>) THE CULTURES OF COLLECTING Edited by Joha Elsner and Roger Cardinal HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1994inet fee tte at econ eran comb ohanen Al gh eerved ‘ee onto nee Smears “ae soiiiereis Ltn ofonp ene inne ssn eran ee) ‘Tee an ad pti wo ew ha Contents Photographic Acknowledgements [Notes o the Baitocs and Conrbotre Ineroducton Jon Blener and Roger Cardinal “TheSysem af Collesing. fear Beudilard “nes you do these exay hinge. Am Ines with Robert Opie easty Paades Job Windsor Collecting and Cllage-making: The Cas of Kure Schwiers Roger Cardinal ‘eling Objet: A Narrative Perspective on Callen. ‘Mink Bal eens Curios: Cook's Paic Voyages [Nichols Thomas From Tressry to Maseum: The Colleton ofthe Austrian Habsburgs Thomas Daas Keufronn ‘A Galles Model of Desice: The House and Maream of SieJoha Sone John Elsner Cabinets of Transgression: Renaissance Collections andthe Incurpoetin ofthe New Wael Anthony Alan Sbaton Death and Life, in thar Onder, in the Works of Chas ‘Wilkon Pes, Susan Stewart “Millet! Freud an Colleing, Jobe Foreter Collecing Pts Noor Shor Refeencer Slee Bibliography Index ses176 son nese “ance light he Model Room of 1830 and 2832), which enoses all hese models of buildings, so (by being contained within an inten tach model hints that may fself contain eects not vise te controling spat ofthe Model Room othe architec mind. Even echo Soane Maseum evoes th myth ofthe owner's cont through it oes of miniatures exposed to view, soit ges (especialy ta Gangs Arawing) the pouty ofan ‘endleserecssion that denis contol ‘through che hie of receding secre hidden away inane ofthe moda ‘The mods ofthe Ezascan tombs are the key to the double ecesion of deste we have Ben racing here spatial feesion into ever more intrioe space and an archaeological secession into ever mote emer Antigen wonder se-efexveSoanean joe, the tombe reveal the hidden contents of a miniue intetiot space and of » dicae achacologial tie. These objects, the hidden cont of the faa arth, are themselves collectables, choice pice tobe picked up by the ‘magpie collector from the collection ofthe focmes ovr ening ss mausoleum. Inthe loge of Soane's model, the secret that dics ‘onto an always finely, be added 3 fre item othe alge shat ser conto, But a5 mausoleum, a an nstiatonfocen only ons ‘owner's ‘decease Soane's Museum feed by these mols tr ‘thas il liable to ute plane, 9 Cabinets of Transgression: Renaissance Collections and the Incorporation of the New World Opinion is divided over che exceat to which the medial world-view ‘was vepaced by new seis of atider and interpretive frameworks luring the Renaissance. Hodgen, Keen and Lautenci-Minel dearly Sdentify medieval aides and modes of though persting through the Renaissance; Le Gall even suggests thatthe ‘Middle Ages’ be cccnded to cover the phase of Eoropan biory that techs frome the pd eentary Ab t0 the mid-inteath cena Change of couse, is never a union process simulaneouly affecting all of soy’ insitutions, and the gradual shift from 2 medieval to 4 Renaissance world-view saw atemptr both 0 seconcle contending views and Tolerate their mutually exclusive cexinence. Nether the Europe acude to eon aor itepreations of the sifcance ofthe New ‘World were uniform, but cerain eateries and thet devices stand eut a more commonly employed than othr and isthe that ‘remy subject hee, Nowhere do these vasious wodd-iewsappet in ‘more srking cele! than when European atemped to explain and so ome to terms withthe exience of fourth continent ~ the New ‘Wrld and decide on the sgnfance of inhabitn, flrs fauna snd atc caress, Cosmological uncertainyshagown the dif fc mocvation behind, and organization of, Reausance collections thar stempred to incorporate represeaatios of fhe forth continent To undestand the commerce in and siifeance of natal ad sill eure from she Nev World es nenary Eto decbe the broad! se of phsophical speculations sd atts inherited from the Middle Ages that lay Bead the eutaze of calling beeen the soxeeah and eightenth centuries,a { 1 The Waning of the Middle Ages (924, the Dutch historia Joban “Hudsngs aged tha he Mdina under th ae twee dcneny wich Eon ar brn quicker wa ely incre wit eile plop 0 peovides meant of che ‘unio wih Gord Eco hehe cp of Ait Sug ft Den tho wa capone or many ofthese and Tnralen yee bors nt lee Prem Tangs Si fom King Solomon, Sue led at ce shoul beth ‘cpr ofall bene ees discrete Tear of Des Sinciing ig gE Sac of yo once of pold adored with Feria pn vs ate and opts, sheath one Tice buco ae pawn thre of our odessa 2 yori vas ae adele by hha ofthe ep ad poi Teri ed lyf ches fortany ea comeing en ago Ine the shape of an age? Othe ergy preted churches inal aloe, as corn canbe canclaba and pete, tortor cary memumntseaar glam window snd bos? Sone mater durch ao comands rman ofthe Aposts Sed tue ov OER Ts teed to ave ben fn coat ih ‘Rem Thee were rowed in ewe eines made of peius trea The-pssian ofl hl pial tins The boul ‘emai oso pros werebleyelip rea som oft nas uli and enh, an were of cyl snc «pce Sd encourage the (Oundatin of new ela exblshmet? ptr a ened Lobe ipnage lene at kaparsact el popeiy of erienens: Cmansueny, ionphou the Rena Since cs caged pnes te bn fhe hares Pubes or el fe remans of haben! then and the founder of eminent inseaiona’ Dug the idle Ages andthe Renan, terre, iy aeefceswert vale or lies their eB ton marie through the we of precious materiale snd he quay of craftmanship. in the Midale Ages the arts Were subordinate toa didactic function, nch of which we intended serve the Church. Honovius of Auta insti she are of puatng by its thee objectives: o benny che house Of God, fo recall fo mind the lies of the sins, and to provide he Traut of the ity. This view was reerated i he Syaod of Ara Revainance Collections andthe New World x79, ‘Unerered peopl, who canst appeeiate tis through reading Sxi- face can gasp I in the couemplation of pitges” Tht didactic function was meant to tansport admizes feom contemplation of imate phenomena to higher sisal plang plane that permitted ‘communion with the Divine. For the medical inthe beaury to be found in the material world was ony aren of transcendent ial ‘eau whose source vas God ‘Medieval aesthetics consisted of a theory of ideal proportion © together with an appedation of ight (x, men an eplendor) and ‘lowe Theirs was world ofinze vival clare and they were cleo ‘thei and repre plicoomena by highly developed language of ‘bal and allegory: "The Madievals inhabited a. word filed wits ‘eferenss, minders and overtones of Divinity, manifatons of Godin things. Notte spoke to them heraldilly ons or mat ees were ore ‘han they seemed; grins were ju areal a lions because, le them, they were signs of higher tc," Beauty and vie were confated, ‘which ed coat being above alla teacing of higher order decreed by (God, Aconting © Ee: ‘Aces, at cal rode bea nage, ranges fatal at re ‘Sper oly, tisha a presene sand of ela yore oe ‘umacy of mire The objet produced by at al ot edn new onde, [trremsned wii tent fe sane They mee spl dct {© loge mews of testes They xined by mea he mater shih func thm wheat natal eben by vito ine Parigpaten™ ‘Le Gof has drawn asenton tothe close connesonthatexi ewcen| ‘irslimages andthe idea of the areas, form he oct of abs {eazvelious, wonder) and mart eo wonder a) i from where or sword ‘miero? derives. Acknowledging Piere Matill’s Le Miroir da ‘ervlaes 2963) be Golf agree that "heuer ol the Middle Ags dren {pull betveen iar eels aryl and micor. tha linking ‘he marvel she complex of images and ideology atecited with the “Thee eae notions conceing are, nature and Din, and chr" eliomiip wit the marlous and miacuods ald two important Implicaons forthe understanding of collections. Fis, they explain the tnedievalerigin of the stionalzstion thst ly behind the econ nthe [Renaissance ofthe relations berween nae and aici penne a the eas and jntapesitons of objects aranged ina collesion, The colleen came to provide dhe mirror of natures it wa formelated bya yr ve Divine agency. Syl and allegory peed the mine rps {aon ofthe aivese, wiles ery of he uae messing of es ‘Sener eins. “Tae seo iplcaton concer the mening the Medea aud totteseneofihe marcos Ars gest lev ie marcus coal be inerpreel as ¢ ping ox 4 vauble pice ofthe apd’ oe ‘etaworke' work hat ined common wih he Die. nce senseaenblagssofobecs, when iry confoed theidealeatons tecveenpesomens might be sid fo have pled tte Svindy ‘Scone des