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Discussion Questions

! Why did the Industrial Revolution

emerge in Britain first?
! How did nationalism and liberalism
contribute to the Revolutions of 1848?
! Compare and contrast the process of
national unification in Italy and
Germany.
! Describe the attitude of the Romantics
toward nature and history.

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18/19 The Beginnings of

Modernization: Industrialization and
Nationalism, 1800-1870.
Published by Claud Snow

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Presentation on theme: "18/19 The

Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism,
1800-1870."— Presentation transcript:

1 18/19
The Beginnings
of
Modernization:
Industrialization
and Nationalism,

2 Britain in the Industrial Revolution

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

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3 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Agricultural growth
Population growth
Able to produce goods cheaply
Changes in Textile Production
Flying shuttle
James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768
Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787
James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782
Cotton textile production

4 Industrialization of Europe
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

5 Technological Changes
Iron Industry
Henry Cort, puddling
Railroad
Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive
George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
Ripple effect
Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger;
increased sales mean more factories and
machinery; thus, self-sustaining
The Industrial Factory
Workers in shifts
Workers come from rural areas
Regulations
Henry Cort
Richard Trevithick

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6 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

New Products and New Patterns
Substitution of steel for iron
Electricity
Internal combustion engine
Increased industrial production
Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Europe’s two economic zones
Toward a World Economy
Products from all over the world
Europe dominates
The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and
Japan
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

7 Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

8 Spread of Industrialization
Spread to Europe first
Government role
United States
Internal transportation
Labor

9 The Social Structure of Mass Society

The Elite
5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to
40 percent of wealth
Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional
aristocracy
The Middle Classes
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower
middle-class
Professionals
White-collar workers
Middle class values in the Victorian period
The Lower classes
80 percent of the European population
Agriculture
Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers

10 The Emergence of Mass Society

New Urban Environment
Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the
population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in
1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800);
60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and
30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)
Migration from rural to urban
Improving living conditions
Boards of health set up
Clean water into the city
Expulsion of sewage
Housing needs
V.A. Huber
British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils
to construct cheap housing for workers

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11 The Experiences of Women

Marriage and the Family
Difficulty for single women to earn a living
Most women married
Birth control
Female control of family size
Middle-class family
Men provided income and women focused on
household and child care
Fostered the idea of togetherness
Victorian ideas
Working-class families
Daughters work until married
1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible
to live on the husband’s wages
Material consumption
Margaret Sanger Founder of the 1st birth control
clinic

12 Movement for Women’s Rights

Fight to own property
Access to higher education by middle and upper-
middle class women
Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching,
nursing
Demand for equal political rights
Most vocal was the British movement
Emmeline Pankhurst ( ), Women’s Social and
Political Union, 1903
Suffragettes
Support of peace movements
The New Woman
Bertha von Suttner
Emmeline Pankhurst

13 Education in an Age of Mass Society

In early 19th century reserved for elites or the
wealthier middle class
Between 1870 and 1914 most Western
governments began to offer at least primary
education to both boys and girls between 6 and
12
State teacher training schools
Reasons:
Needs of industrialization
Need for an educated electorate
To instill patriotism
Compulsory elementary education created a
demand for teachers, most were women
“Natural role” of women

14 Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

Created by the industrial system
Transportation systems meant:
Working class could go to amusement parks,
dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities

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15 Social Impact of the Industrial

Revolution
Population Growth and Urbanization
European population 140 million in 1750 and 266
million by 1850
Decline of death rate
Increased food supply
Growth of cities
Poor living conditions
Sanitation poor

16 Social Impact of the Industrial

Revolution (cont.’d)
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
New bourgeois
Constructed the factories, purchased the
machines, figured out where the markets were
Reduce the barriers between themselves and the
landed elite
New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class
Poor working conditions
Women and children
Efforts at Change
Socialism
Utopian socialists

17 Limiting the Spread of

Industrialization to the Rest of the World
Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by
an autocratic regime that preferred to keep
peasants in serfdom
India exported cotton cloth produced by hand
labor
Purchase British-made goods

18 The National State Tradition and

Change in Latin America
Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the
United States
Importation of finished goods
Overall situation:
Largely rural
Former slaves and Indians on the bottom
Growth in the middle sectors of society
Looked to the United States
Working class expanded
Growth of the working class led to
industrialization
Industrialization led to the growth of unions
Elites still had the political influence

19 Political Change in Latin America

Franciso Madero
Political Change in Latin America
Large landowners took a more direct interest in
politics
Land owners might support dictators to ensure
their interests
Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 – 1910
Francisco Madero came to power
Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano
Zapata
The United States becomes the power in the
west.
Porfirio Diaz

20 Russia Assassination of Alexander II in

1881
Alexander III, , felt reform was a mistake
Nicholas II, , wanted to rule with absolute power
Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
Revolt in 1905
Defeat of Russians by Japanese in
Results of antigovernment rebellions

21 Reaction and Revolution: The Growth

of Nationalism
Conservative Order
Vienna peace settlement, 1815
Prince Klemens von Metternich ( )
Concert of Europe
Forces for Change
Liberalism
Protection of civil liberties
Guaranteed by a document
Right to vote to men of property only
Nationalism
Common institutions, traditions, language, and
customs
Each nationality should have a government
Becomes a threat to the existing order

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22 Centers of Revolt in
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

23 Western Europe: The Growth of

Political Democracy
Britain
Two-party parliamentary system
By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women
over 30
By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party
Social Reforms that followed
National Insurance Act, 1911
France
Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed
Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage,
president, premier the leader of government
Coalition governments had to be formed to stay
in power
Italy
Industrial north and poverty-stricken south
Turmoil of labor and industry

