Focus on Grammar UNIT intermediate GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT | BEFORE YOU READ Look at the cartoon. What is the man trying to do? What are your strategies for remembering names? GRE Read this excerpt from a mag zine article. FORGETTING | | | | | Mee rand 20 ry Send dno me | vg pole Bun Mra cha pe aera tr ap saying wor’ kno anyone there! How vil rrenber al hose Fae or Marat prblen noe sumed Reenerbaring eames | ‘a problem for many people. For international travelers like Marta (she's | Tis: coat cep Be Une Steg eta abe cg ums Wine run ioe wa ere feats | pipet ancae one eeeae ah ee | i & Listen carefully when you hear someone's name for the first time. It’s important to pay attention. & Keep repeating the name. Calling the person by name more than once will help fix the name in your mind. & Write the name down. Putting things in writing is the most common | memory aid & Don't hesitate to ask the person to repeat the name. Most people don't mind doing this. And last, but not least, & Stop worrying. Anxiety only makes the problem “Hi. I'm, I'm, Tm... You'll have to fo aes 2 terrible with names.”GRAMMAR PRESENTATION GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Gerunds and Infinitives GERUNDS Marta enjoys going to parties. She loves meeting new people. She stopped buying ice cream. She's worried about forgetting people's names. Meeting new people is fun. Notes Some verbs are followed by the gerund. To the right is a list of verbs that can be followed by the gerund. (See Appendix 9, page A-5, fora more complete list of these verbs.) 2. Some verbs are followed by the infinitive. To the right is a list of verbs that can be followed by the infinitive. (See Appendix 10, page A-5, for a more complete list of these verbs.) 3. Some verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive. To the right is a list of verbs that can be followed by the gerund or the infinitive. (See Appendix 11, page A-5, fora more complete list of these verbs.) INFINITIVES Marta wants to go to parties. She loves to meet new people. She stopped to buy ice cream It’s fun to meet new people. EXAMPLES + Marta enjoys meeting people. * She misses going to parties. appreciate prohibit can’t stand recall mind resist * Marta wants fo meet people. + She'd like 2o go to parties. afford agree expect need offer want + Marta loves meeting new people. oR + Marta loves to meet new people begin like continue love hate prefer (continued on next pag:4. Br carerut! A few verbs (for example, _* Marta stopped eating ice cream. stop, remember, and forget) can be (She doesn't eat ice cream anymore.) | followed by either the gerund or the a Mare aceon infinitive, but the meanings are very (She stopped another activity in order to different. eat some ice cream.) + Richard remembered mailing the invitation (First he mailed the invitation. Then he remembered that he did it.) + Richard remembered to mail the invitation, (First he remembered. Then he mailed the invitation. He didn't forget.) * Marta forgot meeting Richard. i (Marta met Richard, but afterwards she didn't remember the event.) (Marta had plans to meet Richard, but she didn’t meet him because she forgot about the plans.) 5. The gerund is the only verb form that __Prepsition : can follow a preposition. * Marta's worried about forgetting people’s names. (See page 279 in Unit 27.) preposition * She apologized for not remembering his name. | | | | | | | | | * Marta forgot to meet Richard. } | 6. To make general statements, you can use: ly gerund as subject + Meeting new people is fun | oR on | it + infinitive * It’s fun to meet new people._ Gerunds and Infinitves EY FOCUSED PRACTICE @ Discover THE GRAMMAR Read the first sentence. Then decide if the second sentence is True (T) or False (F). 1. Marta remembered meeting Mr. Jackson. Marta has already met Mr. Jackson 2. Richard stopped smoking, Richard doesn’t smoke anymore. 3. She didn't remember to buy a cake for the party, She bought a cake. 4. She stopped eating dess She used to eat desserts. 5. Richard forgot to invite his boss to the party. Richard invited his boss. | 6. Richard forgot inviting his neighbor to the party. Richard invited his neighbor | 7. Richard thinks giving a party is fun | Richard thinks it's fun to give a party. 8. Marta likes going to parties. i ______ Marta likes to go to parties. i i | @ysurer memory nr | Circle the correct words to complete these ideas from a book called 4 Super Memory.“ 1. Get in the habit of €epeating) to repeat things aloud. | | 2. Never rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own. " 3. It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don't want remem member. 4. Study immediately before going / to go to sleep. You'll remember a lot more the next day, 5. Our memories are filled with things we never even meant remembering / to remember. #6, Make it a habit to pass in front of your car every time you get out, and you'll never forget turning off / to turn off your headlights. 