order ofthe wel. ut he meal wold seo rhe Tealows 3 sdadingcostagen and hoger Qeepdaal een ‘Tier nds nos coq exponen Willan of Oct ho Sid nn ey coo o nig a enone nero Osta obs ad ona nomial enc, and wee nelly tei af GCs coal, ‘Secor fe sang witout ay appar oer betes com ‘ent eRe For cor of tds peso, wt war Isporaot were eid ae of nearangse phenomena that were ‘hough to hoe reed fo some exceptional conden occ ‘nce is cudour thar oer han te jadgestal ca ttn te, Sch ideas do noe spgese to have inven! the seaelton of Solent o he cnet of bjs rng mich of the madera utd Rare tenses clos to dee tek objec ad {fey tracer andthe pression af th component of it ‘Steins sing the inl vews of the provou ge Collections of cuore, mceinely decribed by Pomian a hoseings of “Tare, excptonal, extraordinary, exoie and monsraous ting’ had thei heyday afee the end of the Middle Age: cllesons ofthis kind ‘oie from. x550, began to wane ducing te seveatecnth a 5 suit wet ¥en fae inde Poin oes that bee Netedandih collector Hubert Golue ted 968 coll: hax were to be found in the Low Couste, Germany, Asti, Switaelan, Feaace and Ray.” Another colleor, Pere Bor (r620~ 73) penonaly new of 3 collections in Fancr while the Venetian Republic enuld boas at lease 70." Not all these calectons were smodvaed by kena desires, or dd they follow the same model of ‘rzaization, Pinan jicionly reminds ue that diferenes im the ‘wealth, edocaton and sca unk of individual a well asthe vious Renaissance Collections andthe New World 382 egret of receptivity wo new ideas tobe found in he ci, all lp eteine diferent eps of ellectons.> “Encclopatic olor in France wereknown a carey because of thei passion for, and commitment to, seeking decper knowledge ofthe ‘workings sod nature of she universe, and filler, perhape grande, Picture ofthe totaly of crestion Roman defies coat ters of esa gana det os a ot as ae ‘which have a special ‘asonhi with ly and soars a 2 age pat of he joc fr elleons i te Re Eee was borrowed from medial acholatcism, eas conerning the innate meaning of thing and the naar of revelation, ed evo ‘ofthe elationhipbeeween the micrcorm and mactcor, Flowing {he advice comand in Samuel Quicchebry’s Inscriptions vel tut she mplsn( 563) soe cba wre pried hanna a ee ees Sai wie pices omni tee Ee ee “Churchmen expressed their unease, even opposition, conceming ‘cur so bod Shue wg ne Meguty dS Thos Tecan Milde Ape ed harry eh epee Siphehd wencts ee omen ae tee wera ad sa ty anu ned See Sota hore mul ger Nv e ete of ‘onunded odin atcel a ites toveg Gels an cas by sein, i. de pro ae soe hc i ey ed “ess son ingen, eo ey coin fat an a Ro SPSL in wee dict val Se cei, Tenn calcio contd he ae al pean Enrpr' cova and cle tere wey, hovevs soon pond mtr ‘eet tacbing tn epi of ec Pomianhar poids vel deal eo alles Sea de ea, Page bev a Tred oc, Veena, seit, Feigy Gmal ot Hox), Ido fapentséo) and Lado Merc, {Greta} Vac? Venda om clogs bd th Gen Si hr calene unr yey of sings which nde the intovingrf Paces supra fis, sre of teens WP, Tobias hee S28 alg me amps meta of 0, alien pee eo thoes anlei sored Sacer med nt Ap a rs GE ade pt SD Ses eee Bese bs once pts aly ak lene sa dower “The inventory ofthe Consrncolleion, deawn op ater its owner's dest conned a snarmiscltay of bjons corals, etal, pew Cations, minerals oysters woth two peas, hors, eth and claws, Status medals cameos, anques and panting” Ale was inber- ited by Carlo Raazin’ (2554-1644) and sabsequency alarged the falletion became ove of tht moe important cabinets ip Venice. A Meron caller ofthe tine, MapheusCusanus appears 9 kave had particular prediction for ‘Egrpan ols taken out ofthe Mummiss, oes sor of petibed shelly erie chee, canamo, spunge, and unhromed"* Cleary, although weiten ides and diguistsons on “asifatonshad bein in craton sine aviquiy, there silremained ‘pleny of room for pesoaal preferences and iosyaceaeexpessions. net om Minh ers Hirt fT a ? ee ae mee rors Sk a Ps wile ants msealingeazcon pata, ao wat SS SS ay age Sedaidne 7) "Ferdinand Cospir6xp-a6) semble anther notable collection ofthe oF Henne tot Sobre wid te nga inden, soe cated of Ap Filing yout pase’, hough be ler wed io more og PRT ener eines, including she renowned cllecsons ‘of Use PS __aueovandi(as27-1605} Antonio Giga (x535-1598) andthe Univer A eae a ere ee tees “Y, a awe oe ten ne 1} oh Sec any erste ma ee ey pool Bae cl Ra Y sande Cap, Ole Wom (1388-1654) and te colons in the A Copenhagen Museum and Bodleian Library were divided inc natural pragma elec tol wreak Worm scion isl “Warrudie siordig0 he mai toy which arte mee, 2 [Gy amber, gud sver bon ron, gas and Wood)” One foo a Hane tlie \B aMitond oy cake ith Renaisance Collections andthe Now World 185 “The Mee of Fenda Cig aloe rm, tee io Comins Glen 7 ‘TheMaeem of le Fee, Cope om Wor Mung oma se hans Rowe Reto can 05514 sxrHony ALAN SHELTON + the Copenhagen Muscum was devoted soley to diverse eloting and i Sera renee y ye K Ww vt as ae ent See eT die cera ol farmed on “Tse ior whore append to Visrauo Carga Le vere nove ere sain tr pind es done ‘Bette cape ed Soi ct Sa a ea gsi tip enor neem ee pr Sd inched chil fr comparison with classic oe Chinn religion "The eer ofgine of tee tens seem to have ben of ss 1» feporance than this boa geographical provenances. Frequent, the fi aim Ne el os Tn Ne eee % ‘onfled, and the inhabits of sisting cry tates and eons were ‘Stbsumed under general rubres Paganism provided a primary exepory, ed acral examples and ctu Peace BST imporanee oxy trident ‘cxpresed through medi though, bat ater the theological reasoning ‘tthe Mid Ages was wy transormed ico scl tioalizton- ero cet, undspated axioms that underlay the Renisance Tatlecon and lasicaton of areas were the Ble that by wing the {Tics of symbolic and allegory inherited from che Midale Ages, | Geason could be pial in niniatureandeepresentd by the cael | Sivatlbeate asemAlage of signing objec, and thatthe jxapos: giy Siesaie teeter foreaous than the universe was said to mitor. According co the | infuential seventeenth-century muscographer Emanuele Tesauro, all fatal objes contained thei oe particular alsin o specific ideas. ‘Meaning wos innate ste, thereby penitng Tesauo to argue that ji ans speaks through such metaphor, thea the engopaedic | colton, which the sum of ll pele mesphors, legally becomes ‘hegre metaphor ofthe wold” Nevertheless te order of ature wat me Tepe or shackled vo coberet ses of avs but wat fubjec to ulinited variably and novely. The Renasance stl Teltved in = word in which God could intervene to perform the ‘reclous Writers like Pete Bosse and Conrad Woltare kept “ine idea about wonsir and unnatural oerurences by coacuring with {he metieal bel! that God possessed the powe oalier the course of Renasonce Collections andthe New World a5 ature and create grotesque deformations and monstrosities that served i sugars Waat he coletor sought, therefore, were not common of pial ems, but raze, exotic and exeordinarytestmens to = wodd objec 9 Divine caper. clei, such as Stefano Borgia (1731-2804), Athanasian Kit oro) Boro Gig te ms mows ror deen pre ‘So inal con. Coch colecsonr bend ey SSE. tmnt here by the Counc of Fe fsy-9h See npr hasan SE “esoccpi song Chrno pono fas any oo the pet ofthe Conrepton he ace Poppa of te Fat beoupe hin in ce coms wih tonal oye te wosth sd allowed in comdey Yo vat clio of Ti” Cig war sein wtb ecko Besa what colzsion lg crash snd lar wo te Baio loge Carin Cabri lors" Ths potion povided Cia ‘th ckds ofeach alowed ito naprhbctleson ot The did swe her ove Ser wth he Habu ure Sieve: Cie’ eniveal meathor pore he ik See ie ims pvp se een wn ‘Sinton in scorn wh paar Seach ame ic he angel nd sedans conc S [ar kore he Eaemius niet the a” “Gime Aldorands had very ere backpoond sad fon for ‘Segre fy pon ew a Une ope teed clon for xhing od asech-Te po ‘hind the sseBlape War BS cra he yey and ony Of the dine oes, bt fo hep ealy Hippo pion at Sivtoomene sus ft fe on podcon ane easy Swe of tow amtals condoned Gite covers: Alone Seid here ecnlopeot extends paper ‘Srncran wha praca ip they gt eo pe arene ae [Sirf eric tesco nee wp irl calgon ai 75 “Gane of cose tee he Moral mo es land competed BUUEoF Be word, Ax Suan Stewart har ‘ommetel, "ie colton pres a beemeicword: to have a ‘spss colleion io hve bbe mins tnd he cote ‘Suberof cents nezesay forsnattonemou work wal whDare Lise sme werlowes oc oc tin bee ab WY Sado : di Bese anon v pe pie’ elles te ay ‘Gh~ Sreitasrncl codes