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PRINCIPLE SCIENCE I
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

OLEH

HIDAYANTI AZIZUL ROFIAH NS (1913071002)

NI KADEK JUNIAWATI (1913071003)
DESAK MADE ASRI UTARI (1913071004)

NI PUTU RANI NATASYA SUGIANTRI (1913071018)

S1 SCIENCE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

GANESHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

SINGARAJA

2019
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FOREWORD

We give our thanks to the presence of God Almighty, who is at His mercy
so that we can complete the preparation of a paper entitled "Classification of
Living Things". Writing a paper is one of the assignments given in the
Introduction to Education course at the Ganesha Educational University.
In writing this paper we feel there are still many shortcomings in both the
technical writing and material, given the ability that we have. For this reason, we
sincerely hope that critics and suggestions from all parties will be made in order to
improve this paper.
In writing this paper, we extend our deepest gratitude to those who helped in
completing this paper, especially to our lecturers who gave us assignments and
instructions, so that we could complete this task.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER 1
FOREWORD 2
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
BAB I. INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Statements of problem 4
1.3 Purpose 5
BAB II. DISCUSSION 6
2.1 Definition of Classification of Living Things 6
2.2 History of the Classification of Living Things 6
2.3 Stages of Classification of Living Things 6
2.4 Living Classification System 7
2.5 Dual Nomenclature System 8
2.6 Classification of Living Things 8
2.7 Five Kingdom Classification System 11
BAB III. CLOSING 14
3.1 Conclusion 14
REFERENCES 15
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BAB I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Living creatures that exist on this earth are very many and varied. Even in
each region has a unique type of living things, which are not found in other areas.
The existence of this diversity of living things becomes a problem in knowing and
learning it. Therefore, we need a system that regulates the diversity that exists.
Classification is an absorption word from the Dutch "classificatie" which itself
comes from the French classification. This term refers to a method for arranging
data systematically or according to some rules or rules that have been set.
Literally it can also be said that classification is the division of things according to
classes. Classification is a way of grouping based on certain characteristics. All
biologists use a classification system to classify plants or animals that have similar
structures. Then each group of plants or animals is paired with another group of
plants or animals that have similarities in other categories.
Living things in nature are very diverse. Besides being diverse, in one type
of living creature there are also variations. For example, there are several types of
cats, color variations of roses. In the context of natural science learning, the
grouping process really needs to be done especially in grouping living things,
making it easier for us to recognize and study the diversity of living things that
exist on the surface of the earth. The grouping of living things into groups is
called the classification of living things. Classification of living things is a way of
grouping living things based on the characteristics of the characteristics they have.
1.2 Statements of Problem
1. What is meant by the classification of living things?
2. What is the history of the classification of living things?
3. What are the stages of classification of living things?
4. What are the classification systems of living things?
5. What is the dual nomenclature system?
6. How is the classification of living things?
7. What is the classification system of grouping the 5 kingdoms of living
things?
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1.3 Purpose
The purpose of classifying living things is to make it easier to recognize,
compare and study living things. Specific objectives of the classification of living
things include:
1. Classifying living things based on similarities and differences in characteristics
possessed.
2. Describe the characteristics of a type of living thing to distinguish it from
living things from other types.
3. Knowing the kinship between living things.
4. Give the name of a living thing whose name is unknown.
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BAB II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Classification of Living Things

Classification of living things is a grouping of living things that have the
same characteristics and characteristics, put into one group, and if in the equation
found differences in characteristics and characteristics, then separated again into
other smaller groups, so that groups of living things will be obtained with a
different level.
2.2 History of the Classification of Living Things
Several centuries BC, Aristotle, the Greek philosopher (384-442) was the
first to pioneer or classify animals based on their characteristics. He managed to
group a thousand species of animals he knew. Therefore, he was nicknamed the
father of zoology.

