2 )3 − 4 (ξ − ξi−1 )3 , ξ ∈ [ξi−1 , ξi ]
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
Bi (ξ ) = (ξi+2 − ξ )3 − 4 (ξi+1 − ξ )3 , ξ ∈ [ξi , ξi+1 ] (41)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪(ξi+2 − ξ ) , ξ ∈ [ξi+1 , ξi+2 ]
3
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0, otherwise,
⎩

where the coefficient of Bi (ξ ), B′i (ξ ), B′′i (ξ ), has the following shown values in Table 1.
According to these values of Bi (ξ ), B′i (ξ ), and B′′i (ξ ), we get

ϕ (ξ ) = ci−1 + 4 ci + ci+1 , (42)

3 3
ϕ ′ (ξ ) = ci−1 − ci+1 , (43)
h h
6 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

Fig. 1. Three, two, contour and stream sketch of ϕ1 (x, t).

Table 1
′ ′′
The coefficient’s values of Bi (ξ ), Bi (ξ ), Bi (ξ ).
ξ ξi−2 ξi−1 ξi ξi+1 ξi+2
Bi (ξ ) 0 1 4 1 0
′
Bi (ξ ) 0 3
h
0 −3
h
0
′′
Bi ( ξ ) 0 6
h2
−12
h2
6
h2
0

6 12 6
ϕ ′′ (ξ ) = ci−1 − ci + ci+1 . (44)
h2 h2 h2

Substituting Eqs. (42)–(44) into Eq. (11) with the following initial condition:
( )
√ 1
ϕ (ξ ) = 2 −1 + √ (1 ) , (45)
2+ 2 tanh 2
ξ
 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634 7

Fig. 2. Three, two, contour and stream sketch of ϕ3 (x, t).

where
( )
−1 √ 1
β = 2, α = 1, σ = 0.5, l = 1, ϕ (0) = √ , ϕ (1) = 2 −1 + √ (1 ) . (46)
2 2+ 2 tanh 2

We get a system of equations. Solving this system, we get

In Table 2, we calculate the value of the approximate, exact and absolute value of the error between them to show the
accuracy of our both solutions. As shown in this table, the values of error are very small. These values show the effective
and powerful of both analytical and numerical schemes.

3. Physical explanation for numerical simulations

• Fig. 1 depicts the three and two dimensional, contour plots and stream charts of ϕ1 (x, t), ϕ2 (x, t) given with the
parameters α = 1, β = 2, l = 3, σ = 0.5, x ∈ [−5, 5], t ∈ [−5, 5].
• Fig. 2 depicts the three and two dimensional, contour plots and stream charts of ϕ3 (x, t), ϕ4 (x, t) given with the
parameters α = 1, β = 0, l = 3, σ = 0.5, x ∈ [−5, 5], t ∈ [−5, 5].
8 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

Fig. 3. Three, two, contour and stream sketch of ϕ10 (x, t).

Table 2
Values of exact, approximate solutions and values of absolute error.
ξ Approx. Soln. Exact Soln. Absolute error
0.0 −0.707107 −0.707107 0
0.1 −0.740723 −0.740725 1.99999 × 10− 6
0.2 −0.771001 −0.771002 0.99999 × 10− 6
0.3 −0.798154 −0.798154 0
0.4 −0.822411 −0.822409 2 × 10− 6
0.5 −0.844006 −0.844003 3 × 10− 6
0.6 −0.863172 −0.863167 5 × 10− 6
0.7 −0.880136 −0.880131 5 × 10− 6
0.8 −0.895114 −0.895110 4 × 10− 6
0.9 −0.908311 −0.908308 2.99999 × 10− 6
1.0 −0.919916 −0.919916 0

• Fig. 3 depicts the three and two dimensional, contour plots and stream charts of ϕ10 (x, t), ϕ11 (x, t) given with the
parameters α = 2, β = 3, l = 3, σ = 1, x ∈ [−5, 5], t ∈ [−5, 5].
 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634 9

Fig. 4. Three, two, contour and stream sketch of ϕ12 (x, t).

• Fig. 4 depicts the three and two dimensional, contour plots and stream charts of ϕ12 (x, t), ϕ13 (x, t) given with the
parameters α = 1, β = 2, l = 3, σ = 54 , x ∈ [−5, 5], t ∈ [−5, 5].

Fig. 1 represents stable bright periodic waves. These waves are symmetric about the vertical axis that passing through
the origin and propagated along the x-axis. While Figs. 2, 3, and 4 investigate singular wave solutions which are not stable.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, we studied the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation with analytical and numerical schemes.
We used a modified auxiliary equation method to obtain solitary wave solutions and cubic B-spline scheme to obtain
numerical solutions of this model. We plot some sketches for some of the analytical solutions to express more physical
properties of this model. We also compare our analytical and numerical solutions in Table 2, to show the value of absolute
error. The obtained results show the effective and powerful of both methods and its ability for applying to many forms of
nonlinear partial differential equations. In a future work, we will explain how to compute bifurcation parameter values
for the obtained solutions of the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation.
10 D. Lu, M.S. Osman, M.M.A. Khater et al. / Physica A 537 (2020) 122634

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