24 The Revolutions of 1848 France

Revolution in Central Europe
Agricultural depression, 1846
Refusal to extend suffrage to the middle class
King Louis-Philippe, , overthrown February 24,
1848
Provisional government, call for universal male
suffrage
Second Republic established, November 4, 1848
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
president
Revolution in Central Europe
The German Confederation
Prussian king, Frederick William IV, ( )
Frankfurt Assembly: hopes and failures
Revolution in Austria in March, 1848
Revolution in Italy

25 Growth of Canada Quebec, Ontario,

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870
Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
William Laurier, 1896
British Columbia Flag
Quebec Flag

26 Independence and the Development of

the National State in Latin America:
Nationalistic Revolts
Enlightenment affects the creole class
European control weakened by Napoleonic Wars
Mexico
Divisions within Mexico
Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico,
1821
South America
José de San Martín ( )
Simón Bolívar ( )

27 Latin America in the Early Nineteenth

Century
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

28 Difficulties of Nation Building

Problems of independence
Caudillos come to power
Economic dependence
Domination by the industrializing nations
Source of raw materials and food for
industrialized nations
Domination by landed elites

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29 Nationalism in the Balkans: The

Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question
Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes
Crimean War,
Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia
Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853
Britain and France fear Russians would gain an
advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854
The Crimean War
Treaty of Paris, 1855
Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe
Results of the war

30 The Balkans in 1830

31 National Unification and the National

State: 1848-1871
The Unification of Italy
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Alliance with the French against Austria
Peace settlement:
Piedmont gets Lombardy
Other northern Italian states join Piedmont
Guiseppe Garibaldi ( )
Red shirts
Capture The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Land turned over to Pienmon
King Victor Emmanuel II ( )
New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17,
1861

32 The Unification of Italy

33 The Unification of Germany

King William I ( )
Count Otto von Bismarck ( )
Realpolitik
Schleswig and Holstein annexed after the defeat
of Denmark in 1864
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War,
January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named
kaiser
Made Second German Empire
Affects of unification

34 The Impact of Darwin: Social

Darwinism and Racism
Darwin’s ideas applied to human society
Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( )
Modern-day Germans the only pure successors
of the Aryans
Anti-Semitism
In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
and became assimilated into the cultures around
them
Anti-Jewish parties
72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in
eastern Europe
Movement to the United States and Palestine
Theodor Herzl ( )
Zionism

35 Ethnic groups within the Austrian

Empire
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

36 Nationalism and Reform: Great

Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, and
Russia
Reform Act of 1832
Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s
France
Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III ( )
Economic growth and development
Reconstruction of Paris
Opposition grew in 1860s
Austria
Problems of ethnic nationalism
Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel
Empire
Russia
Tsar Alexander II ( )
Reforms

37 The United States and Canada in the

Nineteenth Century
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson
Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a
trademark used herein under license.

38 Growth of the United States:

Andrew Jackson ( )
Jacksonian democracy
Slavery
Cotton economy of the South
Northern fear that slavery would spread
Abraham Lincoln and secession
Civil War ( )
War to save the Union
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

39 Rise of the United States

Shift to an industrial nation,
By 1900 out produced Britain in steel
Urbanization
By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation,
but:
9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the
wealth
Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and
cycles of high unemployment led to unions
The American Federation of Unions formed
Progressive Era
Reform
Theodore Roosevelt ( ), Woodrow Wilson ( )
United States as a World Power
Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands
and from the Spanish-American War acquisition
of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

40 The Emergence of a Canadian Nation

Upper and Lower Canada
Rebellions against the government
United Provinces of Canada
John Macdonald
British North American Act, 1867

41 Cultural Life: Romanticism

Characteristics of Romanticism
Interest in the past
Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar
Poetry ranked above all other forms
William Wordsworth ( )
Believed that nature served as a mirror
Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings
Eugene Delacroix ( )

42 A New Age of Science Technological

advances
Louis Pasteur ( ) -- germ theory
Dmitri Mendeleev ( ) -- periodic law
Acceptance of the scientific method
Charles Darwin ( ) -- organic evolution; survival of
the fittest

43 Realism in Literature and Art

Rejected Romanticism
Ordinary characters from natural life
Gustave Flaubert ( )
Madame Bovary
Gustave Courbet ( )
Realistic portrayals of life
The Stonebreakers

44 Organizing the Working Class

Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The
Communist Manifesto
History is that of class struggles
Overthrow the bourgeoisie
Eventually there would be a classless society
German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875
In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to
improve the conditions of the worker
4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany
Second International
Revisionists
Reject revolutionary approach and believed in
reform
Trade Unions
Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s
4 million members by 1914 in Britain

45 Russia Assassination of Alexander II in

1881
Alexander III, , felt reform was a mistake
Nicholas II, , wanted to rule with absolute power
Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
Revolt in 1905
Defeat of Russians by Japanese in
Results of antigovernment rebellions

46 Europe in 1871

47 The Impact of Darwin: Social

Darwinism and Racism
Darwin’s ideas applied to human society
Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( )
Modern-day Germans the only pure successors
of the Aryans
Anti-Semitism
In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
and became assimilated into the cultures around
them
Anti-Jewish parties
72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in
eastern Europe
Movement to the United States and Palestine
Theodor Herzl ( )
Zionism

48 Impressionsim
Outdoor paintings image of the senses
Post Impressionism-
Showed chaos and complexity

49 Monet Waterlillies