wk scompenyng stone noe" Cis, 186 avrsiony ALAN sutetrox is both fall and singular, wich has banished repetiion and achieved sues Ifthe imageo the reflected world wa originally daw fom Ceisian ‘comalogy in the later Renassoce under the patronage of the arinor: sy, merchants and stateamen casual 2 secular tom, Caliating aiden, ptheringanegsin’sremnanss, and completing the fll te ‘hori extension of he colecion was, among shes influential rope, Saderaken to demonstate personal worth and legate thee social postions" Whilecollesions may ormery hate bem asembedin ways {hat llowed for zome epic on the pare ofthe istgaton ate wider sane hed etslogaebacame saonymous withthe igh psn of achieve that the collector Fad ceschel Mr objective — (oo Seley fat an actin to ewe tellin old be al eed on deen nd wana pooclaey of \ Betolecor war fed with be collzeon = Aer Comp donated Taga ia 160, he arranged for it to be ‘talogaed by Lorenzo Lepa.Sezala catalogued bie own colton in on the ater band, who bad fewer politcal exigencies, waitel muck ( longer for their staloges c appeae. Aldrovands etlogue — the 2) Mascon metlicum (2648) ~of the collecion be donate othe Senate ‘of Bologna in x60, remained unpublished unl 43 yes afer his enthet Athanaie ‘Kischer wrote a deserption — the ‘Richeriana ‘domus narra artsque thea’ ~ofhis Amsterdam collection in 1578, tvhich wa followed by a pablihed catalogue by Flip Bonanai aly a 1709 29 yeas ater Kirche’ deh "Thepetecton ofthe ecslated mode of he encylopacic ideal was whined by Sf Frmnceay 1 Deane GA issany_in 1574, Paneesen Sssrved T-seti, WHER Bad Bees ne iso, and pt is collections on public display inte ‘send il Ui alc in Foie. The ideas Ut bad orate hi Cadesvours, however o long: ewiaged a model ofthe unites wth ‘God at ts cent bt lseads represen of creation chat allowed ‘ech piney ue sybicaltoclam is ominionoverthewerldss2 sans ofan an od leat “yp Si sis sod poston In sbveentvcenary Mn abut woof the “Gren ending glee of psresblogedo membesof he Milanse ae overmene” This tans the public gly of semptaos private ae 187 “ee her Mas Romy aan ice, oman Cola ‘Se or Has eb ans propery, pazalling a change ia ts pereepion fom souveies tthe ‘geet wold’ meaphor, consecrated colin 28 an expresion ofthe sorties of individual ie Private biography was hereby magiied {in projected though public exibidon ‘Objet of ctoriey were widely exchanged within the noble. Gils made berveet auc familie werea mean of snforcngthesras ofl ‘worth thy enjoyed class, justasthe degree of comprchensiveessofa Collecon could be refered inthe degree of ete a ealesar eloped ‘umong his pee. Conversely, te inte avalaily of cei types of| ‘woe lems enoouaged competion berwern elles. The quay ofhes cen he box cleo col by rn be xine one Senki teh mya alas Se oe thoae "cry lb aos pes aig te sind cl pe tt ene et ‘Sinton Runde 30 dy fr xc eget ‘ote doa en and contrac sn ta ty w2ithecine cou forms sn cach i a, Cnn (te se Aci Sines te cst at nd hc mle, nd ten icon Als for Hs mae” — ae St oii dc of cc el conplon ance ore tleion. Brenowbe ws rtone Mosul thn dc pn! oes cle oft sth Gees new em Te of clos eae PINSy te oreo th wee wh pepo wr Te eee tedne peed tod coulas Ge operat Teme, Ping ha orga apse : oe “hs voles ef ety ee ond coud pron ot it bens fae whic wane soon of sophie opin snopes ogame vey pp SEIS Me tno sll nate eee ses ed ree ay fs ae ne Das (yes go To ‘Eleanor us Tipe ene Mein athe te be ccese stem geil eee ‘oo Conan er rpeine evga Sart Mla nd etc The mos eed (Shoe one protien Kel Ara at Suatlnol tomes for al AB "Ale Bgakotiek- Te ena ‘Bel shows two groups of Brian Indian in a Baroqucstye room Enoonded by examples of Americ’ charserisic animals, while ule, sjacent panel conzsn painting of landscapes inhabited by ‘mammal, ceples and bids. Other examples, wor mentioning because they wrest America and adorn the bulding of that arc peagmaet and pesecer of the universalist ideal, Fedinando T de Mei ace the Atmoury feces The clinginthe USSas Armoary wat sed by the Florentine Manneist Ludovico Bat in r588, The conta ‘Sse abows an indian nobleman sete ler cated by various Rensisance Collections and the New World 28g Toman Ke A, 6 Ale ake, Mich bearers, The pas i sucrounded by an