Basics of Statistics

Summerization of Data
Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD (Statistics) E-mail: gbaphd@kimsbangalore.edu.in

Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore
Visiting Professor:
Public Health Institutes
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Public Health & CDC, Bangalore
Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore
Homeopathic Medical College
Govt. Homeopathic Medical College, Bangalore
Technical and Management Institutes
Manipal Global Academy of Data Science, Manipal University, Bangalore
WIPRO – BITS, Bangalore
BMS CEEDL & B S Narayan Academy, A Unit of BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore
Nursing and Physiotherapy Colleges
Krupanidhi College of Nursing, Bangalore
R V College of Physiotherapy, Bangalore
Sarvodaya College of Nursing, Bangalore
Pharmacy Colleges
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore
Dayanand Sagar University-School of Health Sciences, Bangalore
Acharya & B M Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore
Slide 1 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore
Definition, Tabulation, Classification
and Presentation of data

Basics of Statistics
Need for Statistics Variability
Types of variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Independent Dependent Categorical
Age of drivers Status of accident Gender, SES

Types of variables
Price of Fruits Quantity purchase Age group

Types of variables

Data

What is data?
Data is the raw details elicited from your
study subjects based on the study
objectives.
Such data required to measure the
objectives and answer the research
question should be collected from a
Scientific Method - STATISTICS
What type of data is required?
Data that
• Answers your research question
• Measures your objectives
• Fits into your study design
• Collected through proper scientific
methodology
• Enables you to test the hypothesis and to
arrive at valid conclusions
Statistics Definition
Aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by
multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed,
enumerated or estimated according to reasonable
standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic
manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in
relation to each other.
Collection, Compilation,
Presentation, analysis and
Interpretation of data
Data: Data is the raw details elicited from
individuals or specimens
Data need to be transformed into information

by reducing them, summarizing them and
adjusting them for variations, such as age and
sex composition of the population so that
comparison over time and place are possible.
Sources of data
-Primary source or Primary data
-Secondary source or Secondary data
Primary data are those which are collected afresh or for

the first time
Secondary data are those, which are collected from data
already available from other sources
E.g. Data available from Institutional Records, Published
Reports etc.

Methods of Collection of data
Collected either by field studies or laboratory
experimentation- depending on the Study Problem
Important methods of data collection for field
studies
Quantitative methods
Qualitative methods
Quantitative methods of data collection are
adopted to obtain information of descriptive
type.
This method will provide data for estimations
These may be either Survey method or

laboratory experimentation
Tools preparation for data collection
Data collected on tools like Qestionnaires or
schedules or proforma
Objectives of the study to be kept in mind
Type of respondents, nature of information

and method of analysis to kept in mind
♦ List of variables to be prepared
♦ Logical sequencing has to adopted
♦ Particular variable may require more than
one question- eg. age, income, certain
scales etc.

♦ Pre-testing of the tool through pilot studies.
♦ Thorough editing on the basis of results of
pretesting
♦ Lengthy questionnaires to be split into more
number of simple questionnaires.
♦ Questions to well framed and are simple and
straight forward
♦ Subjective questions should have clear

cut definitions for their classifications to
attain uniformity, eg. answers like good,
fair, bad
♦ Interviewers are to well trained on the

questionnaire
♦ Qualitative methods of data are for
understanding underlying causes of
occurrence of a phenomenon or a
particular event
♦ It will provide information to understand
"WHY" and "How" of an event. method
does not provide data for making
estimations
♦ The method seeks to understand the
behavioural patterns such as beliefs,
actions or norms of subjects under
study
♦ Usually the method does not provide
data for making estimations