In the 17th century came a figure who gave birth to a modern concept of
species and tried to continue the classification of living things towards smaller
groups. That person was John Ray of England (1627-1705).
In the mid-18th century, Carollus Linnaeus (1705-1778), a Swedish
biologist, introduced a new way of classifying or classifying, based on structural
similarity and creating Binonium Nomenclatur.
2.3 Stages of Classification of Living Things
To classify living things must go through a series of stages. These stages
include the following.
1. Observation of the nature of living things Observation is the initial process of
classification, which is done in this process is to identify living creatures with
other living creatures. Observing and grouping based on behavior, morphological,
anatomical, and physiological forms.
2. Classification of living things based on observed characteristics. The
observations are then forwarded to the level of grouping of living things. The
basis of the classification is the characteristics and characteristics or similarities
and differences of living things observed.
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3. Giving the name of living things, Giving the name of living things is important
in the classification. There are various systems for naming living things, including
naming with a double nomenclature system (Binomial Nomenclature) and
trinomial. With the name of living things, the characteristics and characteristics of
living things will be easier to understand.
2.4 Living Classification System
Based on the criteria used, the classification system of living things can be
divided into three, namely artificial systems (artificial), natural systems (natural),
and phylogenic systems.
1. Artificial Classification System (Artificial).
Artificial classification systems prioritize practical goals in the overview of the
world of living things. The basis of classification is the morphological
characteristics, reproductive organs, habitat and appearance of living things (their
shape and size). For example, in the classification of plants there are trees, shrubs,
shrubs, and weeds. Based on the place of life, can be grouped animals that live in
water and animals that live on land. Based on its use, for example, living things
that are used as food, clothing, shelter and medicine.
2. Natural Classification System (Natural).
The classification of living things using natural systems requires the formation
of natural taxon. Classification in this system is based on natural characters that
are easy to observe, generally based on morphological characters, so natural taxon
forms, such as quadrupeds, finned animals, non-legged animals, and so on. In
pinnate leafy plants, leafy plants such as ribbons, and so on.
3. Phylogenic Classification System
The phylogenic classification system is a way of grouping organisms based on
their evolutionary lines or the nature of an organism's genetic development from
the first cell to being the shape of an adult organism. This classification system is
greatly influenced by the development of the theory of evolution. This theory was
introduced by Charles Darwin (1859). This phylogeny classification system is a
classification system that underlies the modern classification system, which was
pioneered by Hudchinson, Cronquist, and others. The closer the kinship, the more
morphological and anatomical similarities between taxon. The fewer similarities,
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the greater the difference, meaning the more distant kinship relationship. For
example, orangutans are more closely related to monkeys compared to humans. It
was based on biochemical tests after science had developed rapidly, especially
knowledge about chromosomes, DNA, and protein composition of organisms.
2.5 Dual Nomenclature System
Before the use of a recognized standard name in the world of science, living
things are named according to their respective regional names, so that more than
one name occurs to refer to one living thing. For example, some mangoes mention
taipa (in the Makassar area), some call pao (Bugis area), and some call pelem
(Java area). The name banana, in the middle of Java, is called gedang, while in the
Sunda area it means papaya. Because of this difference in mentioning it will lead
to misunderstanding so that information is not conveyed properly or information
cannot be spread widely to other regions or other countries. Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778) was a Swedish scientist who researched on the procedure for naming
and identifying organisms (Systema Naturae) which became the basis of modern
taxonomy. To name living things, C. Linneaus uses a double nomenclature
system, the rules of which are as follows:
• The name of the species consists of two words. The first word is the genus
name and the second word is a species pointer.
• The first word starts with an uppercase letter and the second word with a
lowercase letter.
• Using Latin or scientific language or language that is practiced, that is,
italicized or underlined separately for the genus name and species name.
Example: The scientific name of corn is Zea mays or can also be written Zea
mays. This shows the name of the genus = Zea and the clue name species = mays.