7, Playii To play games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills. juglas J. Hermann, Super Memory: A Quick Action Program for Memory Improvement snel, NI: Wings Books, 1991),Bert | © party Tack Read these conversations that took place at Richard's party. Complete the summary statements. Use the gerund or the infinitive. 1, Ricuarn: Hi, Roger ‘ou bring the soda? Rocer: Yes. Here it is. | Summary: Roger remembered _ 9 bring the soda, 2. FRANK: Marta, do you remember Natalya and Viktor? Marra: Oh, yes. We met last year: \ ‘SUMMARY: Marta remembers 2S = ise i} 3. Natatya: Oh, no. Someone spilled grape juice all over the couch. | | Rocer: Don’t look at me! I didn't do it! i | ‘Summary: Roger denied | Magra: What do you do in your free time, Natalya? | Natatya: I listen to music a lot | SuMMARY: Natalya enjoys __ | 5. Lev; Would you like to go dancing some time? ) Marra: Sure. I'd like that very much. i Summary: Lev suggested ss! ) Marta agreed = with Lev. 1 i 6. Viktor: I'm tired. Let's go home. Naratya: OK. Just five minutes more. 1 SuMMARY: Viktor wants z nit sere ees i 7, NATALYA: Marta, can we give you a ride home? Marta: Thanks, but I think I'll stay a little longer. Marta decided 8. RicHarn: Good night. Please drive carefully. i ‘Vixror: Don't worry. I will. i | Summary; Natalya offered | ‘Summary: Viktor promisedand Infinisioes EMM @ tememBeR To stuDY Complete this advice. Use the gerund or infinitive form of the verb in parentheses __ Studying _ for an exam is different from eee ee (Seu) co) 3 remember) someone's name. Hei re some tips’ + Group information by dates, people, or places. It may help __ achart. a (make) * Color code. colored pens helps many people retain new information, =U) + Use different senses. Try new information by 6. (learn) 7. (rea ___. Some people need aaa Speer WO eet @. write) 3.(epeak) 10. (listen) ___ two or more senses. Tue) > Remember ___ frequently. Its important 7 review) Teo over) information again and again. @ wotner worps Marta and Lev are on their first date. They agree on everything, Read one person's opinion and write the other’. If the first person used the gerund, use the infinitive. If the first person used the infinitive, use the gertind. 1. Marra: It’s fun to meet new people Lev; Tagree. _ Meeting new people is fun. 2. Marra: Remembering names is hard, though. Lev: I know. __It’s hard to remember names. 3. Marra: It's difficult to make new friends. Lev: That's true. 4, Marra: It’s important to relax, Lev: You're right. __ 5, Mata: Dancing is fun. Lev: L agree. Marra: It’s nice to get to know someone like you. Lev; [ feel the same way | Lev: Being with you is wonderful. Marra: Thanks. _, too.Read Marta’s letter about Richard's party. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the gerund and infinitive. The first m is already corrected. Dear Lisa, 0 heal J expected Tpawiag from you by now. 1 hope you're OK. I'm busy but happy. Last night / went to a party at one of my classmate's homes. { was cally nervous. You know how t usually avoid to go to parties because t have trouble remembering people's names. Well, last night things were different. Before the party I read a book about improving gour memory, and I practiced doing some of the memory | | | | | | j | | exercises. They really helped. As a result, | stopped to worry about what people would think of me, and I tried to pay attention to what people were saying. And guess what? (had a good time! I'm even planning going dancing with this guy from my class. Lhave an English test tomorrow, so 1 should stop writing now and start studying! That book | told you about had some pretty | good tips, too. } Why don't you consider to visit me? 1 really miss seeing you. | Please write. | always enjoy to hear from you. Marta | PS. I'm sending a photo of two classmates and me.Grerunds amd Infinit vee Crammer (inter Hes) : fouw © REVIEW OR SELFTEST sation. Use the prepositions in the box and the s in parentheses. Complete the con’ gerund form of the for to in without py about A: Carla, your English is just great. How did you learn so quickly? B; ___Byusing _ some special strategies. fuse) A: Like what? B: Well, first I got used my time. I scheduled time (plan) _____ television and writing letters in English to my pen pal. Swath] How did you practice speaking? B: At first I was very nervous English. I had to learn to tale & (speak) about mistakes, I used deep breathing exercises and Twerry music to calm myself down. ‘A: What else helped you relax? B: Jokes. I got interested jokes in English. That way I always (learn) had something to say, and I also learned a lot about American culture. Pcorriece wh conversation with the correct phrase in parentheses. 