Characteristics of Quantitative methods
♦ Sample is representative of large
population
♦ Adopts standardised individual
questionnaires
♦ Limited number of variables of
interest are studied
Characteristics of Quantitative methods
♦ Quantifiable and amenable to
Statistical procedures
♦ Relationship with the respondents

formal

Important Quantitative methods of data
collection
♦ Interview method
♦ Observation method
♦ Questionnaires method
- Guided
- Unguided
♦ Administration of Schedule
Selection of appropriate method depends on:
- Nature and scope of the study

- Availability of funds
- Availability of time
- Precision of estimates to be made
from the data

Tabulation of data

• Interpreting the data as collected during any
study will be difficult
• Data should be arranged and classified in a
suitable manner
• Preliminary and convenient way of presentation
of data is to arrange them in the form of tables
• Data can be arranged into different types of tables
depending upon the nature of data and purpose
of tabulation
Wages for a group of individuals are as follows.

Simplest way data can be tabulated is a Frequency
distribution
Age (months) No. of persons Percent
Frequency
5 124 11.2
distribution of
6 176 15.9
children in a
7 114 10.3
community
8 115 10.4
according to
9 186 16.8
the age first
10 151 13.6
appearance of
11 126 11.4
tooth.
12 118 10.6
Total 1110 100.0

Wages (Rs) No. of persons Percent
4001-4500 25 7.1
4501-5000 36 10.3
5001-5500 45 12.9
5501-6000 62 17.7
6001-6500 39 11.1
6501-7000 55 15.7
7001-7500 44 12.6
7501-8000 29 8.3
8001-8500 15 4.3
Total 350 100.0
No. of patients
Symptoms Number Percent

Head Ache 7 10.0
Giddiness 8 11.4
Syncope 8 11.4
Weakness 10 14.3
Chest pain 13 18.6
Palpitation 6 8.6
Feeling fatigue 6 8.6
No symptoms 12 17.1
Total 70 100.0

Distribution of height and weight of students
Height Weight (kg)
(cms) 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 Total
146-150 - - 1 - - - 1
151-155 2 1 1 - 1 - 5
156-160 8 12 11 2 2 2 37
161-165 7 23 40 15 5 - 90
166-170 2 8 18 14 6 1 49
171-175 1 1 8 10 5 3 28

Classification of data

►Geographical
► Chronological
► Qualitative
► Quantitative
Geographical classification
Country CBR CDR
India 28 8
Pakistan 39 12
Bangladesh 34 9
Sri Lanka 26 10
USA 19 6
UK 17 7
Chronological classification
No. of animal bites reported (in lakhs)
Year
India Thailand
2000 29.6 30.2
2001 29.1 28.9
2002 28.5 26.4
2003 23.8 20.7
2004 19.9 18.6
2005 17.3 16.3

Qualitative Classification
Type of Symptoms No. of cases (n=50)

Discharge 33
Granulation tissue 39
Itching 46
Hoarseness 41
Pain 40

Quantitative classification
Birth Weight (gms) No. of babies (n=100)

<2500 12
2501-3000 42
3001-3500 29
>3500 17

BMI distribution of Non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease patients
BMI Male Female Combined
(kg/m2) (n=18) (n=32) (n=50)
<23 2 (11.1 ) 9 (28.1 ) 11(22.0 )
23-25 5 (27.8 ) 4 (12.5 ) 9 (18.0 )
>25 11 (61.1 ) 19 (59.4 ) 30 (60.0 )

Basic principles of tabulation of data
Every table should contain a title indicating as what
has been presented in the table
Ordinarily, titles should be brief and to the point.
Title can be written either at the top or bottom.
Number of class intervals in a table should not be
too many or too less
Depending on the aims of presentation, the number
of class intervals may be decided
 Class intervals may be equal or unequal
depending on the purpose of presentation.
 Rows and columns are to be clearly defined as
to what is presented in them.
 Standard codes and symbols are to be used and
wherever necessary, they are to be explained as
footnotes
 Units of measurement of variables are to be
specified.
Mis-interpretation of percentages
Column percentages and row

percentages have different meanings and
are to be interpreted according to the
purpose.
Age and sex distribution of patients
Age Male Female Total
(yrs) No. % No. % No. %
60-69 21 40.4 31 59.6 52 100.0
70-79 38 46.9 43 53.1 81 100.0
80+ 3 15.8 16 84.2 19 100.0
Total 62 40.8 90 59.2 152 100.0