2.6 Classification of Living Things

At this time groups of living things are arranged based on similarities and
differences. This group order is called a taxon or taxonomy. The word taxonomy
itself comes from the Greek language, namely taxis (composition, arrangement,
arrangement) or taxon (each unit used in the classification of biological objects)
and nomos (law). According to Carolus Lennaeus, taxon levels are needed for
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classification, which are sequential from the general high level to the more
specific level at the lowest level. The hierarchical order is:
• Kingdom.
• Phylum (Phylum) for animals / Divisio (Division) for plants.
• Classis (Class).
• Order (Nation).
• Familia (Family).
• Genus (surname).
• Species (types).
From the above levels, it can be concluded that if the species goes to the kingdom,
the taxon is higher. In addition, if taxon is higher, the number of organisms will
increase, the similarities between organisms will be less while the difference will
be more and more. Conversely, from kingdom to species, taxon is getting lower.
And if taxon gets lower, then the number of organisms will be less, the similarities
between organisms will be more numerous while the difference will be less.
1. Animal Groups
Animals found on this earth are very diverse, both in terms of shape and size.
In general animals can be classified into 2 namely vertebrate animals (vertebrate)
and invertebrate animals (not vertebrate).
a. Vertebrate (vertebrate) animals
Vertebrate animals are a group of animals that have a backbone. They
generally have bilateral symmetry, internal skeletal bodies, and various
organs. There are five groups of vertebrate animals, namely Pisces,
Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves, and Mammals.Hewan tidak bertulang belakang
(Avertebrata).
b. Non-vertebrate animals (invertebrates) are grouped into eight groups.
These animals are animal-like protists (protozoa), porous animals (Porifera),
hollow animals (Coelenterata), flatworms (Platyheminthes), groundworms
(Nemathelminthes), book-shaped worms (Annelids), soft animals
(Coelenterata), flatworms (Platyheminthes), groundworms
(Nemathelminthes), book-wormed animals (Annelids), soft animals
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(Mollusca), animals with flatworms (Platyheminthes) spiked legs

(Arthropoda), and spiny-skinned animals (Echinoderms)
2. Vegetables Groups
a) Kingdom Plantae (plants) are divided into several divisio, namely Moss
(Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta), seed plants (Spermatophyta), and
Ganngang (Thallophyta).Tumbuhan lumut (Bryophyta)
b) Moss plant body structure is more complex compared to Thallophyta. In
its life cycle there is a change of offspring (metagenesis) between the
vegetative derivative of Bryophyta (Moss) Pteridophyta (ferns) with
generative derivatives. Gametophyte is more prominent than sporophyte.
Gametophyte is a vegetative derivative that is attached to the substrate
using rhizoid. Sporophytes are vegetative derivatives in the form of spore-
producing bodies (sporangium). The sporophyte grows on parasitic
gametocytes. Habitat on humid land, some are living as epiphytes. His
body does not have a bundle of vessels (vascular such as xylem and
phloem vessels). Examples of mosses are liverworts, leaf moss, and
hornworts.Tumbuhan paku-pakuan (Pteridophyta)
c) Seed plants (Spermatophyta)
Judging from its body structure, members of Spermatophyta are
higher plants. His organs are complete and perfect, have seen the
difference between roots, stems and leaves that are clearly or often referred
to as plant herbs (Kormophyta). Seed plants (Spermatophyta) are classified
into open seed plants (Gymnosperms) and closed seed plants
(Angiosperms).
• Open seeded plants (Gymnosperms)
The morphological characteristics of this plant are rooted riding,
narrow, thick and stiff leaves, seeds contained in fruit leaves
(macrosporophyll) and pollen found in other parts (microsporophils),
producing fruit leaves and pollen-producing bodies separate and each
is called a strobillus. Anatomical features have cambium roots and
stems, roots have calyphras, old stems and young stems do not have
floeterma or flour sheath, ie starch endodermis.
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d) Algae (Thallophyta)
Thallophyta is a group of plants that has a main characteristic, namely
the body shaped thallus. Thallus plant is a plant whose body structure still
cannot be distinguished between roots, stems and leaves. The
characteristics of the thallus plant are composed of a single cell that is
round in shape, propagating in general vegetatively and generatively.
2.7 Five Kingdom Classification System
Robert H. Whittaker, the grouping of living things is divided into 5 main
kingdoms, namely:
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
Explanation :
1. Kingdom Monera
Monera is a Kingdom of living things that does not have a core membrane,
usually called prokaryotic organisms. Although it does not have a core
membrane, the monera group has core materials, such as nucleic acids,
cytoplasm, and cell membranes. The mode of reproduction of monera can
take place asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction is done by binary
fission (binery physics), fragmentation or spores. Sexual reproduction is by
conjugation, transduction and transformation. Examples of the Monera group
are bacteria and blue algae. Bacteria are present in our environment, some are
beneficial to human life such as Escherichia coli bacteria whose role is to help
produce vitamin K through the process of spoilage of food scraps. There are
also bacteria that are harmful to human life such as Mycobacterium
tuberculosis which causes TB (pulmonary tuberculosis).
2. Kingdom Protista
Protists are the first or simplest eukaryotic organisms. Protists are eukaryotic
organisms so that they have a cell nucleus membrane. Protists have a
diversity of metabolism. Some protists are aerobic and have mitochondria as
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a means of respiration, and some are anaerobic. Some protists are

