7.

MATRIX FORCE METHOD

7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Conventional force method.

Structure as a whole or any substructure

Must Satisfy

1. Equilibrium of forces.
2. Displacement compatibility.
3. Force-displacement relation.

Matrix Force Method – also called as Flexibility method.

Member forces are treated as the basic unknowns.
Similar to the classical force method, but based on matrix approach.
Based on finite element concept

Step-by-step building up of force-displacement relationship using basic elements composing the

structure.

7.2 ASSUMPTIONS

• Hooke’s law.
• Small deflections.
• Change in length under a deflection ⊥ to member length = 0.
• Principal of superposition.
• Frames – member inextensible.

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7.3 FLEXIBILITY MATRIX FOR A FRAME / BEAM ELEMENT

f1, d1 f2, d2

Shears not included since dependent on moments.

Fijm = displacement along i th force due to unit force along j th force, all other points being unloaded.

f 1 =1, Comment [SB1]: This will give the first

column of F

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f 2 = 0.

d1m = 1
m m
f1 = 1 d1

Fm d1 = L/3EI =F11,
d2 = -L/6EI =F21
(derived from slope deflection relations)

Similarly, f 2 =1& f 1 = 0 ⇒ 2nd column of ⎡ F ⎤

m

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
L L
Similarly, F12 = − & F22 =
6 EI 3EI

⎛ L ⎞ ⎡ 2 − 1⎤
Fm = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ 6EI ⎠ ⎣− 1 2 ⎦

7.4 Collective members FLEXIBILITY MATRIX FOR A TRUSS ELEMENT

d1
⎛ EA ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞
f1 = ⎜ ⎟d 1 ⇒ d1 = ⎜ ⎟ f1
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ EA ⎠
L
f1 = 1 ⇒ d1 = = Fm d1 = (L/EA)f1
f1 EA f1
m ⎡ L ⎤
∴F = ⎢ ⎥ = 1x1matrix
⎣ EA ⎦

7.5 COLLECTIVE MEMBER FLEXIBILITY MATRIX OF STRUCTURE

{d }= ⎡⎢⎣F ⎤⎥⎦{f }
m m m
For m
th
member.

⎧d 1⎫ ⎧ f ⎫
1

⎪ ⎪ ⎡F 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎪ ⎪
⎪d 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ f ⎪⎪
2
⎪ ⎪ ⎢0 F2 0 0 ⎥ ⎪
⎨ 3⎬
= ⎨ ⎬
⎪d ⎪ ⎢0 0 ... 0 ⎥ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
4⎪ ⎣⎢ 0 0 0 F N ⎦⎥ ⎪ n⎪ Uncoupled
⎪d ⎪ ⎪ f ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Matrix of all internal displacements Matrix of all internal forces

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{d}= [F]m{f}
COLLECTIVE flexibility matrix

Internal forces
[entire str.]

EXAMPLE :-

b + r = 5+ 3 = 8 2j = 2x4 =8

⎛ L ⎞
[F1] =[F2] =[F3] = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ EA ⎠
⎡ 2 ⎤
[F4] = [F5] = ⎢ L⎥
⎣ EA ⎦
⎡1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎛ L ⎞
Uncoupled flexibility matrix = [F] = ⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥⎜ ⎟ {d} = [F] {f}
⎢ ⎥ ⎝ EA ⎠
⎢0 0 0 2 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 2 ⎥⎦

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⎧d 1
1
⎫ ⎧f 1
1
⎫
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪
⎪⎪d1 ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ f 1 ⎪⎪
{d} = ⎨d 1
3
⎬ {f} = ⎨ f 1
3
⎬
⎪d 4 ⎪ ⎪f 4 ⎪
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪
⎪⎩d
1
5
⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ f1
5
⎪⎭

7.6 TRANSFORMATION OF FORCE (DETERMINATE STRUCTURE)

To find relationship between internal forces and externally applied forces.

