wn OlWIER AMPLIFIERS Cue Te isa léage signal amplifier. 2t peovides greales ac output | bane Be i tetbage and geeats ac output current. tence tk can Supply d Greater ac power to the lead, vol kag ami conversion efficiency t meaguse of ability of a power amplifies te converk dic petver inko ac power fe_power Supplied pe. power drawn + [ [> Be xe load From Biaang SP Mathemabrcally., 7 . Ideally efefictensy should be 1007, pigure of Meri be Bk is the rato of may. powers dissipated nm the. bransisboy land maximum ac power which tan be Supplied & the lead, Fe _Be.mer | dealt Aguse of menk- is revv, § intne tronstsbir shoutd be undesised and gue of merit ince power dissipabion 3s smal, Ideal power amplifier has nerool: 4 FOM=0 pes of power ampltfers ~ A power amplrfer can be cabon of operabng poinE on the |b class A amplifies 2, Class *AB amplrfer 9. class & amplifier y, cas ¢ ampli-fier. of He types based on the load line. “they awe class A amplictest- | in omplrfier me whieh eperating pmb is focaked appaumalely the centre of load Line.| Roth olpcaxent and wl kage can voy symme ti Call or equally cert ae values d Advantage :- ouEpuk signa} ts distortonless Disadvantage trighes Quiscienk ~ powes dissipation tp uiscient fo Mecax keg = igs of waths i / 7 Sols of ar Soe ™P thy . Applreatron:- eee class. & OMmplifier is surtable as voltage ov sma cre ys nok prefersed as powes amplifier bea of ge power dissipation. signal emp ter Class-A amplifier — > E ber oy | prrect-couple spansform es push-pull amplifies coupled ame amplifier Ui ctass-A_pureck 0) Re Re ie ys mire wae! gad esents dc wad line having slop? = Bz Eq ll vepe as 3 ke intescepk = Veo Yrintewe pe 9phe ead ner 3k as obkained -from pc Equivalent rts KVL in ofp (0p. ie ep ate Rot Vee = if, e ke de = abe. we values total - Pe value tan Teg = CT ee z Vee s Meal|> sy S (qe your = ra lanny) slope + and passing Eq vepresents aC wad line trough the poinks (een, KY having Iynes comncidé coupled aniptifier dic and ac lead through the > por drect- bok they have equal slope tz) and they pass : ane opera ting pon te od ssume-G-pone ts weated stignhy Vee dc bulow middle of toad ine Q1cg [ene Juhen ac ifp applied collectsy curren vasieé above and beloc the dic value ea. Assume thak [ymin 0 BD beonsis bor te be tinear ron k= 26 [p cuasen EL K } t I 1 t t U of RMS Fp rp ffack t _ Ae power , ref ficeney t oe “pa power xjoof —9(1) ed fb the load ys the produck Ac power su pplit nila. ge and ems warrenks GG Ty, My cin, Yn fc = Vemss same aT sae Face (ices) Teay 2 2 / Pace (equa) the? @ 4| pc power obtained From Vec Poo = Vee (Seq +70) Pac: Veo s Tg LY put (2 (2) in eqi) ¢ © Vee -Vinin) Te ‘nj " ee - © coer 2 Nee Vi pac, = : cc Maumum achrevable ef-ficieney is gec/a- PES obtained when Vnint0. ae then epegating point is exactly at the centae. of toad line and signal vanabion is maximum. Brique of Merits ps Fo mat Pye max p.c potuer draron -from supply is ubliged in thee eaays. Sk converted ink usefit ac power. : dissipated in the bansistor (Pp) , in ne toad (Re). = Leg Re is part >pavtl => partly dissipated using energy conservation principle Pe = Fre th + Tap Re Vee-teq = Pac + Pp + 5eg Re [Veew they Pk = Pet Spt Vee wTeg = Pac + Pp Pp = Veeeke - fhe nok applied. Ee 2 c Po is i pb IS maximum when face=o ze when ac anpuk is mars VEO Jeg = _ fy man = Yee Teg = Yes Tog —9 (P te fom 292) Pre mat « When” Vaneo. aFre sak = Vee Teg 5 ts) q Moker an class— A amplifier, transistor gets heated up in abene. poof ac npuk beg of higher power dissipation. when ave Hinpuk is applied # seduces and bansiskor cools down y) class-A konsformer coupled gmplher vee De toad Woes i ofp Kee in the output loop: 3 RL —Me + exo tMeE= o Vien Vee UD lp 7 Lek ae = © toad line is a vertical line which cubs the voltage CS ak so gt is obleined -fam ac equivalent drew kve in the out toop. IRM =? tes Mee. RI Ree Tokal—p.c i - c- Teg = 1 : gle ~Veeg ow) Yogr = om (2-41) cel) vepresenks a-c load line having slope hi and passing through the operaling poink O conversion effiecency ¢- hye fas xiooh fo T Me Vnay=Vonil ProsVeme, Smet Ja 5 inate min, TeaPoe v a2 Fan © 8(imae eid fo se ae Yona Vnin 9.s0 Vanag + Vein \ nl se nbkatned whea Moximum achievable efficiency ro7h -ak 8 oblaine Vin =o id) egue of youikin pF =_temet ye max p.c potoed drawn -from supply worl be used Wn Be” nih o fory converted Wnts a-< power & pax tly dissipated ony Pooz fact Po Pp = Poe~Pac Ef py.20 ther Pp becomes maumum Peamat = Poe = Vee ea Pheemak = (ria - Tea (tien Yin 29) Vina = 2 Ver +. FOU = Yer vonen @ 18 a Wee Tf - TERY centre. - Pe— we P) class-A transformer coupled pouel amplifier delivas max ac power of swatks bb we toad. ref the operating point js located for maximum symme trical swing, ab Veo = 20v caloulate. Ci) Secondary to pamary burns gatio. (ii) peak olp tervrenk wr) openatng, Pome [e) e-ftraency. ee ) facy mas eswatts que? a 4 Veo = 20V 7 & Pac = Menem - Vm Eine Ven 2 2h! Br t Mic fac = Mee? ! sal Vr ae ea =e Rte Vec* . 20x20 a . Poe DAT : uo EY Puk Rte n'Re Ne. ee ne [ae [ue 2 forz.te Ny “fe Ve - Vn. Vee. 8 e Yee, QO pos tmP Rat ar Gon wy Jeg = Im and YeegeVee ~ opetabsng point = (20%, osarp) toy | 0 e-Fueng sine Vinax-Ymin ye’) sinle Yin Virax ¢¥min = so/. Poe = e De= Veeg.hq = Qox (oS) =10W Prac = Seoatts in = & xfoo/. Sd /. lager of dov ond2v Yioad is nd min ofp. wl class- A powes amp has maz a 1) load ts sexies fed Ci caleniate conversron e-Fficienty ¥ hanehrmes coupled PEL COUPLE ay Vai ggpy: + 22cR ash = ME xsol # Mn Wanamiaa 204k aay0) For sexies fed ; ov seies fed fy ~ (\- on) Kas / Vanarx” sft Bxash = . (} Exact appre = 2S fe 2 Class-B amplefie-- pis located ab An amplifier in which opetating poin eiteme ends of (oad fine. ce G-poink is sabisation region’ oY in utteof-F vegion, lecated either the. 4¢ me Fes Te KG oye Ye Tn class - afk n class-& amplifier olp current is haré-sinusoidal oy angle #8 180: To obtain sinussidal sukpul: BO trey such che 18 conduction bansistors can be used W a class—B arnpli catted pash-pull amplifier Disadvantage: outpuk 18 distorted ov hatf- sinusoidal advantage guceenk pores dissipation 8 negligable guiescenk = Yeeg- Tc 20% Trax Vina X © =0. Application? clacs-@ push pull amplifier is Amplifier a used as untuned power amp wal unkinea amp v Load js resis bev tuned amp v Load is Paraltel’ be ckeclass-@ amplifier ed qranshimer less plier en svonsfoomet. coupled push-pull i pull amplifier push-pull am Wfier- hx Rae tran sfosmet coupled push-pull arm pli As winding {9 G@ sherk civadit for de, ee and emieker terminals will be heed bs cach othes werk de I ie Mey = Voe27? 6 ie £ pc source Vs iS not present, the R 4s bansistors renrain ope ov they L F ppewate nm the cut-off vegion and thercime { I river dissipation will ey len stu a occa is pane He endary windin bec voltages appears ak hand Be: since secondary winding will qual | ie transformer tS centue- tapped: Vpy ond Ngo wil be equal | nagnitide but opposite in sign. 5) yt ! then ; ; | Var 8 *VE conducts, | leavsent t) -ftows evhesead §, vena A | bere beR Vag BB VE Yo | nehen Veg tHe by conducts ; iy oFF t | Ftowwes whereas § remains | bed Ve, # -¥e i | ; Brand tg flew in opposite chredhious yn. primary bainding ef outpue OLN, g (\ Tl d | bansformer and thexe-fore aesulbng J cumenk in the secondary w winding pw be bidisechonal sinusoidal. lic?) f J | For one hart cycle of tnpuby onetranststo¥ pushes the aixrenk into Re «Ra the other harf-eyele iw of Inpat other bonsislpy putts the cuvsenk -from ey. rence [F this cke te called push-pull amplifier a ; LOcaleulation of aa Equations same as ale «| 5 Yass & Transbrmrr Cour us hy = Pee yoo). : Poe Cc dui ) p, « (oad line for 4 bva Fac Mins. Sims “Wt Tip F = Vin or 2 2 Im Phe *WeeYmid) arn 9039 ao ~ Poe = Qe Im Sr ance collectoy curment ox each teansisboy ts hart sinuseidal the average ox dic collector cursent q witl be Tm w ™ Veo Each Lansisly wil) draw Dc powers Veer Theve-Bre Lokal dic power drawn “from Vee * foes WMeevrim (29 T From equ a egh2 ay : Vee x 100 a l— a b= TW Meni 4 ¢ [en = (Yd) x87 [ne Maximum possible efficiency gs 18.57. 6 TEs obbained when is. maximum, ic A moe Maine oo min=0 we when the signal vorsakionealquiation of gure of Mente tom = _Pomaz fac mat Be powet V, converted inks he s ybliged iN & wa post = y Lyensis bos sefil ac power and partly dissipated in the & Ie = foto, combined power dissipa bony Tg a Po = Phe-P, an (23m = Yn) P= Sect — Vin hn Ri 1 2 Py = ecm — Vm. THR BRE | Pp vosies with Vm. + go-fhnd Bmax Le m we Qs — Qn 0 Vin TRY 2Rt 2Vec 2 Vm “id “at Q Vee = Vm value of Vin at which Pp is ae maximum: Bs avec" [a +} Mec, ee 7 IM class-B amplifier power dissipation occurs wh only when Gc ynput ts applied. 2 a Ree Mint = Min _ (Vec-Venin) 2 aR ORY : fac 18 maztimum when Vpn ed , this Poe »mox* we Ww ‘ ech pom epi) + e9!) foM = Qed 5 Ki s 4 wed Vege é f t 1 I t t | | I | ]j advantage langhey effaen ay - 185}: | 2 smalreg figuie of metit - 0-4 s.Quscienk power dissipation neghgable ov 2ex0. class-R amplifier 1s suitable ox batten operated ov solar enevgy operated appliances. whack #— NAAR cutput wavefernr fro class ~ & ‘ B push-pull amplifies has cv0ss VO sloyon. > 955 jon. prackeally a bransistoy begins conductor