1. A: Let's go jogging. B: I don't know. You always run too fast for me to fast / fost enough) keep up with you. A: OK. Let's go swimming, then. Why did I get an F on this paper? B: Your handwriting was for me to read. Testy enough 7 too messy] A: Then how did you know the answers were wrong? (continued on next page) fa3. A: Have you tried the coffee? B: I will in.a minute. I's ____ to drink yet. [feo cool 7 not cool enough) 4, A: This steak is _ to cat, [foo tough 7 tough enough) B: Send it back and ask for something else 5. A: John didn’t make the soccer team. B: Why not? He's a good player: A: But he doesn't play ast __ to win, [foo aggressively 7 aggressively enough) 6. A: What did the forecaster say about thunderstorms? B: I'm not sure. The radio wasn't _ ____ for me to hear Toad enough 7 too loud) jaragraph with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Choose ve of purpose. Complete the between the gerund or the in} drink eat —feel_~—follow. «= givoup, utkread reward save shop ~—ssmoke ©~— take tell Cigarettes, They're bad for your health. Your doctor recommends __quitting _. Your friends keep _______ you to stop. Even your dry cleaner suggests that you stop ee: ___. (He says you burned holes in your suit jacket.) You want to stop, but ___ an old habit is difficult. ___ these suggestions can help. + List your reasons for quitting. Are you quitting ______ better? es mocey Keep yous lst neat) when you want a cigarette. * Stop_______ coffee and tea. Caffeine causes people to want a cigarette. z © When you feel the desire to light up, put it off for five minutes. Use the time some deep breaths. The urge will pass quickly. 70. * Avoid _____ big mealls for a few weeks 7 « Save the money that you aren't spending on cigarettes. Go __ for 7 something special yourself for your success. 3 Ifyou follow these suggestions, it shouldn't be too hard to give up this unhealthy habit. “__ Review or Sapte EB sation by words and phrases in parentheses in the the con correct order Complet ting the A: Why are so many people starting home-based businesses? 2 long for people to spend _ time with their 7 {people / to spend / too long / for) B: In offices, work hours are often families, What are some keys to home business success? Networking is one. nizations. After you join, 7 join) yours eterna a lot of people. But don't get 3: [enough 7 get to know 7 participate 7 to) people who sound interested in your product [Reo 7 t0 7 busy 7 ell A: Do business owners really work fewer hours? B: No, they work more. But they can arrange their time. Their hou eS ere Se family time, too. 5 [Ro have 7 enough 7 for them / are flexible) A: What do you warn new bu: iness owners about? B: I se their privacy. Remember, the business [them / to think about 7 advise) phone is always going to ring in the middle of the family dinner: Also, the loneliness of working alone, especially T important 7 Wi 7 to kon about) when you're used to a big office ‘A: Anything else? B: Home business owners often find that they don't get paid ici aaiee aoe their own bills. In my seminars, (for “enough 7 to pay 7 s00n 7 them] I teach strategies for getting paid on time, ‘A: What kind of home businesses are people starting? B: Well, as I said, a lot of working people are = care of 7 fake 7 te 7 too 7 busy] certain family responsibilities anymore. Many home-based businesses supply services like shopping and planning parties. ‘A: You mean, someone will pay me for shopping? B: Sure. In fact, I____________ planning your own shoppin; 10. (you 7 to start 7 encourage) I E Sa business. My class for new business owners starts next week.Circle the letter of the correct ansv 70 complete each sentence. 1. Toms late because he stopped _____ dinner (a) buying (©) and buy (8) buy (0) to buy 2. My keys were in my pocket, but I don't remember them there. (A) to put (Q) I put (@) putting (0) to put 3. Bob's seventeen years old, so he’s still vote (A) too young to (¢) too old to {@) young enough to. _(D) too young for 4, I bought a Datalator my appointments. (A) by organizing (C) to organize reanized (0) organize 5. ___ everything in advance, Sandra finished the project quickly. (A) To plan (c) She plans (8) By planning (0) Planned E Chits ._——-, sober grades are low this semester {A) stopped studying _(C) stopped to study {@) stopping to study (0) was stopping to study 7. As military officers, women work the job done. (A) hardly get (¢) not enough to get (@) too hard to get (0) hard enough to get 8. He's used __ abig breakfast (a) ate (C) to eating {8) to eat (0) eats Sci joibeveny eqvous byl nt DOL AnvngHe (A) to drive (©) to driving (@) for driving (0) about driving fact forgot. my check, so paid the rent fwic® this month. (a) mailed (C) mailing (8) to mail (0) I mail 1. Sal enjoyed _____ in Texas. (A) live (©) living (@) to live (0) lived cD c-0. cD cD ub cD cD eID; cD ConRTI nl Th ihe gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs intervie interviewer: You're one of the best baseball players today, Cliff. Who taught you toplay __? play) a eee pate bal Het RS used to play together for The) hours on weekends. wrenvieweR: What was the most important thing he taught you? Curr: Dad believed in 3 (have) when he played. By ag —— wh him, twin) = (pte) I developed the same attitude. ____ fun, He always forgot about interviewer: When did you decide — __ a professional? fbecome) in elementary school. That was a mistake. I was too young Cure: Too early _______ that decision. T make) INTERVIEWER: Why? Curr: My schoolwork suffered. I thought a lot about — __a pro ball T (become) player, and I didn't think much abouf 222-2 serbcethomewrode {do} InrexvreweR: Did anything happen to change your mind about school? Curr: Yes, I planned _____ to City High School, which had a great 10.(g0) team. Then I found out that my grades were probably too Jow for the school ptapetreenr eae 06 ° ar exept Inrerviewer: But you did graduate from City High School Curr: Yes, I did. My parents urged me > — harder. I followed their Ta (eed) advice and I've never stopped B.Gwa) Interviewer: Well, thank you for ___ to this interview Va tearee) Curr: You're welcome. I enjoyed — ___ your questions. I hope my 15. (answer) experience encourages other young athletes - their education. 16. (eontinue)— a Each sentence vod words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C, or D Circle the letter of the one Pinderlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT 4. Its difficult study in a foreign country, so students need to prepare a 8 ¢ D for the experience. 2. Students look forward to traveling, but they worry a 8 a good impression. 3. They're afraid of notunderstanding the culture, and they dontt-want a . fc making mistakes. 4. Advisors can advise them against wear the wrong clothing and ® € making the wrong gestures. ° 5. It's natul al to have some problems because no one can get used 10 . c live in a new culture immediately. D 6. No one escapes fi m feeling some culture shock, and it's important 8 € realizing this fact. ° 2, Jan stopped to feel uncomfortable after she started to.make * € ° B new friends. ing a job. 8. Now she is looking forward to. stay here and ge! a 8 ¢ > To check your answers, go to the Answer Key on page 325.at (te-97 sun) ln | Aa) YaMSNY 1sa]413g YO MaINay‘Apyecrive Companarive ‘Surenuarive pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest/ most pleasant polite paliter / more polite politest / most polite quiet quieter / more quiet quietest / most quiet shallow shallower / more sallow shallowest / most shallow sincere sinceres / mare sincere sincerest / most sincere stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid te truer / more true truest / most true § Q common verbs Followed bythe Gerund (Base Form ‘of Verb + “ing) acknowledge delay endure ive up (stop) postpone regret admit deny enjoy imagine practice report appreciate detest escape justify prevent resent avoid discontinue explain keep (continue) prohibit resist carithelp discuss feel lke mention quit risk celebrate dislike finish rind (object to) recall suggest consider dispute fortive miss recommend understand (1) comms verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To » Base Form of Verb) afford cant afford expect lean plan request agree cant wait fall manage prepare seem appear choose help mean pretend want ak consent hope reed promise wish arrange decide hury offer refuse ‘would tke he attempt deserve intend pay D common verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive begin forget* love start cart stand hate prefer stop* continue like Femember* ty vrhere verbs canbe fllowed by ether the gerund or the infinitive, bu there is big ference in meaning (se Unit 3) Q) Waits Followed by ‘Objects and the Infinitive advise convince help* pay remind urge allow encourage hire permit require want® ast expect* invite persuade teach warn cause forbid need promise tell would like choose* force order these verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example ask to leave or ask someone to leave) reposition Expressions oD comimon Adjective + be accustomed to be bored with/by be fond of, be pleased about beslow at be afraid of, be capable of be glad about be ready for be sorry for/about be amazed at/by be careful of be good at be responsible for be surprised at/about/by be angry at be concemed about be happy about be sad about be terble at be ashamed of be content with be interested in be safe from be tired of be aware of be curious about be nervous about be satisfied with be used to be awful at be excited about be opposed to be sick of be worried about be bad at be famous for fa |