(yrs) No. % No. % No. %
60-69 21 33.9 31 34.4 52 34.2
70-79 38 61.3 43 47.8 81 53.3
80+ 3 4.8 16 17.8 19 12.5
Total 62 100.0 90 100.0 152 100.0


21 31 52
40.4 59.6 100.0
60-69 33.9 34.4 34.2
38 43 81
46.9 53.1 100.0
70-79 61.3 47.8 53.3
3 16 19
15.8 84.2 100.0
80+ 4.8 17.8 12.5
Total 62 90 152
Basic concepts to kept in mind for graphs
Diagrams should be self explanatory and should

contain a brief and clear title of caption, the nature
of the data, the coverage of data illustrating to what
or to whom the data relate, the period to which the
data relate, the scale, index etc.
The number of lines drawn in any one graph should
not be many so that the diagram does not look
clumsy and should facilitate easy grasp of the
salient features the data
Basic concepts to kept in mind for graphs (contd.)
Usually the lines of the graph paper should be light

and the lines of the
diagram should be heavier
Ordinarily the values of the variables are

represented on the horizontal or X-axis and the
corresponding frequencies on the vertical or Y-
axis.

Basic concepts to kept in mind for graphs ( contd.)
On both X-axis and Y-axis the scale of division of
axis should be proportional and the division
should be marked along with the details of the
variable and frequencies, which are presented on
the axis.
Every graph should contain a brief title at the top
and the scale of division for X-axis and Y-axis
should be given at the right hand corner of graph.

The lines drawn on a graph should never be
extrapolated beyond the range of the values of
the variable for which the graph is drawn.
Graphs are only aids for visualisation of data
and not final statistical analysis.
Graphs drawn with different scales should be
interpreted with care.
Graphical presentation

■ Bar charts
■ Multiple bar diagrams
■ Pie charts
■ Percentage component bar diagram
■ Line graph
■ Scattered plot
■ ROC
■ Smoothed line graph
■ Many more………
50 46
45
40
No. of subjects (%)
35
30 26
25
20
20
15
10
4
5 2 2
0
≤20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 >60
Age (yrs)

24
25
20
16
14
No. of subjects (%)
15
10 10 10
10
6 6
4
5
0
Fathe r M othe r Son Daughte r Br othe r Hus band Wife Daug Sis te r -in-
hte r -in- law
law
Relationship with care reciever

cGMT (LAL)
cGMT (HAL)
12.00
10.04
Combined Geometric Mean Titre (IU/mL)
10.00 8.69
8.00
6.00 4.54
3.38
4.00
2.00
0.00
Day 14 Day 90

14.00
12.00 12.53
10.00
8.27 8.67
8.00
7.47
6.00 6.40
5.48 5.99
5.45
4.00
2.00
0.00
Pos t-intubation Pe-extubation Ph 1 Ph 2
Ranitidine Omeprazole

3.94
Length of renal artery
3.17
0.68
Caliber of renal artery at
origin
0.65
0.52
Caliber of renal artery at
bifurcation
0.47
Caliber of accessory 0.37

renal artery
0.29
Caliber of renal artery 0.69

with out ARA
0.65
0.67 Right
Caliber of RA with ARA
0.65 Left

50.00
Concept of minor
disorders of pregnancy 23.75
26.25
63.75
Digestive system 28.75
7.50
Musculoskeletal 57.50
system & Genitourinary 35.00
system
7.50
55.00
Circulatory system &
Nervous system
35.00
10.00
56.25
Total knowledge score 41.25
2.50 Inadequate
Moderately adequate
Levels of knowledge (%)Adequate