idealized landscpe fall of Ceara trpia! and sont topicl vegetation and exode bs, while aloe sollte scenes rom the conquer of Meco and bales ‘oween pagans and Christan. The Armoury oxigally served to house the Medi calletons of exotic cortumer, weapons aad temsof mature Histor, ining ate and acteace ftom the New Worl and fescos provided an appropriate encapslating context Aric and sceatic [apes of patronage were presi expanded by the encyopaeic passions Ul those among the cerewr who avemped to complete the world ‘metaphor, not ony through collecting, bu through demonstrations of tatu pocetes tnd ren ropogaphial depiction and schemes ofthe besren. ds Grebe has ape exer ofthe arose an ‘porn mana oensng Kata sor nie ‘od n Amazes phe being fom creating 7 258 of190 ‘eTHONY ALAN SHELTON erpretcon by tenting feel cosmograpic pincils, peant texted the discovery of the new continent and its people as 9 Imarel, and responded to the stcount with tolerant eatony. The European reacon to the inhabitants of Ametin bas ben thoeoughly teen by a numberof writes while its impact on cern medieval fategoies~ eograpy, bossy and aoology~ has also boxn dicated ‘chehere What with to concentrate on hes the European ett towards the New Wotls materia cular, anditeesve aval to Europea cllzcors Ths Europeso understanding of he Ne wie mediated hroveh that inde he se s eda bows “Wine sels, and the dour of ongae EGLO Taal ~oneinoce than fst ane OFM BAPE, ror even he simplesatstacion of euro. Journey coud themselves partake of he Imarelons, and. were expected wo provide + more comprehensive apanstion of de world’? The dcumances of Hemando Costs ‘ely sietenheneuy exploration and capsign cased Bernal Diz, fone of Corr’ ello cangusadors ad, sabequent, a chronicler of Cort’ conquest of Mexia, t0 ‘marvel on scng the tensre of [Azayscl shat was cncrled in palace in Teno, art athe det wen confonted by Aztec gacdens, while the siht of Tenochilan more than amazed him, for he was actualy unable decide whether what he was sting was real oilsory.™ “The New Works marl produces thar most straced che Spanied were items that doselyeorespanded withthe canons of tate they had Inher from mecieral though; indigenovs cones of worth, often Saeed on materials or atlas not valued in Europe, were of limited inesese Consequently, the cargoes of Aztec teure dispatched to Europe wo exemplify Amerindian poducs and wares, and win politcal {avourfor the explorers, were adjudicated by European cite fray, and hence value, and by the ability of New Works craftsmen eel ‘ally co copy natral phenome, This emphases cll ta be seen in isa desrptions ofthe peeection of Ane gold nd alverworc and ie ast of this paitery which he fovoursbly compaod with those of ‘Gree, aly ad Spine "Tear dhe Iniane oo lng the cy of Mexico, name Mao de ‘Aino Juande h Cre snd H Cepia who aresach mapas pen aera, bad hey led inthe age of te fans Apes of loaf ‘Mang or Benaputei oa own day, te wold besone inthe sist mk Renaisonce Colctions and he New Werkd ag Anice mae caltute and technology also made great impression on the religious chronicler: and éfenrs of the naive population, Diego Darin and Bemardine de Sahai included dened decrpons of indigenous as and ert, we Lar Caan is Apologetic isto, © described the technical knowiedge and creative ables ofthe naive inbbicants es « way of indiaing tei inellecoal anne Like other observer, Lat Catar-watlso nrc by the ably of the feathensorkes: “These which thy em exc ner al ober td which makes ‘hey appenr auc ating the nao these eee hy hae of epesening wth rel ethers nal tral lee he things atthe sceter eclipses can pase wha, The do ‘Bal say lage eats lncedng annals Bde men celery [pel or te press, cows ome ede nd yan a tgs ‘th sigy Ble the comigol the puis ey me asa a ce ‘© make marvelously pees ng vlna eee ha hey pres vig thing the work seed aie and hy repented ‘summa thing he copy seme mar One he poser exis of ‘he eater, spel mn bjs of tree enc ae Festhc isch a way ft, vewed om one eon the objet oe glen ‘boo here tn gly owed fom ane ison ee ‘how pen snr pri clos, ands nal wit mares and oa Las Cass judged these wos by the fundamencal categorie inex feom medieval aethes~ igh, clour and the cect psitoning of ‘achelement