⎧ P1 ⎫
⎪P ⎪
⎪ ⎪
Let {P} = ⎨ 2 ⎬ = Loads applied externally on structure.
⎪ ... ⎪
⎪⎩ Pn ⎪⎭

4
5
3
1

How internal forces are related to {P}

⎧P ⎫
P =⎨ 1⎬
⎩ P2 ⎭
{f} = [b] {P} Comment [SB2]: Matrix of all internal
forces

⎧ f11 ⎫
⎪ 2⎪
⎪⎪ f1 ⎪⎪ ⎧ P1 ⎫
⎨ f1 ⎬ = [b]⎨ ⎬
3

⎪f 4⎪ ⎩ P2 ⎭
⎪ 1 ⎪
⎩⎪ f1 ⎭⎪
5

5x2 matrix

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bij = Internal force f i caused by unit external force Pj, with all other external forces = 0.
P1 = 1 P2 = 0 ⇒ f i ’ s will be first column of [b]
P1 = 0 P2 = 1 ⇒ f i ' s will be second column of [b]

P1 =1 P2= 0

= 0

P1 =0 P2= 1

Apply one by one

∑ Fx = 0
∑M A =0
∑F Y =0

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-1 0
0 0
[b] = 0 -1 Collection of flexibility
0 0 Matrics of member
0 2

So far {d} = [F]c {f}

{f} = [b] {P}

7.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN [P] and [u]

[P] = external loads / forces.

[u] = external displacement.

We will use the principle of virtual work to derive general relation.

Principle of virtual work

Let U 1, U2 . . . . . . . . UN = displacements.

System of virtual forces only.

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{V}<< {P}

Both {P} and {V} systems are existing simultaneously.

When {P} is applied, {V} rides along the displacements and performs virtual works.

External virtual work Internal virtual works by internal

By {V} system = forces generated by {V}

External virtual works = {V }T {u}

{v} internal forces = [b] { V } = { f } ( {δf } = internal forces)
T
Therefore internal virtual works= { f } {d }
External virtual works = internal virtual works. frd
{V }T {u} = {δf }T {d }
= [[b]{V }]T {d }
{u} = [b]T {d }
{d}----- [F]c {f}

{u} = [b]T [ F ]c { f } { f } − − − − − [b]{P}

Therefore, {u} = ([b]T [ F ]c [b]){P}

FTS = Total structural flexibility matrix.

For the truss structure considered earlier,

⎡1 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡− 1 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢0 0 ⎥⎥
⎡− 1 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎛ L ⎞⎢
[ FTS ] = ⎢ ⎢0 0⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎢ 0 − 1⎥
2 ⎥⎦
0 1 0
⎣ 0 0 −1 0 ⎢ ⎥ ⎝ EA ⎠ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 2 0⎥ ⎢0 0⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦

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⎡− 1 0 ⎤
⎢0 0 ⎥⎥
⎡− 1 0 0 0 0 ⎤⎛ L ⎞ ⎢
=⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 0 − 1⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 0 2 ⎥⎦⎝ EA ⎠ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦

⎛ L ⎞ ⎡1 0 ⎤
=⎜ ⎟⎢
⎝ EA ⎠⎣ 0 1 + 2 2 ⎥⎦

⎡u ⎤ ⎡P ⎤
Therefore, ⎢ 1 ⎥ = [ F ]TS ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
u ⎣ P2 ⎦
⎧u1 ⎫ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎧ P1 ⎫
⎨ ⎬=⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎨ ⎬
⎩ 2⎭ ⎝
u EA ⎠⎣ 0 3 .83⎥⎦ ⎩ P2 ⎭
P1 L 3.83P2
Therefore, u1 = u2 =
EA EA

7.8 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Analysis means to determine the internal forces and the deflections

1. Determine {P}
2. Define fm, [Fm], [F]c
3. Form [b]
4. internal forces {f}=[b]{P}
5. [F ]TS = [b]T [ F ]c [b]
6. {u} = [ F ]TS {P}

7.9 EXAMPLE 2

⎡ P1 ⎤ ⎡ u1 ⎤
{P} = ⎢⎢ P2 ⎥⎥ {u} = ⎢⎢u 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ P3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣u 3 ⎥⎦

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⎡ f11 ⎤ ⎡ d11 ⎤
⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ f2 ⎥ ⎢d 2 ⎥
{f}= ⎢ ⎥ {d } = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ f1 ⎥ ⎢d1 ⎥
⎢ f 2⎥ ⎢d 2 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎡ 2 −1 0 0⎤
⎢− 1 2 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎛ L ⎞⎢
[F ]c =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6EI ⎠ ⎢ 0 0 2 − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 −1 2 ⎦