only Wf base kp emithey volkage exceeds onk-in vollage: ' sm a class-R push-pull amplifier ,when one bansishor bans CFE, the othe, bansisbor dees nok bin on wmmediakely.ove to this outpul turvenk becomes 240 $r a. short inkesval qe overcome coessovet disbortron dee votkage equal fo Uerat-in lasc and emitter of each Evansistor ie bvo le should be applied between by connecting g and & divider Nekwook. bue to tnis, th bansistors wil! be ready be conduck. such cxk B cal class- As push-putl_amplifier 3. class Ag push-pull amplifier? _ e Lollage acwss Ry appeats Huw see base and emitter of each ~ byansis boy 0 Re ve) Rand R shoud be selected 2 such thak [Me Ve 5 . Des pence ee Cubin JL Ah134 eda: class-AB push-pull amplifier ts a practical cht ik pte is as bined power amplifier E4i~ phidio Freq, power amplifier. yote-Above cee will ack as elass-& push -pull_amplrker, if used to reduce harmonic oo ang even harmonics’ Th bransisters ave non—lineaw, thers cottectoy curdenks will Cee ee, Aye Bot B tostok + & cosguykt> lave collector tage af 5 and Ba, ave go? aut oF phase then Lr and ty wilt also ™ go? aut of phase. theve: exefore lp obkain tr , replace une with w,b+ BI ay = Be B ros(aieen)+ A tos@ustian) + 8, cos BugksI + Bo F B,costal + Rocos aug ~ Bp tos gue te le te k(t by) emee cusvene B,cossuyk + QB, tos swe eon cost, b+ Brossut+ &-Cos subt: f ~k/ @Bcosiyk +2 I I since even harmonics | veduces- ware Symme by. =the outpul of p pesca ge) cdass -B push-pull ampli-fe ED i 1 tee af Vee = Q5V- calculate end efficiency. Ty 2M, « 20, 2809 Qy'= nee a Teo "wy de-fautl n=! B's @e ush—pull ampliner has_ha y has peal outpubvoltage of Qov inpuk power op pawes ' sele- Vn= 20 Ry ster | Vee 225%(7) Anpuk power = De powa EP a Poo © QAREX ONS 2 1G, J walls 7 WH) ofp powet s AC powet 22 Py = Phe 2 QX)QS™. 19. ¢watts 2 Lit) ef areceney tye Pac 2 1g D A single Leansjstoy te acting as ideal class-B amplifier with IK lead if de collecloy current is toma, Vee Ty = (pox )ma = B)umr- = zl oukpuk power = p © Venn Tims &, ; = Yrs te te Wao | =m &,, “ f, * = by harfesinusoider pe = Viti. pe Re - " oa (Yn =n) 3 = FOX BhUxIE Vee-Tre TF > SOROKIT. = o.3walls ‘t ethraeny « 2:24 xipo'/. OSs = 82..9+), aro, less class-E Pp hepull am, fer REE LR OK a Bree ik is suitable 1?) quansformert Te doesn't vequive an lsons-formes. Hence of complement yh ws alee cated for fabyrcabron 01 silicon chip, Te uset 4 pair npn and pnp athe vere rf bansisbors that 3s push-pull amPpr complemen tov, symmetry inpul, both the “In absence of and powet transistors will be oFF dissipahon will be ee?" ( ( | curvent through Q is bidrwectional ‘ pulls { I I I ! I I I | | I I pushes curvent into Re and 4%. aan or sinusoidal. current: ouk of Ru: i _—— a effcency tye fi- Ymin xpsh | een fe 2) Be classe emneltrer” tefrer ine which opAahng pone lecaked dee abng bo cut-off vegir™ ' fn amp into sabryation (Ig >? Be min) os deep in (Ypex-ve) Vee = Mecachy? clas sf Vee = Vee eubn class-AB Vee = Vge rent ofef clas-f i Yeey sat ' Vee = Vee,cubcofP class—< icutput waveform of class-c empleftet & less than hae sinusoidal ox conducbon angle is < }80%, the output of class-c amplifier is heavily disloated ov it hes large number of hasmonics. These harmonics 47 be eliménated by using havynonic eliminaton flkca Such as porvaneel tc chk 3? Le cizurk is same. 2s Amdomenta) T£ yesonant Beg of r s thvough and frequency then only Endornental ’ freq can pas hovmonies will be eliminated. thus class-¢ amplifier is used as buned power amphhey ce Ree ts an mduchor o chore RPC cuhich. acts at open che (a6 high reactance) ~fr yadio i 4 P frequencies fa Harmonic elaminatio riltey +p REC = Raclio -fhequency cheke Yeo ] Rec ts a shovk ke xv dec ‘ond “thus dc powes. REC is used in class-c amplefier ik doesnok dissipate. bo mminumde. power dissipation am absence of ac input Vee =~ Vow and therefore boner wosks in deep cut-off. yemains ofe dung lthen a.c inpuk qs applied, bansistor +e cyele- ~ve cycle and conducts -fr shosk jaferval dusing + = conduction period Te =smput ume period -= duby cyete of class-¢ anplifier | |FO fea: & & I~ roa le gene, Vee Z _-] [of Ment prackeally In > 40% ty of power amplifier? Jumma fummay 0 conden /. 1 OM pasties Bon Applica ten lia ~ angle L tage ass — 360° Leask volkag' oe ect B upled z amplifier tlass- 4 260° so'/» a teask- “ panefovtE24 pled : se [Os ediurn unturned powet te ce st u : amplifier es’ —s60° |(60-28-57- oty-D-2 ble Age] " to v, par ee quned power {cee parte ar [RI Lampther owe p ~ QD f - gookHe y colus 30+ : puty cyele =e ef = Qoomdxtxlo © 2X10 { 02) Vee & Yee > 2th 2 cy 1 a) Y Poot _Pomak = F one. bransistor con dissipate fae mas. aw shan yp be tow There” pre 2 Poe nat = cee Lransrstoes togemner.can 2 QO . Qsdsats dissipate 20% D4 Qsege 250 wats Ay, M4) Tye stoma, Yee ot Pye = Yn, Vin Sign ¥en a ae I I I I I ae Vin I m=SV » Py=b00n- Beye FF te t ¢ 2x00 12 og? = 203m.as) dlc - dee convertes= chopper oy = Sc, Sol =P Pre P22 QU. z5watts from gather of (2 oR Os fie Wty oe Te 4h = a SAmps ay Vins > Vn: va (0) Ree Gor Prax =Ms_ . GRE uxt” OY) MerRY ps 2 vee Sip m= Min Vin 2 16 7 RC B= ba FRKRSYIE © By gwratts oxT1pat-¥ gif Fexentral amplifiey TE ampirfes the difference of uo input voltages ve = ALM Va) A= pifferental gain ov difference mode diagrom ec sutpuk of differentsal amplifier is oF R Re & types ag -patariced output ov? sdif-eental fo B, uP, “output ov double ended oP 1 he ie 92 Ar > Te measured blw 2 cove tox -V ave idenbeol Ee ty ave equal, patanced r[p does npk i since dc voltages ak ¢-and ier contain ony de. O anced Pe is dic voltage pro personal > the difference of ae - Va.) Zz tone outpue ex single ended oubpa Bete ene ego wp differenka) then unbalan ced output is unbalanced ouk-puk has dicvoltage & { is measured goin 48 er efned as wl Gv. la aerial fom & t GND. “also > Inpuk ba di-fferentral “ampirfer te of Q bypes. toual ov di ePfevential ‘ip. -, Both y+ Ve axe applied and net ip 8 Gre) 2 single ip — either, or vy iB applied su Tf vy is applied vg => & defferenbal amp can be. mpesabed in fous moder. loa! i[p balanced elp mode () Pully di-Pferahtral is 2ex0. | | I | | I | | !