ofthe composition which art eat byte ly Sted idaanyegeniitetionioned nett were incaded in the shipment of ease Corsten to the cute he Spanish monarh, o tha missionaries and pres ha Indian caren ceate religous images, regalia and retablor from this materi, Aa ‘sedated nba, belived ro refer tothe pesiod 1525-8 noes 11) Fnemr of fetberwor, inching 68 sheds, capes, garment head esis, fans and figs, were given to various churches convents aad Individass in Spin.” Like he medieval justieaton for pining the featherwocke’ ac provide & means for communion with God, and lnvalved the Church doing ao more than redrcing the abject and changing the paconape and ogenination of is exponents Examples of fentherwock vem one ofthe mos sughafes commode fom the eto 3) pone tt Sina how eh colexion o-either costumes and ater objec, wil his son Fed nando owned ro feather pictures hat helater passed ant isthe’age ANTHONY ALAN SHELTON. second vif, Hance Capello, Aecogding co a dacurent dated 257%; Ferdinando alo ported fans mad prot eaters andro bishop site: a 1587, when Ferdinando soceeded his brother Francesco at (Grand Deke, beh ees were sent Flotence within enya ane of ‘hema been lon lthough th other survives tay in tec’ Museo del Argo, Another sx nites ave lo ben prsrved, Oats now in the Esai © where ws cased in 1576 by Pip Tl, whe footer, inthe treasiry ofthe Catedeal of Milan, is by tain thought w have been given to Piss IV by converted Mexican Inns in 1559 when he was crowned pons. The tid in te Museum Rr Volkende, Venn, oiginaliy coe from Ferian's Kethononer st, Ambes Cae Like the rajontyof surviving Pre-Columbian piers that were browaht wm Europe at so eaty date the other mites che Masts Hitrigue des Tsuen Lyon, ce Cathedral of Toledo and one formery belonging to «private collection in Hohentel in Geemacy (andwhich now belongs to the Hpac Scey of Ameen, New Yor) have uncertain provenances slihugh the subject matter te tit Similar to thove tn Horence andthe Esco, Feather pets were included in numberof eat collecons.Aldcorand hada ictare represeting St Jerome, but ke the ow presented by Ferdinando to Blan Capel, acter can be Sealy Wend with comemporary suving examples, Four father pictrs, cepesening Se Jerome, St ‘Ambrose St Aagusine and St Gregory, ee sl preserved inthe Santa (Gist of Loren sit rom the Augustinian monk Pleo Lantancon, 1668, Another, representing the Madonna nd repoctedly given the same incon, hs since bon lost The Mees for Vlerkunde in ¥Yieana contains pictures presenting bth 5 fron ‘wilt examples of the eathereker areca le found ince [Arvert Res an Tie Mee de TAs a Msi Other cxamplesoffeatirwor Vea, acading ie Teather cow eputed ‘have belonged to Mower anda decorated shied are sid vo ave been pre of he oighal tate sent by Cotte ew Chas Srila Katherwork was also mach sought ar, ad even hough ever ued wo prodce Chuan eligous images and cult cece was — onder objec ower wee yall scons pea and would ollalogan 1667, whee hey wer both presen isthe Uae Srchaclogiea ncn onc waned he igri Maen ‘Rome styl Gund had mcd insignia. reser Ror nti ton axe Sows dean Oban, ie sone aso pars sMcconcoder se Clann are sre Teton ethene pos Seder sees of nigeoaemanaacre™ The Ct and Boa {Seco onde Meron codene By far ts epee rng caleton of trun mass peeved he sh Man Sithou he gn Macon, le Neonat Copeage, ‘Berlin's Museum fair Vélkerkunde,"® and the Dallas Museum of Fine Are ‘ho pons import eam nthe cc of he ps te Bh Ce, Mast sth mh oh Pas Calanbia a dat aed Eau (ie aS al cae sito i scion a hen cny. Me heise Nf belied ta cme toot fener Teen clectens "A cedar mask gudsted rc wih aoe on Bough reps the son god Tene ty or Queuaony snd ie hemor hod ae og < HS ecb prot ae cleton hat ademas Free etl ee to note esc mst peoablyepseting Se go ls D> echt whe Dei in Pte n yy tu then fered OF lon Lshmannts ne frmey boone the Md nd aoe oes peo8e inems—a ciecular shield and an animal head acquced in 1866 and 1868 sa, rapecindy were puedo the de Willan Ada, who telocaa. claimed to have obtained them from northern Italy. The extraordinary svb84_ubiebeate spn pentane eyed fort Bosh Meas by Jplzend We Feisinstogaobaien inn pence Therming etic \ ‘oti in the Beth Mem hve sl ote ners iy A ir shea asco