{ f } = [b]{P}
{f}----- 4x1
[b]------4x3
{P}------3x1
P1 = P2 = P3=
1.0 1.0 1.0
--------- All others = 0
⎡L 2L 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 − L − 1⎥
[b] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 L 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 − 1⎦
No. of columns = No. of P force.
[F ]TS = [b]T [ F ]c [b]
⎡2 − 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡L 2L 1 ⎤
⎡L 0 0 0 ⎤⎢
⎛ L ⎞⎢ ⎥ −1 2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 − L − 1⎥⎥
=⎜ ⎟ ⎢2 L − L L 0 ⎥ ⎢
⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢0 0 2 − 1⎥ ⎢ 0 L 1⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 1 − 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 − 1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 − 1⎦
⎡ 2L 5L 3⎤
⎡L 0 0 0 ⎤⎢
⎛ L ⎞⎢ ⎥ −L − 4 L − 3⎥⎥
=⎜ ⎟ ⎢2 L − L L 0 ⎥ ⎢
⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢ 0 2L 3⎥
⎣⎢ 1 − 1 1 − 1⎦⎥ ⎢ 0 − L − 3⎦
⎥
⎣

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⎡2 L 2
5L 2
3L ⎤
⎛ L ⎞⎢ 2 ⎥
=⎜ ⎟ ⎢5L 16 L 12 L ⎥
2

⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3L 12 L 12 ⎦
⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡2 L2 5 L2 3L ⎤ ⎡ P1 ⎤
⎛ ⎞⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥
Therefore, ⎢⎢u 2 ⎥⎥ = ⎜
L
⎟ ⎢5L 16 L 12 L ⎥ ⎢ P2 ⎥
2

⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣u 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3L 12 L 12 ⎦ ⎢⎣ P3 ⎥⎦

Therefore, u1 =
(2L P1 + 5L P2 + 3LP3 )
2 2

6 EI

5L3 P1 + 16 L3 P2 + 12 LP3
u2 =
6 EI

3L2 P1 + 12 L2 P2 + 12 LP3
u3 =
6 EI
2 P1 L3 5P L3 3P L2
If P2= P3=0 ⇒ u1 = u 2 = 1 , u3 = 1
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI
If P1=P3=0 P2= P

If the points where displacements are desired are not loaded, we must apply a fictitious load of
zero value at those points.

7.10 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES: - convert into a “primary” structure by eliminating

redundant forces.
Original structure = applied loads + Unknown redundant
f1 = b11 P1 + b12 P2 + ........ + b1N Pn + b1( N +1) x1 + b1( N + 2 ) x 2 + .......................
f 2 = ............................. + ..........................................................
⎡P⎤
Hence, { f } = [b p | bx ]⎢ ⎥
⎣X ⎦
P----- Applied loads
X----- Redundant
⎡u p ⎤
Similarly, Displacement Vectors = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ux ⎦
u p → Unknown Displacements
u x → Prescribed displacement (@ reaction point)

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At the points of redundant –
Compatibility condition-- Displacements due to {P} + Displacements due to {X} = {u x }
For a structure on rigid supports, u x =0

As before-
{u} = [b]T [ F ]c[b]{P}
⎧P⎫
= [bp|bx]T[F]c [bp|bx] ⎨ ⎬
⎩X ⎭
⎡b Tp ⎤
[ ⎧P⎫
= ⎢ T ⎥ Fc b p Fc bx ⎨ ⎬ ]
⎣bx ⎦ ⎩X ⎭
⎡ u p ⎤ ⎡b T F b b Tp Fc bx ⎤ ⎡ P ⎤
∴ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ Tp c p T ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ u x ⎦ ⎢⎣bx Fc b p bx Fc bx ⎥⎦ ⎣ X ⎦
⎡ u p ⎤ ⎡ F pp F px ⎤ ⎡ P ⎤
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢F ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ u x ⎦ ⎣ xp Fxx ⎦ ⎣ X ⎦