photoautotrophs because they have chloroplasts, and some live
heterotrophically by absorbing organic molecules or eating other organisms.
Most of the Protistas have motions in the form of flagella (whip hair) or cilia
(vibrating hair) so that they can move (motile), but there are also those who
do not have a locomotor. Protists can be easily found because they live in a
variety of habitats that contain water such as in soil, garbage, piles of leaves,
fresh water, sea water, sand, silt, and rocks. But there are also living with
symbiosis in the body of other organisms parasitically or mutualism. Some
examples of Protista groups are Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium,
Dictyostelium discoideum, Red algae: Eucheuma spinosum, Paramecium,
Entamoeba histolytica, etc.
3. Kingdom Jamur (Fungi)
The fungus group (fungi) is a group of living things that obtain food by
breaking down the organic material of living things that have died. The
fungus is not chlorophyll, berspora, has no roots, stems, and leaves. The
fungus lives in a damp, saprophytic nature (organisms that live and eat from
dead or decayed organic material) and parasites of living organisms that suck
in food from other organisms that are attached to it. The mushroom body
consists of fine threads called hyphae. Hyphae can branch off and will grow
to form a tight, dense webbing called mycelium. Mycelium which is very
tightly arranged is very effective in the process of absorption of nutrients.
There are two types of hyphae fungi, namely hyphae are insulated and hyphae
are not insulated. Divided hyphae are hyphae that are divided into cells
separated by a divider called a septum (plural: septa). While hyphae that are
not insulated (also called hypocritical hyphae), do not have a barrier so that
its shape resembles a long interval in which there are cell organelles. Parasitic
fungi have a special hyphae called haustorium which will be embedded in the
cells of the host organism and function to absorb the nutrients produced by
these tissues. In the classification of 5 kingdoms, Myxomycota and Oomycota
belong to the Protista group, which is a fungus-like Protista. The fungus is
divided into 6 phyla, viz
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• Chytridiomycota,
• Zygomycotina
• Endomycota
• Glomeromycota
• Ascomycotina
• Basidiomycotina
• Deuteromycotina.
4. Kingdom Plantae
Plantae or plants are organisms that have a core membrane (Eukaryotic) that
can make their own food and multicellular. In general, plantae live on land.
Breeding can be married and not married. Having a dye / chloroplast that
contains chlorophyll / autotrophic creatures. Kingdom plantae is divided into
3 groups:
• Moss / Bryophyta
• Ferns / Pteridophyta
• Seed plants / Spermatophyta.
5. Kingdom Animalia
Animalia or animals are organisms that eat other living things for their food
needs. These living things are multi-celled, have eukaryotic cell nuclei, have
no cell walls, no chloroplasts, heterotrophic creatures, have skin pigments.
Animalia consists of two phyla, namely:
• Chordates: Vertebrates (Pisces, amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammals),
• Achordata: Invertebrates / invertebrates (Porifera, Coelentrata, Annelida,
etc.).
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BAB III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
From the existing discussion, it can be concluded that classification is the
regular arrangement of living things in a herarchy. This compilation system comes
from a collection of information on individual living things that describe kinship.
The purpose of the classification of living things is to classify living things based
on the equation of the characteristics they have, to know the characteristics of the
kinship of the living creatures.
The classification system of living things can be divided into two, namely,
based on their nature and in terms of the division of their kingdom. Namely the
division of living things divided into five kingdoms, namely kingdom monera,
kingdom protista, kingdom fungi, kingdom plantae, kingdom animalia.
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References
http://www.sciencemediaedu.com/ciri-ciri-dan-klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup_
http://dosenbiologi.com/makhluk-hidup/klasifikasi-makhluk-hidup