fare 87 then ttt in Brags 2 Rene to £854 ben bonged fo» Sein lmao qulom Sy be ee enenilre enaiscance Collections end the New World 201 CCatfersin Pass ana small seated gue of jaguar 87, the yearit svat acguied by the Museum, Another cirguoise moesie made which fave ented with XSabeccb, age in the Pia appa q { ‘ently has amore story, which an be taced back 09 Casimo de" , inimmeienuueees ane ne eft ts FOTeCe = Mase di Fis Nataeae The pce wis ee vatelr"" ceamples of moutic work, inclading the mask atthe Pigorini Maseum Ser" hres erie lake ena renee ee reece iret sealants er a nt Cie - Seiio toro eae [sed in aceor wid He Tens, that i oaay, aay futher | Sa Se cay vena a a ca fini in 823))n a workshop, the ‘Opificio delle Seen ees as OO Bote rptoony of thee objec of ‘marcons aii’ roa annem ease of |» Bos ave itsowa reason and silence inter fitalson to Aline pln. The marvellous adi own order. America coul, thereto, for ony be incorporated into the exiting worldview, but used © ‘enonstrate tht cede’ vale and corrects. ‘Michal Ryan has argied that Europe had an easly adjustable he iat tea a ih ercargine aos ‘Seganlad both alowed th sdnitncr of clea Sty and pond ew ic pege It ncn se people and cuttoms of the fourth continent ino the same cls a the [aban ad religions ofthe dasa world and bacbarian Eacope ‘The sandard compeadiums of mythology of he ped, by ili Gel, [Natale Cont and Vincenzo Carta al dasied csi, Asian and ‘Ameria customs acer the ube pagan™ which s we ave tls protides ie bax Tor 3 comparative dasication of the materia falta fom these regions. Paganism had 2 common eign with CChrinianty «Kind of parallel development, perosved as 3 history of fcror and folly pexpeteced by Sean. The viwes apd values’ of the ‘Chrisiga word ace slzost confined droog i jepson with ‘Setroppostesfoundin pagan coantia, They acealmor inverted mz Jamage Time after time, whether in deience ori condemnation of the Indies the missionary roc of Mexico (Oviedo, Las Cass, Du,“The Maem of Fagen aaa, Vera, mB Cr CA. Cie, ‘ic Ctra Sahagio, Aco, Torquemads) drew comparisons berwoen indigenous Sand clsbal customs, not simply to make them inal, but ‘onssoulyeubeitte the tem ofthe indigenous dicoare to hore ‘ommenarae with sieentv-centry Eseope, and thereby alee the Colonization ofthe Ameticen imagination. Te subordination of sear tte cultural dat she vay more impoctant need to demonsteate the inclsvens of paganism created an apparent homoge becween che Aitferens high evlnations ofthe Ameria, well a uring their ‘isintion from ober ‘pagan’ colts This is only subd soggesced ia the clteieaton of cllcdons, where inaecrate stsibutts and prove- ravecs far from sagging importa and concious eres in Rena ance and por-Rensssance knowledge ~ inicare.a relative lack of ‘once with exact provenance, What wat important was an object Reaisance Collection and the Naw World 203 ‘eximonil quality 25» pagan aibue. When the ruqoise frebsjiwe pelea dt \eparcion [Qe Raptete [eadsreeae References 9 Se ote 35, sen Somme, 9074 Tan td Ds py 12 Boerne he mold craton eller mde acai NU Mict hens Maced Rona Se an, Elomi tiovcy pepie ie 12 Seattle sah ln Soest hi Dan Pc Ge Bas Ss bth sarap ae “ Kyra nly in ries dsc ere aE sivas ee ike omigutSaee tales oe hl tion ‘ir 0 tinincwe beeasrcrpe ftw itsck ony tier eae ge dg nnatscpae tne elect i is if nn: a Oe ine lemma ner weighed as sail tscak ka 1 1 Ties Sn ego is Agus. gman male epuppise st Es tend eat) td Ah non bere Bi ican ment tegen Sd Coe Sone tine Fog Come nant op a Rept Cle ele nc < Rare fia ge Zao iigteaene pense 1 fest Reker Grey, sh te of ie i "nye cual aa at Sieur bcciotsicac and sing Celia oe 3 Laat 7 wep be dietreen TEE Bae. References 32 ACh ney Ae Callens The Atanas Museu a Ram 85 ap Sonata a 2 lh ape So ee Sh nen it had 3 hin Mild A Moro Toots Minty of Coes teh nt Mace apn oe Oy Nee Sa et oe " hase Afi os aged hint arels er igeatre name Euttanipmaen 2 tet honed 12 at On Poming: Nertea the Mitr he Ct th Soy the Seca f Gilaghoptegp te: 1 ay pe ps SMart a ee ee 12 Ne 2 cg eon ion Sir ae bc oo eh a so Bela en a lw eh ee peered Tika ee Waren STR ranean et ar BEES utente, ee ltr ‘22 Rie Wol inn soo al ey he a Noe Sen Te fe arog ep eceaeeseteimeteeannce ab is arr Sen