[ ]
If {ux} =0: 0= Fxp {P} + [Fxx ]{x}
⇒ {x} = −[F ] [F ]{P}
−1
xx xp

{ f } = [b p ]{P} + [bx ]{ X }
↓

Unknown Displacements {u p } = [ F pp ]{P} + [ F px ]{ X }

Otherwise { X } = [ Fxx ] −1 ({u x } − [ Fxp ]{P})

Summarized Procedure for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

1. Define {P},{X} (DSI need to be found)

2. Define {f},from [F]c
3. [b] = [bp|bx]
4. [Fpp] = bpTFcbc , [Fpx] = bpTFcbx , [Fxp]=[Fpx]T , [Fxx]=bxTFbx
5. { X } = [ Fxx ] −1 ({u x } − [ Fxp ]{P})

6. { f } = [b p | bx ]⎧⎨ P ⎫⎬
⎩X ⎭
7. {u } = [F ]{P} + [F ]{X }
p pp px

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7.11 EXAMPLE 3

b+r = 9 2j=8
DSI=1

P1=1 P2=1 X=1

⎡− 1 0 1 ⎤
⎢0 0 1 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 − 2⎥
⎢0 2 − 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

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Primary Structure

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⎡1 0 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 1 0 0 0 0⎥⎥
⎢
⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥ ⎛ L ⎞
[F ]c =⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟
⎢0 0 0 2 0 0⎥⎝ EA ⎠
⎢0 0 0 0 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 1⎥⎦

[F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
pp p
T
c p

[F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
px p
T
c x

[F ] = [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
xp px
T
x
T
c p

[Fxx ] = [bx ]T [F ]c [bx ]

{ux}=0 = Relative Displacements between the cut ends.

∴ {X } = −[Fxx ] Fxp {P}
−1
[ ]
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[ ] [ ]
Ans. u p = F pp {P} + F px {X } [ ]
{ f } = [b / b ]⎡⎢ ⎤⎥
P
p x
X ⎣ ⎦

7.12 EXAMPLE 4
w = 10 kN/m We desire a disp. here

DSI = 1 ( 3b + r 3j + c

5m 5m 13 12
5m

E1 = Const for all members.

wl
2 5 3 9 3
wl wl wl wl wl
8 8 wl 8 8
2
wl 2 / 8 2
2
wl
12 wl2 wl 2 wl 2
12 12 24

CASE 1.
CASE 2.

wl
2 3
wl 9
8 wl
8
wl2
24

wl2
II A 12

IIB

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Case II A need not be analyzed.

CASE II B is equivalent to -

P1

P3 P2

Primary structure -

P3 P1 u1
u3

X p2
X
u2

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2 f23

f21 f12 f22 f13

3

2
1

f111
P1 = 1 P2 = 1 P3 =1 X=1

1 -1 f11

-1 1 f21
[b] =

-1
f12

-1 f22
-0.5 2

2.5 -0.5 -1 f13

2
f22
- 2.5

P1=1 P2=2 P3=1

P2=1

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X=1 1
1
X=1
1
1
10
10
1
10 1

1
1
2 -1 1
10
-1 2

F = ( 5
) 2 -1
C EI
-1 2

2 -1

-1 2

Fpp Fp x
[F ]TS = [b] [F ]c [b]
t
= Fxp Fxx
ux = Rel. rotation of the
members at joint

B
up Fpp Fp x P
= =o
ux Fxp Fxx X

ux = 0 = Fxp p + Fxx X X = - Fxx-1 Fxp P

up = Fpp p + Fp x X

f = P + FEM
X

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case II A case I
7.13 EXAMPLE 5 P = 50 kN
2 3 3b + r 3j + c
5m 5m
13 12
5m 1
DSI = 1

f22 f23
X = Same as Ex. 4
f12 f13
f21

f11

-1
1
-1
Fc = Same as Ex. 1
L 1
2 2
- L/2 - 1
2

FPP = bpT Fc bp = L3 Fpx = bpT Fc bx = L2

EI EI

Fxp = bxT Fc bp = 3L2 Fxx = bxT Fc bx = 3.5 L

EI EI
X = Fxx-1 Fxp P = 0.857 PL

Up = Fpp P + Fpx X = 1.428PL3

EI

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