De finition of s tr ok e and 3.80
r is k factor
4.70
Car dinal s ign &s ym ptom 4.40

of s tr ok e
5.56
2.96
Diagnos tic e valuation
3.72
5.28
M e dical m anage m e nt
6.52
Nur s ing m anage m e nt- 5.10

k now le dge
6.58
Nur s ing m anage m e nt- 4.54

application
5.58
2.88
Die tar y m anage m e nt
3.86
Re habilitation and follow 4.42

up
5.98
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Post-test Pre-test

Ag encies and their
11
45
4
functions
30
24
An tenatal servi ces
6
16
44
Intanatal services
37
19
Postnatal services
4
Family pl anni ng
17
31
12
services
Overall kno wledg e
44
10
6
score
34
26
Overall attitude score
19
41
Overall practi ce score
0 20 40 60 80
No. of subjects
Inadequate Moderatlely adequate Adequate

27.50%
37.50%
Family members
10.00%
Family and friends
3.75%
Health personnel
21.25%
Family, friends and
health personnel
None

Female
37.7%
Male
63.3%
Sex distribution

110
100
90
80
70
Pre-induction 1 minute 5 minutes 10 minutes
Post-induction 3 minutes 7 minutes
Time interval

120
Group A
110 Group B
100
90
MAP (mmHg)
80
70
60
50
40
30
Baseline
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Sn eezing
600 Ru nn in g N ose
Nas al b lock
Symptom & T reatment man days
Itch y eyes
500
Hea dache
Wh eeze
400 Cou gh
Res cu e medicaiton s
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Follow up (months)

4000
Mean-2SD
3500 10th Percentile
Smothed Birth weights (grams)
50th Percentile
3000
90th Percentile
2500 Mean +2SD
2000
1500
1000
500
<30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Gestational Age in w eeks

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
10 20 30 40
Gestational age (<30 weeks) by USG

4000
3000
2000
1000
30 32 34 36 38 40
Gestational age (31-38 weeks) by USG

140
120
100
80
60
40
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Burden assessment scale

Age structrure of respondents in a survey
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
5.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0
Age in years


Basics of Statistics

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Summerization of Data

Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD (Statistics) E-mail: gbaphd@kimsbangalore.edu.in

Slide 2 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Independent Dependent Categorical

Age of drivers Status of accident Gender, SES

Slide 3 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Independent Dependent Categorical

Price of Fruits Quantity purchase Age group

Slide 4 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Independent Dependent Categorical

Slide 5 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 6 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Data need to be transformed into information

Primary data are those which are collected afresh or for

Slide 14 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

This method will provide data for estimations

These may be either Survey method or

Objectives of the study to be kept in mind

Type of respondents, nature of information

Slide 18 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

♦ Subjective questions should have clear

♦ Interviewers are to well trained on the

Slide 22 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

♦ Relationship with the respondents

Slide 24 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

- Nature and scope of the study

Slide 26 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 27 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 29 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 30 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Symptoms Number Percent

Slide 32 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 33 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 34 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 37 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Type of Symptoms No. of cases (n=50)

Slide 38 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Birth Weight (gms) No. of babies (n=100)

Slide 39 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 40 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Column percentages and row

Slide 44 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 45 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Age Male Female Total

Diagrams should be self explanatory and should

Usually the lines of the graph paper should be light

Ordinarily the values of the variables are

Slide 48 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 49 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 51 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 53 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Relationship with care reciever

Slide 54 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 55 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 56 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Caliber of accessory 0.37

Caliber of renal artery 0.69

Slide 57 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Slide 58 of 75 Dr.Gangaboraiah, PhD, Former Professor of Statistics, KIMS, Bangalore

Car dinal s ign &s ym ptom 4.40

Nur s ing m anage m e nt- 5.10

Nur s ing m anage m e nt- 4.54

Re habilitation and follow 4.42

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00